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Gopinadhan A, Hughes JM, Conroy AL, John CC, Canfield SG, Datta D. A human pluripotent stem cell-derived in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier in cerebral malaria. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38693577 PMCID: PMC11064301 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a central feature of cerebral malaria (CM), a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infections. In CM, sequestration of Pf-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) to brain endothelial cells combined with inflammation, hemolysis, microvasculature obstruction and endothelial dysfunction mediates BBB disruption, resulting in severe neurologic symptoms including coma and seizures, potentially leading to death or long-term sequelae. In vitro models have advanced our knowledge of CM-mediated BBB disruption, but their physiological relevance remains uncertain. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (hiPSC-BMECs), we aimed to develop a novel in vitro model of the BBB in CM, exhibiting enhanced barrier properties. METHODS hiPSC-BMECs were co-cultured with HB3var03 strain Pf-iRBCs up to 9 h. Barrier integrity was measured using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and sodium fluorescein permeability assays. Localization and expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin, zonula occludens-1, claudin-5), cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), and endothelial surface markers (EPCR) were determined using immunofluorescence imaging (IF) and western blotting (WB). Expression of angiogenic and cell stress markers were measured using multiplex proteome profiler arrays. RESULTS After 6-h of co-culture with Pf-iRBCs, hiPSC-BMECs showed reduced TEER and increased sodium fluorescein permeability compared to co-culture with uninfected RBCs, indicative of a leaky barrier. We observed disruptions in localization of occludin, zonula occludens-1, and claudin-5 by IF, but no change in protein expression by WB in Pf-iRBC co-cultures. Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 but not EPCR was elevated in hiPSC-BMECs with Pf-iRBC co-culture compared to uninfected RBC co-culture. In addition, there was an increase in expression of angiogenin, platelet factor-4, and phospho-heat shock protein-27 in the Pf-iRBCs co-culture compared to uninfected RBC co-culture. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the validity of our hiPSC-BMECs based model of the BBB, that displays enhanced barrier integrity and appropriate TJ protein localization. In the hiPSC-BMEC co-culture with Pf-iRBCs, reduced TEER, increased paracellular permeability, changes in TJ protein localization, increase in expression of adhesion molecules, and markers of angiogenesis and cellular stress all point towards a novel model with enhanced barrier properties, suitable for investigating pathogenic mechanisms underlying BBB disruption in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Gopinadhan
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, R4-402D 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jason M Hughes
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 620 Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, R4-402D 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chandy C John
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, R4-402D 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Scott G Canfield
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 620 Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Dibyadyuti Datta
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, R4-402D 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Wassmer SC, de Koning-Ward TF, Grau GER, Pai S. Unravelling mysteries at the perivascular space: a new rationale for cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:28-44. [PMID: 38065791 PMCID: PMC11072469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites; it is characterized by the sequestration of infected red blood cells within the cerebral microvasculature. New findings, combined with a better understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) barriers, have provided greater insight into the players and events involved in CM, including site-specific T cell responses in the human brain. Here, we review the updated roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in CM, with a focus on the role of the perivascular macrophage-endothelium unit in antigen presentation, in the vascular and perivascular compartments. We suggest that these events may be pivotal in the development of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Tania F de Koning-Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
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Brain endothelial STING1 activation by Plasmodium-sequestered heme promotes cerebral malaria via type I IFN response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206327119. [PMID: 36037380 PMCID: PMC9457060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206327119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CM results from loss of blood–brain endothelial barrier function caused by unrestrained inflammatory response in the natural course of infection by Plasmodium parasites. However, the role of brain endothelium in triggering inflammatory mechanisms is still undetermined. We found that the innate immune sensor STING1 is crucial for production of IFNβ by brain endothelial cells in Plasmodium-infected mice. This in turn stimulates CXCL10-mediated recruitment of leukocytes and subsequent brain inflammation and tissue damage. We identified within extracellular particles released from Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes, a fraction containing products of hemoglobin degradation, namely, heme, which we show can bind STING1. Our results unravel a mechanism of CM immunopathogenesis: Heme contained in extracellular particles triggers the STING/IFNβ/CXCL10 axis in brain endothelial cells. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening form of Plasmodium falciparum infection caused by brain inflammation. Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of CM pathology, which is also associated with the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) inflammatory pathway. The molecular triggers and sensors eliciting brain type I IFN cellular responses during CM remain largely unknown. We herein identified the stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING1) as the key innate immune sensor that induces Ifnβ1 transcription in the brain of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (Pba). This STING1/IFNβ-mediated response increases brain CXCL10 governing the extent of brain leukocyte infiltration and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and determining CM lethality. The critical role of brain endothelial cells (BECs) in fueling type I IFN–driven brain inflammation was demonstrated in brain endothelial–specific IFNβ-reporter and STING1-deficient Pba-infected mice, which were significantly protected from CM lethality. Moreover, extracellular particles (EPs) released from Pba-infected erythrocytes activated the STING1-dependent type I IFN response in BECs, a response requiring intracellular acidification. Fractionation of the EPs enabled us to identify a defined fraction carrying hemoglobin degradation remnants that activates STING1/IFNβ in the brain endothelium, a process correlated with heme content. Notably, stimulation of STING1-deficient BECs with heme, docking experiments, and in vitro binding assays unveiled that heme is a putative STING1 ligand. This work shows that heme resultant from the parasite heterotrophic activity operates as an alarmin, triggering brain endothelial inflammatory responses via the STING1/IFNβ/CXCL10 axis crucial to CM pathogenesis and lethality.
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Adams Y, Jensen AR. Cerebral malaria - modelling interactions at the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275963. [PMID: 35815443 PMCID: PMC9302004 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a continuous endothelial barrier that is supported by pericytes and astrocytes and regulates the passage of solutes between the bloodstream and the brain. This structure is called the neurovascular unit and serves to protect the brain from blood-borne disease-causing agents and other risk factors. In the past decade, great strides have been made to investigate the neurovascular unit for delivery of chemotherapeutics and for understanding how pathogens can circumvent the barrier, leading to severe and, at times, fatal complications. One such complication is cerebral malaria, in which Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells disrupt the barrier function of the BBB, causing severe brain swelling. Multiple in vitro models of the BBB are available to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and other diseases. These range from single-cell monolayer cultures to multicellular BBB organoids and highly complex cerebral organoids. Here, we review the technologies available in malaria research to investigate the interaction between P. falciparum-infected red blood cells and the BBB, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Summary: This Review discusses the available in vitro models to investigate the impact of adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells on the blood–brain barrier, a process associated with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Chaudhary A, Kataria P, Surela N, Das J. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Malaria: Implications of MSCs as A Regenerative Medicinal Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060263. [PMID: 35735506 PMCID: PMC9219920 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe form of malaria, i.e., cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is a complex neurological syndrome. Surviving persons have a risk of behavioral difficulties, cognitive disorders, and epilepsy. Cerebral malaria is associated with multiple organ dysfunctions. The adhesion and accumulation of infected RBCs, platelets, and leucocytes (macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and monocytes) in the brain microvessels play an essential role in disease progression. Micro-vascular hindrance by coagulation and endothelial dysfunction contributes to neurological damage and the severity of the disease. Recent studies in human cerebral malaria and the murine model of cerebral malaria indicate that different pathogens as well as host-derived factors are involved in brain microvessel adhesion and coagulation that induces changes in vascular permeability and impairment of the blood-brain barrier. Efforts to alleviate blood-brain barrier dysfunction and de-sequestering of RBCs could serve as adjunct therapies. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, the role of some factors (NK cells, platelet, ANG-2/ANG-1 ratio, and PfEMP1) in disease progression and various functions of Mesenchymal stem cells. This review also highlighted the implications of MSCs as a regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Poonam Kataria
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Neha Surela
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India; (A.C.); (P.K.); (N.S.)
- AcSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-25307203; Fax: +91-25307177
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Nguee SYT, Júnior JWBD, Epiphanio S, Rénia L, Claser C. Experimental Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Malaria-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:899581. [PMID: 35677654 PMCID: PMC9168995 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.899581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is increasingly gaining recognition as a severe malaria complication because of poor prognostic outcomes, high lethality rate, and limited therapeutic interventions. Unfortunately, invasive clinical studies are challenging to conduct and yields insufficient mechanistic insights. These limitations have led to the development of suitable MA-ARDS experimental mouse models. In patients and mice, MA-ARDS is characterized by edematous lung, along with marked infiltration of inflammatory cells and damage of the alveolar-capillary barriers. Although, the pathogenic pathways have yet to be fully understood, the use of different experimental mouse models is fundamental in the identification of mediators of pulmonary vascular damage. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment, leukocyte induced-endothelial dysfunction, and other important findings, to better understand the pathogenesis pathways leading to endothelial pulmonary barrier lesions and increased vascular permeability. We also discuss how the advances in imaging techniques can contribute to a better understanding of the lung lesions induced during MA-ARDS, and how it could aid to monitor MA-ARDS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Yee Teng Nguee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carla Claser,
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Wei W, Cheng W, Dai W, Lu F, Cheng Y, Jiang T, Ren Z, Xie Y, Xu J, Zhao Q, Yu X, Yin Y, Li J, Dong H. A Nanodrug Coated with Membrane from Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Protects against Experimental Cerebral Malaria. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:211-219. [PMID: 34967631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human malaria is a global life-threatening infectious disease. Cerebral malaria (CM) induced by Plasmodium falciparum parasites accounts for 90% of malaria deaths. Treating CM is challenging due to inadequate treatment options and the development of drug resistance. We describe a nanoparticle formulation of the antimalarial drug dihydroartemisinin that is coated in a biomimetic membrane derived from brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and test its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). The membrane-coated nanoparticle drug has a prolonged drug-release profile and enhanced dual targeting killing efficacy toward parasites residing in red blood cells (iRBCs) and iRBCs obstructed in the BMECs (for both rodent and human). In a mice ECM model, the nanodrug protects the brain, liver, and spleen from infection-induced damage and improves the survival rate of mice. This so-called nanodrug offers new insight into engineering nanoparticle-based therapeutics for malaria and other parasitic pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weijia Cheng
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Wenhao Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yaru Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiting Xie
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Yi Yin
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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The Multiple Roles of Trogocytosis in Immunity, the Nervous System, and Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1601565. [PMID: 34604381 PMCID: PMC8483919 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1601565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a general biological process that involves one cell physically taking small parts of the membrane and other components from another cell. In trogocytosis, one cell seems to take little “bites” from another cell resulting in multiple outcomes from these cell-cell interactions. Trogocytosis was first described in protozoan parasites, which by taking pieces of host cells, kill them and cause tissue damage. Now, it is known that this process is also performed by cells of the immune system with important consequences such as cell communication and activation, elimination of microbial pathogens, and even control of cancer cells. More recently, trogocytosis has also been reported to occur in cells of the central nervous system and in various cells during development. Some of the molecules involved in phagocytosis also participate in trogocytosis. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate trogocytosis are still a mystery. Elucidating these mechanisms is becoming a research area of much interest. For example, why neutrophils can engage trogocytosis to kill Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, but neutrophils use phagocytosis to eliminate already death parasites? Thus, trogocytosis is a significant process in normal physiology that multiple cells from different organisms use in various scenarios of health and disease. In this review, we present the basic principles known on the process of trogocytosis and discuss the importance in this process to host-pathogen interactions and to normal functions in the immune and nervous systems.
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Asaro RJ, Cabrales P. Red Blood Cells: Tethering, Vesiculation, and Disease in Micro-Vascular Flow. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060971. [PMID: 34072241 PMCID: PMC8228733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The red blood cell has become implicated in the progression of a range of diseases; mechanisms by which red cells are involved appear to include the transport of inflammatory species via red cell-derived vesicles. We review this role of RBCs in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, central retinal vein occlusion, Gaucher disease, atherosclerosis, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We propose a possibly unifying, and novel, paradigm for the inducement of RBC vesiculation during vascular flow of red cells adhered to the vascular endothelium as well as to the red pulp of the spleen. Indeed, we review the evidence for this hypothesis that links physiological conditions favoring both vesiculation and enhanced RBC adhesion and demonstrate the veracity of this hypothesis by way of a specific example occurring in splenic flow which we argue has various renderings in a wide range of vascular flows, in particular microvascular flows. We provide a mechanistic basis for membrane loss and the formation of lysed red blood cells in the spleen that may mediate their turnover. Our detailed explanation for this example also makes clear what features of red cell deformability are involved in the vesiculation process and hence require quantification and a new form of quantitative indexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-6888; Fax: +1-858-534-6373
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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Initial proteomic characterization of IMMODIN, commercially available dialysable leukocytes extract. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Identification of Plasmodium falciparum-specific protein PIESP2 as a novel virulence factor related to cerebral malaria. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:535-547. [PMID: 33631268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe complication caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. The pathophysiological changes caused by parasite virulence factors and the human immune response to parasites contribute to CM. To date, very few parasite virulence proteins have been found to participate in CM. Here, we employed comparative genomics analysis and identified parasite-infected erythrocyte specific protein 2 (PIESP2) to be a CM-related protein. We conducted further experimental investigations and found that PIESP2 is an immunogenic protein. PIESP2 expression begins at the early trophozoite stage and progressively increases with parasite development. Although PIESP2 proteins mainly reside within infected red blood cells (IRBCs), some of them are present on the IRBC surface at the pigmented stage. Moreover, blockage of PIESP2 by antiserum apparently inhibited the adhesion of IRBCs to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Western blot analysis detected the binding of PIESP2 to BMECs. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the binding of PIESP2 to BMECs can increase the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response but decrease the expression of genes related to the anchoring junction. Overall, PIESP2 might be associated with CM by mediating the sequestration of IRBCs, inducing the inflammation response, and impairing the integrity of blood-brain barrier.
