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Zhang Y, Lu M, Huang J, Tian X, Liang M, Wang M, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. Identification and characterization of the receptors of a microneme adhesive repeat domain of Eimeria maxima microneme protein 3 in chicken intestine epithelial cells. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103486. [PMID: 38350385 PMCID: PMC10874745 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Eimeria maxima microneme protein 3 (EmMIC3) is pivotal in the initial recognition and attachment of E. maxima sporozoites to host cells. EmMIC3 comprises 5 tandem Type I microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domains, among which MAR2 of EmMIC3 (EmMAR2) has been identified as the primary determinant of EmMIC3-mediated tissue tropism. Nonetheless, the mechanisms through which EmMAR2 guides the parasite to its invasion site through interactions with host receptors remained largely uncharted. In this study, we employed yeast two-hybrid (YTH) screening assays and shotgun LC-MS/MS analysis to identify EmMAR2 receptors in chicken intestine epithelial cells. ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit G1 (ATP6V1G1), receptor accessory protein 5 (REEP5), transmembrane p24 trafficking protein (TMED2), and delta 4-desaturase sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1) were characterized as the 4 receptors of EmMAR2 by both assays. By blocking the interaction of EmMAR2 with each receptor using specific antibodies, we observed varying levels of inhibition on the invasion of E. maxima sporozoites, and the combined usage of all 4 antibodies resulted in the most pronounced inhibitory effect. Additionally, the spatio-temporal expression profiles of ATP6V1G1, REEP5, TMED2, and DEGS1 were assessed. The tissue-specific expression patterns of EmMAR2 receptors throughout E. maxima infection suggested that ATP6V1G1 and DEGS1 might play a role in early-stage invasion, whereas TMED2 could be involved in middle and late-stage invasion and REEP5 and DEGS1 may participate primarily in late-stage invasion. Consequently, E. maxima may employ a multitude of ligand-receptor interactions to drive invasion during different stages of infection. This study marks the first report of EmMAR2 receptors at the interface between E. maxima and the host, providing insights into the invasion mechanisms of E. maxima and the pathogenesis of coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Pan X, Kong R, Liu Q, Jia Z, Bai B, Chen H, Zhi W, Wang B, Ma C, Ma D. Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis surface-delivering key domain of EtMIC3 proteins: immunoprotective efficacies against Eimeria tenella infection in chickens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0245523. [PMID: 37855592 PMCID: PMC10715111 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02455-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Avian coccidiosis caused by Eimeria brings huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Although live vaccines and anti-coccidial drugs were used for a long time, Eimeria infection in chicken farms all over the world commonly occurred. The exploration of novel, effective vaccines has become a research hotspot. Eimeria parasites have complex life cycles, and effective antigens are particularly critical to developing anti-coccidial vaccines. Microneme proteins (MICs), secreted from microneme organelles located at the parasite apex, are considered immunodominant antigens. Eimeria tenella microneme 3 (EtMIC3) contains four conserved repeats (MARc1, MARc2, MARc3, and MARc4) and three divergent repeats (MARa, MARb, and MARd), which play a vital role during the Eimeria invasion. Enterococcus faecalis is a native probiotic in animal intestines and can regulate intestinal flora. In this study, BC1 and C4D domains of EtMIC3, BC1 or C4D fusing to dendritic cells targeting peptides, were surface-displyed by E. faecalis, respectively. Oral immunizations were performed to investigate immune protective effects against Eimeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuju Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhipeng Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bingrong Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Biao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Lu M, Zhang Z, Huang X, Huang J, Liu J, Huang J, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. The microneme adhesive repeat domain of MIC3 protein determined the site specificity of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria mitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291379. [PMID: 38022512 PMCID: PMC10663340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of host and tissue tropisms among parasites of veterinary and medical importance has long posed a substantial challenge. Among the seven species of Eimeria known to parasitize the chicken intestine, a wide variation in tissue tropisms has been observed. Prior research suggested that microneme protein (MIC) composed of microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domain responsible for initial host cell recognition and attachment likely dictated the tissue tropism of Eimeria parasites. This study aimed to explore the roles of MICs and their associated MARs in conferring site-specific development of E. acervuline, E. maxima, and E. mitis within the host. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that MIC3 of E. acervuline (EaMIC3), MIC3 of E. maxima (EmMIC3), MIC3 of E. mitis (EmiMIC3), MAR3 of EaMIC3 (EaMIC3-MAR3), MAR2 of EmMIC3 (EmMIC3-MAR2), and MAR4 of EmiMIC3 (EmiMIC3-MAR4), exhibited binding capabilities to the specific intestinal tract where these parasites infect. In contrast, the invasion of sporozoites into host intestinal cells could be significantly inhibited by antibodies targeting EaMIC3, EmMIC3, EmiMIC3, EaMIC3-MAR3, EmMIC3-MAR2, and EmiMIC3-MAR4. Substitution experiments involving MAR domains highlighted the crucial roles of EaMIC3-MAR3, EmMIC3-MAR2, and EmiMIC3-MAR4 in governing interactions with host ligands. Furthermore, animal experiments substantiated the significant contribution of EmiMIC3, EmiMIC3-MAR4, and their polyclonal antibodies in conferring protective immunity to Eimeria-affiliated birds. In summary, EaMIC3, EmMIC3, and EmiMIC3 are the underlying factors behind the diverse tissue tropisms exhibited by E. acervuline, E. maxima, and E. mitis, and EaMIC3-MAR3, EmMIC3-MAR2, and EmiMIC3-MAR4 are the major determinants of MIC-mediated tissue tropism of each parasite. The results illuminated the molecular basis of the modes of action of Eimeria MICs, thereby facilitating an understanding and rationalization of the marked differences in tissue tropisms among E. acervuline, E. maxima, and E. mitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangrui Li
- The Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Evaluation of the immune protective effects of rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 from Eimeria magna in rabbits. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:661-669. [PMID: 36572833 PMCID: PMC9792316 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria magna is a common pathogen in rabbits, which results in lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea, and even death in severe cases after infection. The current method for preventing rabbit coccidiosis is to add anticoccidial drugs to the diet. However, there are many concerns about drug resistance and drug residues. In our study, the rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 proteins were cloned and expressed to evaluate potential as recombinant subunit vaccine candidate antigens. The protective effects of rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 were evaluated by the relative weight gain ratio, oocyst decrease rate, anticoccidial index, feed conversion ratio, pathological alterations, clinical symptoms, specific IgG antibody, and cytokine levels in rabbits. The molecular weights of rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 were 18.69 kDa and 17.47 kDa, respectively. After the coccidia challenge, the control groups showed anorexia and soft poop, whereas the experimental group showed few anorexia symptoms. Significantly different from the control group, the relative weight gain ratios of the immunized rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 groups were 78.37% and 75.29%, respectively, and the oocyst reduction was 77.95% and 76.09%, respectively, and the anticoccidial index was 171.12 and 169.29, respectively. IgG antibody, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 levels were significantly increased in the experimental group. The results showed that rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 have potential as vaccine candidate antigens.
