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Shehata L, Thouvenel CD, Hondowicz BD, Pew LA, Pritchard GH, Rawlings DJ, Choi J, Pepper M. Interleukin-4 downregulates transcription factor BCL6 to promote memory B cell selection in germinal centers. Immunity 2024; 57:843-858.e5. [PMID: 38513666 PMCID: PMC11104266 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC)-derived memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for humoral immunity as they differentiate into protective antibody-secreting cells during re-infection. GC formation and cellular interactions within the GC have been studied in detail, yet the exact signals that allow for the selection and exit of MBCs are not understood. Here, we showed that IL-4 cytokine signaling in GC B cells directly downregulated the transcription factor BCL6 via negative autoregulation to release cells from the GC program and to promote MBC formation. This selection event required additional survival cues and could therefore result in either GC exit or death. We demonstrate that both increasing IL-4 bioavailability or limiting IL-4 signaling disrupted MBC selection stringency. In this way, IL-4 control of BCL6 expression serves as a tunable switch within the GC to tightly regulate MBC selection and affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Shehata
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Brian D Hondowicz
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lucia A Pew
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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2
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Shehata L, Thouvenel CD, Hondowicz BD, Pew LA, Rawlings DJ, Choi J, Pepper M. IL-4 downregulates BCL6 to promote memory B cell selection in germinal centers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525749. [PMID: 36747852 PMCID: PMC9900890 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC)-derived memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for humoral immunity as they differentiate into protective antibody-secreting cells during re-infection. GC formation and cellular interactions within the GC have been studied in detail, yet the exact signals that allow for the selection and exit of MBCs are not understood. Here, we show that IL-4 signaling in GC B cells directly downregulates BCL6 via negative autoregulation to release cells from the GC program and promote MBC formation. This selection event requires additional survival cues and can therefore result in either GC exit or death. We demonstrate that both increasing IL-4 bioavailability or limiting IL-4 signaling disrupt MBC selection stringency. In this way, IL-4 control of BCL6 expression serves as a tunable switch within the GC to tightly regulate MBC selection and affinity maturation.
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3
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Kalkal M, Das J. Current understanding of the immune potential of B-cell subsets in malarial pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1046002. [PMID: 36778886 PMCID: PMC9909418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past several decades, our understanding of how B cells are generated and what function they perform has continued to advance. It is widely accepted that B-cell subsets play a critical role in mediating immune response. Surprisingly, human and murine malarial infections cause major alterations in the composition of B-cell subsets in both the spleen and periphery. Multiple B-cell subsets are well characterized in murine models following primary and secondary infection, although in human malarial infection, these subsets are not well defined. Furthermore, a rare known function of B cells includes the potential role of regulating the activities of other cells in the body as regulatory cells. Plasmodium infection strongly alters the frequency of these regulatory B cells indicating the immunoregulatory function of B cells in malarial. It is important to note that these subsets, taken together, form the cellular basis of humoral immune responses, allowing protection against a wide array of Plasmodium antigens to be achieved. However, it remains a challenge and an important area of investigation to understand how these B-cell subsets work together to provide protection against Plasmodium infection.
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4
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Brown SL, Bauer JJ, Lee J, Ntirandekura E, Stumhofer JS. IgM + and IgM - memory B cells represent heterogeneous populations capable of producing class-switched antibodies and germinal center B cells upon rechallenge with P. yoelii. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1115-1135. [PMID: 35657097 PMCID: PMC9613510 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0921-523r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are essential for maintaining long-term humoral immunity to infectious organisms, including Plasmodium. MBCs are a heterogeneous population whose function can be dictated by isotype or expression of particular surface proteins. Here, aided by antigen-specific B-cell tetramers, MBC populations were evaluated to discern their phenotype and function in response to infection with a nonlethal strain of P. yoelii. Infection of mice with P. yoelii 17X resulted in 2 predominant MBC populations: somatically hypermutated isotype-switched (IgM- ) and IgM+ MBCs that coexpressed CD73 and CD80 that produced antigen-specific antibodies in response to secondary infection. Rechallenge experiments indicated that IgG-producing cells dominated the recall response over the induction of IgM-secreting cells, with both populations expanding with similar timing during the secondary response. Furthermore, using ZsGreen1 expression as a surrogate for activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression alongside CD73 and CD80 coexpression, ZsGreen1+ CD73+ CD80+ IgM+ , and IgM- MBCs gave rise to plasmablasts that secreted Ag-specific Abs after adoptive transfer and infection with P. yoelii. Moreover, ZsGreen1+ CD73+ CD80+ IgM+ and IgM- MBCs could differentiate into B cells with a germinal center phenotype after adoptive transfer. A third population of B cells (ZsGreen1- CD73- CD80- IgM- ) that is apparent after infection responded poorly to reactivation in vitro and in vivo, indicating that these cells do not represent a canonical population of MBCs. Together these data indicated that MBC function is not defined by immunoglobulin isotype, nor does coexpression of key surface markers limit the potential fate of MBCs after recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jonathan J Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Enatha Ntirandekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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5
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Liu JH, Zhang JJ, Han WJ, Cui C, Li MZ, Tian ZY, Bai RM, Li LM. B cell memory responses induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles in BALB/c mice. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 250:110458. [PMID: 35841772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A challenging but critical question is that new foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines should be to induce B cell memory to provide antibodies for long-term protection. The maintenance of B cell memory is dependent on long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and memory B cells. We developed a chimeric FMDV virus-like particles (FMDV-VLPs), fusing VP1-VP4 into HBcAg. In our study, we investigated if or how long B cell memory was induced by FMDV-VLPs in mice. The data showed that FMDV-VLPs can induce memory humoral responses with a high level of total IgG1, IgG2a, IgA, and FMDV-specific IgG antibodies in serum. The persistence of antibody levels in serum could depend on LLPCs. The proportion of LLPCs in CD19+ cells in bone marrow exhibited a dynamic trend with two peaks at 28 days post-immunization (dpi) and 72 dpi, respectively. Additionally, the proportion of memory B cells in CD19+ cells in the spleen increased significantly both at 7 days post primary immunization and at 7 days post -boost immunization. Of note, LLPCs together with memory B cells contribute to the production of FMDV-specific IgG and IgG1. The changes of LLPCs and memory B cells may be related to TNF-α, IL-6 and, CXCL12. Taken together, FMDV-VLPs could induce B cells memory responses. A further understanding of the mechanisms that FMDV-VLPs how we can manipulate the induction and maintenance of memory B cells and LLPCs will promote vaccine design and likely address several challenges to develop FMDV new vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Huan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jun-Juan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Wei-Jian Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Chuan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ruo-Man Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Li-Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.
