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Riedl A, Bojková D, Tan J, Jeney Á, Larsen PK, Jeney C, Full F, Kalinke U, Ruzsics Z. Construction and Characterization of a High-Capacity Replication-Competent Murine Cytomegalovirus Vector for Gene Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:791. [PMID: 39066429 PMCID: PMC11281640 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the basic characteristics of a new murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vector platform. Using BAC technology, we engineered replication-competent recombinant MCMVs with deletions of up to 26% of the wild-type genome. To this end, we targeted five gene blocks (m01-m17, m106-m109, m129-m141, m144-m158, and m159-m170). BACs featuring deletions from 18% to 26% of the wild-type genome exhibited delayed virus reconstitution, while smaller deletions (up to 16%) demonstrated reconstitution kinetics similar to those of the wild type. Utilizing an innovative methodology, we introduced large genomic DNA segments, up to 35 kbp, along with reporter genes into a newly designed vector with a potential cloning capacity of 46 kbp (Q4). Surprisingly, the insertion of diverse foreign DNAs alleviated the delayed plaque formation phenotype of Q4, and these large inserts remained stable through serial in vitro passages. With reporter-gene-expressing recombinant MCMVs, we successfully transduced not only mouse cell lines but also non-rodent mammalian cells, including those of human, monkey, bovine, and bat origin. Remarkably, even non-mammalian cell lines derived from chickens exhibited successful transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Riedl
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany (F.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojková
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany (F.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiang Tan
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany (F.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ábris Jeney
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Infection Research, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Csaba Jeney
- Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Full
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany (F.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Infection Research, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany (F.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Li Y, Xiao J, Li C, Yang M. Memory inflation: Beyond the acute phase of viral infection. Cell Prolif 2024:e13705. [PMID: 38992867 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory inflation is confirmed as the most commonly dysregulation of host immunity with antigen-independent manner in mammals after viral infection. By generating large numbers of effector/memory and terminal differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells with diminished naïve subsets, memory inflation is believed to play critical roles in connecting the viral infection and the onset of multiple diseases. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of memory inflated CD8+ T cells in their distinct phenotypic features that different from exhausted subsets; the intrinsic and extrinsic roles in regulating the formation of memory inflation; and the key proteins in maintaining the expansion and proliferation of inflationary populations. More importantly, based on the evidences from both clinic and animal models, we summarized the potential mechanisms of memory inflation to trigger autoimmune neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis; the correlations of memory inflation between tumorigenesis and resistance of tumour immunotherapies; as well as the effects of memory inflation to facilitate vascular disease progression. To sum up, better understanding of memory inflation could provide us an opportunity to beyond the acute phase of viral infection, and shed a light on the long-term influences of CD8+ T cell heterogeneity in dampen host immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Li
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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3
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Yared N, Papadopoulou M, Barennes P, Pham HP, Quiniou V, Netzer S, Kaminski H, Burguet L, Demeste A, Colas P, Mora-Charrot L, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Zouine A, Gauthereau X, Vermijlen D, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. Long-lived central memory γδ T cells confer protection against murine cytomegalovirus reinfection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1010785. [PMID: 38976755 PMCID: PMC11257398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of γδ TCR-bearing lymphocytes in immunological memory has gained increasing interest due to their functional duality between adaptive and innate immunity. γδ T effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) subsets have been identified, but their respective roles in memory responses are poorly understood. In the present study, we used subsequent mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections of αβ T cell deficient mice in order to analyze the memory potential of γδ T cells. As for CMV-specific αβ T cells, MCMV induced the accumulation of cytolytic, KLRG1+CX3CR1+ γδ TEM that principally localized in infected organ vasculature. Typifying T cell memory, γδ T cell expansion in organs and blood was higher after secondary viral challenge than after primary infection. Viral control upon MCMV reinfection was prevented when masking γδ T-cell receptor, and was associated with a preferential amplification of private and unfocused TCR δ chain repertoire composed of a combination of clonotypes expanded post-primary infection and, more unexpectedly, of novel expanded clonotypes. Finally, long-term-primed γδ TCM cells, but not γδ TEM cells, protected T cell-deficient hosts against MCMV-induced death upon adoptive transfer, probably through their ability to survive and to generate TEM in the recipient host. This better survival potential of TCM cells was confirmed by a detailed scRNASeq analysis of the two γδ T cell memory subsets which also revealed their similarity to classically adaptive αβ CD8 T cells. Overall, our study uncovered memory properties of long-lived TCM γδ T cells that confer protection in a chronic infection, highlighting the interest of this T cell subset in vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Yared
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Netzer
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna Kaminski
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Burguet
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Amandine Demeste
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pacôme Colas
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lea Mora-Charrot
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Atika Zouine
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, FACSility, TBM Core, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Gauthereau
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, OneCell, RT-PCR and Single Cell Libraries, TBM Core, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO department, Walloon ExceLlence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Myriam Capone
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
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4
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Ye X, Shih DJH, Ku Z, Hong J, Barrett DF, Rupp RE, Zhang N, Fu TM, Zheng WJ, An Z. Transcriptional signature of durable effector T cells elicited by a replication defective HCMV vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:70. [PMID: 38561339 PMCID: PMC10984989 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading infectious cause of birth defects and the most common opportunistic infection that causes life-threatening diseases post-transplantation; however, an effective vaccine remains elusive. V160 is a live-attenuated replication defective HCMV vaccine that showed a 42.4% efficacy against primary HCMV infection among seronegative women in a phase 2b clinical trial. Here, we integrated the multicolor flow cytometry, longitudinal T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and single-cell RNA/TCR sequencing approaches to characterize the magnitude, phenotype, and functional quality of human T cell responses to V160. We demonstrated that V160 de novo induces IE-1 and pp65 specific durable polyfunctional effector CD8 T cells that are comparable to those induced by natural HCMV infection. We identified a variety of V160-responsive T cell clones which exhibit distinctive "transient" and "durable" expansion kinetics, and revealed a transcriptional signature that marks durable CD8 T cells post-vaccination. Our study enhances the understanding of human T-cell immune responses to V160 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David J H Shih
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junping Hong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane F Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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6
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Wang Y, Mei X, Lin Z, Yang X, Cao J, Zhong J, Wang J, Cheng L, Wang Z. Virus infection pattern imprinted and diversified the differentiation of T-cell memory in transcription and function. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1334597. [PMID: 38264657 PMCID: PMC10803622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1334597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Memory T (Tm) cells are a subpopulation of immune cells with great heterogeneity. Part of this diversity came from T cells that were primed with different viruses. Understanding the differences among different viral-specific Tms will help develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. Methods In this study, we compared the transcriptome of Tm cells that primed with CMV, EBV and SARS-CoV-2 with single-cell sequencing and studied the similarities and differences in terms of subpopulation composition, activation, metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Results We found that CMV is marked by plentiful cytotoxic Temra cells, while EBV is more abundant in functional Tem cells. More importantly, we found that CD28 and CTLA4 can be used as continuous indicators to interrogate the antiviral ability of T cells. Furthermore, we proposed that REL is a main regulatory factor for CMV-specific T cells producing cytokines and plays an antiviral role. Discussion Our data gives deep insight into molecular characteristics of Tm subsets from different viral infection, which is important to understand T cell immunization. Furthermore, our results provide basic background knowledges for T cell based vaccine development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengfang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Marandu TF, Dombek M, Gutknecht M, Griessl M, Riça IG, Vlková B, Macáková K, Panagioti E, Griffith A, Lederer J, Yaffe M, Shankar S, Otterbein L, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ, Cook CH. Cytomegalovirus durably primes neutrophil oxidative burst. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:459-474. [PMID: 37566762 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpes virus that infects most humans, thereafter persisting lifelong in tissues of the host. It is a known pathogen in immunosuppressed patients, but its impact on immunocompetent hosts remains less understood. Recent data have shown that CMV leaves a significant and long-lasting imprint in host immunity that may confer some protection against subsequent bacterial infection. Such innate immune activation may come at a cost, however, with potential to cause immunopathology. Neutrophils are central to many models of immunopathology, and while acute CMV infection is known to influence neutrophil biology, the impact of chronic CMV infection on neutrophil function remains unreported. Using our murine model of CMV infection and latency, we show that chronic CMV causes persistent enhancement of neutrophil oxidative burst well after resolution of acute infection. Moreover, this in vivo priming of marrow neutrophils is associated with enhanced formyl peptide receptor expression, and ultimately constitutive c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and enhanced CD14 expression in/on circulating neutrophils. Finally, we show that neutrophil priming is dependent on viral load, suggesting that naturally infected human hosts will show variability in CMV-related neutrophil priming. Altogether, these findings represent a previously unrecognized and potentially important impact of chronic CMV infection on neutrophil responsiveness in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Marandu