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Yu Z, Xu L, He K, Lu M, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Actin depolymerizing factor-based nanomaterials: A novel strategy to enhance E. mitis-specific immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1080630. [PMID: 36618362 PMCID: PMC9810622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of avian coccidiosis seriously threatens the animals' welfare and the economic gains of the poultry industry. Widespread in avian coccidiosis, Eimeria mitis (E. mitis) could obviously impair the production performance of the infected chickens. So far, few effective vaccines targeting E. mitis have been reported, and the nanovaccines composed of nanospheres captured our particular attention. At the present study, we construct two kinds of nanospheres carrying the recombinant E. mitis actin depolymerizing factor (rEmADF), then the characterization was then analyzed. After safety evaluation, the protective efficacy of rEmADF along with its nanospheres were investigated in chickens. The promoted secretions of antibodies and cytokines, as well as the enhanced percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were evaluated by the ELISA and flow cytometry assay. In addition, the absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay implied that vaccinations with rEmADF-entrapped nanospheres could significantly reduce the replications of E. mitis in feces. Compared with the rEmADF-loaded chitosan (EmADF-CS) nanospheres, the PLGA nanospheres carrying rEmADF (EmADF-PLGA nanosphers) were more effective in up-regulating weight efficiency of animals and generated equally ability in controlling E. mitis burdens in feces, suggesting the PLGA and CS nanospheres loaded with rEmADF were the satisfactory nanovaccines for E. mitis defense. Collectively, nanomaterials may be an effective antigen delivery system that could help recombinant E. mitis actin depolymerizing factor to enhance immunoprotections in chicken against the infections of E. mitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQing Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China,Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - LiXin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - MingMin Lu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - XiangRui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: XiangRui Li,
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Soutter F, Werling D, Nolan M, Küster T, Attree E, Marugán-Hernández V, Kim S, Tomley FM, Blake DP. A Novel Whole Yeast-Based Subunit Oral Vaccine Against Eimeria tenella in Chickens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809711. [PMID: 35185896 PMCID: PMC8848252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheap, easy-to-produce oral vaccines are needed for control of coccidiosis in chickens to reduce the impact of this disease on welfare and economic performance. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast expressing three Eimeria tenella antigens were developed and delivered as heat-killed, freeze-dried whole yeast oral vaccines to chickens in four separate studies. After vaccination, E. tenella replication was reduced following low dose challenge (250 oocysts) in Hy-Line Brown layer chickens (p<0.01). Similarly, caecal lesion score was reduced in Hy-Line Brown layer chickens vaccinated using a mixture of S. cerevisiae expressing EtAMA1, EtIMP1 and EtMIC3 following pathogenic-level challenge (4,000 E. tenella oocysts; p<0.01). Mean body weight gain post-challenge with 15,000 E. tenella oocysts was significantly increased in vaccinated Cobb500 broiler chickens compared to mock-vaccinated controls (p<0.01). Thus, inactivated recombinant yeast vaccines offer cost-effective and scalable opportunities for control of coccidiosis, with relevance to broiler production and chickens reared in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Küster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sungwon Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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7
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Evaluation of immunoprotective effects of recombinant proteins and DNA vaccines derived from Eimeria tenella surface antigen 6 and 15 in vivo. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:235-243. [PMID: 34816300 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasitic disease that causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Eimeria tenella belonging to protozoon is the causative agent of cecal coccidiosis in chicken, and it causes enormous damage to poultry industry. The surface antigens (SAGs) of apicomplexan parasites have functions of attachment and invasion in host-parasite interaction. As a result of parasitic invasion, host immune response is triggered. However, the immunogenicity and potency of E. tenella surface antigen 6 and 15 (EtSAG 6 and 15), as vaccinal candidate antigen, remain largely unknown. Therefore, gene fragments of E. tenella EtSAG 6 and 15 were amplified and transformed to pET28a prokaryotic vector for recombinant protein expression. The pEGFP-N1 eukaryotic vectors with EtSAG 6 and 15 amplification fragments (pEGFP-N1-EtSAG 5 and 16) were transformed into 293 T cell line. The results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis revealed successful expressions of EtSAG 6 and 15 in Escherichia coli and 293 T cells. Subsequently, animal experiments of 49 cobb broilers were performed to evaluate immunoprotection of recombinant proteins and DNA vaccines derived from E. tenella EtSAG 5 and 16 with an immunizing dose of 100 μg, respectively. Chickens vaccinated with rEtSAG 6 protein, rEtSAG 15 protein, pEGFP-N1-EtSAG 6 plasmid, or pEGFP-N1-EtSAG 15 plasmid showed no significant increase in IFN-γor interleukin-4 (IL-4) level compared with control groups. Chickens vaccinated with protein rEtSAG 6, protein rEtSAG 15, pEGFP-N1-EtSAG 6 plasmid, or pEGFP-N1-EtSAG 15 exhibited higher weight gains, lower oocyst output, and lower mean lesion scores, compared with infection control group. Among the four immunized groups, plasmid EGFP-N1-EtSAG 6 (100 μg) group exhibited the highest anticoccidial index (ACI) value (150.20). Overall, plasmids EGFP-N1-EtSAG 6 and 15, as DNA vaccines, provided a more effective immunoprotection for chickens against E. tenella than protein rEtSAG 6 and protein rEtSAG 15 as subunit vaccines. EtSAG 6 and 15 are promising candidate antigen genes for developing coccidiosis vaccine.
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8
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Lauxmann MA, Vazquez DS, Schilbert HM, Neubauer PR, Lammers KM, Dodero VI. From celiac disease to coccidia infection and vice-versa: The polyQ peptide CXCR3-interaction axis. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100101. [PMID: 34705290 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zonulin is a physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions, which upregulation is involved in several diseases like celiac disease (CeD). The polyQ gliadin fragment binds to the CXCR3 chemokine receptor that activates zonulin upregulation, leading to increased intestinal permeability in humans. Here, we report a general hypothesis based on the structural connection between the polyQ sequence of the immunogenic CeD protein, gliadin, and enteric coccidian parasites proteins. Firstly, a novel interaction pathway between the parasites and the host is described based on the structural similarities between polyQ gliadin fragments and the parasite proteins. Secondly, a potential connection between coccidial infections as a novel environmental trigger of CeD is hypothesized. Therefore, this report represents a promising breakthrough for coccidian research and points out the potential role of coccidian parasites as a novel trigger of CeD that might define a preventive strategy for gluten-related disorders in general. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/oMaQasStcFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Lauxmann
- Institute for Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Campus Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Germany
| | - Diego S Vazquez
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB-IMBICE), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hanna M Schilbert
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry OCIII, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany.,Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) & Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Pia R Neubauer
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry OCIII, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Veronica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry OCIII, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany
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Attree E, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Jones M, Xia D, Marugan-Hernandez V, Blake D, Tomley F. Controlling the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens; an eye on the past and considerations for the future. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2021; 2:37. [PMID: 34604790 PMCID: PMC8475900 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a potentially severe enteritis caused by species of obligate intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. These parasites cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry, predominantly due to compromised efficiency of production as well as the cost of control. These losses were recently estimated to cost chicken producers approximately £10.4 billion worldwide annually. High levels of Eimeria infection cause clinical coccidiosis which is a significant threat to poultry welfare, and a pre-disposing contributory factor for necrotic enteritis. Control of Eimeria parasites and coccidiosis is therefore an important endeavour; multiple approaches have been developed and these are often deployed together. This review summarises current trends in strategies for control of Eimeria, focusing on three main areas: good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. There is currently no "perfect solution" and there are advantages and limitations to all existing methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present current control strategies and suggest how these may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Jones
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damer Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub, Ahmedabad, India
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10
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Marugan-Hernandez V, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Vaughan S, Burrell A, Tomley FM. Do All Coccidia Follow the Same Trafficking Rules? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090909. [PMID: 34575057 PMCID: PMC8465013 DOI: 10.3390/life11090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coccidia are a subclass of the Apicomplexa and include several genera of protozoan parasites that cause important diseases in humans and animals, with Toxoplasma gondii becoming the ‘model organism’ for research into the coccidian molecular and cellular processes. The amenability to the cultivation of T. gondii tachyzoites and the wide availability of molecular tools for this parasite have revealed many mechanisms related to their cellular trafficking and roles of parasite secretory organelles, which are critical in parasite-host interaction. Nevertheless, the extrapolation of the T. gondii mechanisms described in tachyzoites to other coccidian parasites should be done carefully. In this review, we considered published data from Eimeria parasites, a coccidian genus comprising thousands of species whose infections have important consequences in livestock and poultry. These studies suggest that the Coccidia possess both shared and diversified mechanisms of protein trafficking and secretion potentially linked to their lifecycles. Whereas trafficking and secretion appear to be well conversed prior to and during host-cell invasion, important differences emerge once endogenous development commences. Therefore, further studies to validate the mechanisms described in T. gondii tachyzoites should be performed across a broader range of coccidians (including T. gondii sporozoites). In addition, further genus-specific research regarding important disease-causing Coccidia is needed to unveil the individual molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis related to their specific lifecycles and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; (G.S.-A.); (F.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-17-0766-9445
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; (G.S.-A.); (F.M.T.)