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7
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Gonzales SJ, Clarke KN, Batugedara G, Garza R, Braddom AE, Reyes RA, Ssewanyana I, Garrison KC, Ippolito GC, Greenhouse B, Bol S, Bunnik EM. A Molecular Analysis of Memory B Cell and Antibody Responses Against Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Children and Adults From Uganda. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809264. [PMID: 35720313 PMCID: PMC9201334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) and plasma antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) merozoite antigens are important components of the protective immune response against malaria. To gain understanding of how responses against Pf develop in these two arms of the humoral immune system, we evaluated MBC and antibody responses against the most abundant merozoite antigen, full-length Pf merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1FL), in individuals from a region in Uganda with high Pf transmission. Our results showed that PfMSP1FL-specific B cells in adults with immunological protection against malaria were predominantly IgG+ classical MBCs, while children with incomplete protection mainly harbored IgM+ PfMSP1FL-specific classical MBCs. In contrast, anti-PfMSP1FL plasma IgM reactivity was minimal in both children and adults. Instead, both groups showed high plasma IgG reactivity against PfMSP1FL, with broadening of the response against non-3D7 strains in adults. The B cell receptors encoded by PfMSP1FL-specific IgG+ MBCs carried high levels of amino acid substitutions and recognized relatively conserved epitopes on the highly variable PfMSP1 protein. Proteomics analysis of PfMSP119-specific IgG in plasma of an adult revealed a limited repertoire of anti-MSP1 antibodies, most of which were IgG1 or IgG3. Similar to B cell receptors of PfMSP1FL-specific MBCs, anti-PfMSP119 IgGs had high levels of amino acid substitutions and their sequences were predominantly found in classical MBCs, not atypical MBCs. Collectively, these results showed evolution of the PfMSP1-specific humoral immune response with cumulative Pf exposure, with a shift from IgM+ to IgG+ B cell memory, diversification of B cells from germline, and stronger recognition of PfMSP1 variants by the plasma IgG repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jake Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen N. Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gayani Batugedara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rolando Garza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ashley E. Braddom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Raphael A. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kendra C. Garrison
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Gregory C. Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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8
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Kyaw T, Loveland P, Kanellakis P, Cao A, Kallies A, Huang AL, Peter K, Toh BH, Bobik A. Alarmin-activated B cells accelerate murine atherosclerosis after myocardial infarction via plasma cell-immunoglobulin-dependent mechanisms. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:938-947. [PMID: 33338208 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) accelerates atherosclerosis and greatly increases the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events for many years, in particular, strokes and MIs. Because B cell-derived autoantibodies produced in response to MI also persist for years, we investigated the role of B cells in adaptive immune responses to MI. METHODS AND RESULTS We used an apolipoprotein-E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mouse model of MI-accelerated atherosclerosis to assess the importance of B cells. One week after inducing MI in atherosclerotic mice, we depleted B cells using an anti-CD20 antibody. This treatment prevented subsequent immunoglobulin G accumulation in plaques and MI-induced accelerated atherosclerosis. In gain of function experiments, we purified spleen B cells from mice 1 week after inducing MI and transferred these cells into atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice, which greatly increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) accumulation in plaque and accelerated atherosclerosis. These B cells expressed many cytokines that promote humoural immunity and in addition, they formed germinal centres within the spleen where they differentiated into antibody-producing plasma cells. Specifically deleting Blimp-1 in B cells, the transcriptional regulator that drives their terminal differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells prevented MI-accelerated atherosclerosis. Alarmins released from infarcted hearts were responsible for activating B cells via toll-like receptors and deleting MyD88, the canonical adaptor protein for inflammatory signalling downstream of toll-like receptors, prevented B-cell activation and MI-accelerated atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION Our data implicate early B-cell activation and autoantibodies as a central cause for accelerated atherosclerosis post-MI and identifies novel therapeutic strategies towards preventing recurrent cardiovascular events such as MI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Paula Loveland
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Anh Cao
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Vic 3000, Australia
| | - Alex L Huang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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9
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Künzli M, Schreiner D, Pereboom TC, Swarnalekha N, Litzler LC, Lötscher J, Ertuna YI, Roux J, Geier F, Jakob RP, Maier T, Hess C, Taylor JJ, King CG. Long-lived T follicular helper cells retain plasticity and help sustain humoral immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaay5552. [PMID: 32144185 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ memory T cells play an important role in protective immunity and are a key target in vaccine development. Many studies have focused on T central memory (Tcm) cells, whereas the existence and functional significance of long-lived T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are controversial. Here, we show that Tfh cells are highly susceptible to NAD-induced cell death (NICD) during isolation from tissues, leading to their underrepresentation in prior studies. NICD blockade reveals the persistence of abundant Tfh cells with high expression of hallmark Tfh markers to at least 400 days after infection, by which time Tcm cells are no longer found. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we demonstrate that long-lived Tfh cells are transcriptionally distinct from Tcm cells, maintain stemness and self-renewal gene expression, and, in contrast to Tcm cells, are multipotent after recall. At the protein level, we show that folate receptor 4 (FR4) robustly discriminates long-lived Tfh cells from Tcm cells. Unexpectedly, long-lived Tfh cells concurrently express a distinct glycolytic signature similar to trained immune cells, including elevated expression of mTOR-, HIF-1-, and cAMP-regulated genes. Late disruption of glycolysis/ICOS signaling leads to Tfh cell depletion concomitant with decreased splenic plasma cells and circulating antibody titers, demonstrating both unique homeostatic regulation of Tfh and their sustained function during the memory phase of the immune response. These results highlight the metabolic heterogeneity underlying distinct long-lived T cell subsets and establish Tfh cells as an attractive target for the induction of durable adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schreiner
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara C Pereboom
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludivine C Litzler
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Lötscher
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yusuf I Ertuna
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hess
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, CITIID, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Memory CD73+IgM+ B cells protect against Plasmodium yoelii infection and express Granzyme B. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238493. [PMID: 32886698 PMCID: PMC7473529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand anti-malaria protective immune responses, we examined the cellular mechanisms that govern protective immunity in a murine Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (PyNL) re-infection model. Initially, we confirmed that immune B cells generated during a primary PyNL infection were largely responsible for protection from a second PyNL infection. Using the previously identified memory B cell markers CD80, PD-L2, and CD73, we found an increase in the frequency of CD80-PD-L2-CD73+ B cells up to 55 days after a primary PyNL infection and at 4-6 days following a second PyNL infection. Moreover, injection of enriched immune CD19+CD73+ B cells into nonimmune mice were significantly more protective against a PyNL infection than CD73- B cells. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of these CD73+ B cells also expressed IgM and granzyme B, a biomolecule that has been increasingly associated with protective responses against malaria.
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11
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Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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12
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Pérez‐Mazliah D, Ndungu FM, Aye R, Langhorne J. B-cell memory in malaria: Myths and realities. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:57-69. [PMID: 31733075 PMCID: PMC6972598 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell and antibody responses to Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria, are critical for control of parasitemia and associated immunopathology. Antibodies also provide protection to reinfection. Long-lasting B-cell memory has been shown to occur in response to Plasmodium spp. in experimental model infections, and in human malaria. However, there are reports that antibody responses to several malaria antigens in young children living with malaria are not similarly long-lived, suggesting a dysfunction in the maintenance of circulating antibodies. Some studies attribute this to the expansion of atypical memory B cells (AMB), which express multiple inhibitory receptors and activation markers, and are hyporesponsive to B-cell receptor (BCR) restimulation in vitro. AMB are also expanded in other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, as well as in autoimmunity and old age, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in immunity. Whether AMB are dysfunctional remains controversial, as there are also studies in other infections showing that AMB can produce isotype-switched antibodies and in mouse can contribute to protection against infection. In light of these controversies, we review the most recent literature on either side of the debate and challenge some of the currently held views regarding B-cell responses to Plasmodium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez‐Mazliah
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- York Biomedical Research InstituteHull York Medical SchoolUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Racheal Aye
- Department of Immunology and Infectious DiseaseJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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13
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Humoral immunity prevents clinical malaria during Plasmodium relapses without eliminating gametocytes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007974. [PMID: 31536608 PMCID: PMC6752766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium relapses are attributed to the activation of dormant liver-stage parasites and are responsible for a significant number of recurring malaria blood-stage infections. While characteristic of human infections caused by P. vivax and P. ovale, their relative contribution to malaria disease burden and transmission remains poorly understood. This is largely because it is difficult to identify ‘bona fide’ relapse infections due to ongoing transmission in most endemic areas. Here, we use the P. cynomolgi–rhesus macaque model of relapsing malaria to demonstrate that clinical immunity can form after a single sporozoite-initiated blood-stage infection and prevent illness during relapses and homologous reinfections. By integrating data from whole blood RNA-sequencing, flow cytometry, P. cynomolgi-specific ELISAs, and opsonic phagocytosis assays, we demonstrate that this immunity is associated with a rapid recall response by memory B cells that expand and produce anti-parasite IgG1 that can mediate parasite clearance of relapsing parasites. The reduction in parasitemia during relapses was mirrored by a reduction in the total number of circulating gametocytes, but importantly, the cumulative proportion of gametocytes increased during relapses. Overall, this study reveals that P. cynomolgi relapse infections can be clinically silent in macaques due to rapid memory B cell responses that help to clear asexual-stage parasites but still carry gametocytes. Plasmodium vivax contributes significantly to global malaria morbidity and remains a major obstacle for malaria elimination due to its ability to form dormant stages in the liver. These forms can become activated to cause relapsing blood-stage infections. Relapses remain poorly understood because it is difficult to verify whether P. vivax blood-stage infections in patients are due to new infections or relapses in most cases. Here, we use a nonhuman primate model of Plasmodium vivax malaria in concert with state-of-the-art immunological and molecular techniques to assess pathogenesis, host responses, and circulating gametocyte levels during relapses. We found that relapses were clinically silent compared to initial infections, and they were associated with a robust memory B cell response. This response resulted in the production of antibodies that were able to mediate clearance of asexual parasites. Despite this rapid immune protection, the sexual-stage gametocytes continued to circulate. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the host-parasite interface during Plasmodium relapse infections and demonstrates that clinically silent relapses can harbor gametocytes that may be infectious to mosquitoes.