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Hospital Hill Rd, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 53107, Tanzania
| | - Michael Dombek
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael Gutknecht
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Marion Griessl
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Ingred Goretti Riça
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, and Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Barbora Vlková
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 4 Sasinkova St, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Macáková
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 4 Sasinkova St, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Alec Griffith
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - James Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael Yaffe
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, and Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Sidharth Shankar
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Leo Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Kiyoshi Itagaki
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Carl J Hauser
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis St., Boston, MA 02215, United States
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8
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Sitnik KM, Krstanović F, Gödecke N, Rand U, Kubsch T, Maaß H, Kim Y, Brizić I, Čičin-Šain L. Fibroblasts are a site of murine cytomegalovirus lytic replication and Stat1-dependent latent persistence in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3087. [PMID: 37248241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no herpesvirus has been shown to latently persist in fibroblastic cells. Here, we show that murine cytomegalovirus, a β-herpesvirus, persists for the long term and across organs in PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells, with similar or higher genome loads than in the previously known sites of murine cytomegalovirus latency. Whereas murine cytomegalovirus gene transcription in PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells is almost completely silenced at 5 months post-infection, these cells give rise to reactivated virus ex vivo, arguing that they support latent murine cytomegalovirus infection. Notably, PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells also support productive virus replication during primary murine cytomegalovirus infection. Mechanistically, Stat1-deficiency promotes lytic infection but abolishes latent persistence of murine cytomegalovirus in PDGFRα-positive fibroblastic cells in vivo. In sum, fibroblastic cells have a dual role as a site of lytic murine cytomegalovirus replication and a reservoir of latent murine cytomegalovirus in vivo and STAT1 is required for murine cytomegalovirus latent persistence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Natascha Gödecke
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kubsch
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henrike Maaß
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yeonsu Kim
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, a joint venture of HZI and MHH, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Gbedande K, Ibitokou SA, Ong ML, Degli-Esposti MA, Brown MG, Stephens R. Boosting Live Malaria Vaccine with Cytomegalovirus Vector Can Prolong Immunity through Innate and Adaptive Mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539025. [PMID: 37205446 PMCID: PMC10187235 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines to persistent parasite infections have been challenging, and current iterations lack long-term protection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) chronic vaccine vectors drive protection against SIV, tuberculosis and liver-stage malaria correlated with antigen-specific CD8 T cells with a Tem phenotype. This phenotype is likely driven by a combination of antigen-specific and innate adjuvanting effects of the vector, though these mechanisms are less well understood. Sterilizing immunity from live Plasmodium chabaudi vaccination lasts less than 200 days. While P. chabaudi-specific antibody levels remain stable after vaccination, the decay of parasite-specific T cells correlates with loss of challenge protection. Therefore, we enlisted murine CMV as a booster strategy to prolong T cell responses against malaria. To study induced T cell responses, we included P. chabaudi MSP-1 epitope B5 (MCMV-B5). We found that MCMV vector alone significantly protected against a challenge P. chabaudi infection 40-60 days later, and that MCMV-B5 was able to make B5-specific Teff, in addition to previously-reported Tem, that survive to the challenge timepoint. Used as a booster, MCMV-B5 prolonged protection from heterologous infection beyond day 200, and increased B5 TCR Tg T cell numbers, including both a highly-differentiated Tem phenotype and Teff, both previously reported to protect. B5 epitope expression was responsible for maintenance of Th1 and Tfh B5 T cells. In addition, the MCMV vector had adjuvant properties, contributing non-specifically through prolonged stimulation of IFN-γ. In vivo neutralization of IFN-γ, but not IL-12 and IL-18, late in the course of MCMV, led to loss of the adjuvant effect. Mechanistically, sustained IFN-γ from MCMV increased CD8α+ dendritic cell numbers, and led to increased IL-12 production upon Plasmodium challenge. In addition, neutralization of IFN-γ before challenge reduced the polyclonal Teff response to challenge. Our findings suggest that, as protective epitopes are defined, an MCMV vectored booster can prolong protection through the innate effects of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Samad A Ibitokou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435
| | - Monique L Ong
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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10
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Hansen SG, Womack JL, Perez W, Schmidt KA, Marshall E, Iyer RF, Cleveland Rubeor H, Otero CE, Taher H, Vande Burgt NH, Barfield R, Randall KT, Morrow D, Hughes CM, Selseth AN, Gilbride RM, Ford JC, Caposio P, Tarantal AF, Chan C, Malouli D, Barry PA, Permar SR, Picker LJ, Früh K. Late gene expression-deficient cytomegalovirus vectors elicit conventional T cells that do not protect against SIV. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164692. [PMID: 36749635 PMCID: PMC10070102 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus-based (RhCMV-based) vaccine vectors induce immune responses that protect ~60% of rhesus macaques (RMs) from SIVmac239 challenge. This efficacy depends on induction of effector memory-based (EM-biased) CD8+ T cells recognizing SIV peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex-E (MHC-E) instead of MHC-Ia. The phenotype, durability, and efficacy of RhCMV/SIV-elicited cellular immune responses were maintained when vector spread was severely reduced by deleting the antihost intrinsic immunity factor phosphoprotein 71 (pp71). Here, we examined the impact of an even more stringent attenuation strategy on vector-induced immune protection against SIV. Fusion of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) degradation domain to Rh108, the orthologue of the essential human CMV (HCMV) late gene transcription factor UL79, generated RhCMV/SIV vectors that conditionally replicate only when the FK506 analog Shield-1 is present. Despite lacking in vivo dissemination and reduced innate and B cell responses to vaccination, Rh108-deficient 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vectors elicited high-frequency, durable, EM-biased, SIV-specific T cell responses in RhCMV-seropositive RMs at doses of ≥ 1 × 106 PFU. Strikingly, elicited CD8+ T cells exclusively targeted MHC-Ia-restricted epitopes and failed to protect against SIVmac239 challenge. Thus, Rh108-dependent late gene expression is required for both induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells and protection against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennie L. Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Wilma Perez
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Emily Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hillary Cleveland Rubeor
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathan H. Vande Burgt
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter A. Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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11
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White TM, Bonavita CM, Stanfield BA, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardin RD. The CMV-encoded G protein-coupled receptors M33 and US28 play pleiotropic roles in immune evasion and alter host T cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047299. [PMID: 36569845 PMCID: PMC9768342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a global health threat due to its ubiquity and lifelong persistence in infected people. During latency, host CD8+ T cell responses to HCMV continue to increase in a phenomenon known as memory inflation. We used murine CMV (MCMV) as a model for HCMV to characterize the memory inflation response to wild-type MCMV (KP) and a latency-defective mutant (ΔM33stop), which lacks M33, an MCMV chemokine receptor homolog. M33 is essential for normal reactivation from latency and this was leveraged to determine whether reactivation in vivo contributes to T cell memory inflation. Methods Mice were infected with wild-type or mutant MCMV and T cell responses were analyzed by flow cytometry at acute and latent time points. Ex vivo reactivation and cytotoxicity assays were carried out to further investigate immunity and virus replication. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (q-RTPCR) was used to examine gene expression during reactivation. MHC expression on infected cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Finally, T cells were depleted from latently-infected B cell-deficient mice to examine the in vivo difference in reactivation between wild-type and ΔM33stop. Results We found that ΔM33stop triggers memory inflation specific for peptides derived from the immediate-early protein IE1 but not the early protein m164, in contrast to wild-type MCMV. During ex vivo reactivation, gene expression in DM33stop-infected lung tissues was delayed compared to wild-type virus. Normal gene expression was partially rescued by substitution of the HCMV US28 open reading frame in place of the M33 gene. In vivo depletion of T cells in immunoglobulin heavy chain-knockout mice resulted in reactivation of wild-type MCMV, but not ΔM33stop, confirming the role of M33 during reactivation from latency. Further, we found that M33 induces isotype-specific downregulation of MHC class I on the cell surface suggesting previously unappreciated roles in immune evasion. Discussion Our results indicate that M33 is more polyfunctional than previously appreciated. In addition to its role in reactivation, which had been previously described, we found that M33 alters viral gene expression, host T cell memory inflation, and MHC class I expression. US28 was able to partially complement most functions of M33, suggesting that its role in HCMV infection may be similarly pleotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Rhonda D. Cardin,
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12
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'Stem-like' precursors are the fount to sustain persistent CD8 + T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:836-847. [PMID: 35624209 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells that differentiate in the context of resolved versus persisting infections exhibit divergent phenotypic and functional characteristics, which suggests that their differentiation trajectories are governed by distinct cellular dynamics, developmental pathways and molecular mechanisms. For acute infection, it is long known that antigen-specific T cell populations contain terminally differentiated effector T cells, known as short-lived effector T cells, and proliferation-competent and differentiation-competent memory precursor T cells. More recently, it was identified that a similar functional segregation occurs in chronic infections. A failure to generate proliferation-competent precursor cells in chronic infections and tumors results in the collapse of the T cell response. Thus, these precursor cells are major therapeutic and prophylactic targets of immune interventions. These observations suggest substantial commonality between T cell responses in acute and chronic infections but there are also critical differences. We are therefore reviewing the common features and peculiarities of precursor cells in acute infections, different types of persistent infection and cancer.