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Alana Burrell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK; (G.S.-A.); (F.M.T.)
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11
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Xie Y, Xiao J, Zhou X, Gu X, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Global transcriptome landscape of the rabbit protozoan parasite Eimeria stiedae. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:308. [PMID: 34099031 PMCID: PMC8186055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria stiedae is a widespread and economically significant disease of rabbits. The lack of studies on the life-cycle development and host interactions of E. stiedae at the molecular level has hampered our understanding of its pathogenesis. Methods In this study, we present a comprehensive transcriptome landscape of E. stiedae to illustrate its dynamic development from unsporulated oocysts to sporulated oocysts, merozoites, and gametocytes, and to identify genes related to parasite-host interactions during parasitism using combined PacBio single-molecule real-time and Illumina RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR validation. Results In total, 12,582 non-redundant full-length transcripts were generated with an average length of 1808 bp from the life-cycle stages of E. stiedae. Pairwise comparisons between stages revealed 8775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showing highly significant description changes, which compiled a snapshot of the mechanisms underlining asexual and sexual biology of E. stiedae including oocyst sporulation between unsporulated and sporulated oocysts; merozoite replication between sporulated oocysts and merozoites; and gametophyte development and gamete generation between merozoites and gametocytes. Further, 248 DEGs were grouped into nine series clusters and five groups by expression patterns, and showed that parasite–host interaction-related genes predominated in merozoites and gametocytes and were mostly involved in steroid biosynthesis and lipid metabolism and carboxylic acid. Additionally, co-expression analyses identified genes associated with development and host invasion in unsporulated and sporulated oocysts and immune interactions during gametocyte parasitism. Conclusions This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use the global transcriptome profiles to decipher molecular changes across the E. stiedae life cycle, and these results not only provide important information for the molecular characterization of E. stiedae, but also offer valuable resources to study other apicomplexan parasites with veterinary and public significance. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04811-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Chen C, Tian D, Su J, Liu X, Shah MAA, Li X, Xu L, Yan R, Song X. Protective Efficacy of Rhomboid-Like Protein 3 as a Candidate Antigen Against Eimeria maxima in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:614229. [PMID: 34025594 PMCID: PMC8131851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.614229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis brings tremendous economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The third generation vaccine, including subunit and DNA vaccines, exhibited promising developmental prospects. In a previous study, we found rhomboid-like protein 3 of Eimeria maxima (EmROM3) was involved in infections by Eimeria species. However, the protective efficacy of EmROM3 against Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) remains unknown. In this study, chickens were intramuscularly immunized with the recombinant protein EmROM3 (rEmROM3) or pVAX1-EmROM3 to determine the EmROM3-induced immune response. The induced humoral immune response was determined by measuring serum IgG antibody levels in immunized chickens. The induced cellular immune response was detected by measuring the transcription level of immune related cytokines and the proportion of T cell subsets of the immunized chickens. Finally, the protective efficacy of the EmROM3 vaccine against E. maxima was evaluated by immunization-challenge trials. Results revealed that the purified rEmROM3 reacted with chicken anti-E. maxima serum. The recombinant plasmid of pVAX1-EmROM3 was transcribed and translated in the injected muscle from the vaccinated chickens. In experimental groups, the IgG titers, proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and transcription level of splenic cytokines were significantly increased compared with the control groups. The immunization-challenge trial revealed that immunization with rEmROM3 or pVAX1-EmROM3 led to restored weight gain, alleviated enteric lesion, decreased oocyst output as well as the higher anticoccidial index (ACI), indicating partial protection against E. maxima. These results indicate that EmROM3 is an effective candidate antigen for developing novel vaccines against infection by E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Ringpai Vet Hospital Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Junzhi Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Ali A Shah
- Department of Pathobiology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Zhao P, Wang C, Ding J, Zhao C, Xia Y, Hu Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang R. Evaluation of immunoprotective effects of recombinant protein and DNA vaccine based on Eimeria tenella surface antigen 16 and 22 in vivo. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1861-1871. [PMID: 33689009 PMCID: PMC7943400 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis triggered by Eimeria tenella is accompanied by haemorrhagic caecum and high morbidity. Vaccines are preferable choices to replace chemical drugs against coccidiosis. Surface antigens of apicomplexan parasites can adhere to host cells during the infection process. Therefore, truncated fragments coding E. tenella surface antigen 16 (EtSAG16) and 22 (EtSAG22) were cloned into pET-28a prokaryotic vector to express recombinant protein 16 (rEtSAG16) and 22 (rEtSAG22), respectively. Likewise, pEGFP-N1-EtSAG16 and pEGFP-N1-EtSAG22 plasmids were constructed using pEGFP-N1 eukaryotic vector. Further, pEGFP-N1-EtSAG4-16-22 multiple gene plasmid carrying EtSAG4, 16 and 22 were designed as cocktail vaccines to study integral immunoprotective effects. Western blot and RT-PCR (reverse transcription) assay were performed to verify expressions of EtSAG16 and 22 genes. Immunoprotective effects of recombinant protein or DNA vaccine were evaluated using different doses (50 or 100 μg) in vivo. All chickens in the vaccination group showed higher cytokine concentration (IFN-γ and IL-17), raised IgY antibody level, increased weight gain, lower caecum lesion score and reduced oocyst shedding compared with infection control groups (p < 0.05). The highest anticoccidial index (ACI) value 173.11 was from the pEGFP-N1-EtSAG4-16-22 plasmid (50 μg) group. In conclusion, EtSAG16 and 22 might be alternative candidate genes for generating vaccines against E. tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Chaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Jun Ding
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jingshan, 431800 Hubei China
| | - Chengfeng Zhao
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Anlu, 432600 Hubei China
| | - Yingjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
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14
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Aitfella Lahlou R, Bounechada M, Mohammedi A, Silva LR, Alves G. Dietary use of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris as anticoccidial alternatives in poultry. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Soutter F, Werling D, Kim S, Pastor-Fernández I, Marugán-Hernández V, Tomley FM, Blake DP. Impact of Eimeria tenella Oocyst Dose on Parasite Replication, Lesion Score and Cytokine Transcription in the Caeca in Three Breeds of Commercial Layer Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:640041. [PMID: 33693044 PMCID: PMC7937735 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.640041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species parasites infect the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, causing disease and impacting on production. The poultry industry relies on anticoccidial drugs and live vaccines to control Eimeria and there is a need for novel, scalable alternatives. Understanding the outcomes of experimental infection in commercial chickens is valuable for assessment of novel interventions. We examined the impact of different infectious doses of Eimeria tenella (one low dose, three high doses) in three commercial layer chicken lines, evaluating lesion score, parasite replication and cytokine response in the caeca. Groups of eight to ten chickens were housed together and infected with 250, 4,000, 8,000 or 12,000 sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. Five days post-infection caeca were assessed for lesions and to quantify parasite replication by qPCR and cytokine transcription by RT-qPCR. Comparison of the three high doses revealed no significant variation between them in observed lesions or parasite replication with all being significantly higher than the low dose infection. Transcription of IFN-γ and IL-10 increased in all infected chickens relative to unchallenged controls, with no significant differences associated with dose magnitude (p > 0.05). No significant differences were detected in lesion score, parasite replication or caecal cytokine expression between the three lines of chickens. We therefore propose 4,000 E. tenella oocysts is a sufficient dose to reliably induce lesions in commercial layer chickens, and that estimates of parasite replication can be derived by qPCR from these same birds. However, more accurate quantification of Eimeria replication requires a separate low dose challenge group. Optimisation of challenge dose in an appropriate chicken line is essential to maximize the value of in vivo efficacy studies. For coccidiosis, this approach can reduce the numbers of chickens required for statistically significant studies and reduce experimental severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iván Pastor-Fernández