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Abstract
A single exposure to many viral and bacterial pathogens typically induces life-long immunity, however, the development of the protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites is strikingly less efficient and achieves only partial protection, with adults residing in endemic areas often experiencing asymptomatic infections. Although naturally acquired immunity to malaria requires both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, antibodies govern the control of malarial disease caused by the blood-stage form of the parasites. A large body of epidemiological evidence described that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost without continued parasite exposure, suggesting that malaria is accompanied by defects in the development of immunological B cell memory. This topic has been of focus of recent studies of malaria infection in humans and mice. This review examines the main findings to date on the processes that modulate the acquisition of memory B cell responses to malaria, and highlights the importance of closing outstanding gaps of knowledge in the field for the rational design of next generation therapeutics against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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15
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Yman V, White MT, Asghar M, Sundling C, Sondén K, Draper SJ, Osier FHA, Färnert A. Antibody responses to merozoite antigens after natural Plasmodium falciparum infection: kinetics and longevity in absence of re-exposure. BMC Med 2019; 17:22. [PMID: 30696449 PMCID: PMC6352425 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against merozoite antigens are key components of malaria immunity. The naturally acquired antibody response to these antigens is generally considered short-lived; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Prospective studies of travellers with different levels of prior exposure, returning to malaria-free countries with Plasmodium infection, offer a unique opportunity to investigate the kinetics and composition of the antibody response after natural infection. METHODS Adults diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria in Stockholm, Sweden (20 likely malaria naïve and 41 with repeated previous exposure during residency in sub-Saharan Africa) were sampled at diagnosis and 10 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Total and subclass-specific IgG responses to P. falciparum merozoite antigens (AMA-1, MSP-119, MSP-2, MSP-3, and RH5) and tetanus toxoid were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays and ELISA. Mathematical modelling was used to estimate the exposure-dependent longevity of antibodies and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). RESULTS A majority of individuals mounted detectable antibody responses towards P. falciparum merozoite antigens at diagnosis; however, the magnitude and breadth were greater in individuals with prior exposure. In both exposure groups, antibody levels increased rapidly for 2 weeks and decayed thereafter. Previously exposed individuals maintained two- to ninefold greater antibody levels throughout the 1-year follow-up. The half-lives of malaria-specific long-lived ASCs, responsible for maintaining circulating antibodies, ranged from 1.8 to 3.7 years for merozoite antigens and were considerably short compared to tetanus-specific ASCs. Primary infected individuals did acquire a long-lived component of the antibody response; however, the total proportion of long-lived ASCs generated in response to infection was estimated not to exceed 10%. In contrast, previously exposed individuals maintained substantially larger numbers of long-lived ASCs (10-56% of total ASCs). CONCLUSION The short-lived nature of the naturally acquired antibody response, to all tested merozoite antigens, following primary malaria infection can be attributed to a combination of a poor acquisition and short half-life of long-lived ASCs. Greater longevity is acquired with repeated infections and can be explained by the maintenance of larger numbers of long-lived ASCs. These insights advance our understanding of naturally acquired malaria immunity and will guide strategies for further development of both vaccines and serological tools to monitor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael T White
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Faith H A Osier
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Program, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Gardner PJ, Schweighoffer E, McLaughlin S, Hosking C, Tumwine I, Davis RS, Potocnik AJ, Tybulewicz VL, Langhorne J. Plasmodium-specific atypical memory B cells are short-lived activated B cells. eLife 2018; 7:39800. [PMID: 30387712 PMCID: PMC6242553 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of atypical memory B cells accumulates in malaria and several infections, autoimmune disorders and aging in both humans and mice. It has been suggested these cells are exhausted long-lived memory B cells, and their accumulation may contribute to poor acquisition of long-lasting immunity to certain chronic infections, such as malaria and HIV. Here, we generated an immunoglobulin heavy chain knock-in mouse with a BCR that recognizes MSP1 of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi. In combination with a mosquito-initiated P. chabaudi infection, we show that Plasmodium-specific atypical memory B cells are short-lived and disappear upon natural resolution of chronic infection. These cells show features of activation, proliferation, DNA replication, and plasmablasts. Our data demonstrate that Plasmodium-specific atypical memory B cells are not a subset of long-lived memory B cells, but rather short-lived activated cells, and part of a physiologic ongoing B-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Gardner
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Randall S Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Alexandre J Potocnik
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Patgaonkar M, Herbert F, Powale K, Gandhe P, Gogtay N, Thatte U, Pied S, Sharma S, Pathak S. Vivax infection alters peripheral B-cell profile and induces persistent serum IgM. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12580. [PMID: 30102786 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cell-mediated humoral responses are essential for controlling malarial infection. Studies have addressed the effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection on peripheral B-cell subsets but not much is known for P. vivax infection. Furthermore, majority of the studies investigate changes during acute infection, but not after parasite clearance. In this prospective study, we analysed peripheral B-cell profiles and antibody responses during acute P. vivax infection and upon recovery (30 days post-treatment) in a low-transmission area in India. Dengue patients were included as febrile-condition controls. Both dengue and malaria patients showed a transient increase in atypical memory B cells during acute infection. However, transient B cell-activating factor (BAFF)-independent increase in the percentage of total and activated immature B cells was observed in malaria patients. Naïve B cells from malaria patients also showed increased TLR4 expression. Total IgM levels remained unchanged during acute infection but increased significantly at recovery. Serum antibody profiling showed a parasite-specific IgM response that persisted at recovery. A persistent IgM autoantibody response was also observed in malaria but not dengue patients. Our data suggest that in hypoendemic regions acute P. vivax infection skews peripheral B-cell subsets and results in a persistent parasite-specific and autoreactive IgM response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Patgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Krushali Powale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Prajakta Gandhe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Nithya Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Urmila Thatte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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18
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Nguyen MP, Hosking C, McLaughlin S, Lewis MD, Tumwine I, Levy P, Langhorne J. Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:216-230. [PMID: 28888925 PMCID: PMC5652023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be critical for the activation of germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Similar to other infections, Plasmodium infection activates both GC as well as non-GC B cell responses. Here, we sought to explore whether Tfh cells and GC B cells are required to eliminate a Plasmodium infection. A CD4 T cell-targeted deletion of the gene that encodes Bcl6, the master transcription factor for the Tfh program, resulted in complete disruption of the Tfh response to Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice and consequent disruption of GC responses and IgG responses and the inability to eliminate the otherwise self-resolving chronic P. chabaudi infection. On the other hand, and contrary to previous observations in immunization and viral infection models, Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Associated Protein (SAP)-deficient mice were able to activate Tfh cells, GC B cells, and IgG responses to the parasite. This study demonstrates the critical role for Tfh cells in controlling this systemic infection, and highlights differences in the signals required to activate GC B cell responses to this complex parasite compared with those of protein immunizations and viral infections. Therefore, these data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines able to activate broadly protective B-cell responses. Chronic Plasmodium infection cannot be eliminated in the absence of Tfh cell responses. SAP-deficient mice are able to activate GC Tfh and GC B-cell responses to Plasmodium infection. There is a hierarchical requirement for the control of chronic Plasmodium infection following IL-21R > Tfh cells > SAP.
Successful vaccines work through activation of protective B-cell responses. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection transmitted by mosquito bites, remains a global threat. Despite substantial efforts, a vaccine able to bring about high levels of protection from Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, using an experimental malaria model including natural mosquito transmission, we demonstrate that proper activation of follicular helper CD4+ T cells is essential for the control and eradication of chronic Plasmodium infection through protective B-cell responses. Thus, it is strongly advisable for novel vaccine efforts to monitor the robust activation of this important immune compartment.