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Shivappagowdar A, Garg S, Srivastava A, Hada RS, Kalia I, Singh AP, Garg LC, Pati S, Singh S. Pathogenic Pore Forming Proteins of Plasmodium Triggers the Necrosis of Endothelial Cells Attributed to Malaria Severity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010062. [PMID: 33467515 PMCID: PMC7839052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum poses a major global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. P. falciparum harbors a family of pore-forming proteins (PFPs), known as perforin like proteins (PLPs), which are structurally equivalent to prokaryotic PFPs. These PLPs are secreted from the parasites and, they contribute to disease pathogenesis by interacting with host cells. The severe malaria pathogenesis is associated with the dysfunction of various barrier cells, including endothelial cells (EC). Several factors, including PLPs secreted by parasites, contribute to the host cell dysfunction. Herein, we have tested the hypothesis that PLPs mediate dysfunction of barrier cells and might have a role in disease pathogenesis. We analyzed various dysfunctions in barrier cells following rPLP2 exposure and demonstrate that it causes an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. Additionally, rPLP2 exposed barrier cells displayed features of cell death, including Annexin/PI positivity, depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, and ROS generation. We have further performed the time-lapse video microscopy of barrier cells and found that the treatment of rPLP2 triggers their membrane blebbing. The cytoplasmic localization of HMGB1, a marker of necrosis, further confirmed the necrotic type of cell death. This study highlights the role of parasite factor PLP in endothelial dysfunction and provides a rationale for the design of adjunct therapies against severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shivappagowdar
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Rahul S. Hada
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Inderjeet Kalia
- Infectious Disease Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; (I.K.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Agam P. Singh
- Infectious Disease Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; (I.K.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Lalit C. Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
- Correspondence:
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Rénia L, Grau GE, Wassmer SC. CD8+ T cells and human cerebral malaria: a shifting episteme. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1109-1111. [PMID: 32065593 DOI: 10.1172/jci135510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium falciparum infection can cause human cerebral malaria (HCM) with high mortality rates. The abundance of infected red blood cells that accumulate in the cerebral vasculature of patients has led to the belief that these brain-sequestered cells solely cause pathogenesis. However, animal models suggest that CD8+ T cells migrate to and accumulate in the brain, directly contributing to experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mortality. In this issue of the JCI, Riggle et al. explored the brain vasculature from 34 children who died from HCM or other causes and frequently found CD3+ CD8+ T cells in contact with endothelial cells. Further, the authors show that coinfection with HIV enhanced such CD3+ CD8+ T cell luminal distribution. These findings suggest that the mouse model for cerebral malaria may accurately reflect human disease pathology. This study sheds new light on the mechanisms behind blood-brain barrier breakdown in this complicated neurological disease and opens up alternative approaches for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Georges Er Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Biting Off What Can Be Chewed: Trogocytosis in Health, Infection, and Disease. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00930-19. [PMID: 32366574 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00930-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is part of an emerging, exciting theme of cell-cell interactions both within and between species, and it is relevant to host-pathogen interactions in many different contexts. Trogocytosis is a process in which one cell physically extracts and ingests "bites" of cellular material from another cell. It was first described in eukaryotic microbes, where it was uncovered as a mechanism by which amoebae kill cells. Trogocytosis is potentially a fundamental form of eukaryotic cell-cell interaction, since it also occurs in multicellular organisms, where it has functions in the immune system, in the central nervous system, and during development. There are numerous scenarios in which trogocytosis occurs and an ever-evolving list of functions associated with this process. Many aspects of trogocytosis are relevant to microbial pathogenesis. It was recently discovered that immune cells perform trogocytosis to kill Trichomonas vaginalis parasites. Additionally, through trogocytosis, Entamoeba histolytica acquires and displays human cell membrane proteins, enabling immune evasion. Intracellular bacteria seem to exploit host cell trogocytosis, since they can use it to spread from cell to cell. Thus, a picture is emerging in which trogocytosis plays critical roles in normal physiology, infection, and disease.
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15
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Aaron PA, Gelli A. Harnessing the Activity of the Fungal Metalloprotease, Mpr1, To Promote Crossing of Nanocarriers through the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:138-149. [PMID: 31820926 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is the leading cause of fungal meningitis primarily in immunosuppressed patients. Cn invades the central nervous system by overcoming the highly restricted blood-brain barrier (BBB). We previously determined that a secreted fungal metalloprotease, Mpr1, that also confers crossing ability to yeast upon CnMPR1 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is central to this process. This led us to question whether Mpr1 could be engineered to function as part of a nanocarrier delivery vehicle. Here, a eukaryotic expression system produced proteolytically active Mpr1 recombinant protein that was successfully conjugated to functionalized quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles and readily internalized by brain microvascular endothelial cells. An in vitro BBB model showed QD-Mpr1 crossed the BBB significantly better than mock QD, and QD-Mpr1 did not damage BBB integrity. Internalization of QD-Mpr1 occurred by membrane invaginations and endocytic pits typical of receptor-mediated endocytosis involving clathrin-coated entry points. This study substantiates the notion that fungal mechanisms of BBB entry may be harnessed for new drug delivery platform technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylicia A. Aaron
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, 3503 Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, 3503 Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Jensen AR, Adams Y, Hviid L. Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its pathogenesis and immunity, and PfEMP1-based vaccines to prevent it. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:230-252. [PMID: 31562653 PMCID: PMC6972667 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium continues to be a major health problem worldwide. The unicellular Plasmodium-parasites have the unique capacity to infect and replicate within host erythrocytes. By expressing variant surface antigens Plasmodium falciparum has evolved to avoid protective immune responses; as a result in endemic areas anti-malaria immunity develops gradually over many years of multiple and repeated infections. We are studying the role of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) expressed by asexual stages of P. falciparum responsible for the pathogenicity of severe malaria. The immunopathology of falciparum malaria has been linked to cyto-adhesion of infected erythrocytes to specific host receptors. A greater appreciation of the PfEMP1 molecules important for the development of protective immunity and immunopathology is a prerequisite for the rational discovery and development of a safe and protective anti-disease malaria vaccine. Here we review the role of ICAM-1 and EPCR receptor adhering falciparum-parasites in the development of severe malaria; we discuss our current research to understand the factors involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and the feasibility of developing a vaccine targeted specifically to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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17
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Arakawa C, Gunnarsson C, Howard C, Bernabeu M, Phong K, Yang E, DeForest CA, Smith JD, Zheng Y. Biophysical and biomolecular interactions of malaria-infected erythrocytes in engineered human capillaries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay7243. [PMID: 32010773 PMCID: PMC6968943 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculatory obstruction is a hallmark of severe malaria, but mechanisms of parasite sequestration are only partially understood. Here, we developed a robust three-dimensional microvessel model that mimics the arteriole-capillary-venule (ACV) transition consisting of a narrow 5- to 10-μm-diameter capillary region flanked by arteriole- or venule-sized vessels. Using this platform, we investigated red blood cell (RBC) transit at the single cell and at physiological hematocrits. We showed normal RBCs deformed via in vivo-like stretching and tumbling with negligible interactions with the vessel wall. By comparison, Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs exhibited virtually no deformation and rapidly accumulated in the capillary-sized region. Comparison of wild-type parasites to those lacking either cytoadhesion ligands or membrane-stiffening knobs showed highly distinctive spatial and temporal kinetics of accumulation, linked to velocity transition in ACVs. Our findings shed light on mechanisms of microcirculatory obstruction in malaria and establish a new platform to study hematologic and microvascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Arakawa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Celina Gunnarsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Caitlin Howard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Maria Bernabeu
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kiet Phong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Eric Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A. DeForest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joseph D. Smith
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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18
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Macia L, Nanan R, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Grau GE. Host- and Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Immune Function, and Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010107. [PMID: 31877909 PMCID: PMC6982009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are blebs of either plasma membrane or intracellular membranes carrying a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. EVs are produced by eukaryotic cells both under physiological and pathological conditions. Genetic and environmental factors (diet, stress, etc.) affecting EV cargo, regulating EV release, and consequences on immunity will be covered. EVs are found in virtually all body fluids such as plasma, saliva, amniotic fluid, and breast milk, suggesting key roles in immune development and function at different life stages from in utero to aging. These will be reviewed here. Under pathological conditions, plasma EV levels are increased and exacerbate immune activation and inflammatory reaction. Sources of EV, cells targeted, and consequences on immune function and disease development will be discussed. Both pathogenic and commensal bacteria release EV, which are classified as outer membrane vesicles when released by Gram-negative bacteria or as membrane vesicles when released by Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteria derived EVs can affect host immunity with pathogenic bacteria derived EVs having pro-inflammatory effects of host immune cells while probiotic derived EVs mostly shape the immune response towards tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (G.E.G.); Tel.: +61-2-8627-6525 (L.M.); +61-2-9036-3260 (G.E.G.)