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.,SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Chen W, Ma C, Li G, Jia Z, Yang X, Pan X, Ma D. Specific EtMIC3-binding peptides inhibit Eimeria tenella sporozoites entry into host cells. Vet Res 2021; 52:24. [PMID: 33596990 PMCID: PMC7888181 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis caused by Eimeria leads to huge economic losses on the global poultry industry. In this study, microneme adhesive repeat regions (MARR) bc1 of E. tenella microneme protein 3 (EtMIC3-bc1) was used as ligand, and peptides binding to EtMIC3 were screened from a phage display peptide library. The positive phage clones were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Competitive ELISA was applied to further verify the binding capability between the positive phages and recombinant EtMIC3-bc1 protein or sporozoites protein. The inhibitory effects of target peptides on sporozoites invasion of MDBK cells were measured in vitro. Chickens were orally administrated with target positive phages and the protective effects against homologous challenge were evaluated. The model of three-dimensional (3D) structure for EtMIC3-bc1 was conducted, and molecular docking between target peptides and EtMIC3-bc1 model was analyzed. The results demonstrated that three selected positive phages specifically bind to EtMIC3-bc1 protein. The three peptides A, D and W effectively inhibited invasion of MDBK cells by sporozoites, showing inhibited ratio of 71.8%, 54.6% and 20.8%, respectively. Chickens in the group orally inoculated with phages A displayed more protective efficacies against homologous challenge than other groups. Molecular docking showed that amino acids in three peptides, especially in peptide A, insert into the hydrophobic groove of EtMIC3-bc1 protein, and bind to EtMIC3-bc1 through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Taken together, the results suggest EtMIC3-binding peptides inhibit sporozoites entry into host cells. This study provides new idea for exploring novel strategies against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Zhipeng Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xinghui Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China. .,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
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17
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Li W, Wang M, Chen Y, Chen C, Liu X, Sun X, Jing C, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X. EtMIC3 and its receptors BAG1 and ENDOUL are essential for site-specific invasion of Eimeria tenella in chickens. Vet Res 2020; 51:90. [PMID: 32678057 PMCID: PMC7367391 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidian parasites exhibit a high degree of site specificity in different Eimeria species. Although the underlying mechanism is unclear, an increasing body of evidence suggests that site specificity is due to the interaction between microneme proteins (MICs) and their receptors on the surface of target host cells. In this study, the binding ability of E. tenella MICs (EtMICs) to different intestinal tissue was observed by immunofluorescence to identify the key surface molecule on the parasite responsible for the site specificity. Subsequently, we identified the corresponding host-cell receptors by yeast two-hybrid screening and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down experiments and the distribution of these receptors was observed by immunofluorescence in chicken intestinal tissues. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of receptor antiserum against the infection of E. tenella in chickens. The results showed that EtMIC3 could only bind to the caecum while EtMIC1, EtMIC2, and EtAMA1 did not bind to any other intestinal tissues. Anti-serum to EtMIC3 was able to block the invasion of sporozoites with a blocking rate of 66.3%. The receptors for EtMIC3 were BCL2-associated athanogene 1 (BAG1) and Endonuclease polyU-specific-like (ENDOUL), which were mainly distributed in the caecum. BAG1 and ENDOUL receptor antiserum reduced weight loss and oocyst output following E. tenella infection, showing partial inhibition of E. tenella infection. These data elucidate the mechanism of site specificity for Eimeria infection and reveal a potential therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxu Jing
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Huang J, Sun X, Haseeb M, Ahmed S, Shah MAA, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Molecular characterization of a potential receptor of Eimeria acervulina microneme protein 3 from chicken duodenal epithelial cells. Parasite 2020; 27:18. [PMID: 32195662 PMCID: PMC7083106 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria acervulina is one of seven Eimeria spp. that can infect chicken duodenal epithelial cells. Eimeria microneme protein 3 (MIC3) plays a vital role in the invasion of host epithelial tissue by the parasite. In this study, we found that chicken (Gallus gallus) ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2F (UBE2F) could bind to the MIC3 protein of E. acervulina (EaMIC3), as screened using the yeast two-hybrid system, and that it might be the putative receptor protein of EaMIC3. The UBE2F gene was cloned from chicken duodenal epithelial cells. The recombinant protein of UBE2F (rUBE2F) was expressed in E. coli and the reactogenicity of rUBE2F was analyzed by Western blot. Gene sequencing revealed that the opening reading frame (ORF) of UBE2F was 558 base pairs and encoded a protein of 186 amino acids with a molecular weight of 20.46 kDa. The predicted UBE2F protein did not contain signal peptides or a transmembrane region, but had multiple O-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the chicken UBE2F protein is closely related to those of quail and pigeon (Coturnix japonica and Columba livia). A sporozoite invasion-blocking assay showed that antisera against rUBE2F significantly inhibited the invasion of E. acervulina sporozoites in vitro. Animal experiments indicated that the antisera could significantly enhance average body weight gains and reduce mean lesion scores following a challenge with E. acervulina. These results therefore imply that the chicken UBE2F protein might be the target receptor molecule of EaMIC3 that is involved in E. acervulina invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Zhang
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
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School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang 453003 Henan PR China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Jianmei Huang
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Muhammad Ali A. Shah
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Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University 46000 Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Ruofeng Yan
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
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MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 PR China
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19
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Abstract
Apicomplexans, including species of Eimeria, pose a real threat to the health and wellbeing of animals and humans. Eimeria parasites do not infect humans but cause an important economic impact on livestock, in particular on the poultry industry. Despite its high prevalence and financial costs, little is known about the cell biology of these 'cosmopolitan' parasites found all over the world. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the life cycle and stages of Eimeria species, focusing on cellular structures and organelles typical of the coccidian family as well as genus-specific features, complementing some 'unknowns' with what is described in the closely related coccidian Toxoplasma gondii.