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19
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Salles ÉMD, Menezes MND, Siqueira R, Borges da Silva H, Amaral EP, Castillo-Méndez SI, Cunha I, Cassado ADA, Vieira FS, Olivieri DN, Tadokoro CE, Alvarez JM, Coutinho-Silva R, D'Império-Lima MR. P2X7 receptor drives Th1 cell differentiation and controls the follicular helper T cell population to protect against Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006595. [PMID: 28859168 PMCID: PMC5597262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of protective immunity is crucial to improve vaccine strategies to eradicate malaria. However, it is still unclear whether recognition of damage signals influences the immune response to Plasmodium infection. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates in infected erythrocytes and is released into the extracellular milieu through ion channels in the erythrocyte membrane or upon erythrocyte rupture. The P2X7 receptor senses extracellular ATP and induces CD4 T cell activation and death. Here we show that P2X7 receptor promotes T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation to the detriment of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. The P2X7 receptor was activated in CD4 T cells following the rupture of infected erythrocytes and these cells became highly responsive to ATP during acute infection. Moreover, mice lacking the P2X7 receptor had increased susceptibility to infection, which correlated with impaired Th1 cell differentiation. Accordingly, IL-2 and IFNγ secretion, as well as T-bet expression, critically depended on P2X7 signaling in CD4 T cells. Additionally, P2X7 receptor controlled the splenic Tfh cell population in infected mice by promoting apoptotic-like cell death. Finally, the P2X7 receptor was required to generate a balanced Th1/Tfh cell population with an improved ability to transfer parasite protection to CD4-deficient mice. This study provides a new insight into malaria immunology by showing the importance of P2X7 receptor in controlling the fine-tuning between Th1 and Tfh cell differentiation during P. chabaudi infection and thus in disease outcome. Malaria still causes the death of approximately half a million people yearly despite efforts to develop vaccines. The ability of Plasmodium parasites to survive the immune effector mechanisms indicates how suitable the immune response must be to eliminate the infection. CD4 T cells have a dual role in protection against blood-stage malaria by producing IFNγ and helping B cells to secrete antibodies. Infected erythrocytes release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a damage signal that can be recognized by purinergic receptors. Among them, the P2X7 receptor senses extracellular ATP and induces CD4 T cell activation and death. Here, we evaluated the role of P2X7 receptor in the CD4 T cell response during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. We observed that the selective expression of P2X7 receptor in CD4 T cells was required for T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation, contributing to IFNγ production and parasite control. In contrast, we found an increase in follicular T helper (Tfh) cell population, germinal center reaction and anti-parasite antibody production in the absence of the P2X7 receptor. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into malaria pathogenesis by demonstrating the importance of damage signals for the fine-tuning between Th1 and Tfh cell populations and thus for the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Machado de Salles
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Nogueira de Menezes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Siqueira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center of Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Eduardo Pinheiro Amaral
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Cunha
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Sarmento Vieira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Maria Alvarez
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Região Amazônica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Changrob S, Han JH, Ha KS, Park WS, Hong SH, Chootong P, Han ET. Immunogenicity of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen in natural Plasmodium vivax exposure. Malar J 2017; 16:348. [PMID: 28830553 PMCID: PMC5568145 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread malaria species and codominates with Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest form of the malaria parasite. For the last few years, the number of vivax malaria cases has increased, but vivax malaria is still considered a neglected disease. During the blood stages of their life cycle, P. vivax parasites export several hundred proteins into host red blood cells. Some of these exported proteins have been discovered and studied for use as a blood-stage malaria vaccine. The P. vivax glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) was identified in previous study, which plays an important role in parasite invasion. To support the hypothesis that PvGAMA can induce an immune response in natural exposure, the antibody responses and cellular immunity against this antigen was demonstrated during and post-infection. Methods The recombinant protein PvGAMA was expressed and purified by wheat germ cell-free (WGCF) system. The analysis of humoral and cellular immune responses to the PvGAMA antigen during infection and post-infection with the P. vivax parasite were done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Results During P. vivax infection, 95% of patients showed significant antibody responses to PvGAMA antigen. The cytophilic IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes were the major isotypes produced in response to PvGAMA. A cross-sectional study of anti-PvGAMA responses during and post-infection with P. vivax found that the majority of individuals, approximately 54% of patients, were shown to maintain a positive anti-PvGAMA titre at 3 months post-infection, and some patients had the ability to maintain an antibody response for up to 12 months post-infection. Moreover, PvGAMA had the ability to stimulate a cellular immune response that was characterized by the production of the cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-10. The levels of the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10 were significantly increased in PvGAMA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. Conclusions Taken together, PvGAMA had potential to induce an immune response both humoral and cellular immunity in naturally acquired P. vivax infection individuals during infection and post-infection. Therefore, PvGAMA could be as a vaccine candidate to stimulate immune response against P. vivax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Antibody-independent mechanisms regulate the establishment of chronic Plasmodium infection. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:16276. [PMID: 28165471 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. All human-infecting Plasmodium species can establish long-lasting chronic infections1-5, creating an infectious reservoir to sustain transmission1,6. It is widely accepted that the maintenance of chronic infection involves evasion of adaptive immunity by antigenic variation7. However, genes involved in this process have been identified in only two of five human-infecting species: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi. Furthermore, little is understood about the early events in the establishment of chronic infection in these species. Using a rodent model we demonstrate that from the infecting population, only a minority of parasites, expressing one of several clusters of virulence-associated pir genes, establishes a chronic infection. This process occurs in different species of parasites and in different hosts. Establishment of chronicity is independent of adaptive immunity and therefore different from the mechanism proposed for maintenance of chronic P. falciparum infections7-9. Furthermore, we show that the proportions of parasites expressing different types of pir genes regulate the time taken to establish a chronic infection. Because pir genes are common to most, if not all, species of Plasmodium10, this process may be a common way of regulating the establishment of chronic infections.
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Keener AB, Thurlow LT, Kang S, Spidale NA, Clarke SH, Cunnion KM, Tisch R, Richardson AR, Vilen BJ. Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Disrupts Immunity Mediated by Long-Lived Plasma Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1263-1273. [PMID: 28031339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Staphylococcus aureus does not induce long-lived protective immunity for reasons that are not completely understood. Human and murine vaccine studies support a role for Abs in protecting against recurring infections, but S. aureus modulates the B cell response through expression of staphylococcus protein A (SpA), a surface protein that drives polyclonal B cell expansion and induces cell death in the absence of costimulation. In this murine study, we show that SpA altered the fate of plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) by enhancing the short-lived extrafollicular response and reducing the pool of bone marrow (BM)-resident long-lived PCs. The absence of long-lived PCs was associated with a rapid decline in Ag-specific class-switched Ab. In contrast, when previously inoculated mice were challenged with an isogenic SpA-deficient S. aureus mutant, cells proliferated in the BM survival niches and sustained long-term Ab titers. The effects of SpA on PC fate were limited to the secondary response, because Ab levels and the formation of B cell memory occurred normally during the primary response in mice inoculated with wild-type or SpA-deficient S. aureus mutant. Thus, failure to establish long-term protective Ab titers against S. aureus was not a consequence of diminished formation of B cell memory; instead, SpA reduced the proliferative capacity of PCs that entered the BM, diminishing the number of cells in the long-lived pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Keener
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lance T Thurlow