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13
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Host-Adapted Gene Families Involved in Murine Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010128. [PMID: 35062332 PMCID: PMC8781790 DOI: 10.3390/v14010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are host species-specific and have adapted to their respective mammalian hosts during co-evolution. Host-adaptation is reflected by “private genes” that have specialized in mediating virus-host interplay and have no sequence homologs in other CMV species, although biological convergence has led to analogous protein functions. They are mostly organized in gene families evolved by gene duplications and subsequent mutations. The host immune response to infection, both the innate and the adaptive immune response, is a driver of viral evolution, resulting in the acquisition of viral immune evasion proteins encoded by private gene families. As the analysis of the medically relevant human cytomegalovirus by clinical investigation in the infected human host cannot make use of designed virus and host mutagenesis, the mouse model based on murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) has become a versatile animal model to study basic principles of in vivo virus-host interplay. Focusing on the immune evasion of the adaptive immune response by CD8+ T cells, we review here what is known about proteins of two private gene families of mCMV, the m02 and the m145 families, specifically the role of m04, m06, and m152 in viral antigen presentation during acute and latent infection.
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14
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Smith CJ, Snyder CM. Inhibitory Molecules PD-1, CD73 and CD39 Are Expressed by CD8 + T Cells in a Tissue-Dependent Manner and Can Inhibit T Cell Responses to Stimulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704862. [PMID: 34335618 PMCID: PMC8320728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary gland is an important tissue for persistence and transmission of multiple viruses. Previous work showed that salivary gland tissue-resident CD8+ T cells elicited by viruses were poorly functional ex vivo. Using a model of persistent murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, we now show that CD8+ T cells in the salivary gland and other non-lymphoid tissues of mice express multiple molecules associated with T cell exhaustion including PD-1, CD73 and CD39. Strikingly however, these molecules were expressed independently of virus or antigen. Rather, PD-1-expressing T cells remained PD-1+ after migration into tissues regardless of infection, while CD73 was activated on CD8+ T cells by TGF-β signaling. Blockade of PD-L1, but not CD73, improved cytokine production by salivary gland T cells ex vivo and increased the expression of granzyme B after stimulation within the salivary gland. Nevertheless, salivary-gland localized CD8+ T cells could kill PD-L1-expressing targets in vivo, albeit with modest efficiency, and this was not improved by PD-L1 blockade. Moreover, the impact of PD-L1 blockade on granzyme B expression waned with time. In contrast, the function of kidney-localized T cells was improved by CD73 blockade, but was unaffected by PD-L1 blockade. These data show that tissue localization per se is associated with expression of inhibitory molecules that can impact T cell function, but that the functional impact of this expression is context- and tissue-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Long X, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Wu M. Insight for Immunotherapy of HCMV Infection. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2899-2911. [PMID: 34345215 PMCID: PMC8326118 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a ubiquitous in humans, has a high prevalence rate. Young people are susceptible to HCMV infection in developing countries, while older individuals are more susceptible in developed countries. Most patients have no obvious symptoms from the primary infection. Studies have indicated that the virus has gradually adapted to the host immune system. Therefore, the control of HCMV infection requires strong immune modulation. With the recent advances in immunotherapy, its application to HCMV infections is receiving increasing attention. Here, we discuss the immune response to HCMV infection, the immune escape mechanism, and the different roles that HCMV plays in various types of immunotherapy, including vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, checkpoint blockade therapy, and targeted antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Long
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 , Hunan, China
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Qiu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 , Hunan, China
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zuping Zhang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 , Hunan, China
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16
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Dimonte S, Gimeno-Brias S, Marsden M, Chapman L, Sabberwal P, Clement M, Humphreys IR. Optimal CD8 + T-cell memory formation following subcutaneous cytomegalovirus infection requires virus replication but not early dendritic cell responses. Immunology 2021; 164:279-291. [PMID: 34003499 PMCID: PMC8442243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induction of large frequencies of highly functional memory T cells has attracted much interest in the utility of CMV‐based vaccine vectors, with exciting preclinical data obtained in models of infectious diseases and cancer. However, pathogenesis of human CMV (HCMV) remains a concern. Attenuated CMV‐based vectors, such as replication‐ or spread‐deficient viruses, potentially offer an alternative to fully replicating vectors. However, it is not well understood how CMV attenuation impacts vector immunogenicity, particularly when administered via relevant routes of immunization such as the skin. Herein, we used the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) model to investigate the impact of vector attenuation on T‐cell memory formation following subcutaneous administration. We found that the spread‐deficient virus (ΔgL‐MCMV) was impaired in its ability to induce memory CD8+ T cells reactive to some (M38, IE1) but not all (IE3) viral antigens. Impaired‐memory T‐cell development was associated with a preferential and pronounced loss of polyfunctional (IFN‐γ+ TNF‐α+) T cells and also reduced accumulation of TCF1+ T cells, and was not rescued by increasing the dose of replication‐defective MCMV. Finally, whilst vector attenuation reduced dendritic cell (DC) recruitment to skin‐draining lymph nodes, systematic depletion of multiple DC subsets during acute subcutaneous MCMV infection had a negligible impact on T‐cell memory formation, implying that attenuated responses induced by replication‐deficient vectors were likely not a consequence of impaired initial DC activation. Thus, overall, these data imply that the choice of antigen and/or cloning strategy of exogenous antigen in combination with the route of immunization may influence the ability of attenuated CMV vectors to induce robust functional T‐cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dimonte
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Silvia Gimeno-Brias
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Chapman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pragati Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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17
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Griessl M, Renzaho A, Freitag K, Seckert CK, Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NAW. Stochastic Episodes of Latent Cytomegalovirus Transcription Drive CD8 T-Cell "Memory Inflation" and Avoid Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668885. [PMID: 33968074 PMCID: PMC8100209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute infection with murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) is controlled by CD8+ T cells and develops into a state of latent infection, referred to as latency, which is defined by lifelong maintenance of viral genomes but absence of infectious virus in latently infected cell types. Latency is associated with an increase in numbers of viral epitope-specific CD8+ T cells over time, a phenomenon known as "memory inflation" (MI). The "inflationary" subset of CD8+ T cells has been phenotyped as KLRG1+CD62L- effector-memory T cells (iTEM). It is agreed upon that proliferation of iTEM requires repeated episodes of antigen presentation, which implies that antigen-encoding viral genes must be transcribed during latency. Evidence for this has been provided previously for the genes encoding the MI-driving antigenic peptides IE1-YPHFMPTNL and m164-AGPPRYSRI of mCMV in the H-2d haplotype. There exist two competing hypotheses for explaining MI-driving viral transcription. The "reactivation hypothesis" proposes frequent events of productive virus reactivation from latency. Reactivation involves a coordinated gene expression cascade from immediate-early (IE) to early (E) and late phase (L) transcripts, eventually leading to assembly and release of infectious virus. In contrast, the "stochastic transcription hypothesis" proposes that viral genes become transiently de-silenced in latent viral genomes in a stochastic fashion, not following the canonical IE-E-L temporal cascade of reactivation. The reactivation hypothesis, however, is incompatible with the finding that productive virus reactivation is exceedingly rare in immunocompetent mice and observed only under conditions of compromised immunity. In addition, the reactivation hypothesis fails to explain why immune evasion genes, which are regularly expressed during reactivation in the same cells in which epitope-encoding genes are expressed, do not prevent antigen presentation and thus MI. Here we show that IE, E, and L genes are transcribed during latency, though stochastically, not following the IE-E-L temporal cascade. Importantly, transcripts that encode MI-driving antigenic peptides rarely coincide with those that encode immune evasion proteins. As immune evasion can operate only in cis, that is, in a cell that simultaneously expresses antigenic peptides, the stochastic transcription hypothesis explains why immune evasion is not operative in latently infected cells and, therefore, does not interfere with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Polesso F, Munks MW, Rott KH, Smart S, Hill AB, Moran AE. PD‐1‐specific “Blocking” antibodies that deplete PD‐1
+
T cells present an inconvenient variable in preclinical immunotherapy experiments. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1473-1481. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Polesso
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Cancer Biology Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
| | - Michael W. Munks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
| | - Katherine H. Rott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
| | - Savannah Smart
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
| | - Ann B. Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
| | - Amy E. Moran
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Cancer Biology Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
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19
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Stevenson EM, Ward AR, Truong R, Thomas AS, Huang SH, Dilling TR, Terry S, Bui JK, Mota TM, Danesh A, Lee GQ, Gramatica A, Khadka P, Alberto WDC, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Lalama CM, Bosch RJ, Macatangay B, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Jones RB. HIV-specific T cell responses reflect substantive in vivo interactions with antigen despite long-term therapy. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142640. [PMID: 33400687 PMCID: PMC7934865 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) abrogate HIV replication; however, infection persists as long-lived reservoirs of infected cells with integrated proviruses, which reseed replication if ART is interrupted. A central tenet of our current understanding of this persistence is that infected cells are shielded from immune recognition and elimination through a lack of antigen expression from proviruses. Efforts to cure HIV infection have therefore focused on reactivating latent proviruses to enable immune-mediated clearance, but these have yet to succeed in reducing viral reservoirs. Here, we revisited the question of whether HIV reservoirs are predominately immunologically silent from a new angle: by querying the dynamics of HIV-specific T cell responses over long-term ART for evidence of ongoing recognition of HIV-infected cells. In longitudinal assessments, we show that the rates of change in persisting HIV Nef-specific responses, but not responses to other HIV gene products, were associated with residual frequencies of infected cells. These Nef-specific responses were highly stable over time and disproportionately exhibited a cytotoxic, effector functional profile, indicative of recent in vivo recognition of HIV antigens. These results indicate substantial visibility of the HIV-infected cells to T cells on stable ART, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the development of therapeutic approaches to curing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
- PhD Program in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
| | - Thomas R. Dilling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Terry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John K. Bui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia M. Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali Danesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guinevere Q. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Gramatica
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pragya Khadka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina M. Lalama
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
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20
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Holtappels R, Freitag K, Renzaho A, Becker S, Lemmermann NA, Reddehase MJ. Revisiting CD8 T-cell 'Memory Inflation': New Insights with Implications for Cytomegaloviruses as Vaccine Vectors. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030402. [PMID: 32707744 PMCID: PMC7563500 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have revealed an exceptional kinetics of the immune response. After resolution of productive infection, transient contraction of the viral epitope-specific CD8 T-cell pool was found to be followed by a pool expansion specific for certain viral epitopes during non-productive ‘latent’ infection. This phenomenon, known as ‘memory inflation’ (MI), was found to be based on inflationary KLRG1+CD62L− effector-memory T cells (iTEM) that depend on repetitive restimulation. MI gained substantial interest for employing CMV as vaccine vector by replacing MI-driving CMV epitopes with foreign epitopes for generating high numbers of protective memory cells specific for unrelated pathogens. The concept of an MI-driving CMV vector is questioned by human studies disputing MI in humans. A bias towards MI in experimental models may have resulted from systemic infection. We have here studied local murine CMV infection as a route that is more closely matching routine human vaccine application. Notably, KLRG1−CD62L+ central memory T cells (TCM) and conventional KLRG1−CD62L− effector memory T cells (cTEM) were found to expand, associated with ‘avidity maturation’, whereas the pool size of iTEM steadily declined over time. The establishment of high avidity CD8 T-cell central memory encourages one to pursue the concept of CMV vector-based vaccines.