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Penrith 2751, Australia
| | - Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Vascular Immunology Unit, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Vascular Immunology Unit, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (G.E.G.); Tel.: +61-2-8627-6525 (L.M.); +61-2-9036-3260 (G.E.G.)
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19
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Li J, Zhao Y, Coleman P, Chen J, Ting KK, Choi JP, Zheng X, Vadas MA, Gamble JR. Low fluid shear stress conditions contribute to activation of cerebral cavernous malformation signalling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Moxon CA, Gibbins MP, McGuinness D, Milner DA, Marti M. New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 15:315-343. [PMID: 31648610 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health threat in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. Even though less than 1% of malaria infections are fatal, this leads to about 430,000 deaths per year, predominantly in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is imperative to understand why a subset of infected individuals develop severe syndromes and some of them die and what differentiates these cases from the majority that recovers. Here, we discuss progress made during the past decade in our understanding of malaria pathogenesis, focusing on the major human parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Moxon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Matthew P Gibbins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Dagmara McGuinness
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; , .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Gavin C, Meinke S, Heldring N, Heck KA, Achour A, Iacobaeus E, Höglund P, Le Blanc K, Kadri N. The Complement System Is Essential for the Phagocytosis of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Monocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2249. [PMID: 31616424 PMCID: PMC6763726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy is a promising tool in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. This has been ascribed to the capacity of MSC to release a large variety of immune-modulatory factors. However, all aspects of the mode of therapeutic MSC action in different diseases remain unresolved, mainly because most of the infused MSC are undetectable in the circulation within hours after infusion. The aim of this study was to elucidate the fate of MSC after contact with plasma. We found that upon contact with blood, complement proteins including C3b/iC3b are deposited on MSC. Importantly, we also found that complement bound to MSC enhanced their phagocytosis by classical and intermediate monocytes via a mechanism that involves C3 but not C5. Thus, we describe for the first time a mechanism which might explain, at least partly, why MSC are not found in the blood circulation after infusion. Our results indicate that MSC immune-modulatory effects could be mediated by monocytes that have phagocytosed them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gavin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Heldring
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Anne Heck
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen Iacobaeus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Le Blanc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Barrera V, Haley MJ, Strangward P, Attree E, Kamiza S, Seydel KB, Taylor TE, Milner DA, Craig AG, Couper KN. Comparison of CD8 + T Cell Accumulation in the Brain During Human and Murine Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1747. [PMID: 31396236 PMCID: PMC6668485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in mice, but their role in development of human cerebral malaria (HCM) remains unclear. Thus, in this study we have provided the first direct contrast of the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the brain during HCM and ECM. HCM cases were from children who died of Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Malawi) between 2003 and 2010. ECM was induced by infecting C57BL/6J mice with P. berghei ANKA. We demonstrate similarities in the intracerebral CD8+ T cell responses in ECM and HCM, in particular an apparent shared choroid plexus-meningeal route of CD8+ T cell accumulation in the brain. Nevertheless, we also reveal some potentially important differences in compartmentalization of CD8+ T cells within the cerebrovascular bed in HCM and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barrera
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Strangward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Kamiza
- Department of Histopathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Karl B Seydel
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Terrie E Taylor
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Danny A Milner
- Center for Global Health, American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alister G Craig
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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23
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Tunon-Ortiz A, Lamb TJ. Blood brain barrier disruption in cerebral malaria: Beyond endothelial cell activation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007786. [PMID: 31247027 PMCID: PMC6597102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnulfo Tunon-Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Sierro F, Grau GER. The Ins and Outs of Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis: Immunopathology, Extracellular Vesicles, Immunometabolism, and Trained Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31057552 PMCID: PMC6478768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications from malaria parasite infections still cost the lives of close to half a million people every year. The most severe is cerebral malaria (CM). Employing murine models of CM, autopsy results, in vitro experiments, neuroimaging and microscopic techniques, decades of research activity have investigated the development of CM immunopathology in the hope of identifying steps that could be therapeutically targeted. Yet important questions remain. This review summarizes recent findings, primarily mechanistic insights on the essential cellular and molecular players involved gained within the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. It also highlights recent developments in (a) cell-cell communication events mediated through extracellular vesicles (EVs), (b) mounting evidence for innate immune memory, leading to “trained“ increased or tolerised responses, and (c) modulation of immune cell function through metabolism, that could shed light on why some patients develop this life-threatening condition whilst many do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Sierro
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Human Health, Nuclear Science, Technology, and Landmark Infrastructure, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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25
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Pais TF, Penha-Gonçalves C. Brain Endothelium: The "Innate Immunity Response Hypothesis" in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3100. [PMID: 30761156 PMCID: PMC6361776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening neurological syndrome caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection afflicting mainly children in Africa. Current pathogenesis models implicate parasite and host-derived factors in impairing brain vascular endothelium (BVE) integrity. Sequestration of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in brain microvessels is a hallmark of CM pathology. However, the precise mechanisms driving loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function with consequent brain injury are still unsettled and it is plausible that distinct pathophysiology trajectories are involved. Studies in humans and in the mouse model of CM indicate that inflammatory reactions intertwined with microcirculatory and coagulation disturbances induce alterations in vascular permeability and impair BBB integrity. Yet, the role of BVE as initiator of immune responses against parasite molecules and iRBCs is largely unexplored. Brain endothelial cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and are privileged sensors of blood-borne infections. Here, we focus on the hypothesis that innate responses initiated by BVE and subsequent interactions with immune cells are critical to trigger local effector immune functions and induce BBB damage. Uncovering mechanisms of BVE involvement in sensing Plasmodium infection, recruiting of immune cells and directing immune effector functions could reveal pharmacological targets to promote BBB protection with potential applications in CM clinical management.