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20
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Dutta D, Mukherjee D, Mukherjee IA, Maiti TK, Basak A, Das AK. Staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins interact with human MAP kinase signaling protein ERK2. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:266-277. [PMID: 31468523 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the intracellular binding partner of a unique class of staphylococcal secreted exotoxins called superantigen-like proteins (SSL) from human macrophage and keratinocyte cell lysates. Here, we report that SSL1 specifically binds to human extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (hERK2), an important stress-activated kinase in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Western blot and in vitro binding studies with recombinant hERK2 confirmed the binding interaction of SSL1, SSL7, and SSL10 with hERK2. Moreover, the SSLs-hERK2 interaction was validated biochemically by ELISA. Our finding shows that SSLs play a novel role by binding with host cell MAP kinase signaling pathway protein. Understanding the SSL-hERK2 interaction will also provide a basis for designing SSL-based peptide inhibitors of hERK2 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.,Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Devdeep Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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21
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Yan M, Cui X, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B, Wang L, Zhao H, Liu G, Li Z, Han H, Dong H. Molecular characterization and protective efficacy of the microneme 2 protein from Eimeria tenella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:60. [PMID: 30474601 PMCID: PMC6254105 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Microneme proteins play an important role in the adherence of apicomplexan parasites to host cells during the invasion process. In this study, the microneme 2 protein from the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella (EtMIC2) was cloned, characterized, and its protective efficacy as a DNA vaccine investigated. The EtMIC2 gene, which codes for a 35.07 kDa protein in E. tenella sporulated oocysts, was cloned and recombinant EtMIC2 protein (rEtMIC2) was produced in an Escherichia coli expression system. Immunostaining with an anti-rEtMIC2 antibody showed that the EtMIC2 protein mainly localized in the anterior region and membrane of sporozoites, in the cytoplasm of first- and second-generation merozoites, and was strongly expressed during first-stage schizogony. In addition, incubation with specific antibodies against EtMIC2 was found to efficiently reduce the ability of E. tenella sporozoites to invade host cells. Furthermore, animal-challenge experiments demonstrated that immunization with pcDNA3.1(+)-EtMIC2 significantly increased average body weight gain, while decreasing the mean lesion score and oocyst output in chickens. Taken together, these results suggest that EtMIC2 plays an important role in parasite cell invasion and may be a viable candidate for the development of new vaccines against E. tenella infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China - College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China - Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266114, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Guiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zhihang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China - College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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Hinsu AT, Thakkar JR, Koringa PG, Vrba V, Jakhesara SJ, Psifidi A, Guitian J, Tomley FM, Rank DN, Raman M, Joshi CG, Blake DP. Illumina Next Generation Sequencing for the Analysis of Eimeria Populations in Commercial Broilers and Indigenous Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:176. [PMID: 30105228 PMCID: PMC6077195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species parasites can cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, most notably in chickens where the economic and welfare implications are significant. Seven Eimeria species are recognized to infect chickens, although understanding of their regional occurrence, abundance, and population structure remains limited. Reports of Eimeria circulating in chickens across much of the southern hemisphere with cryptic genotypes and the capacity to escape current anticoccidial vaccines have revealed unexpected levels of complexity. Consequently, it is important to supplement validated species-specific molecular diagnostics with new genus-level tools. Here, we report the application of Illumina MiSeq deep sequencing to partial 18S rDNA amplicons generated using Eimeria genus-specific primers from chicken caecal contents collected in India. Commercial Cobb400 broiler and indigenous Kadaknath type chickens were sampled under field conditions after co-rearing (mixed type farms, n = 150 chickens for each) or separate rearing (single type farms, n = 150 each). Comparison of MiSeq results with established Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) quantitative PCR assays suggest greater sensitivity for the MiSeq approach. The caecal-dwelling Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix dominated each sample set, although all seven species which infect chickens were detected. Two of the three cryptic Eimeria genotypes were detected including OTU-X and OTU-Y, the most northern report for the latter to date. Low levels of DNA representing other Eimeria species were detected, possibly representing farm-level contamination with non-replicating oocysts or Eimeria DNA, or false positives, indicating a requirement for additional validation. Next generation deep amplicon sequencing offers a valuable resource for future Eimeria studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit T Hinsu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Jalpa R Thakkar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Prakash G Koringa
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Vladimir Vrba
- Eimeria Pty Ltd, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Subhash J Jakhesara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Guitian
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dharamsibhai N Rank
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Muthusamy Raman
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.,Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Huang X, Liu J, Tian D, Li W, Zhou Z, Huang J, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. The molecular characterization and protective efficacy of microneme 3 of Eimeria mitis in chickens. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:114-123. [PMID: 30105971 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
E. mitis is ubiquitous in clinical coccidiosis caused by mixed infection of Eimeria species and the infection by E. mitis usually significantly impairs productivity of the infected chickens. To date, however, few protective antigens from E. mitis have been reported. In this study, the molecular characterization and protective efficacy of microneme 3 of Eimeria mitis (EmiMIC3) were analyzed. EmiMIC3 gene was cloned from sporozoites of E. mitis and its MARs (microneme adhesive repeats domain) were predicted. Recombinant EmiMIC3 (rEmiMIC3) was expressed in E. coli and purified and then was analyzed by western blot with anti-E. mitis chicken serum. Meanwhile, native EmiMIC3 from sporozoites was analyzed by anti-rEmiMIC3 rat serum. The expressions of EmiMIC3 in E. mitis sporozoites and merozoites were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. The rEmiMIC3-induced changes of T lymphocytes subpopulation, serum cytokines and IgY levels and the protective efficacy of rEmiMIC3 were determined in animal experiments. The results showed that the deduced open reading frame (ORF) of EmiMIC3 was composed of 1145 amino acids, possessing 9 MARs. EmiMIC3 gene was submitted to GenBank (accession number: MG888670). EmiMIC3 could express in sporozoites and merozoites respectively and located at the apex of E. mitis sporozoite. Western blot assay revealed that the rEmiMIC3 could be recognized by serum of chicken infected by E. mitis and the native EmiMIC3 from sporozoites could also be recognized by rat serum against rEmiMIC3. Following vaccination with rEmiMIC3, higher levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, TGF-βand IL-17, higher proportions of CD4+/CD3+ and CD8+/CD3 + T lymphocytes and higher level of IgY antibody were induced compared to the controls. Vaccination with rEmiMIC3 prominently increased the weight gains and decreased oocyst output of the vaccinated chickens after challenge infection. Our result not only enriches protective candidate antigen of E. mitis, but also provides available protective antigen of E. mitis for the development of multivalent vaccines against infection caused by mixture of Eimeria species in clinical coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenyu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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24