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21
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Welten SPM, Yermanos A, Baumann NS, Wagen F, Oetiker N, Sandu I, Pedrioli A, Oduro JD, Reddy ST, Cicin-Sain L, Held W, Oxenius A. Tcf1 + cells are required to maintain the inflationary T cell pool upon MCMV infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2295. [PMID: 32385253 PMCID: PMC7211020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors offer interesting opportunities for T cell-based vaccination purposes as CMV infection induces large numbers of functional effector-like cells that accumulate in peripheral tissues, a process termed memory inflation. Maintenance of high numbers of peripheral CD8 T cells requires continuous replenishment of the inflationary T cell pool. Here, we show that the inflationary T cell population contains a small subset of cells expressing the transcription factor Tcf1. These Tcf1+ cells resemble central memory T cells and are proliferation competent. Upon sensing viral reactivation events, Tcf1+ cells feed into the pool of peripheral Tcf1- cells and depletion of Tcf1+ cells hampers memory inflation. TCR repertoires of Tcf1+ and Tcf1- populations largely overlap, with the Tcf1+ population showing higher clonal diversity. These data show that Tcf1+ cells are necessary for sustaining the inflationary T cell response, and upholding this subset is likely critical for the success of CMV-based vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Wagen
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Oetiker
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Herbein G, Nehme Z. Tumor Control by Cytomegalovirus: A Door Open for Oncolytic Virotherapy? MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:1-8. [PMID: 32300639 PMCID: PMC7150429 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Belonging to the herpesviridae family, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a well-known ubiquitous pathogen that establishes a lifelong infection in humans. Recently, a beneficial tumor-cytoreductive role of CMV infection has been defined in human and animal models. Described as a potential anti-tumoral activity, HCMV modulates the tumor microenvironment mainly by inducing cell death through apoptosis and prompting a robust stimulatory effect on the immune cells infiltrating the tumor tissue. However, major current limitations embrace transient protective effect and a viral dissemination potential in immunosuppressed hosts. The latter could be counteracted through direct viral intratumoral delivery, use of non-human strains, or even defective CMV vectors to ascertain transformed cells-selective tropism. This potential oncolytic activity could be complemented by tackling further platforms, namely combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or epigenetic therapy, as well as the use of second-generation chimeric oncovirus, for instance HCMV/HSV-1 oncolytic virus. Overall, preliminary data support the use of CMV in viral oncolytic therapy as a viable option, establishing thus a potential new modality, where further assessment through extensive basic research armed by molecular biotechnology is compulsory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.,Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Zeina Nehme
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.,Université Libanaise 1003, Beirut, Lebanon
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23
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Massara L, Khairallah C, Yared N, Pitard V, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Giese A, Dubus P, Gauthereau X, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. Uncovering the Anticancer Potential of Murine Cytomegalovirus against Human Colon Cancer Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 16:250-261. [PMID: 32140563 PMCID: PMC7052516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) components are often found in tumors, but the precise relationship between HCMV and cancer remains a matter of debate. Pro-tumor functions of HCMV were described in several studies, but an association between HCMV seropositivity and reduced cancer risk was also evidenced, presumably relying on recognition and killing of cancer cells by HCMV-induced lymphocytes. This study aimed at deciphering whether CMV influences cancer development in an immune-independent manner. Using immunodeficient mice, we showed that systemic infection with murine CMV (MCMV) inhibited the growth of murine carcinomas. Surprisingly, MCMV, but not HCMV, also reduced human colon carcinoma development in vivo. In vitro, both viruses infected human cancer cells. Expression of human interferon-β (IFN-β) and nuclear domain (ND10) were induced in MCMV-infected, but not in HCMV-infected human colon cancer cells. These results suggest a decreased capacity of MCMV to counteract intrinsic defenses in the human cellular host. Finally, immunodeficient mice receiving peri-tumoral MCMV therapy showed a reduction of human colon cancer cell growth, albeit no clinical sign of systemic virus dissemination was evidenced. Our study, which describes a selective advantage of MCMV over HCMV to control human colon cancer, could pave the way for the development of CMV-based therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal Massara
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Khairallah
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Yared
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de Cytométrie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- University of Bordeaux, Service Commun des Animaleries, Animalerie A2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- University of Bordeaux, Service Commun des Animaleries, Animalerie A2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban Giese
- University of Bordeaux, EA2406 Histologie et Pathologie Moléculaire des Tumeurs, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- University of Bordeaux, EA2406 Histologie et Pathologie Moléculaire des Tumeurs, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Gauthereau
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de PCR Quantitative, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de Cytométrie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Myriam Capone
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, TBM Core, UMS 3427, Plateforme de PCR Quantitative, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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24
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Caposio P, van den Worm S, Crawford L, Perez W, Kreklywich C, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ratts R, Marshall EE, Malouli D, Axthelm MK, Streblow D, Nelson JA, Picker LJ, Hansen SG, Früh K. Characterization of a live-attenuated HCMV-based vaccine platform. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19236. [PMID: 31848362 PMCID: PMC6917771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on cytomegalovirus (CMV) demonstrate protection in animal models of infectious disease and cancer. Vaccine efficacy is associated with the ability of CMV to elicit and indefinitely maintain high frequencies of circulating effector memory T cells (TEM) providing continuous, life-long anti-pathogen immune activity. To allow for the clinical testing of human CMV (HCMV)-based vaccines we constructed and characterized as a vector backbone the recombinant molecular clone TR3 representing a wildtype genome. We demonstrate that TR3 can be stably propagated in vitro and that, despite species incompatibility, recombinant TR3 vectors elicit high frequencies of TEM to inserted antigens in rhesus macaques (RM). Live-attenuated versions of TR3 were generated by deleting viral genes required to counteract intrinsic and innate immune responses. In addition, we eliminated subunits of a viral pentameric glycoprotein complex thus limiting cell tropism. We show in a humanized mouse model that such modified vectors were able to establish persistent infection but lost their ability to reactivate from latency. Nevertheless, attenuated TR3 vectors preserved the ability to elicit and maintain TEM to inserted antigens in RM. We further demonstrate that attenuated TR3 can be grown in approved cell lines upon elimination of an anti-viral host factor using small interfering RNA, thus obviating the need for a complementing cell line. In sum, we have established a versatile platform for the clinical development of live attenuated HCMV-vectored vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Sjoerd van den Worm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
- Batavia Biosciences B.V., Zernikedreef 16, 2333 CL, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Wilma Perez
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Robert Ratts
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, 4640, SW Macadam Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Emily E Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, 4640, SW Macadam Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA.