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26
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Ghazanfari N, Mueller SN, Heath WR. Cerebral Malaria in Mouse and Man. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2016. [PMID: 30250468 PMCID: PMC6139318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is an acute encephalopathy caused by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which develops in a small minority of infected patients and is responsible for the majority of deaths in African children. Despite decades of research on CM, the pathogenic mechanisms are still relatively poorly defined. Nevertheless, many studies in recent years, using a combination of animal models, in vitro cell culture work, and human patients, provide significant insight into the pathologic mechanisms leading to CM. In this review, we summarize recent findings from mouse models and human studies on the pathogenesis of CM, understanding of which may enable development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Chang R, Castillo J, Zambon AC, Krasieva TB, Fisher MJ, Sumbria RK. Brain Endothelial Erythrophagocytosis and Hemoglobin Transmigration Across Brain Endothelium: Implications for Pathogenesis of Cerebral Microbleeds. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:279. [PMID: 30237761 PMCID: PMC6135875 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral endothelial cells are capable of erythrophagocytosis, but data on brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis are limited. We studied the relationship between brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis and cerebral microhemorrhage, the pathological substrate of MRI-demonstrable cerebral microbleeds. To demonstrate the erythrophagocytic capability of the brain endothelium, we studied the interactions between brain endothelial cells and red blood cells exposed to oxidative stress in vitro, and developed a new in vitro cerebral microbleeds model to study the subsequent passage of hemoglobin across the brain endothelial monolayer. Using multiple approaches, our results show marked brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis of red blood cells exposed to oxidative stress compared with control red blood cells in vitro. This brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis was accompanied by passage of hemoglobin across the brain endothelial monolayer with unaltered monolayer integrity. In vivo and confocal fluorescence microscopy studies confirmed the extravasation of RBC exposed to oxidative stress across brain endothelium. These findings, demonstrating erythrophagocytosis mediated by the brain endothelial monolayer and the subsequent passage of iron-rich hemoglobin in vitro and RBC in vivo, may have implications for elucidating mechanisms involved in the development of cerebral microbleeds that are not dependent on disruption of the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Chang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Juan Castillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Alexander C Zambon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Tatiana B Krasieva
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mark J Fisher
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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28
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Bastos MF, Kayano ACAV, Silva-Filho JL, Dos-Santos JCK, Judice C, Blanco YC, Shryock N, Sercundes MK, Ortolan LS, Francelin C, Leite JA, Oliveira R, Elias RM, Câmara NOS, Lopes SCP, Albrecht L, Farias AS, Vicente CP, Werneck CC, Giorgio S, Verinaud L, Epiphanio S, Marinho CRF, Lalwani P, Amino R, Aliberti J, Costa FTM. Inhibition of hypoxia-associated response and kynurenine production in response to hyperbaric oxygen as mechanisms involved in protection against experimental cerebral malaria. FASEB J 2018; 32:4470-4481. [PMID: 29558201 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700844r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a multifactorial syndrome involving an exacerbated proinflammatory status, endothelial cell activation, coagulopathy, hypoxia, and accumulation of leukocytes and parasites in the brain microvasculature. Despite significant improvements in malaria control, 15% of mortality is still observed in CM cases, and 25% of survivors develop neurologic sequelae for life-even after appropriate antimalarial therapy. A treatment that ameliorates CM clinical signs, resulting in complete healing, is urgently needed. Previously, we showed a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)-protective effect against experimental CM. Here, we provide molecular evidence that HBO targets brain endothelial cells by decreasing their activation and inhibits parasite and leukocyte accumulation, thus improving cerebral microcirculatory blood flow. HBO treatment increased the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor over hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), an oxygen-sensitive cytosolic receptor, along with decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression and kynurenine levels. Moreover, ablation of HIF-1α expression in endothelial cells in mice conferred protection against CM and improved survival. We propose that HBO should be pursued as an adjunctive therapy in CM patients to prolong survival and diminish deleterious proinflammatory reaction. Furthermore, our data support the use of HBO in therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes of non-CM disorders affecting the brain.-Bastos, M. F., Kayano, A. C. A. V., Silva-Filho, J. L., Dos-Santos, J. C. K., Judice, C., Blanco, Y. C., Shryock, N., Sercundes, M. K., Ortolan, L. S., Francelin, C., Leite, J. A., Oliveira, R., Elias, R. M., Câmara, N. O. S., Lopes, S. C. P., Albrecht, L., Farias, A. S., Vicente, C. P., Werneck, C. C., Giorgio, S., Verinaud, L., Epiphanio, S., Marinho, C. R. F., Lalwani, P., Amino, R., Aliberti, J., Costa, F. T. M. Inhibition of hypoxia-associated response and kynurenine production in response to hyperbaric oxygen as mechanisms involved in protection against experimental cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele F Bastos
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina A V Kayano
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Silva-Filho
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Conrado K Dos-Santos
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla Judice
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Yara C Blanco
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel Shryock
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle K Sercundes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana S Ortolan
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Francelin
- Department of Functional and Structural Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Leite
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Oliveira
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Elias
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C P Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Farias
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Vicente
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Werneck
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Functional and Structural Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julio Aliberti
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Extramural Activities, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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29
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Andrea Hernández-Castañeda M, Mbagwu S, Babatunde KA, Walch M, Filgueira L, Mantel PY. Evaluation of Extracellular Vesicle Function During Malaria Infection. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553510 DOI: 10.3791/57067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, with P. falciparum being the most prevalent on the African continent and responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally. Several factors including parasite sequestration in tissues, vascular dysfunction, and inflammatory responses influence the evolution of the disease in malaria-infected people. P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing different kinds of cargo molecules that mediate pathogenesis and cellular communication between parasites and host. EVs are efficiently taken up by cells in which they modulate their function. Here we discuss strategies to address the role of EVs in parasite-host interactions. First, we describe a straightforward method for labeling and tracking EV internalization by endothelial cells, using a green cell linker dye. Second, we report a simple way to measure permeability across an endothelial cell monolayer by using a fluorescently labeled dextran. Finally, we show how to investigate the role of small non-coding RNA molecules in endothelial cell function.
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation mediated by Plasmodium parasites is central to malaria disease and its complications. Plasmodium parasites reside in erythrocytes and can theoretically reach all host tissues via the circulation. However, actual interactions between parasitized erythrocytes and host tissues, along with the consequent damage and pathological changes, are limited locally to specific tissue sites. Such tissue specificity of the parasite can alter the outcome of malaria disease, determining whether acute or chronic complications occur. Here, we give an overview of the recent progress that has been made in understanding tissue-specific immunopathology during Plasmodium infection. As knowledge on tissue-specific host-parasite interactions accumulates, better treatment modalities and targets may emerge for intervention in malaria disease.