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - SunAh Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Stephen H Clarke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507; and.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Anthony R Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Barbara J Vilen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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Merino KM, Bansal GP, Kumar N. Reduced immunogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigen (Pfs48/45) in mice after disruption of disulphide bonds - evaluating effect of interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase. Immunology 2016; 148:433-47. [PMID: 27177843 PMCID: PMC4948042 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual stages of Plasmodium are critical for malaria transmission and stage-specific antigens are important targets for development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigen (Pfs48/45) is important for male gamete fertility and is being pursued as a candidate vaccine antigen. Vaccine-induced transmission-blocking antibodies recognize reduction-sensitive conformational epitopes in Pfs48/45. Processing and presentation of such disulphide-bond-constrained epitopes is critical for eliciting the desired immune responses. Mice lacking interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), an enzyme that mediates reduction of S-S bonds during antigen processing, were employed to investigate immunogenicity of Pfs48/45. It has been well established that the ability to reduce S-S bonds in antigens guides effective T-cell immune responses; however, involvement of GILT in the induction of subsequent B-cell responses has not been explored. We hypothesized that the ability to reduce S-S bonds in Pfs48/45 will impact the generation of T-cell epitopes, and so influence helper T-cell responses required for specific B-cell responses. Non-reduced and reduced and alkylated forms of Pfs48/45 were employed to evaluate immune responses in wild-type and GILT knockout mice and studies revealed important differences in several immune response parameters, including differences in putative T-cell epitope recognition, faster kinetics of waning of Pfs48/45-specific IgG1 antibodies in knockout mice, differential patterns of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 secretions by splenocytes, and possible effects of GILT on induction of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells responsible for antigen-recall responses. These studies emphasize the importance of antigen structural features that significantly influence the development of effective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Merino
- Department of Tropical MedicineSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineVector‐borne Infectious Disease Research CenterTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Geetha P. Bansal
- Department of Tropical MedicineSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineVector‐borne Infectious Disease Research CenterTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- Department of Tropical MedicineSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineVector‐borne Infectious Disease Research CenterTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
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24
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Krishnamurty AT, Thouvenel CD, Portugal S, Keitany GJ, Kim KS, Holder A, Crompton PD, Rawlings DJ, Pepper M. Somatically Hypermutated Plasmodium-Specific IgM(+) Memory B Cells Are Rapid, Plastic, Early Responders upon Malaria Rechallenge. Immunity 2016; 45:402-14. [PMID: 27473412 PMCID: PMC5118370 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity consists of pre-existing antibodies expressed by long-lived plasma cells and rapidly reactive memory B cells (MBC). Recent studies of MBC development and function after protein immunization have uncovered significant MBC heterogeneity. To clarify functional roles for distinct MBC subsets during malaria infection, we generated tetramers that identify Plasmodium-specific MBCs in both humans and mice. Long-lived murine Plasmodium-specific MBCs consisted of three populations: somatically hypermutated immunoglobulin M(+) (IgM(+)) and IgG(+) MBC subsets and an unmutated IgD(+) MBC population. Rechallenge experiments revealed that high affinity, somatically hypermutated Plasmodium-specific IgM(+) MBCs proliferated and gave rise to antibody-secreting cells that dominated the early secondary response to parasite rechallenge. IgM(+) MBCs also gave rise to T cell-dependent IgM(+) and IgG(+)B220(+)CD138(+) plasmablasts or T cell-independent B220(-)CD138(+) IgM(+) plasma cells. Thus, even in competition with IgG(+) MBCs, IgM(+) MBCs are rapid, plastic, early responders to a secondary Plasmodium rechallenge and should be targeted by vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay T Krishnamurty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gladys J Keitany
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen S Kim
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anthony Holder
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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25
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Smith L, Thiberge S, Peronet R, Commere PH, Matondo M, Apetoh L, Bruhns P, Ménard R, Mécheri S. Protection against malaria in mice is induced by blood stage-arresting histamine-releasing factor (HRF)-deficient parasites. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1419-28. [PMID: 27432939 PMCID: PMC4986535 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most vaccines against blood stage malaria in development today use subunit preparations, live attenuated parasites confer significantly broader and more lasting protection. In recent years, Plasmodium genetically attenuated parasites (GAPs) have been generated in rodent models that cause self-resolving blood stage infections and induce strong protection. All such GAPs generated so far bear mutations in housekeeping genes important for parasite development in red blood cells. In this study, using a Plasmodium berghei model compatible with tracking anti-blood stage immune responses over time, we report a novel blood stage GAP that lacks a secreted factor related to histamine-releasing factor (HRF). Lack of HRF causes an IL-6 increase, which boosts T and B cell responses to resolve infection and leave a cross-stage, cross-species, and lasting immunity. Mutant-induced protection involves a combination of antiparasite IgG2c antibodies and FcγR(+) CD11b(+) cell phagocytes, especially neutrophils, which are sufficient to confer protection. This immune-boosting GAP highlights an important role of opsonized parasite-mediated phagocytosis, which may be central to protection induced by all self-resolving blood stage GAP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL9195, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1201, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Leanna Smith
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL9195, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1201, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sabine Thiberge
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL9195, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1201, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Mariette Matondo
- Spectrométrie de Masse Structurale et Protéomique, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U866, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté et Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Robert Ménard
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL9195, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1201, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
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26
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Grant CFJ, Carr BV, Singanallur NB, Morris J, Gubbins S, Hudelet P, Ilott M, Charreyre C, Vosloo W, Charleston B. The B-cell response to foot-and-mouth-disease virus in cattle following vaccination and live-virus challenge. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2201-2209. [PMID: 27260141 PMCID: PMC5042126 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a pivotal role against viral infection, and maintenance of protection is dependent on plasma and memory B-cells. Understanding antigen-specific B-cell responses in cattle is essential to inform future vaccine design. We have previously defined T-cell-dependent and -independent B-cell responses in cattle, as a prelude to investigating foot-and-mouth-disease-virus (FMDV)-specific B-cell responses. In this study, we have used an FMDV O-serotype vaccination (O1-Manisa or O SKR) and live-virus challenge (FMDV O SKR) to investigate the homologous and heterologous B-cell response in cattle following both vaccination and live-virus challenge. The FMDV O-serotype vaccines were able to induce a cross-reactive plasma-cell response, specific for both O1-Manisa and O SKR, post-vaccination. Post-FMDV O SKR live-virus challenge, the heterologous O1-Manisa vaccination provided cross-protection against O SKR challenge and cross-reactive O SKR-specific plasma cells were induced. However, vaccination and live-virus challenge were not able to induce a detectable FMDV O-serotype-specific memory B-cell response in any of the cattle. The aim of new FMDV vaccines should be to induce memory responses and increased duration of immunity in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Hudelet
- Merial Animal Health Ltd, 254 Rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases with ~250 million clinical cases annually. Most cases of severe disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The blood stage of Plasmodium parasite is entirely responsible for malaria-associated pathology. Disease syndromes range from fever to more severe complications, including respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria. The most susceptible population to severe malaria is children under the age of 5, with low levels of immunity. It is only after many years of repeated exposure, that individuals living in endemic areas develop clinical immunity. This form of protection does not result in sterilizing immunity but prevents clinical episodes by substantially reducing parasite burden. Naturally acquired immunity predominantly targets blood-stage parasites and it is known to require antibody responses. A large body of epidemiological evidence suggests that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost in the absence of ongoing exposure, which suggests a defect in the development of B cell immunological memory. This review summarizes the main findings to date contributing to our understanding on cellular processes underlying the slow acquisition of humoral immunity to malaria. Some of the key outstanding questions in the field are discussed.