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25
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Inclusion of the Viral Pentamer Complex in a Vaccine Design Greatly Improves Protection against Congenital Cytomegalovirus in the Guinea Pig Model. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01442-19. [PMID: 31484753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01442-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine against congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is a high priority. The guinea pig is a small-animal model for cCMV. A disabled infectious single-cycle (DISC) viral vaccine strain based on a guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) capsid mutant was evaluated. A previous version of this vaccine did not express the gH/gL-based pentamer complex (PC) and failed to fully protect against cCMV. The PC is necessary for GPCMV epithelial cell/trophoblast tropism and congenital infection and is a potentially important neutralizing antigen. Here, we show that a second-generation PC-positive (PC+) DISC (DISCII) vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies to the PC and other glycoproteins and a cell-mediated response to pp65 (GP83). Additionally, a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy identified guinea pig platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) to be the receptor for PC-independent infection of fibroblast cells. Importantly, PDGFRA was absent in epithelial and trophoblast cells, which were dependent upon the viral PC for infection. Virus neutralization by DISCII antibodies on epithelial and trophoblast cells was similar to that in sera from wild-type virus-infected animals and dependent in part on PC-specific antibodies. In contrast, sera from PC-negative virus-infected animals poorly neutralized virus on non-fibroblast cells. DISCII-vaccinated animals were protected against congenital infection, in contrast to a nonvaccinated group. The target organs of pups in the vaccine group were negative for wild-type virus, unlike those of pups in the control group, with GPCMV transmission being approximately 80%. Overall, the DISCII vaccine had 97% efficacy against cCMV. The complete protection provided by this PC+ DISC vaccine makes the possibility of the use of this approach against human cCMV attractive.IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital disease in newborns, and an effective vaccine remains an elusive goal. The guinea pig is the only small-animal model for cCMV. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) encodes a glycoprotein pentamer complex (PC) for entry into non-fibroblast cells, including placental trophoblasts, to enable cCMV. As with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), GPCMV uses a specific cell receptor (PDGFRA) for fibroblast entry, but other receptors are required for non-fibroblast cells. A disabled infectious single-cycle (DISC) GPCMV vaccine strain induced an antibody immune response to the viral pentamer to enhance virus neutralization on non-fibroblast cells, and vaccinated animals were fully protected against cCMV. Inclusion of the PC as part of a vaccine design dramatically improved vaccine efficacy, and this finding underlines the importance of the immune response to the PC in contributing toward protection against cCMV. This vaccine represents an important milestone in the development of a vaccine against cCMV.
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26
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Vaccine Vectors Harnessing the Power of Cytomegaloviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040152. [PMID: 31627457 PMCID: PMC6963789 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) species have been gaining attention as experimental vaccine vectors inducing cellular immune responses of unparalleled strength and protection. This review outline the strengths and the restrictions of CMV-based vectors, in light of the known aspects of CMV infection, pathogenicity and immunity. We discuss aspects to be considered when optimizing CMV based vaccines, including the innate immune response, the adaptive humoral immunity and the T-cell responses. We also discuss the antigenic epitopes presented by unconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in some CMV delivery systems and considerations about routes for delivery for the induction of systemic or mucosal immune responses. With the first clinical trials initiating, CMV-based vaccine vectors are entering a mature phase of development. This impetus needs to be maintained by scientific advances that feed the progress of this technological platform.
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27
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Murine cytomegalovirus infection in mice results in an acute inflammatory reaction in peripheral nerves. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 335:577017. [PMID: 31430710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. However, it can lead to disease in immunodeficient population. Little is known of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of the virus. We investigated the impact of CMV infection on mouse nervous system. Peripheral nerves but not spinal cord was permissive to MCMV during acute infection. Activated CD8+ T cells, monocytes/macrophages and cytokine expression were increased in the blood and sciatic nerves of infected mice, which exhibited transient sensory dysfunction. This study indicates that systemic MCMV infection leads to a dissemination of MCMV into peripheral nerves, which is associated with a local inflammation but not nerve tissue damage in the acute phase.
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28
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Marshall EE, Malouli D, Hansen SG, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ainslie E, Selseth AN, Ford JC, Burke D, Kreklywich CN, Womack J, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Kahl C, Streblow D, Edlefsen PT, Picker LJ, Früh K. Enhancing safety of cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors by engaging host intrinsic immunity. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw2603. [PMID: 31316006 PMCID: PMC6830438 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccines maintain effector memory T cell responses (TEM) that protect ~50% of rhesus monkeys (RMs) challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Because human CMV (HCMV) causes disease in immunodeficient subjects, clinical translation will depend upon attenuation strategies that reduce pathogenic potential without sacrificing CMV's unique immunological properties. We demonstrate that "intrinsic" immunity can be used to attenuate strain 68-1 RhCMV vectors without impairment of immunogenicity. The tegument proteins pp71 and UL35 encoded by UL82 and UL35 of HCMV counteract cell-intrinsic restriction via degradation of host transcriptional repressors. When the corresponding RhCMV genes, Rh110 and Rh59, were deleted from 68-1 RhCMV (ΔRh110 and ΔRh59), we observed only a modest growth defect in vitro, but in vivo, these modified vectors manifested little to no amplification at the injection site and dissemination to distant sites, in contrast to parental 68-1 RhCMV. ΔRh110 was not shed at any time after infection and was not transmitted to naïve hosts either by close contact (mother to infant) or by leukocyte transfusion. In contrast, ΔRh59 was both shed and transmitted by leukocyte transfusion, indicating less effective attenuation than pp71 deletion. The T cell immunogenicity of ΔRh110 was essentially identical to 68-1 RhCMV with respect to magnitude, TEM phenotype, epitope targeting, and durability. Thus, pp71 deletion preserves CMV vector immunogenicity while stringently limiting vector spread, making pp71 deletion an attractive attenuation strategy for HCMV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Burke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Craig N Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Christoph Kahl
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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29
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Wilski NA, Snyder CM. From Vaccine Vector to Oncomodulation: Understanding the Complex Interplay between CMV and Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E62. [PMID: 31323930 PMCID: PMC6789822 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that establishes a persistent, but generally asymptomatic, infection in most people in the world. However, CMV drives and sustains extremely large numbers of antigen-specific T cells and is, therefore, emerging as an exciting platform for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Indeed, pre-clinical data strongly suggest that CMV-based vaccines can sustain protective CD8+ T cell and antibody responses. In the context of vaccines for infectious diseases, substantial pre-clinical studies have elucidated the efficacy and protective mechanisms of CMV-based vaccines, including in non-human primate models of various infections. In the context of cancer vaccines, however, much less is known and only very early studies in mice have been conducted. To develop CMV-based cancer vaccines further, it will be critical to better understand the complex interaction of CMV and cancer. An array of evidence suggests that naturally-acquired human (H)CMV can be detected in cancers, and it has been proposed that HCMV may promote tumor growth. This would obviously be a concern for any therapeutic cancer vaccines. In experimental models, CMV has been shown to play both positive and negative roles in tumor progression, depending on the model studied. However, the mechanisms are still largely unknown. Thus, more studies assessing the interaction of CMV with the tumor microenvironment are needed. This review will summarize the existing literature and major open questions about CMV-based vaccines for cancer, and discuss our hypothesis that the balance between pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects driven by CMV depends on the location and the activity of the virus in the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The magnitude of CD8 T cell responses against viruses is checked by the balance of proliferation and death. Caspase-8 (CASP8) has the potential to influence response characteristics through initiation of apoptosis, suppression of necroptosis, and modulation of cell death-independent signal transduction. Mice deficient in CASP8 and RIPK3 (Casp8 -/- Ripk3 -/- ) mount enhanced peak CD8 T cell levels against the natural mouse pathogen murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or the human pathogen herpes simplex virus-1 compared with littermate control RIPK3-deficient or WT C57BL/6 mice, suggesting an impact of CASP8 on the magnitude of antiviral CD8 T cell expansion and not on contraction. The higher peak response to MCMV in Casp8 -/- Ripk3 -/- mice resulted from accumulation of greater numbers of terminally differentiated KLRG1hi effector CD8 T cell subsets. Antiviral Casp8 -/- Ripk3 -/- T cells exhibited enhanced proliferation when splenocytes were transferred into WT recipient mice. Thus, cell-autonomous CASP8 normally restricts CD8 T cell proliferation following T cell receptor activation in response to foreign antigen. Memory inflation is a hallmark quality of the T cell response to cytomegalovirus infection. Surprisingly, MCMV-specific memory inflation was not sustained long-term in Casp8 -/- Ripk3 -/- mice even though these mice retained immunity to secondary challenge. In addition, the accumulation of abnormal B220+CD3+ T cells in these viable CASP8-deficient mice was reduced by chronic MCMV infection. Combined, these data brings to light the cell death-independent role of CASP8 during CD8 T cell expansion in mice lacking the confounding impact of RIPK3-mediated necroptosis.