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31
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Pober JS, Merola J, Liu R, Manes TD. Antigen Presentation by Vascular Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1907. [PMID: 29312357 PMCID: PMC5744398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by cells of the vessel wall may initiate rapid and localized memory immune responses in peripheral tissues. Peptide antigens displayed on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) can be recognized by T cell receptors on circulating effector memory T cells (TEM), triggering both transendothelial migration and activation. The array of co-stimulatory receptors, adhesion molecules, and cytokines expressed by ECs serves to modulate T cell activation responses. While the effects of these interactions vary among species, vascular beds, and vascular segments within the same tissue, they are capable of triggering allograft rejection without direct involvement of professional antigen-presenting cells and may play a similar role in host defense against infections and in autoimmunity. Once across the endothelium, extravasating TEM then contact mural cells of the vessel wall, including pericytes or vascular smooth muscle cells, which may also present antigens and provide signals that further regulate T cell responses. Collectively, these interactions provide an unexplored opportunity in which targeting of vascular cells can be used to modulate immune responses. In organ transplantation, targeting ECs with siRNA to reduce expression of MHC molecules may additionally mitigate perioperative injuries by preformed alloantibodies, further reducing the risk of graft rejection. Similarly, genetic manipulation of vascular cells to minimize antigen-dependent responses can be used to increase perfusion of tissue engineered organs without triggering rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonathan Merola
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rebecca Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas D Manes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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32
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Gilmartin AA, Petri WA. Exploring the mechanism of amebic trogocytosis: the role of amebic lysosomes. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 5:1-3. [PMID: 29354646 PMCID: PMC5772035 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allissia A Gilmartin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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33
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Pham TT, Verheijen M, Vandermosten L, Deroost K, Knoops S, Van den Eynde K, Boon L, Janse CJ, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Pathogenic CD8 + T Cells Cause Increased Levels of VEGF-A in Experimental Malaria-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, but Therapeutic VEGFR Inhibition Is Not Effective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:416. [PMID: 29034214 PMCID: PMC5627041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe disease and kills over 400,000 people each year. Malarial complications are the main cause of death and include cerebral malaria and malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS). Despite antimalarial treatment, lethality rates of MA-ARDS are still between 20 and 80%. Patients develop pulmonary edema with hemorrhages and leukocyte extravasation in the lungs. The vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and the placental growth factor (PlGF) are vascular permeability factors and may be involved in the disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to alveolar edema. We demonstrated increased pulmonary VEGF-A and PlGF levels in lungs of mice with experimental MA-ARDS. Depletion of pathogenic CD8+ T cells blocked pulmonary edema and abolished the increase of VEGF-A and PlGF. However, neutralization of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) with the monoclonal antibody clone DC101 did not decrease pulmonary pathology. The broader spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib even increased lung pathology. These data suggest that the increase in alveolar VEGF-A and PlGF is not a cause but rather a consequence of the pulmonary pathology in experimental MA-ARDS and that therapeutic inhibition of VEGF receptors is not effective and even contra-indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Verheijen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandermosten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica ingests fragments of live host cells in a nibbling-like process termed amebic trogocytosis. Amebic trogocytosis is required for cell killing and contributes to tissue invasion, which is a hallmark of invasive amebic colitis. Work done prior to the discovery of amebic trogocytosis showed that acid vesicles are required for amebic cytotoxicity. In the present study, we show that acidified lysosomes are required for amebic trogocytosis and cell killing. Interference with lysosome acidification using ammonium chloride, a weak base, or concanamycin A, a vacuolar H+ ATPase inhibitor, decreased amebic trogocytosis and amebic cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that the inhibitors do not impair the ingestion of an initial fragment but rather block continued trogocytosis and the ingestion of multiple fragments. The acidification inhibitors also decreased phagocytosis, but not fluid-phase endocytosis. These data suggest that amebic lysosomes play a crucial role in amebic trogocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell killing.IMPORTANCEE. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that is prevalent in low-income countries, where it causes potentially fatal diarrhea, dysentery, and liver abscesses. Tissue destruction is a hallmark of invasive E. histolytica infection. The parasite is highly cytotoxic to a wide range of human cells, and parasite cytotoxic activity is likely to drive tissue destruction. E. histolytica is able to kill human cells through amebic trogocytosis. This process also contributes to tissue invasion. Trogocytosis has been observed in other organisms; however, little is known about the mechanism in any system. We show that interference with lysosomal acidification impairs amebic trogocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell killing, indicating that amebic lysosomes are critically important for these processes.
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35
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Dunst J, Kamena F, Matuschewski K. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:324. [PMID: 28775960 PMCID: PMC5517394 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cerebral malaria include an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to Plasmodium infection, endothelial cell activation, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, the sequence of events, which initiates these pathophysiological processes as well as the contribution of their complex interplay to the development of cerebral malaria remain incompletely understood. Several cytokines and chemokines have repeatedly been associated with cerebral malaria severity. Increased levels of these inflammatory mediators could account for the sequestration of leukocytes in the cerebral microvasculature present during cerebral malaria, thereby contributing to an amplification of local inflammation and promoting cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Herein, we highlight the current knowledge on the contribution of cytokines and chemokines to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria with particular emphasis on their roles in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment, as well as their implication in the progression to blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, in both human cerebral malaria and in the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. A better molecular understanding of these processes could provide the basis for evidence-based development of adjunct therapies and the definition of diagnostic markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany
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36
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Comparison of apoptosis in human primary pulmonary endothelial cells and a brain microvascular endothelial cell line co-cultured with Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:454. [PMID: 28655315 PMCID: PMC5488356 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum infection can progress unpredictably to severe forms including respiratory distress and cerebral malaria. The mechanisms underlying the variable natural course of malaria remain elusive. METHODS The cerebral microvascular endothelial cells-D3 and lung endothelial cells both from human were cultured separately and challenged with P. falciparum field isolates taken directly from malaria patients or 3D7 strain (in vitro maintained culture). The capacity of these P. falciparum isolates to induce endothelial cell apoptosis via cytoadherence or not was then assessed. RESULTS Overall, 27 P. falciparum isolates were collected from patients with uncomplicated malaria (n = 25) or severe malaria (n = 2). About half the isolates (n = 17) were able to bind brain endothelial cells (12 isolates, 44%) or lung endothelial cells (17 isolates, 63%) or both (12 isolates, 44%). Sixteen (59%) of the 27 isolates were apoptogenic for brain and/or lung endothelial cells. The apoptosis stimulus could be cytoadherence, direct cell-cell contact without cytoadherence, or diffusible soluble factors. While some of the apoptogenic isolates used two stimuli (direct contact with or without cytoadherence, plus soluble factors) to induce apoptosis, others used only one. Among the 16 apoptogenic isolates, eight specifically targeted brain endothelial cells, one lung endothelial cells, and seven both. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the brain microvascular cell line was more susceptible to apoptosis triggered by P. falciparum than the primary pulmonary endothelial cells and may have relevance to host-parasite interaction.
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37
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Utter C, Serrano AE, Glod JW, Leibowitz MJ. Association of Plasmodium falciparum with Human Endothelial Cells in vitro. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:183-193. [PMID: 28656007 PMCID: PMC5482297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial abnormalities play a critical role in the pathogenesis of malaria caused by the human pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum. In serious infections and especially in cerebral malaria, red blood cells infected with the parasite are sequestered in small venules in various organs, resulting in endothelial activation and vascular occlusion, which are believed to be largely responsible for the morbidity and mortality caused by this infection, especially in children. We demonstrate that after incubation with infected red blood cells (iRBCs), cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) contain parasite protein, genomic DNA, and RNA, as well as intracellular vacuoles with apparent parasite-derived material, but not engulfed or adherent iRBCs. The association of this material with the HUVECs is observed over 96 hours after removal of iRBCs. This phenomenon may occur in endothelial cells in vivo by the process of trogocytosis, in which transfer of material between cells depends on direct cell contact. This process may contribute to the endothelial activation and disruption involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Utter
- Evolution Medical Communications, One Blue Hill Plaza, Pearl River, NY
| | - Adelfa E. Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - John W. Glod
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael J. Leibowitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Michael J. Leibowitz, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, Tel: (916) 474-5313; Fax: (530) 752-8692, .