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Development of cross-protective Eimeria-vectored vaccines based on apical membrane antigens. Int J Parasitol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Proteomic analysis of protein interactions between Eimeria maxima sporozoites and chicken jejunal epithelial cells by shotgun LC-MS/MS. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:226. [PMID: 29618377 PMCID: PMC5885459 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria maxima initiates infection by invading the jejunal epithelial cells of chicken. However, the proteins involved in invasion remain unknown. The research of the molecules that participate in the interactions between E. maxima sporozoites and host target cells will fill a gap in our understanding of the invasion system of this parasitic pathogen. Methods In the present study, chicken jejunal epithelial cells were isolated and cultured in vitro. Western blot was employed to analyze the soluble proteins of E. maxima sporozoites that bound to chicken jejunal epithelial cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay was used to separate the E. maxima proteins that bound to chicken jejunal epithelial cells. Shotgun LC-MS/MS technique was used for proteomics identification and Gene Ontology was employed for the bioinformatics analysis. Results The results of Western blot analysis showed that four proteins bands from jejunal epithelial cells co-cultured with soluble proteins of E. maxima sporozoites were recognized by the positive sera, with molecular weights of 70, 90, 95 and 130 kDa. The co-IP dilutions were analyzed by shotgun LC-MS/MS. A total of 204 proteins were identified in the E. maxima protein database using the MASCOT search engine. Thirty-five proteins including microneme protein 3 and 7 had more than two unique peptide counts and were annotated using Gene Ontology for molecular function, biological process and cellular localization. The results revealed that of the 35 annotated peptides, 22 (62.86%) were associated with binding activity and 15 (42.86%) were involved in catalytic activity. Conclusions Our findings provide an insight into the interaction between E. maxima and the corresponding host cells and it is important for the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying E. maxima invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2818-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines - a cup half full? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Marugan-Hernandez V, Fiddy R, Nurse-Francis J, Smith O, Pritchard L, Tomley FM. Characterization of novel microneme adhesive repeats (MAR) in Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:491. [PMID: 29041988 PMCID: PMC5646145 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phylum Apicomplexa comprises a wide variety of parasites of significant medical and economic relevance. These parasites have extremely different host and tissue tropisms; for example Toxoplasma gondii can invade virtually any nucleated cell and infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates, whereas Eimeria tenella infects only chickens and is restricted in its growth to epithelial cells of the caecum. Proteins released from the microneme secretory organelles (MICs) are critical for apicomplexan invasion of host cells and allow parasites to bind a diverse range of host cell oligosaccharide epitopes. MICs bear modular arrangements of sequences with adhesive proteins and interestingly the sialic-acid binding MAR (microneme adhesive repeat) domain containing proteins (MCPs) are suggested to make significant contributions to the different host and tissue tropisms of T. gondii and E. tenella. Results In this study, we evaluated the binding capacity of Type I MAR domains from novel E. tenella MCPs. Variants of the previously described HxT motif were analysed showing that HxT and VxT variants bind, whereas HxS and YxE variants did not. One of these MCP containing a single MAR (EtMCP2) showed an apical localization when expressed as a fusion with the fluorescent reporter mCherry in transgenic populations and a similar pattern of transcripts per zoite during endogenous development in vitro as the well-characterised microneme protein EtMIC2. Conclusions Variation in the binding properties of the MAR of different EtMCPs was confirmed and their ability to bind a wider range of sialic acids and terminal linkages should be studied. In addition, transgenesis technology has been used for first time in Eimeria parasites as a rapid tool for the study of endogenous protein localization by fusion with a fluorescent reporter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2454-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Rebekah Fiddy
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jazmine Nurse-Francis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Oliver Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Laura Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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28
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Yang X, Liu L, Wang S, Lu M, Ehsan M, Gadahi JA, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. The Molecular Characterization and Immunity Identification of Microneme 3 of Eimeria acervulina. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:709-721. [PMID: 27037629 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene of Eimeria acervulina microneme protein 3 (EaMIC3) was cloned and characterized. According to the conserved sequence, the 3'- and 5'-ends of EaMIC3 were amplified by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full length cDNA of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription PCR. The sequence analysis revealed that the opening reading frame (ORF) of EaMIC3 was 2,607 bp and encoded a protein of 868 amino acids with 93.04 kDa. Western blotting assay showed that the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by the sera of chickens experimentally infected with E. acervulina, whereas the native protein in the somatic extract of sporozoites was as well detected by sera from rats immunized with the recombinant protein of EaMIC3. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that EaMIC3 was expressed in the sporozoites and merozoites stages of E. acervulina. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of EaMIC3 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented anticoccidial index (ACI) more than 165. Moreover, EaMIC3 protein produced significantly high level of IgG antibody, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17 TGF-β, CD4+ , and CD8+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenChao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XinChao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XinChao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - LianRui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Mohammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Javaid A Gadahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Identification and immunogenicity of microneme protein 2 (EbMIC2) of Eimeria brunetti. Exp Parasitol 2015; 162:7-17. [PMID: 26743188 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There have been only a few antigen genes of Eimeria brunetti reported up to now. In this study, the gene encoding the microneme protein 2 (EbMIC2) was isolated from oocysts of E. brunetti by RT-PCR and the immunogenicity of recombinant EbMIC2 was observed. The EbMIC2 was cloned into vector pMD19-T for sequencing. The sequence was compared with the published EbMIC2 gene from GenBank revealed homology of the nucleotide sequence and amino acids sequence were 99.43 and 98.63%, respectively. The correct recombinant pMD-EbMIC2 plasmid was inserted into the pET-28a (+) expressing vector and transformed into competent Escherichia coli BL21 cells for expression. The expressed product was analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. The results indicated that the recombinant EbMIC2 protein was recognized strongly by serum from naturally infected chicken with E. brunetti. Rat rcEbMIC2 antisera bound to bands of about 36 kDa in the somatic extract of E. brunetti sporozoites. The recombinant plasmid pVAX1-EbMIC2 was constructed and then the efficacies of recombinant plasmid and recombinant protein were evaluated. The results of IgG antibody level and cytokines concentration suggested that recombinant EbMIC2 could increase the IgG antibody level and induce the expressions of cytokines. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant EbMIC2 protein and recombinant plasmid pVAX1-EbMIC2 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented high anti-coccidial index. All results suggested that EbMIC2 could become an effective candidate for the development of new vaccine against E. brunetti infection.
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Hamzić E, Buitenhuis B, Hérault F, Hawken R, Abrahamsen MS, Servin B, Elsen JM, Pinard-van der Laan MH, Bed'Hom B. Genome-wide association study and biological pathway analysis of the Eimeria maxima response in broilers. Genet Sel Evol 2015; 47:91. [PMID: 26607727 PMCID: PMC4659166 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-015-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis is the most common and costly disease in the poultry industry and is caused by protozoans of the Eimeria genus. The current control of coccidiosis, based on the use of anticoccidial drugs and vaccination, faces serious obstacles such as drug resistance and the high costs for the development of efficient vaccines, respectively. Therefore, the current control programs must be expanded with complementary approaches such as the use of genetics to improve the host response to Eimeria infections. Recently, we have performed a large-scale challenge study on Cobb500 broilers using E. maxima for which we investigated variability among animals in response to the challenge. As a follow-up to this challenge study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions underlying variability of the measured traits in the response to Eimeria maxima in broilers. Furthermore, we conducted a post-GWAS functional analysis to increase our biological understanding of the underlying response to Eimeria maxima challenge. Results In total, we identified 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with q value <0.1 distributed across five chromosomes. The highly significant SNPs were associated with body weight gain (three SNPs on GGA5, one SNP on GGA1 and one SNP on GGA3), plasma coloration measured as optical density at wavelengths in the range 465–510 nm (10 SNPs and all on GGA10) and the percentage of β2-globulin in blood plasma (15 SNPs on GGA1 and one SNP on GGA2). Biological pathways related to metabolic processes, cell proliferation, and primary innate immune processes were among the most frequent significantly enriched biological pathways. Furthermore, the network-based analysis produced two networks of high confidence, with one centered on large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and 2 (LATS2) and the second involving the myosin heavy chain 6 (MYH6). Conclusions We identified several strong candidate genes and genomic regions associated with traits measured in response to Eimeria maxima in broilers. Furthermore, the post-GWAS functional analysis indicates that biological pathways and networks involved in tissue proliferation and repair along with the primary innate immune response may play the most important role during the early stage of Eimeria maxima infection in broilers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-015-0170-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin Hamzić
- UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Bart Buitenhuis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Frédéric Hérault
- UMR1348 Physiology, Environment and Genetics for the Animal and Livestock Systems Unit, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint Gilles, France.