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31
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Gabel M, Baumann NS, Oxenius A, Graw F. Investigating the Dynamics of MCMV-Specific CD8 + T Cell Responses in Individual Hosts. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1358. [PMID: 31281313 PMCID: PMC6595046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is characterized by the massive expansion and continued maintenance of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells for certain CMV-derived peptides. This phenomenon called “memory inflation" has made CMV a primary target for the generation of T cell based vaccine vectors against various diseases. However, many aspects concerning the generation and maintenance of the inflationary CD8+ T cell response still remain to be resolved. In this study, we combined experimental data and mathematical models to analyze the dynamics of circulatory inflationary CD8+ T cells within individual mice infected by MCMV. Obtaining frequent measurements on the number and frequency of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells up to 70 days post infection, we find that mathematical models assuming differing viral stimuli during acute infection and the inflationary phase provide a better description for the observed dynamics than models relying on similar viral stimuli during both phases. In addition, our analysis allowed a detailed quantification of the different phases of memory inflation within individual mice (1st-expansion - contraction - 2nd expansion/maintenance) indicating remarkable consistency of the timing of these phases across mice, but considerable variation in the size of the individual responses between mice. Our analysis provides a first step toward generating a mechanistic framework for analyzing the generation and maintenance of inflationary CD8+ T cells while accounting for individual heterogeneity. Extending these analyses by incorporating measurements from additional compartments and more prolonged sampling will help to obtain a systematic and quantitative understanding of the factors regulating the process of memory inflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabel
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Caspase-8-dependent control of NK- and T cell responses during cytomegalovirus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:555-571. [PMID: 31098689 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (CASP8) impacts antiviral immunity in expected as well as unexpected ways. Mice with combined deficiency in CASP8 and RIPK3 cannot support extrinsic apoptosis or RIPK3-dependent programmed necrosis, enabling studies of CASP8 function without complications of unleashed necroptosis. These extrinsic cell death pathways are naturally targeted by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded cell death suppressors, showing they are key to cell-autonomous host defense. Remarkably, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/-, Ripk1-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice mount robust antiviral T cell responses to control MCMV infection. Studies in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice show that CASP8 restrains expansion of MCMV-specific natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells without compromising contraction or immune memory. Infected Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- or Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice have higher levels of virus-specific NK cells and CD8 T cells compared to matched RIPK3-deficient littermates or WT mice. CASP8, likely acting downstream of Fas death receptor, dampens proliferation of CD8 T cells during expansion. Importantly, contraction proceeds unimpaired in the absence of extrinsic death pathways owing to intact Bim-dependent (intrinsic) apoptosis. CD8 T cell memory develops in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice, but memory inflation characteristic of MCMV infection is not sustained in the absence of CASP8 function. Despite this, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice are immune to secondary challenge. Interferon (IFN)γ is recognized as a key cytokine for adaptive immune control of MCMV. Ifngr-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice exhibit increased lifelong persistence in salivary glands as well as lungs compared to Ifngr-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice. Thus, mice deficient in CASP8 and RIPK3 are more dependent on IFNγ mechanisms for sustained T cell immune control of MCMV. Overall, appropriate NK- and T cell immunity to MCMV is dependent on host CASP8 function independent of RIPK3-regulated pathways.
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33
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Baumann NS, Welten SPM, Torti N, Pallmer K, Borsa M, Barnstorf I, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Oxenius A. Early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells determine the size of the inflationary T cell pool. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007785. [PMID: 31083700 PMCID: PMC6532941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a subset of cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific CD8 T cells continuously expands mainly during latent infection and establishes a large and stable population of effector memory cells in peripheral tissues. Here we set out to identify in vivo parameters that promote and limit CD8 T cell inflation in the context of MCMV infection. We found that the inflationary T cell pool comprised mainly high avidity CD8 T cells, outcompeting lower avidity CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the size of the inflationary T cell pool was not restricted by the availability of specific tissue niches, but it was directly related to the number of virus-specific CD8 T cells that were activated during priming. In particular, the amount of early-primed KLRG1- cells and the number of inflationary cells with a central memory phenotype were a critical determinant for the overall magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. Inflationary memory CD8 T cells provided protection from a Vaccinia virus challenge and this protection directly correlated with the size of the inflationary memory T cell pool in peripheral tissues. These results highlight the remarkable protective potential of inflationary CD8 T cells that can be harnessed for CMV-based T cell vaccine approaches. Cytomegalovirus induces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population, due to the ability of the virus to establish latency. Upon CMV infection, large numbers of effector memory T cells are induced in peripheral tissues, a process that is termed memory inflation. As inflationary T cells are highly functional, CMV-based vaccines have gained substantial interest for vaccination purposes. Here we examine factors that promote and limit memory T cell inflation. We found that there were no constraints on the availability of specific niches for inflationary T cells in tissues and that high avidity T cells predominately contribute to the inflationary T cell population in the beginning of infection. Moreover, the number of early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells in the acute phase of infection set the limit for memory T cell inflation. Furthermore, we show that inflationary T cells provided protection from a pathogenic challenge in peripheral tissues such as the ovaries. Thus, inflationary T cells comprise a population of T cells that can protect peripheral tissues from pathogenic infections and their efficacy can be regulated by balancing the number of KLRG1- CMV-specific cells during priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Moss P. 'From immunosenescence to immune modulation': a re-appraisal of the role of cytomegalovirus as major regulator of human immune function. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:271-280. [PMID: 31053999 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the year 2000, cytomegalovirus was identified as a risk factor for mortality in a seminal study of octogenarian residents in Sweden. This finding triggered a wave of additional epidemiological investigations, some of which supported this association whilst others observed no such effect. In addition, this increased risk of death in CMV-seropositive people was correlated with observed changes within the T-cell repertoire such that accelerated 'immunosenescence' became a de facto explanation, without strong evidence to this effect. Recent years have seen a re-appraisal of these findings. Interestingly, many studies show that cytomegalovirus acts to improve immune function, most clearly in younger donors. In addition, the excess mortality in older people that is observed in CMV-seropositive cohorts appears to be related primarily to an excess of vascular disease rather than impairment of immune function. CMV is an important member of the natural 'virome' of Homo sapiens and has an important, and generally positive, modulatory influence on human immune function throughout most of life. However, within certain populations, this influence can become negative and age, co-morbidity and environment all act as determinants of this effect. As such, it is important that new interventions are developed that can mitigate the damaging influence of CMV on human health in populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moss
- Haematology, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TA, UK.
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35
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Garg A, Gianella S, Nakazawa M, Trout R, Spector SA. Association of Cytomegalovirus DNA and Immunologic Markers of Cardiovascular Disease. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz113. [PMID: 31139667 PMCID: PMC6534282 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) with high cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific interferon (IFN) γ response have increased numbers of endothelium homing receptor (CX3CR1)+-expressing cells that are associated with cardiovascular disease. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of cellular levels of CMV DNA on these markers. METHODS Eighty paired peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were collected ≥12 months apart from 40 CMV-seropositive PLWH with suppressed HIV RNA, who started antiretroviral therapy at median of 3-months of infection. The samples were assessed for CMV-specific IFN-γ response by means of enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and participants were classified as low responders (LRs) or high responders (HRs) based on IFN-γ production (≤100 or >100 spot-forming units [SFUs]/105 cells). RESULTS Of the 40 participants, 26 (65%) were HRs and 14 (35%) LRs at baseline, which did not change over time or by CMV levels (median at first/second time points, 383/308 SFUs/106 cells for HRs vs 21/41 SFUs/106 for LRs). A decrease in IFN-γ over time was associated with higher CMV DNA levels (P < .01). High CMV response was also associated with increased CD28+CD27-CD4+ T cells expressing CX3CR1 (P < .001). Similarly, increased IFN-γ production was associated with increased CMV-specific CX3CR1+CD28+CD27-CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that levels of CMV-specific IFN-γ response in PLWH are stable over time, and that HRs have increased circulating T cells expressing CX3CR1 that may put them at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Masato Nakazawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Rodney Trout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego
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36
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Schmidt ME, Oomens AGP, Varga SM. Vaccination with a Single-Cycle Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Immunogenic and Protective in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3234-3245. [PMID: 31004010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, but no vaccine is currently available. Live-attenuated vaccines represent an attractive immunization approach; however, balancing attenuation while retaining sufficient immunogenicity and efficacy has prevented the successful development of such a vaccine. Recently, a recombinant RSV strain lacking the gene that encodes the matrix (M) protein (RSV M-null) was developed. The M protein is required for virion assembly following infection of a host cell but is not necessary for either genome replication or gene expression. Therefore, infection with RSV M-null produces all viral proteins except M but does not generate infectious virus progeny, resulting in a single-cycle infection. We evaluated RSV M-null as a potential vaccine candidate by determining its pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and protective capacity in BALB/c mice compared with its recombinant wild-type control virus (RSV recWT). RSV M-null-infected mice exhibited significantly reduced lung viral titers, weight loss, and pulmonary dysfunction compared with mice infected with RSV recWT. Despite its attenuation, RSV M-null infection induced robust immune responses of similar magnitude to that elicited by RSV recWT. Additionally, RSV M-null infection generated serum Ab and memory T cell responses that were similar to those induced by RSV recWT. Importantly, RSV M-null immunization provided protection against secondary viral challenge by reducing lung viral titers as efficiently as immunization with RSV recWT. Overall, our results indicate that RSV M-null combines attenuation with high immunogenicity and efficacy and represents a promising novel live-attenuated RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Antonius G P Oomens
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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37