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28
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Ryg-Cornejo V, Ioannidis L, Ly A, Chiu C, Tellier J, Hill D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, Yu D, Nutt S, Kallies A, Hansen D. Severe Malaria Infections Impair Germinal Center Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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29
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Matar CG, Jacobs NT, Speck SH, Lamb TJ, Moormann AM. Does EBV alter the pathogenesis of malaria? Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:433-45. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Matar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - N. T. Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - S. H. Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
- Emory Vaccine Center; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - T. J. Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - A. M. Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
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30
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Kaddumukasa M, Lwanira C, Lugaajju A, Katabira E, Persson KEM, Wahlgren M, Kironde F. Parasite Specific Antibody Increase Induced by an Episode of Acute P. falciparum Uncomplicated Malaria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124297. [PMID: 25906165 PMCID: PMC4408068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is no approved vaccine for malaria, and precisely how human antibody responses to malaria parasite components and potential vaccine molecules are developed and maintained remains poorly defined. In this study, antibody anamnestic or memory response elicited by a single episode of P. falciparum infection was investigated. Methods This study involved 362 malaria patients aged between 6 months to 60 years, of whom 19% were early-diagnosed people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). On the day malaria was diagnosed and 42 days later, blood specimens were collected. Parasite density, CD4+ cells, and antibodies specific to synthetic peptides representing antigenic regions of the P. falciparum proteins GLURP, MSP3 and HRPII were measured. Results On the day of malaria diagnosis, Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies against GLURP, MSP3 and HRP II peptides were present in the blood of 75%, 41% and 60% of patients, respectively. 42 days later, the majority of patients had boosted their serum IgG antibody more than 1.2 fold. The increase in level of IgG antibody against the peptides was not affected by parasite density at diagnosis. The median CD4+ cell counts of PLWHAs and HIV negative individuals were not statistically different, and median post-infection increases in anti-peptide IgG were similar in both groups of patients. Conclusion In the majority (70%) of individuals, an infection of P. falciparum elicits at least 20% increase in level of anti-parasite IgG. This boost in anti-P. falciparum IgG is not affected by parasite density on the day of malaria diagnosis, or by HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kaddumukasa
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Allan Lugaajju
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elly Katabira
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kristina E M Persson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fred Kironde
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Habib Medical School, IUIU, Kampala, Uganda
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31
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Ng DHL, Freitas do Rosário AP, McLaughlin S, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Sodenkamp J, Kushinga G, Langhorne J. Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004715. [PMID: 25763578 PMCID: PMC4370355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 signaling is important for germinal center B-cell responses, isotype switching and generation of memory B cells. However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. This is associated with abrogated P. chabaudi-specific IgG responses, including memory B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. These data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines requiring long-lasting protective B-cell responses. The importance of antibody and B-cell responses for control of the erythrocytic-stage of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, was first described when immune serum, passively transferred into Plasmodium falciparum-infected children, reduced parasitemia. This was later confirmed in experimental models in which mice deficient in B cells were unable to eliminate erythrocytic-stage infections. The signals required to activate these protective long-lasting B cell responses towards Plasmodium have not been investigated. IL-21 has been shown to be important for development of B-cell responses after immunization; however, a direct requirement for IL-21 in the control of infection via B-cell dependent mechanisms has never been demonstrated. In this paper, we have used mouse models of erythrocytic P. chabaudi and P. yoelii 17X(NL) infections in combination with IL-21/IL-21R deficiency to show that IL-21 from CD4+ T cells is required to eliminate Plasmodium infection by activating protective, long-lasting B-cell responses. Disruption of IL-21 signaling in B cells prevents the elimination of the parasite resulting in sustained high parasitemias, with no development of memory B-cells, lack of antigen-specific plasma cells and antibodies, and thus no protective immunity against a second challenge infection. Our data demonstrate the absolute requirement of IL-21 for B-cell control of this systemic infection. This has important implications for the design of vaccines against Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez-Mazliah
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Hui Lin Ng
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah McLaughlin
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Béatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sodenkamp
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Garikai Kushinga
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Azcárate IG, Marín-García P, Pérez-Benavente S, Diez A, Puyet A, Bautista JM. Early and late B cell immune responses in lethal and self-cured rodent malaria. Immunobiology 2014; 220:684-91. [PMID: 25466589 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ICR mice have heterogeneous susceptibility to lethal Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XL from the first days of experimental infection as evidenced by the different parasitemia levels and clinical outcomes. This mouse model has revealed specific immune responses on peripheral blood correlating with the infection fate of the animals. To search for immune-markers linked to parasitemia we examined B lymphocytes in organs of the immune system as key effectors of rodent immunity against malaria. To determine changes in immune cellularity fostered by the different prognostic parasitemia we examined B cell subsets in low (<15%) and high (>50%) parasitized mice during the first days of the infection. In the case of surviving mice, we studied the preservation of memory immune response 500 days after the primary P. yoelii challenge. Correlating with the parasitemia level, it was observed an increase in total cellularity of spleen during the first week of infection which remained after 16 months of the infection in surviving animals. B cell subsets were also modified across the different infection fates. Subpopulation as follicular B cells and B-1 cells proportions behaved differently depending on the parasitemia kinetics. In addition, peritoneal cavity cells proliferated in response to high parasitemia. More significantly, P. yoelii -specific memory B cells remained in the spleen 500 days after the primo-infection. This study demonstrates that B cell kinetics is influenced by the different parasitemia courses which are naturally developed within a same strain of untreated mice. We show that high levels of parasitemia at the beginning of infection promote an extremely fast and exacerbate response of several cell populations in spleen and peritoneal cavity that, in addition, do not follow the kinetics observed in peripheral blood. Furthermore, our results describe the longest persistence of memory B cells long time upon a single malaria infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G Azcárate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Marín-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Medical Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pérez-Benavente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Puyet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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de Souza JB. Protective immunity against malaria after vaccination. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:131-9. [PMID: 24188045 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A good understanding of the immunological correlates of protective immunity is an important requirement for the development of effective vaccines against malaria. However, this concern has received little attention even in the face of two decades of intensive vaccine research. Here, we review the immune response to blood-stage malaria, with a particular focus on the type of vaccine most likely to induce the kind of response required to give strong protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B de Souza
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London Medical School, London, UK
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Elias SC, Choudhary P, de Cassan SC, Biswas S, Collins KA, Halstead FD, Bliss CM, Ewer KJ, Hodgson SH, Duncan CJA, Hill AVS, Draper SJ. Analysis of human B-cell responses following ChAd63-MVA MSP1 and AMA1 immunization and controlled malaria infection. Immunology 2014; 141:628-44. [PMID: 24303947 PMCID: PMC3956436 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of non-sterilizing natural immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been shown in low transmission areas following multiple exposures. However, conflicting data from endemic areas suggest that the parasite may interfere with the induction of effective B-cell responses. To date, the impact of blood-stage parasite exposure on antigen-specific B cells has not been reported following controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Here we analysed human B-cell responses in a series of Phase I/IIa clinical trials, which include CHMI, using candidate virus-vectored vaccines encoding two blood-stage antigens: merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). Previously vaccinated volunteers show boosting of pre-existing antigen-specific memory B-cell (mBC) responses following CHMI. In contrast, unvaccinated malaria-naive control volunteers developed an mBC response against MSP1 but not AMA1. Serum IgG correlated with the mBC response after booster vaccination but this relationship was less well maintained following CHMI. A significant reduction in peripheral MSP1-specific mBC was observed at the point of diagnosis of blood-stage infection. This was coincident with a reduction in peripheral blood B-cell subsets expressing CXCR3 and elevated serum levels of interferon-γ and CXCL9, suggesting migration away from the periphery. These CHMI data confirm that mBC and antibody responses can be induced and boosted by blood-stage parasite exposure, in support of epidemiological studies on low-level parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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35
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White MT, Griffin JT, Akpogheneta O, Conway DJ, Koram KA, Riley EM, Ghani AC. Dynamics of the Antibody Response to Plasmodium falciparum Infection in African Children. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1115-22. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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B-cell responses to pregnancy-restricted and -unrestricted Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 antigens in Ghanaian women naturally exposed to malaria parasites. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1860-71. [PMID: 24566620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01514-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria acquired after natural exposure is largely antibody mediated. IgG-specific P. falciparum EMP1 (PfEMP1) proteins on the infected erythrocyte surface are particularly important. The transient antibody responses and the slowly acquired protective immunity probably reflect the clonal antigenic variation and allelic polymorphism of PfEMP1. However, it is likely that other immune-evasive mechanisms are also involved, such as interference with formation and maintenance of immunological memory. We measured PfEMP1-specific antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and memory B-cell frequencies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay in a cohort of P. falciparum-exposed nonpregnant Ghanaian women. The antigens used were a VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1 (IT4VAR04) with expression restricted to parasites infecting the placenta, as well as two commonly recognized PfEMP1 proteins (HB3VAR06 and IT4VAR60) implicated in rosetting and not pregnancy restricted. This enabled, for the first time, a direct comparison in the same individuals of immune responses specific for a clinically important parasite antigen expressed only during well-defined periods (pregnancy) to responses specific for comparable antigens expressed independent of pregnancy. Our data indicate that PfEMP1-specific B-cell memory is adequately acquired even when antigen exposure is infrequent (e.g., VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1). Furthermore, immunological memory specific for VAR2CSA-type PfEMP1 can be maintained for many years without antigen reexposure and after circulating antigen-specific IgG has disappeared. The study provides evidence that natural exposure to P. falciparum leads to formation of durable B-cell immunity to clinically important PfEMP1 antigens. This has encouraging implications for current efforts to develop PfEMP1-based vaccines.