| | | | | | - Bertrand Servin
- UMR1388 Genetics, Physiology and Breeding Systems, INRA, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Elsen
- UMR1388 Genetics, Physiology and Breeding Systems, INRA, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Pinard-van der Laan
- UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Bertrand Bed'Hom
- UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Huang J, Liu L, Lu M, Li M, Sui Y, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Proteomic analysis of Eimeria acervulina sporozoite proteins interaction with duodenal epithelial cells by shotgun LC-MS/MS. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 202:29-33. [PMID: 26439303 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been known for many years that Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) initiates infection by invading the duodenal epithelial cells of chicken, the key protein molecules and the mechanisms of the parasite in invading are unknow. In this study, we found that 85 proteins of E. acervulina could bind with the chicken duodenal epithelial cells from Eimeria protein database. Among them, sixteen were identified only in Eimeria spp. correlation with invasion and evasion and 69 proteins were found in Eimeria spp. with more than 2 unique pep count. Nine out of the 16 proteins and 41 out of the 69 proteins were annotated according to Gene Ontology Annotation in terms of molecular function, biological process, and cellular localization. Most of the 9 annotated proteins occurred in binding, catalytic activity and cellular process whereas, 29 (70.73%) out of the 41 proteins had binding activity and 20 proteins (48.78%) had catalytic activity. The findings provided an insight into the interactive relationship between E. acervulina and host cells and will shed new lights on the understanding of molecular mechanisms of E. acervulina invasion and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenChao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - JingWei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - LianRui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - MengHui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - YuXia Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Huang J, Zhang Z, Li M, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Immune protection of microneme 7 (EmMIC7) againstEimeria maximachallenge in chickens. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:392-400. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1071780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of selective cleavage of high-mannose-type glycans of Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin on sialic acid-binding activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1815-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for Eimeria tenella replication--Implications for experimental refinement and animal welfare. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:464-70. [PMID: 26141544 PMCID: PMC4534708 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Eimeria species are highly pathogenic parasites of chickens. Research aimed at reducing their impact is hindered by a lack of non-subjective, quantitative, tools to measure parasite replication in the host. The time-consuming, and often time-sensitive, nature of existing approaches precludes their use in large-scale genetic, epidemiological, and evolutionary analyses. We have used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to accurately quantify Eimeria tenella in chicken tissue and shown this to be more efficient and sensitive than traditional methodologies. We tested four chicken-specific reference qPCR assays and found beta-actin (actb) to be optimal for sample normalisation. In an experimental setting, chickens were inoculated with 500, 1500, or 4500 E. tenella oocysts and parasite replication and the impact of infection measured by i) qPCR analysis of DNA extracted from caecal tissues collected at five and eight days post-infection (dpi), ii) faecal oocyst counts (FOCs) on samples taken from six to eight dpi, and iii) lesion scoring on caeca collected post-mortem at five and eight dpi. Quantitative real-time PCR test results indicated a significant dose-dependent increase in parasite numbers among study groups for samples collected five dpi (i.e., prior to gametogony) (R2 = 0.994) (p < 0.002) but not in those from day eight (after most oocyst shedding) (R2 = 0.006) (p > 0.379). A strong dose-dependent increase in parasite replication and severity of infection was also revealed by FOC (R2 = 0.997) and lesion scoring. Importantly, qPCR offers substantial improvements for animal welfare via improved statistical power and reduced group sizes in experimental studies. The described qPCR method overcomes subjective limitations of coproscopic quantification, allows reproducible medium- to high-throughput examination of tissues, faeces, and oocysts, and is a valuable tool for determining the impact of Eimeria infections in both experimental and field settings. Quantitative PCR indicates significant dose-dependent increases in parasites. More sensitive measure of parasite replication than faecal oocyst count/lesion score Significant implications for animal welfare and experiment refinement (3R's) Support studies focusing on the genetic basis of resistance/susceptibility Major implications for investigations of key aspects of Eimeria biology and control
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Huang J, Zhang Z, Li M, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Eimeria maxima microneme protein 2 delivered as DNA vaccine and recombinant protein induces immunity against experimental homogenous challenge. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:408-16. [PMID: 26072304 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
E. maxima is one of the seven species of Eimeria that infects chicken. Until now, only a few antigenic genes of E. maxima have been reported. In the present study, the immune protective effects against E. maxima challenge of recombinant protein and DNA vaccine encoding EmMIC2 were evaluated. Two-week-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups. The experimental group of chickens was immunized with 100 μg DNA vaccine pVAX1-MIC2 or 200 μg rEmMIC2 protein while the control group of chickens was injected with pVAX1 plasmid or sterile PBS. The results showed that the anti-EmMIC2 antibody titers of both rEmMIC2 protein and pVAX1-MIC2 groups were significantly higher as compared to PBS and pVAX1 control (P<0.05). The splenocytes from both vaccinated groups of chickens displayed significantly greater proliferation compared with the controls (P<0.05). Serum from chickens immunized with pVAX1-MIC2 and rEmMIC2 protein displayed significantly high levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β and IL-4 (P<0.05) compared to those of negative controls. The challenge experiment results showed that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine could obviously alleviate jejunum lesions, body weight loss, increase oocyst, decrease ratio and provide ACIs of more than 165. All the above results suggested that immunization with EmMIC2 was effective in imparting partial protection against E. maxima challenge and it could be an effective antigen candidate for the development of new vaccines against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Menghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Vrba V, Pakandl M. Host specificity of turkey and chicken Eimeria: controlled cross-transmission studies and a phylogenetic view. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:118-24. [PMID: 25660426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Eimeria genus have undergone extensive speciation and are now represented by a myriad of species that are specialised to different hosts. These species are highly host-specific and usually parasitise single host species, with only few reported exceptions. Doubts regarding the strict host specificity were frequent in the original literature describing coccidia parasitising domestic turkeys. The availability of pure characterised lines of turkey and chicken Eimeria species along with the recently developed quantitative PCR identification of these species allowed to investigate the issue of host specificity using well-controlled cross-transmission experiments. Seven species of gallinaceous birds (Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, Alectoris rufa, Perdix perdix, Phasianus colchicus, Numida meleagris and Colinus virginianus) were inoculated with six species and strains of turkey Eimeria and six species of chicken coccidia and production of oocysts was monitored. Turkey Eimeria species E. dispersa, E. innocua and E. meleagridis could complete their development in the hosts from different genera or even different families. Comparison of phylogenetic positions of these Eimeria species according to 18S rDNA and COI showed that the phylogeny cannot explain the observed patterns of host specificity. These findings suggest that the adaptation of Eimeria parasites to foreign hosts is possible and might play a significant role in the evolution and diversification of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vrba
- BIOPHARM, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, Pohori-Chotoun, Jilove u Prahy 254 49, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Pakandl
- BIOPHARM, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, Pohori-Chotoun, Jilove u Prahy 254 49, Czech Republic
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Zhang Z, Huang J, Li M, Sui Y, Wang S, Liu L, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Identification and molecular characterization of microneme 5 of Eimeria acervulina. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115411. [PMID: 25531898 PMCID: PMC4274027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the microneme 5 gene of Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) (EaMIC5) was cloned and characterized. Specific primers for the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were designed based on the expressed sequence tag (EST, GenBank Accession No. EH386430.1) to amplify the 3'- and 5'-ends of EaMIC5. The full length cDNA of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame (ORF) of EaMIC5 was 336 bp and encoded a protein of 111 amino acids with 12.18 kDa. The ORF was inserted into pET-32a (+) to produce recombinant EaMIC5. Using western blotting assay, the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by the sera of chicks experimentally infected with E. acervulina, while the native protein in the somatic extract of sporozoites was as well detected by sera from rats immunized with the recombinant protein of EaMIC5. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibody against recombinant protein EaMIC5 indicated that this protein was expressed in the sporozoites and merozoites stages of E. acervulina. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of EaMIC5 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens, and presented anti-coccidial index (ACI) more than 160. All the above results suggested that the EaMIC5 was a novel E. acervulina antigen and could be an effective candidate for the development of a new vaccine against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenChao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - JingWei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - MengHui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - YuXia Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - LianRui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Yan X, Liu X, Ji Y, Tao G, Suo X. Ethanol and isopropanol trigger rapid egress of intracellular Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:625-30. [PMID: 25407127 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Egress from host cells is a vital step of the intracellular life cycle of apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. This phenomenon has attracted attentions from many research groups. Previous studies have shown that ethanol could stimulate the release of microneme proteins by elevating intracellular Ca(2+) concentration of T. gondii, resulting in the parasite egress from host cells. However, little information about egress is known on Eimeria species, the causative agent of coccidiosis in poultry and livestock. In this report, we studied the effect of ethanol and isopropanol on the egress of eimerian parasites. Eimeria tenella sporozoites cultured in primary chicken kidney cells were treated with ethanol and isopropanol, then the egressed parasites were analyzed. Ethanol and isopropanol could induce the rapid egress of E. tenella sporozoites from host cells. No substantial damage was found in parasite-egressed host cells. Compared to the freshly isolated sporozoites, the re-invading ability and reproductivity of the egressed parasites significantly decreased by 43.4 and 44.1 % individually. We also found that fewer sporozoites egressed from host cells when the parasites developed for a longer time before the alcohol treatment. These results demonstrate an in vitro egress mode different from that of T. gondii, facilitating the deciphering of the mechanisms of egress of eimerian parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Choi HJ, Lee JH, Yeo SJ, Kaewintajuk K, Yi KY, Kim S, Song HO, Park H. Evaluation of anti-coccidial effects of 1-[4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl]propane-1-one and identification of its potential target proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:752-60. [PMID: 24824336 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis affects many vertebrates worldwide, but treatment with known anti-coccidial drugs causes several adverse side effects. There is a critical need for the development and evaluation of new drugs. The anti-coccidial effect of 1-[4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl]propane-1-one (NPPP), a synthetic compound, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with NPPP showed anti-Toxoplasma activity in vitro with a lower EC50 value than pyrimethamine. In ICR mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii, oral administration of NPPP for 4 days showed statistically significant anti-Toxoplasma activity with lower numbers of tachyzoite than those of the negative control (p < 0.01). NPPP also exhibited strong anti-Eimeria activity in Eimeria tenella-infected chickens when treated for 4 days with orally administered NPPP at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Potential target proteins of NPPP were analyzed by proteomic profiles of T. gondii tachyzoites. Two hypothetical proteins were identified as possible targets of NPPP, a putative ortholog of vacuolar ATP synthase subunit C and a class I S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase. Our data show that the NPPP might be an anti-coccidial drug candidate for clinical application against coccidial infections. Future investigations will focus on identifying the function of proteins regulated by NPPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jung Choi
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, 570-749, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Chapman HD, Barta JR, Blake D, Gruber A, Jenkins M, Smith NC, Suo X, Tomley FM. A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 83:93-171. [PMID: 23876872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This disease is worldwide in occurrence and costs the animal agricultural industry many millions of dollars to control. In recent years, the modern tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology have been used to expand greatly our knowledge of these parasites and the disease they cause. Such studies are essential if we are to develop new means for the control of coccidiosis. In this chapter, selective aspects of the biology of these organisms, with emphasis on recent research in poultry, are reviewed. Topics considered include taxonomy, systematics, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, transfection, oocyst biogenesis, host cell invasion, immunobiology, diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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Palma AS, Feizi T, Childs RA, Chai W, Liu Y. The neoglycolipid (NGL)-based oligosaccharide microarray system poised to decipher the meta-glycome. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 18:87-94. [PMID: 24508828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neoglycolipid (NGL) technology is the basis of a state-of-the-art oligosaccharide microarray system. The NGL-based microarray system in the Glycosciences Laboratory Imperial College London (http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/glycosciences) is one of the two leading platforms for glycan microarrays, being offered for screening analyses to the broad biomedical community. Highlighted in this review are the sensitivity of the analysis system and, coupled with mass spectrometry, the provision for generating 'designer' microarrays from glycomes to identify novel ligands of biological relevance. Among recent applications are assignments of ligands for apicomplexan parasites, pandemic 2009 influenza virus, polyoma and reoviruses, an innate immune receptor against fungal pathogens, Dectin-1, and a novel protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, malectin; also the characterization of an elusive cancer-associated antigen. Some other contemporary advances in glycolipid-containing arrays and microarrays are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S Palma
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculty of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Ten Feizi
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert A Childs
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Liu
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Geissner A, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Glycan arrays as tools for infectious disease research. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 18:38-45. [PMID: 24534751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases cause millions of deaths worldwide each year and are a major burden for economies, especially in underdeveloped countries. Glycans and their interactions with other biomolecules are involved in all major steps of infection. Glycan arrays enable the rapid and sensitive detection of those interactions and are among the most powerful techniques to study the molecular biology of infectious diseases. This review will focus on recent developments and discuss the applications of glycan arrays to the elucidation of host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, the development of tools for infection diagnosis and the use of glycan arrays in modern vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geissner
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Deng L, Chen X, Varki A. Exploration of sialic acid diversity and biology using sialoglycan microarrays. Biopolymers 2013; 99:650-65. [PMID: 23765393 PMCID: PMC7161822 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are a group of α-keto acids with a nine-carbon backbone, which display many types of modifications in nature. The diversity of natural Sia presentations is magnified by a variety of glycosidic linkages to underlying glycans, the sequences and classes of such glycans, as well as the spatial organization of Sias with their surroundings. This diversity is closely linked to the numerous and varied biological functions of Sias. Relatively large libraries of natural and unnatural Sias have recently been chemically/chemoenzymatically synthesized and/or isolated from natural sources. The resulting sialoglycan microarrays have proved to be valuable tools for the exploration of diversity and biology of Sias. Here we provide an overview of Sia diversity in nature, the approaches used to generate sialoglycan microarrays, and the achievements and challenges arising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingquan Deng
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaCA92093‐0687
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaCA92093‐0687
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Development of Eimeria nieschulzi (Coccidia, Apicomplexa) Gamonts and Oocysts in Primary Fetal Rat Cells. J Parasitol Res 2013; 2013:591520. [PMID: 23862053 PMCID: PMC3703804 DOI: 10.1155/2013/591520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro production of gametocytes and oocysts of the apicomplexan parasite genus Eimeria is still a challenge in coccidiosis research. Until today, an in vitro development of gametocytes or oocysts had only been shown in some Eimeria species. For several mammalian Eimeria species, partial developments could be achieved in different cell types, but a development up to gametocytes or oocysts is still lacking. This study compares several permanent cell lines with primary fetal cells of the black rat (Rattus norvegicus) concerning the qualitative in vitro development of the rat parasite Eimeria nieschulzi. With the help of transgenic parasites, the developmental progress was documented. The selected Eimeria nieschulzi strain constitutively expresses the yellow fluorescent protein and a macrogamont specific upregulated red tandem dimer tomato. In the majority of all investigated host cells the development stopped at the second merozoite stage. In a mixed culture of cells derived from inner fetal organs the development of schizont generations I-IV, macrogamonts, and oocysts were observed in crypt-like organoid structures. Microgamonts and microgametes could not be observed and oocysts did not sporulate under air supply. By immunohistology, we could confirm that wild-type E. nieschulzi stages can be found in the crypts of the small intestine. The results of this study may be helpful for characterization of native host cells and for development of an in vitro cultivation system for Eimeria species.
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Cowper B, Matthews S, Tomley F. The molecular basis for the distinct host and tissue tropisms of coccidian parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Evolution of apicomplexan secretory organelles. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:1071-81. [PMID: 23068912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The alveolate superphylum includes many free-living and parasitic organisms, which are united by the presence of alveolar sacs lying proximal to the plasma membrane, providing cell structure. All species comprising the apicomplexan group of alveolates are parasites and have adapted to the unique requirements of the parasitic lifestyle. Here the evolution of apicomplexan secretory organelles that are involved in the critical process of egress from one cell and invasion of another is explored. The variations within the Apicomplexa and how these relate to species-specific biology will be discussed. In addition, recent studies have identified specific calcium-sensitive molecules that coordinate the various events and regulate the release of these secretory organelles within apicomplexan parasites. Some aspects of this machinery are conserved outside the Apicomplexa, and are beginning to elucidate the conserved nature of the machinery. Briefly, the relationship of this secretion machinery within the Apicomplexa will be discussed, compared with free-living and predatory alveolates, and how these might have evolved from a common ancestor.
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Anticoccidial activity of traditional Chinese herbal Dichroa febrifuga Lour. extract against Eimeria tenella infection in chickens. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:2229-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Saouros S, Dou Z, Henry M, Marchant J, Carruthers VB, Matthews S. Microneme protein 5 regulates the activity of Toxoplasma subtilisin 1 by mimicking a subtilisin prodomain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36029-40. [PMID: 22896704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the model parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains obligate intracellular parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Apicomplexans invade host cells by a multistep process involving the secretion of adhesive microneme protein (MIC) complexes. The subtilisin protease TgSUB1 trims several MICs on the parasite surface to activate gliding motility and host invasion. Although a previous study showed that expression of the secretory protein TgMIC5 suppresses TgSUB1 activity, the mechanism was unknown. Here, we solve the three-dimensional structure of TgMIC5 by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), revealing that it mimics a subtilisin prodomain including a flexible C-terminal peptide that may insert into the subtilisin active site. We show that TgMIC5 is an almost 50-fold more potent inhibitor of TgSUB1 activity than the small molecule inhibitor N-[N-(N-acetyl-L-leucyl)-L-leucyl]-L-norleucine (ALLN). Moreover, we demonstrate that TgMIC5 is retained on the parasite plasma membrane via its physical interaction with the membrane-anchored TgSUB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Saouros
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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