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Picarda G, Benedict CA. Cytomegalovirus: Shape-Shifting the Immune System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3881-3889. [PMID: 29866770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems-based based approaches have begun to shed light on extrinsic factors that contribute to immune system variation. Among these, CMV (HHV-5, a β-herpesvirus) imposes a surprisingly profound impact. Most of the world's population is CMV+, and the virus goes through three distinct infection phases en route to establishing lifelong détente with its host. Immune control of CMV in each phase recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immune-modulatory strategies that help facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence. In this review, we explain how CMV shapes immunity and discuss the impact it may have on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Picarda
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and .,Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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38
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Remmerswaal EBM, Hombrink P, Nota B, Pircher H, Ten Berge IJM, van Lier RAW, van Aalderen MC. Expression of IL-7Rα and KLRG1 defines functionally distinct CD8 + T-cell populations in humans. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:694-708. [PMID: 30883723 PMCID: PMC6593687 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During acute viral infections in mice, IL‐7Rα and KLRG1 together are used to distinguish the short‐lived effector cells (SLEC; IL‐7RαloKLRGhi) from the precursors of persisting memory cells (MPEC; IL‐7RαhiKLRG1lo). We here show that these markers can be used to define distinct subsets in the circulation and lymph nodes during the acute phase and in “steady state” in humans. In contrast to the T cells in the circulation, T cells derived from lymph nodes hardly contain any KLRG1‐expressing cells. The four populations defined by IL‐7Rα and KLRG1 differ markedly in transcription factor, granzyme and chemokine receptor expression. When studying renal transplant recipients experiencing a primary hCMV and EBV infection, we also found that after viral control, during latency, Ki‐67‐negative SLEC can be found in the peripheral blood in considerable numbers. Thus, combined analyses of IL‐7Rα and KLRG1 expression on human herpes virus‐specific CD8+ T cells can be used to separate functionally distinct subsets in humans. As a noncycling IL‐7RαloKLRG1hi population is abundant in healthy humans, we conclude that this combination of markers not only defines short‐lived effector cells during the acute response but also stable effector cells that are formed and remain present during latent herpes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Nota
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Méndez AC, Rodríguez-Rojas C, Del Val M. Vaccine vectors: the bright side of cytomegalovirus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:349-363. [PMID: 30900089 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) present singular features that are particularly advantageous for human vaccine development, a current medical need. Vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies are among the most successful and efficacious available. However, chronic and persistent human infections, pathogens with high variability of exposed proteins, as well as tumors, highlight the need for developing novel vaccines inducing strong and long-lasting cellular immune responses mediated by effector or effector memory CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CMVs induce the most potent CD8+ T lymphocyte response to a pathogen known in each of their hosts, maintain and even increase it for life for selected antigens, in what is known as the ever growing inflationary memory, and maintain an effector memory status due to recent and repeated antigen stimulation that endows these inflationary T lymphocytes with superior and faster protective potency. In addition to these CMV singularities, this family of viruses has two more common favorable features: they can superinfect an already infected host, which is needed in face of the high CMV prevalence, and they can harbor very large segments of foreign DNA at many different genomic sites. All these properties endow CMVs with a singular potential to be used as human vaccine vectors. Current developments with most of the recombinant CMV-based vaccine candidates that have been tested in animal models against clinically relevant viral and bacterial infections and for their use in tumor immunotherapy are reviewed herein. Since CMV vectors should be designed to avoid the risk of disease in immunocompromised individuals, special attention is also paid to attenuated vectors. Taken together, the results support the future use of CMV-based vaccine vectors to induce protective CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in humans, mainly against viral infections and as anti-tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Méndez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Del Val
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Krenzlin H, Behera P, Lorenz V, Passaro C, Zdioruk M, Nowicki MO, Grauwet K, Zhang H, Skubal M, Ito H, Zane R, Gutknecht M, Griessl MB, Ricklefs F, Ding L, Peled S, Rooj A, James CD, Cobbs CS, Cook CH, Chiocca EA, Lawler SE. Cytomegalovirus promotes murine glioblastoma growth via pericyte recruitment and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1671-1683. [PMID: 30855281 DOI: 10.1172/jci123375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated in glioblastoma (GBM); however, a mechanistic connection in vivo has not been established. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of murine CMV (MCMV) on GBM growth in murine models. Syngeneic GBM models were established in mice perinatally infected with MCMV. We found that tumor growth was markedly enhanced in MCMV+ mice, with a significant reduction in overall survival compared with that of controls (P < 0.001). We observed increased angiogenesis and tumor blood flow in MCMV+ mice. MCMV reactivation was observed in intratumoral perivascular pericytes and tumor cells in mouse and human GBM specimens, and pericyte coverage of tumor vasculature was strikingly augmented in MCMV+ mice. We identified PDGF-D as a CMV-induced factor essential for pericyte recruitment, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. The antiviral drug cidofovir improved survival in MCMV+ mice, inhibiting MCMV reactivation, PDGF-D expression, pericyte recruitment, and tumor angiogenesis. These data show that MCMV potentiates GBM growth in vivo by increased pericyte recruitment and angiogenesis due to alterations in the secretome of CMV-infected cells. Our model provides evidence for a role of CMV in GBM growth and supports the application of antiviral approaches for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prajna Behera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Viola Lorenz
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and
| | | | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | | | | | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | | | - Hirotaka Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Rachel Zane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Michael Gutknecht
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marion B Griessl
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franz Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Ding
- Program for Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, NeuroTechnology Studio, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharon Peled
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arun Rooj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurosurgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles S Cobbs
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sean E Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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41
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Welten SPM, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Fuel and brake of memory T cell inflation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:329-338. [PMID: 30852648 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a large number of effector memory T cells accumulates in peripheral tissues. This phenomenon is observed upon certain low level persistent virus infections, but it is most commonly described upon infection with the β-herpesvirus Cytomegalovirus. Due to the induction of this large pool of functional effector CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, the interest in using CMV-based vaccine vectors for vaccination purposes is rising. However, the exact mechanisms of memory T cell inflation are not yet fully understood. It is clear that repetitive exposure to antigen is a key determinant for memory inflation, and therefore the viral inoculum dose and the subsequent number of viral reactivation events strongly impact on the magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. In addition, the number of CMV-specific CD8 T cells that is able to sense these reactivation events affects the size of the inflationary T cell pool. In the following, we will discuss factors that either promote or limit T cell inflation from both the virus and host perspective. These factors mostly operate by influencing the amount of available antigen or by affecting the T cell pool that is able to respond to the antigen. Furthermore, we will discuss the recent use of CMV-based vaccines in pre-clinical experimental settings, where these vectors have shown promising results by inducing prolonged effector memory T cell responses to foreign-introduced epitopes and thereby provided protection from subsequent virus or tumour challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Zhang S, Caldeira-Dantas S, Smith CJ, Snyder CM. Persistent viral replication and the development of T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:457-468. [PMID: 30848361 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been difficult to observe. However, recent work using the mouse model of murine (M)CMV demonstrated that MCMV initially infects the nasal mucosa after transmission from mothers to pups. We found that intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of C57BL/6J mice resulted in reliable recovery of replicating virus from the nasal mucosa as assessed by plaque assay. After i.n. inoculation, CD8+ T-cell priming occurred in the mandibular, deep-cervical, and mediastinal lymph nodes within 3 days of infection. Although i.n. infection induced "memory inflation" of T cells specific for the M38316-323 epitope, there were no detectable CD8+ T-cell responses against the late-appearing IE3416-423 epitope, which contrasts with intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. MCMV-specific T cells migrated into the nasal mucosa where they developed a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype and this could occur independently of local virus infection or antigen. Strikingly however, virus replication was poorly controlled in the nasal mucosa and MCMV was detectable by plaque assay for at least 4 months after primary infection, making the nasal mucosa a second site for MCMV persistence. Unlike in the salivary glands, the persistence of MCMV in the nasal mucosa was not modulated by IL-10. Taken together, our data characterize the development of local and systemic T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV and define the nasal mucosa, a natural site of viral entry, as a novel site of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,PT Government Associate Laboratory, ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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43
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Welten SPM, Sandu I, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Memory CD8 T cell inflation vs tissue-resident memory T cells: Same patrollers, same controllers? Immunol Rev 2019; 283:161-175. [PMID: 29664565 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The induction of long-lived populations of memory T cells residing in peripheral tissues is of considerable interest for T cell-based vaccines, as they can execute immediate effector functions and thus provide protection in case of pathogen encounter at mucosal and barrier sites. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines support the induction and accumulation of a large population of effector memory CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, in a process called memory inflation. Tissue-resident memory (TRM ) T cells, induced by various infections and vaccination regimens, constitute another subset of memory cells that take long-term residence in peripheral tissues. Both memory T cell subsets have evoked substantial interest in exploitation for vaccine purposes. However, a direct comparison between these two peripheral tissue-localizing memory T cell subsets with respect to their short- and long-term ability to provide protection against heterologous challenge is pending. Here, we discuss communalities and differences between TRM and inflationary CD8 T cells with respect to their development, maintenance, function, and protective capacity. In addition, we discuss differences and similarities between the transcriptional profiles of TRM and inflationary T cells, supporting the notion that they are distinct memory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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McLaren JE, Clement M, Marsden M, Miners KL, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Grant EJ, Rubina A, Gimeno Brias S, Gostick E, Stacey MA, Orr SJ, Stanton RJ, Ladell K, Price DA, Humphreys IR. IL-33 Augments Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Inflation and Potentiates the Efficacy of an Attenuated Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:943-955. [PMID: 30635396 PMCID: PMC6341181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Candidate vaccines designed to generate T cell-based immunity are typically vectored by nonpersistent viruses, which largely fail to elicit durable effector memory T cell responses. This limitation can be overcome using recombinant strains of CMV. Proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of this approach, most notably in the SIV model, but safety concerns require the development of nonreplicating alternatives with comparable immunogenicity. In this study, we show that IL-33 promotes the accumulation and recall kinetics of circulating and tissue-resident memory T cells in mice infected with murine CMV. Using a replication-deficient murine CMV vector, we further show that exogenous IL-33 boosts vaccine-induced memory T cell responses, which protect against subsequent heterologous viral challenge. These data suggest that IL-33 could serve as a useful adjuvant to improve the efficacy of vaccines based on attenuated derivatives of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Grant