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38
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Metwally NG, Tilly AK, Lubiana P, Roth LK, Dörpinghaus M, Lorenzen S, Schuldt K, Witt S, Bachmann A, Tidow H, Gutsmann T, Burmester T, Roeder T, Tannich E, Bruchhaus I. Characterisation of Plasmodium falciparum populations selected on the human endothelial receptors P-selectin, E-selectin, CD9 and CD151. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642573 PMCID: PMC5481354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum to evade the immune system and be sequestered within human small blood vessels is responsible for severe forms of malaria. The sequestration depends on the interaction between human endothelial receptors and P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) exposed on the surface of the infected erythrocytes (IEs). In this study, the transcriptomes of parasite populations enriched for parasites that bind to human P-selectin, E-selectin, CD9 and CD151 receptors were analysed. IT4_var02 and IT4_var07 were specifically expressed in IT4 parasite populations enriched for P-selectin-binding parasites; eight var genes (IT4_var02/07/09/13/17/41/44/64) were specifically expressed in isolate populations enriched for CD9-binding parasites. Interestingly, IT4 parasite populations enriched for E-selectin- and CD151-binding parasites showed identical expression profiles to those of a parasite population exposed to wild-type CHO-745 cells. The same phenomenon was observed for the 3D7 isolate population enriched for binding to P-selectin, E-selectin, CD9 and CD151. This implies that the corresponding ligands for these receptors have either weak binding capacity or do not exist on the IE surface. Conclusively, this work expanded our understanding of P. falciparum adhesive interactions, through the identification of var transcripts that are enriched within the selected parasite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine-Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Pedro Lubiana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa K Roth
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schuldt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Witt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Tidow
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoological Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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39
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Gillrie MR, Ho M. Dynamic interactions of Plasmodium spp. with vascular endothelium. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1268667. [PMID: 28452684 PMCID: PMC5362994 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1268667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodial species are protozoan parasites that infect erythrocytes. As such, they are in close contact with microvascular endothelium for most of the life cycle in the mammalian host. The host-parasite interactions of this stage of the infection are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease that range from a mild febrile illness to severe and frequently fatal syndromes such as cerebral malaria and multi-organ failure. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria, is particularly predisposed to modulating endothelial function through either direct adhesion to endothelial receptor molecules, or by releasing potent host and parasite products that can stimulate endothelial activation and/or disrupt barrier function. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current clinical and laboratory evidence for endothelial dysfunction during severe P. falciparum malaria. Future investigations using state-of-the-art technologies such as mass cytometry and organs-on-chips to further delineate parasite-endothelial cell interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Gillrie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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40
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Apoorv TS, Babu PP. Minocycline prevents cerebral malaria, confers neuroprotection and increases survivability of mice during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Cytokine 2016; 90:113-123. [PMID: 27865203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication arising due to Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax infection. Minocycline, a semi-synthetic tetracycline, has been earlier reported to have a neuroprotective role in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of minocycline treatment on the survivability of mice during experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). The currently accepted mouse model, C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, was used for the study. Infected mice were treated with an intra-peritoneal dose of minocycline hydrochloride, 45mg/kg daily for ten days that led to parasite clearance in blood, brain, liver and spleen on 7th day post-infection; and the mice survived until experiment ended (90days) without parasite recrudescence. Evans blue extravasation assay showed that blood-brain barrier integrity was maintained by minocycline. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein level and caspase activity, which is related to CM pathogenesis, was significantly reduced in the minocycline-treated group. Fluoro-Jade® C and hematoxylin-eosin staining of the brains of minocycline group revealed a decrease in degenerating neurons and absence of hemorrhages respectively. Minocycline treatment led to decrease in gene expressions of inflammatory mediators like interferon-gamma, CXCL10, CCL5, CCL2; receptors CXCR3 and CCR2; and hence decrease in T-cell-mediated cerebral inflammation. We also proved that this reduction in gene expressions is irrespective of the anti-parasitic property of minocycline. The distinct ability of minocycline to modulate gene expressions of CXCL10 and CXCR3 makes it effective than doxycycline, a tetracycline used as chemoprophylaxis. Our study shows that minocycline is highly effective in conferring neuroprotection during ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thittayil Suresh Apoorv
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana State, India.
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41
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Mantel PY, Hjelmqvist D, Walch M, Kharoubi-Hess S, Nilsson S, Ravel D, Ribeiro M, Grüring C, Ma S, Padmanabhan P, Trachtenberg A, Ankarklev J, Brancucci NM, Huttenhower C, Duraisingh MT, Ghiran I, Kuo WP, Filgueira L, Martinelli R, Marti M. Infected erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles alter vascular function via regulatory Ago2-miRNA complexes in malaria. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12727. [PMID: 27721445 PMCID: PMC5062468 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The clinical outcome of individuals infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites depends on many factors including host systemic inflammatory responses, parasite sequestration in tissues and vascular dysfunction. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promotes endothelial activation as well as recruitment and infiltration of inflammatory cells, which in turn triggers further endothelial cell activation and parasite sequestration. Inflammatory responses are triggered in part by bioactive parasite products such as hemozoin and infected red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (iRBC-derived EVs). Here we demonstrate that such EVs contain functional miRNA-Argonaute 2 complexes that are derived from the host RBC. Moreover, we show that EVs are efficiently internalized by endothelial cells, where the miRNA-Argonaute 2 complexes modulate target gene expression and barrier properties. Altogether, these findings provide a mechanistic link between EVs and vascular dysfunction during malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Unit of Anatomy, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daisy Hjelmqvist
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michael Walch
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Anatomy, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Solange Kharoubi-Hess
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Anatomy, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Deepali Ravel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marina Ribeiro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christof Grüring
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Prasad Padmanabhan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Trachtenberg
- Harvard Catalyst Laboratory for Innovative Translational Technologies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nicolas M Brancucci
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Wellcome Trust Center for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Division of Allergy and Infection, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Winston P Kuo
- Harvard Catalyst Laboratory for Innovative Translational Technologies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Predicine, Inc., Hayward, California 94545, USA
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Anatomy, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Wellcome Trust Center for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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42
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Shrivastava SK, Dalko E, Delcroix-Genete D, Herbert F, Cazenave PA, Pied S. Uptake of parasite-derived vesicles by astrocytes and microglial phagocytosis of infected erythrocytes may drive neuroinflammation in cerebral malaria. Glia 2016; 65:75-92. [PMID: 27696532 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are activated during cerebral malaria (CM) and contribute to the production and release of several mediators during neuroinflammatory processes. Whether these changes are the consequence of a direct crosstalk between glial cells and the malarial parasite and how these cells participate in the pathogenesis of CM is not yet clear. We therefore examined the interaction of astrocytes and microglia with Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells using primary cell cultures derived from newborn C57BL/6 mice. We observed a dynamic transfer of vesicles from the parasite to astrocytes within minutes of contact, and the phagocytosis of infected red blood cells by microglia. Differential gene expression studies using the Affymetrix GeneChip® microarray, and quantitative PCR analyses showed the increase in expression of the set of genes belonging to the immune response network in parasite activated astrocytes and microglia. Interestingly, expression of these genes was also significantly upregulated in brains of mice dying from CM compared with uninfected mice or infected mice that did not develop the neuropathology. Accumulation of parasite-derived vesicles within astrocytes, and the phagocytosis of infected red blood cells by microglia induced a subsequent increase in interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP10) in both the brain and plasma of infected mice at the onset of CM, confirming a role for this molecule in CM pathogenesis. Altogether, these observations point to a possible role for glial cells in the neuropathological processes leading to CM. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2017;65:75-92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Shrivastava