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Ng DHL, Skehel JJ, Kassiotis G, Langhorne J. Recovery of an antiviral antibody response following attrition caused by unrelated infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003843. [PMID: 24391499 PMCID: PMC3879355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the maintenance of immunological memory to the multiple pathogen encounters over time are unknown. We found that a single malaria episode caused significant dysregulation of pre-established Influenza A virus-specific long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) resulting in the loss of Influenza A virus-specific Abs and increased susceptibility to Influenza A virus re-infection. This loss of LLPCs involved an FcγRIIB-dependent mechanism, leading to their apoptosis. However, given enough time following malaria, the LLPC pool and humoral immunity to Influenza A virus were eventually restored. Supporting a role for continuous conversion of Influenza A virus-specific B into LLPCs in the restoration of Influenza A virus immunity, B cell depletion experiments also demonstrated a similar requirement for the long-term maintenance of serum Influenza A virus-specific Abs in an intact LLPC compartment. These findings show that, in addition to their established role in the anamnestic response to reinfection, the B cell pool continues to be a major contributor to the maintenance of long-term humoral immunity following primary Influenza A virus infection, and to the recovery from attrition following heterologous infection. These data have implications for understanding the longevity of protective efficacy of vaccinations in countries where continuous infections are endemic. Antibody responses to infectious pathogens are critical in host survival, recovery and protection from reinfection; they also correlate with the success of vaccination. It is currently thought that antibody serum titers are maintained at protective levels over long periods of time by specialized long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells residing in the bone marrow. Indeed, antibodies against the original virus can still be found in survivors of the 1918 Spanish Flu, more than 90 years ago. However, it is also becoming clear that subsequent infection with heterologous pathogens may cause attrition of previously established immunological memory, in order to accommodate new lymphocyte specificities in the finite space of the host. This phenomenon is seemingly at odds with long-term maintenance of immunological memory. We also show that a single episode of malaria, caused by infection by Plasmodium chabaudi, leads to the loss of preexisting plasma cells, serum antibodies and protective immunity against Influenza A virus. However, Influenza A virus-specific immunity does eventually recover in these animals with the replenishment of plasma cells by B cells over the course of several weeks. Thus, the reported mechanism reconciles attrition of immunological memory by heterologous infection and long-term stability, and places B cells, instead of their descendant plasma cells, at the center of humoral memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy H. L. Ng
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Skehel
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GK); (JL)
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GK); (JL)
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Stanisic DI, Barry AE, Good MF. Escaping the immune system: How the malaria parasite makes vaccine development a challenge. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:612-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wilmore JR, Maue AC, Lefebvre JS, Haynes L, Rochford R. AcutePlasmodium chabaudiInfection Dampens Humoral Responses to a Secondary T-Dependent Antigen but Enhances Responses to a Secondary T-Independent Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4731-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ferrer M, Martin-Jaular L, De Niz M, Khan SM, Janse CJ, Calvo M, Heussler V, del Portillo HA. Imaging of the spleen in malaria. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:195-205. [PMID: 23999413 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Splenomegaly, albeit variably, is a hallmark of malaria; yet, the role of the spleen in Plasmodium infections remains vastly unknown. The implementation of imaging to study the spleen is rapidly advancing our knowledge of this so-called "blackbox" of the abdominal cavity. Not only has ex vivo imaging revealed the complex functional compartmentalization of the organ and immune effector cells, but it has also allowed the observation of major structural remodeling during infections. In vivo imaging, on the other hand, has allowed quantitative measurements of the dynamic passage of the parasite at spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we review imaging techniques used for studying the malarious spleen, from optical microscopy to in vivo imaging, and discuss the bright perspectives of evolving technologies in our present understanding of the role of this organ in infections caused by Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Ferrer
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona) ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Ndungu FM, Lundblom K, Rono J, Illingworth J, Eriksson S, Färnert A. Long-lived Plasmodium falciparum specific memory B cells in naturally exposed Swedish travelers. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2919-29. [PMID: 23881859 PMCID: PMC4114544 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are critical for immunity to malaria. However, Plasmodium falciparum specific Abs decline rapidly in absence of reinfection, suggesting impaired immunological memory. This study determines whether residents of Sweden that were treated for malaria following international travel maintained long‐lasting malaria‐specific Abs and memory B cells (MBCs). We compared levels of malaria‐specific Abs and MBCs between 47 travelers who had been admitted with malaria at the Karolinska University Hospital between 1 and 16 years previously, eight malaria‐naïve adult Swedes without histories of travel, and 14 malaria‐immune adult Kenyans. Plasmodium falciparum‐lysate‐specific Ab levels were above naïve control levels in 30% of the travelers, whereas AMA‐1, merozoite surface protein‐142, and merozoite surface protein‐3‐specific Ab levels were similar. In contrast, 78% of travelers had IgG‐MBCs specific for at least one malaria antigen (59, 45, and 28% for apical merozoite antigen‐1, merozoite surface protein‐1, and merozoite surface protein‐3, respectively) suggesting that malaria‐specific MBCs are maintained for longer than the cognate serum Abs in the absence of re‐exposure to parasites. Five travelers maintained malaria antigen‐specific MBC responses for up to 16 years since the diagnosis of the index episode (and had not traveled to malaria‐endemic regions in the intervening time). Thus P. falciparum can induce long‐lasting MBCs, maintained for up to 16 years without reexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Ndungu
- Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Centres for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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42
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Yates JL, Racine R, McBride KM, Winslow GM. T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells generated during bacterial infection are required for IgG responses to antigen challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1240-9. [PMID: 23804710 PMCID: PMC3720767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has long considered to be harbored in B cells that express high-affinity class-switched IgG. IgM-positive memory B cells can also be generated following immunization, although their physiological role has been unclear. In this study, we show that bacterial infection elicited a relatively large population of IgM memory B cells that were uniquely identified by their surface expression of CD11c, CD73, and programmed death-ligand 2. The cells lacked expression of cell surface markers typically expressed by germinal center B cells, were CD138 negative, and did not secrete Ab ex vivo. The population was also largely quiescent and accumulated somatic mutations. The IgM memory B cells were located in the region of the splenic marginal zone and were not detected in blood or other secondary lymphoid organs. Generation of the memory cells was CD4 T cell dependent and required IL-21R signaling. In vivo depletion of the IgM memory B cells abrogated the IgG recall responses to specific Ag challenge, demonstrating that the cell population was required for humoral memory, and underwent class-switch recombination following Ag encounter. Our findings demonstrate that T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells can be elicited at high frequency and can play an important role in maintaining long-term immunity during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Rachael Racine
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithfield, TX 78957
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
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Muellenbeck MF, Ueberheide B, Amulic B, Epp A, Fenyo D, Busse CE, Esen M, Theisen M, Mordmüller B, Wardemann H. Atypical and classical memory B cells produce Plasmodium falciparum neutralizing antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:389-99. [PMID: 23319701 PMCID: PMC3570107 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection leads to the development of protective classical and atypical memory B cell antibody responses. Antibodies can protect from Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection and clinical malaria disease. However, in the absence of constant reexposure, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels rapidly decline and full protection from clinical symptoms is lost, suggesting that B cell memory is functionally impaired. We show at the single cell level that natural Pf infection induces the development of classical memory B cells (CM) and atypical memory B cells (AtM) that produce broadly neutralizing antibodies against blood stage Pf parasites. CM and AtM contribute to anti-Pf serum IgG production, but only AtM show signs of active antibody secretion. AtM and CM were also different in their IgG gene repertoire, suggesting that they develop from different precursors. The findings provide direct evidence that natural Pf infection leads to the development of protective memory B cell antibody responses and suggest that constant immune activation rather than impaired memory function leads to the accumulation of AtM in malaria. Understanding the memory B cell response to natural Pf infection may be key to the development of a malaria vaccine that induces long-lived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F Muellenbeck
- Max Planck Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Grant CF, Lefevre EA, Carr BV, Prentice H, Gubbins S, Pollard AJ, Charreyre C, Charleston B. Assessment of T-dependent and T-independent immune responses in cattle using a B cell ELISPOT assay. Vet Res 2012; 43:68. [PMID: 23050495 PMCID: PMC3487944 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that maintain protective antibody levels after immunisation is important for vaccine design. In this study, we have determined the kinetics of plasma and memory B cells detectable in the blood of cattle immunised with model T-dependent or T-independent antigens. Immunisation with the T-D antigen resulted in an expansion of TNP-specific plasma cells post-TNP primary and booster immunisations, which was associated with increased titres of TNP-specific IgG antibodies. Although no TNP-specific memory B cells were detected in the T-D group following the primary immunisation, we detected an increase in the number of TNP-specific memory B cells post-TNP boost. In contrast, no TNP-specific plasma or memory B cells were detected after primary or secondary immunisation with the T-I antigen. We then investigated if immunisation with a third party antigen (tetanus toxin fragment C, TTC) would result in a bystander stimulation and increase the number of TNP-specific plasma and memory B cells in the T-D and/or T-I group. TTC immunisation in the T-D group resulted in a small increase in the number of TNP-specific plasma cells post-TTC primary immunisation and boost, and in an increase in the number of TNP-specific memory B cells post-TTC boost. This bystander effect was not observed in the animals previously immunised with the T-I antigen. In conclusion, the present study characterised for the first time the B cell response in cattle to immunisation with T-D and T-I antigens and showed that bystander stimulation of an established T-D B cell memory response may occur in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Fj Grant
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, High Street, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.