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Anzelika Rubina
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A Stacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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45
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Pardieck IN, Beyrend G, Redeker A, Arens R. Cytomegalovirus infection and progressive differentiation of effector-memory T cells. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345004 PMCID: PMC6173108 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15753.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to strong innate and adaptive immune responses against the virus, which prevents serious disease. However, CMV infection can cause serious morbidity and mortality in individuals who are immunocompromised. The adaptive immune response to CMV is characterized by large populations of effector-memory (EM) T cells that are maintained lifelong, a process termed memory inflation. Recent findings indicate that infection with CMV leads to continuous differentiation of CMV-specific EM-like T cells and that high-dose infection accelerates this progression. Whether measures that counteract CMV infection, such as anti-viral drugs, targeting of latently infected cells, adoptive transfer of CMV-specific T cells, and vaccination strategies, are able to impact the progressive differentiation of CMV-specific EM-like cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Beyrend
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Feng Y, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Roback L, Sundararajan A, Speck SH, Mocarski ES, Daley-Bauer LP. Remarkably Robust Antiviral Immune Response despite Combined Deficiency in Caspase-8 and RIPK3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2244-2255. [PMID: 30194111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (Casp8)-mediated signaling triggers extrinsic apoptosis while suppressing receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3-dependent necroptosis. Although Casp8 is dispensable for the development of innate and adaptive immune compartments in mice, the importance of this proapoptotic protease in the orchestration of immune response to pathogens remains to be fully explored. In this study, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- C57BL/6 mice show robust innate and adaptive immune responses to the natural mouse pathogen, murine CMV. When young, these mice lack lpr-like lymphoid hyperplasia and accumulation of either B220 + CD3+ or B220-CD3+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increased numbers of immature myeloid cells that are evident in older mice. Dendritic cell activation and cytokine production drive both NK and T cell responses to control viral infection in these mice, suggesting that Casp8 is dispensable to the generation of antiviral host defense. Curiously, NK and T cell expansion is amplified, with greater numbers observed by 7 d postinfection compared with either Casp8+/-Ripk3-/- or wild type (Casp8+/+Ripk3+/+ ) littermate controls. Casp8 and RIPK3 are natural targets of virus-encoded cell death suppressors that prevent infected cell apoptosis and necroptosis, respectively. It is clear from the current studies that the initiation of innate immunity and the execution of cytotoxic lymphocyte functions are all preserved despite the absence of Casp8 in responding cells. Thus, Casp8 and RIPK3 signaling is completely dispensable to the generation of immunity against this natural herpesvirus infection, although the pathways driven by these initiators serve as a crucial first line for host defense within virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Devon Livingston-Rosanoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Linda Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Aarthi Sundararajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Samuel H Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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47
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Effector/memory CD8 + T cells synergize with co-stimulation competent macrophages to trigger autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:142-157. [PMID: 29627532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy (APN) such as Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a debilitating illness and sometimes life threatening. The molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive but exposure to environmental factors including viral/bacterial infection and injury is highly associated with disease incidence. We demonstrated previously that both male and female B7.2 (CD86) transgenic L31 and L31/CD4KO mice develop spontaneous APN. Here we further reveal that CD8+ T cells in these mice exhibit an effector/memory phenotype, which bears a resemblance to the CD8+ T cell response following persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in humans and mice, whilst CMV has been considered as one of the most relevant pathogens in APN development. These activated, peripheral myelin Ag specific CD8+ T cells are required for the disease initiation. While an injury to a peripheral nerve results in Wallerian degeneration in control littermates, the same injury accelerates the development of APN in other non-injured nerves of L31 mice which have a predisposed inflammatory background consisting of effector/memory CD8+ T (CD8+ TEM) cells. However, CD8+ TEM cells alone are not sufficient. A certain threshold of B7.2 expression on nerve macrophages is an additional requisite. Our findings reveal that indeed, the synergism between CD8+ TEM cells and co-stimulation competent macrophages is crucial in inducing autoimmune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. The identification of decisive molecular/cellular players connecting environmental triggers and the occurrence of APN provides opportunities to prevent disease onset, reduce relapses and develop new therapeutic strategies.
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48
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Hiršl L, Brizić I, Jenuš T, Juranić Lisnić V, Reichel JJ, Jurković S, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Murine CMV Expressing the High Affinity NKG2D Ligand MULT-1: A Model for the Development of Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:991. [PMID: 29867968 PMCID: PMC5949336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been a subject of long-term medical interest. The research during recent years identified CMV as an attractive vaccine vector against infectious diseases and tumors. The immune response to CMV persists over a lifetime and its unique feature is the inflationary T cell response to certain viral epitopes. CMV encodes numerous genes involved in immunoevasion, which are non-essential for virus growth in vitro. The deletion of those genes results in virus attenuation in vivo, which enables us to dramatically manipulate its virulence and the immune response. We have previously shown that the murine CMV (MCMV) expressing RAE-1γ, one of the cellular ligands for the NKG2D receptor, is highly attenuated in vivo but retains the ability to induce a strong CD8+ T cell response. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant MCMV expressing high affinity NKG2D ligand murine UL16 binding protein-like transcript (MULT-1) (MULT-1MCMV) inserted in the place of its viral inhibitor is dramatically attenuated in vivo in a NK cell-dependent manner, both in immunocompetent adult mice and in immunologically immature newborns. MULT-1MCMV was more attenuated than the recombinant virus expressing RAE-1γ. Despite the drastic sensitivity to innate immune control, MULT-1MCMV induced an efficient CD8+ T cell response to viral and vectored antigens. By using in vitro assay, we showed that similar to RAE-1γMCMV, MULT-1 expressing virus provided strong priming of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, MULT-1MCMV was able to induce anti-viral antibodies, which after passing the transplacental barrier protect offspring of immunized mothers from challenge infection. Altogether, this study further supports the concept that CMV expressing NKG2D ligand possesses excellent characteristics to serve as a vaccine or vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hiršl
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tina Jenuš
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Slaven Jurković
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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49
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Abstract
Memory inflation, as a term, has been used for 15 years now to describe the longitudinal development of stable, expanded CD8+ T memory pools with a distinct phenotype and functional profile which emerge in specific infection and vaccine settings. These settings have in common the persistence of antigen, especially cytomegalovirus infection but also more recently adenoviral vector vaccination. However, in contrast to chronic infections which lead to "exhaustion" the repeated antigen encounters experienced by CD8+ T cells lead to development of a robust T-cell population structure which maintains functionality and size. In this review, I will discuss how the ideas around this form of memory have evolved over time and some new models which can help explain how these populations are induced and sustained. These models are relevant to immunity against persistent viruses, to novel vaccine strategies and to concepts about aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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50
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Baumann NS, Torti N, Welten SPM, Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Pallmer K, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Ikuta K, Ludewig B, Oxenius A. Tissue maintenance of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells by IL-15. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006993. [PMID: 29652930 PMCID: PMC5919076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces an atypical CD8 T cell response, termed inflationary, that is characterised by accumulation and maintenance of high numbers of effector memory like cells in circulation and peripheral tissues—a feature being successfully harnessed for vaccine purposes. Although stability of this population depends on recurrent antigen encounter, the requirements for prolonged survival in peripheral tissues remain unknown. Here, we reveal that murine CMV-specific inflationary CD8 T cells are maintained in an antigen-independent manner and have a half-life of 12 weeks in the lung tissue. This half-life is drastically longer than the one of phenotypically comparable inflationary effector cells. IL-15 alone, and none of other common γ-cytokines, was crucial for survival of inflationary cells in peripheral organs. IL-15, mainly produced by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and being trans-presented, promoted inflationary T cell survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2. These results indicate that inflationary CD8 T cells are not just simply effector-like cells, rather they share properties of both effector and memory CD8 T cells and they appear to be long-lived cells compared to the effector cells from acute virus infections. A majority of the human population is infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which results in lifelong persistence due to viral latency. CMV induces remarkably strong and sustained effector memory-like CD8 T cell responses in circulation and peripheral tissues, also referred to as memory CD8 T cell "inflation". In tissues, these effector memory-like cells contribute to immunosurveillance and early control of CMV reactivation events. Due to the high numbers and effector-like functional properties of inflationary CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, CMV-based vectors are gaining substantial interest in the context of T cell based vaccines that protect peripheral tissues against infections or tumors. Here, we investigated how the stable peripheral pool of inflationary CD8 T cells is maintained and show that inflationary CD8 T cells are long-lived T cells and have a markedly prolonged half-life compared to effector CD8 T cells. In peripheral organs such as lung, IL-15 cytokine is pivotal in promoting maintenance of inflationary cells by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. We show that IL-15 is mainly expressed by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and that IL-15 is trans-presented to the inflationary CD8 T cells in vivo. Thus, CMV-driven inflationary CD8 T cell responses represent a unique T cell subset in peripheral tissues that is regulated differently compared to TRM CD8 T cells emerging after vaccination or acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P. M. Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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