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Esther Dalko
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Delphine Delcroix-Genete
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Unité d'Immunophysiopathologie Infectieuse, CRNS URA 1961, UPMC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.,Unité d'Immunophysiopathologie Infectieuse, CRNS URA 1961, UPMC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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43
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Gallego-Delgado J, Basu-Roy U, Ty M, Alique M, Fernandez-Arias C, Movila A, Gomes P, Weinstock A, Xu W, Edagha I, Wassmer SC, Walther T, Ruiz-Ortega M, Rodriguez A. Angiotensin receptors and β-catenin regulate brain endothelial integrity in malaria. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4016-4029. [PMID: 27643439 DOI: 10.1172/jci87306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is characterized by cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) to endothelial cells in the brain, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and cerebral microhemorrhages. No available antimalarial drugs specifically target the endothelial disruptions underlying this complication, which is responsible for the majority of malaria-associated deaths. Here, we have demonstrated that ruptured Pf-iRBCs induce activation of β-catenin, leading to disruption of inter-endothelial cell junctions in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Inhibition of β-catenin-induced TCF/LEF transcription in the nucleus of HBMECs prevented the disruption of endothelial junctions, confirming that β-catenin is a key mediator of P. falciparum adverse effects on endothelial integrity. Blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) or stimulation of the type 2 receptor (AT2) abrogated Pf-iRBC-induced activation of β-catenin and prevented the disruption of HBMEC monolayers. In a mouse model of cerebral malaria, modulation of angiotensin II receptors produced similar effects, leading to protection against cerebral malaria, reduced cerebral hemorrhages, and increased survival. In contrast, AT2-deficient mice were more susceptible to cerebral malaria. The interrelation of the β-catenin and the angiotensin II signaling pathways opens immediate host-targeted therapeutic possibilities for cerebral malaria and other diseases in which brain endothelial integrity is compromised.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Antimalarials/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/parasitology
- Capillary Permeability
- Cell Adhesion
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/parasitology
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/parasitology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Intercellular Junctions/metabolism
- Irbesartan
- Malaria, Cerebral/metabolism
- Malaria, Cerebral/parasitology
- Malaria, Cerebral/pathology
- Malaria, Falciparum/metabolism
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/pathology
- Microvessels/pathology
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- beta Catenin/physiology
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44
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Establishment of a murine model of cerebral malaria in KunMing mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Parasitology 2016; 143:1672-80. [PMID: 27574013 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection resulting in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Analysis of precise mechanisms of CM in humans is difficult for ethical reasons and animal models of CM have been employed to study malaria pathogenesis. Here, we describe a new experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model with Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in KunMing (KM) mice. KM mice developed ECM after blood-stage or sporozoites infection, and the development of ECM in KM mice has a dose-dependent relationship with sporozoites inoculums. Histopathological findings revealed important features associated with ECM, including accumulation of mononuclear cells and red blood cells in brain microvascular, and brain parenchymal haemorrhages. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) examination showed that BBB disruption was present in infected KM mice when displaying clinical signs of CM. In vivo bioluminescent imaging experiment indicated that parasitized red blood cells accumulated in most vital organs including heart, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and brain. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 were all remarkably increased in KM mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. This study indicates that P. berghei ANKA infection in KM mice can be used as ECM model to extend further research on genetic, pharmacological and vaccine studies of CM.
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45
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Cockburn IA, Zavala F. Dendritic cell function and antigen presentation in malaria. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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47
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Type of in vitro cultivation influences cytoadhesion, knob structure, protein localization and transcriptome profile of Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16766. [PMID: 26568166 PMCID: PMC4645185 DOI: 10.1038/srep16766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum is critical for studying the biology of this parasite. However, it is likely that different in vitro cultivation conditions influence various aspects of the parasite’s life cycle. In the present study two P. falciparum isolates were cultivated using the two most common methods, in which AlbuMAX or human serum as additives are used, and the results were compared. The type of cultivation influenced the knob structure of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs). IEs cultivated with AlbuMAX had fewer knobs than those cultivated with human serum. Furthermore, knob size varied between isolates and is also depended on the culture medium. In addition, there was a greater reduction in the cytoadhesion of IEs to various endothelial receptors in the presence of AlbuMAX than in the presence of human serum. Surprisingly, cytoadhesion did not correlate with the presence or absence of knobs. Greater numbers of the variant surface antigen families RIFIN, STEVOR, and PfMC-2TM were found at the IE membrane when cultivated in the presence of AlbuMAX. Moreover, the type of cultivation had a marked influence on the transcriptome profile. Compared with cultivation with human serum, cultivation with AlbuMAX increased the expression of approximately 500–870 genes.
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48
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Endothelial-Leukocyte Interaction in Severe Malaria: Beyond the Brain. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:168937. [PMID: 26491221 PMCID: PMC4605361 DOI: 10.1155/2015/168937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most important parasitic disease worldwide, accounting for 1 million deaths each year. Severe malaria is a systemic illness characterized by dysfunction of brain tissue and of one or more peripheral organs as lungs and kidney. The most severe and most studied form of malaria is associated with cerebral complications due to capillary congestion and the adhesion of infected erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes to brain vasculature. Thus, leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the brain vascular bed during severe malaria is singular and distinct from other models of inflammation. The leukocyte/endothelium interaction and neutrophil accumulation are also observed in the lungs. However, lung interactions differ from brain interactions, likely due to differences in the blood-brain barrier and blood-air barrier tight junction composition of the brain and lung endothelium. Here, we review the importance of endothelial dysfunction and the mechanism of leukocyte/endothelium interaction during severe malaria. Furthermore, we hypothesize a possible use of adjunctive therapies to antimalarial drugs that target the interaction between the leukocytes and the endothelium.
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49
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Ralston KS. Taking a bite: Amoebic trogocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica and beyond. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:26-35. [PMID: 26277085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a diarrheal pathogen with the ability to cause profound host tissue damage. This organism possesses contact-dependent cell killing activity, which is likely to be a major contributor to tissue damage. E. histolytica trophozoites were recently shown to ingest fragments of living human cells. It was demonstrated that this process, termed amoebic trogocytosis, contributes to cell killing. Recent advances in ex vivo and 3-D cell culture approaches have shed light on mechanisms for tissue destruction by E. histolytica, allowing amoebic trogocytosis to be placed in the context of additional host and pathogen mediators of tissue damage. In addition to its relevance to pathogenesis of amoebiasis, an appreciation is emerging that intercellular nibbling occurs in many organisms, from protozoa to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ralston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA.
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50
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Activated Brain Endothelial Cells Cross-Present Malaria Antigen. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004963. [PMID: 26046849 PMCID: PMC4457820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the murine model of cerebral malaria caused by P. berghei ANKA (PbA), parasite-specific CD8+ T cells directly induce pathology and have long been hypothesized to kill brain endothelial cells that have internalized PbA antigen. We previously reported that brain microvessel fragments from infected mice cross-present PbA epitopes, using reporter cells transduced with epitope-specific T cell receptors. Here, we confirm that endothelial cells are the population responsible for cross-presentation in vivo, not pericytes or microglia. PbA antigen cross-presentation by primary brain endothelial cells in vitro confers susceptibility to killing by CD8+ T cells from infected mice. IFNγ stimulation is required for brain endothelial cross-presentation in vivo and in vitro, which occurs by a proteasome- and TAP-dependent mechanism. Parasite strains that do not induce cerebral malaria were phagocytosed and cross-presented less efficiently than PbA in vitro. The main source of antigen appears to be free merozoites, which were avidly phagocytosed. A human brain endothelial cell line also phagocytosed P. falciparum merozoites. Besides being the first demonstration of cross-presentation by brain endothelial cells, our results suggest that interfering with merozoite phagocytosis or antigen processing may be effective strategies for cerebral malaria intervention.
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