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45
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Ueti MW, Mealey RH, Kappmeyer LS, White SN, Kumpula-McWhirter N, Pelzel AM, Grause JF, Bunn TO, Schwartz A, Traub-Dargatz JL, Hendrickson A, Espy B, Guthrie AJ, Fowler WK, Knowles DP. Re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44713. [PMID: 22970295 PMCID: PMC3435266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens that cause asymptomatic persistent infections present a significant challenge due to their life-long transmission potential. Although anti-microbials have been used to ameliorate acute disease in animals and humans, chemotherapeutic efficacy for apicomplexan pathogen elimination from a persistently infected host and removal of transmission risk is largely unconfirmed. The recent re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in U.S. horses prompted testing whether imidocarb dipropionate was able to eliminate T. equi from naturally infected horses and remove transmission risk. Following imidocarb treatment, levels of T. equi declined from a mean of 104.9 organisms/ml of blood to undetectable by nested PCR in 24 of 25 naturally infected horses. Further, blood transfer from treated horses that became nested PCR negative failed to transmit to naïve splenectomized horses. Although these results were consistent with elimination of infection in 24 of 25 horses, T. equi-specific antibodies persisted in the majority of imidocarb treated horses. Imidocarb treatment was unsuccessful in one horse which remained infected as measured by nested PCR and retained the ability to infect a naïve recipient via intravenous blood transfer. However, a second round of treatment eliminated T. equi infection. These results support the utility of imidocarb chemotherapy for assistance in the control and eradication of this tick-borne pathogen. Successful imidocarb dipropionate treatment of persistently infected horses provides a tool to aid the global equine industry by removing transmission risk associated with infection and facilitating international movement of equids between endemic and non-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massaro W Ueti
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America.
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46
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Del Portillo HA, Ferrer M, Brugat T, Martin-Jaular L, Langhorne J, Lacerda MVG. The role of the spleen in malaria. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:343-55. [PMID: 22188297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is a complex organ that is perfectly adapted to selectively filtering and destroying senescent red blood cells (RBCs), infectious microorganisms and Plasmodium-parasitized RBCs. Infection by malaria is the most common cause of spleen rupture and splenomegaly, albeit variably, a landmark of malaria infection. Here, the role of the spleen in malaria is reviewed with special emphasis in lessons learned from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando A Del Portillo
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
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47
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Foote JB, Mahmoud TI, Vale AM, Kearney JF. Long-term maintenance of polysaccharide-specific antibodies by IgM-secreting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:57-67. [PMID: 22116821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria-associated polysaccharides induce long-lived Ab responses that protect against pathogenic microorganisms. The maintenance of polysaccharide-specific Ab titers may be due to long-lived plasma cells or ongoing Ag-driven B cell activation due to polysaccharide persistence. BALB/c and V(H)J558.3 transgenic mice respond to α1→3-dextran (DEX) by generating a peak anti-DEX response at 7 d, followed by maintenance of serum Ab levels for up to 150 d. Analysis of the cellular response to DEX identified a population of short-lived, cyclophosphamide-sensitive DEX-specific plasmablasts in the spleen, and a quiescent, cyclophosphamide-resistant DEX-specific Ab-secreting population in the bone marrow. BrdU pulse-chase experiments demonstrated the longevity of the DEX-specific Ab-secreting population in the bone marrow. Splenic DEX-specific plasmablasts were located in the red pulp with persisting DEX-associated CD11c(+) dendritic cells 90 d after immunization, whereas DEX was not detected in the bone marrow after 28 d. Selective depletion of short-lived DEX-specific plasmablasts and memory B1b B cells using cyclophosphamide and anti-CD20 treatment had a minimal impact on the maintenance of serum anti-DEX Abs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the maintenance of serum polysaccharide-specific Abs is the result of continuous Ag-driven formation of short-lived plasmablasts in the spleen and a quiescent population of Ab-secreting cells maintained in the bone marrow for a long duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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48
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Kinetics of humoral and memory B cell response induced by the Plasmodium falciparum 19-kilodalton merozoite surface protein 1 in mice. Infect Immun 2011; 80:633-42. [PMID: 22104109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05188-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 19-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1(19)) has been shown to regulate antibody (Ab)-mediated protective immunity to blood-stage malaria infection. But the serological memory to this antigen tends to be short-lived, and little is known of the mechanisms that regulate the formation of B cell memory to MSP-1(19) antigen. We studied the formation of B cell memory response after immunization with the recombinant 19-kDa Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP-1(19)). Immunization with PfMSP-1(19) resulted in delayed increase in germinal center (GC) B cell numbers. This poor GC reaction correlated with short-lived PfMSP-1(19)-specific antibodies in serum and the short life of PfMSP-1(19)-specific plasma cells and memory B cells (MBCs) in spleen and bone marrow. PfMSP-1(19)-specific MBCs were capable of producing antigen (Ag)-specific Ab-secreting cell (ASC) responses that were short-lived following challenge immunization of the immune mice with antigen or transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite expressing PfMSP-1(19) in place of native P. berghei MSP-1(19) at 8 weeks after the last immunization or following adoptive transfer into naive hosts. However, no protection was achieved in PfMSP-1(19) immune mice or recipient mice with PfMSP-1(19)-specific MBCs following challenge with transgenic P. berghei. Our findings suggest that PfMSP-1(19)-specific IgG production by short-lived plasma cells combined with the poor ability of the PfMSP-1(19)-induced MBCs to maintain the anamnestic IgG responses failed to contribute to protection against infection.
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49
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Stephens R, Culleton RL, Lamb TJ. The contribution of Plasmodium chabaudi to our understanding of malaria. Trends Parasitol 2011; 28:73-82. [PMID: 22100995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria kills close to a million people every year, mostly children under the age of five. In the drive towards the development of an effective vaccine and new chemotherapeutic targets for malaria, field-based studies on human malaria infection and laboratory-based studies using animal models of malaria offer complementary opportunities to further our understanding of the mechanisms behind malaria infection and pathology. We outline here the parallels between the Plasmodium chabaudi mouse model of malaria and human malaria. We will highlight the contribution of P. chabaudi to our understanding of malaria in particular, how the immune response in malaria infection is initiated and regulated, its role in pathology, and how immunological memory is maintained. We will also discuss areas where new tools have opened up potential areas of exploration using this invaluable model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Stephens
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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50
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de Cassan SC, Forbes EK, Douglas AD, Milicic A, Singh B, Gupta P, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS, Draper SJ. The requirement for potent adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of protein vaccines can be overcome by prior immunization with a recombinant adenovirus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:2602-16. [PMID: 21813775 PMCID: PMC3160495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A central goal in vaccinology is the induction of high and sustained Ab responses. Protein-in-adjuvant formulations are commonly used to achieve such responses. However, their clinical development can be limited by the reactogenicity of some of the most potent preclinical adjuvants and the cost and complexity of licensing new adjuvants for human use. Also, few adjuvants induce strong cellular immunity, which is important for protection against many diseases, such as malaria. We compared classical adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide to new preclinical adjuvants and adjuvants in clinical development, such as Abisco 100, CoVaccine HT, Montanide ISA720, and stable emulsion-glucopyranosyl lipid A, for their ability to induce high and sustained Ab responses and T cell responses. These adjuvants induced a broad range of Ab responses when used in a three-shot protein-in-adjuvant regimen using the model Ag OVA and leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate Ags. Surprisingly, this range of Ab immunogenicity was greatly reduced when a protein-in-adjuvant vaccine was used to boost Ab responses primed by a human adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine recombinant for the same Ag. This human adenovirus serotype 5-protein regimen also induced a more cytophilic Ab response and demonstrated improved efficacy of merozoite surface protein-1 protein vaccines against a Plasmodium yoelii blood-stage challenge. This indicates that the differential immunogenicity of protein vaccine adjuvants may be largely overcome by prior immunization with recombinant adenovirus, especially for adjuvants that are traditionally considered poorly immunogenic in the context of subunit vaccination and may circumvent the need for more potent chemical adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C de Cassan
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
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