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Dai J, Feng Y, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. Virus infection and sphingolipid metabolism. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105942. [PMID: 38908521 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Cellular sphingolipids have vital roles in human virus replication and spread as they are exploited by viruses for cell entry, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly, budding, and propagation. Intracellular sphingolipid biosynthesis triggers conformational changes in viral receptors and facilitates endosomal escape. However, our current understanding of how sphingolipids precisely regulate viral replication is limited, and further research is required to comprehensively understand the relationships between viral replication and endogenous sphingolipid species. Emerging evidence now suggests that targeting and manipulating sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in host cells is a promising strategy to effectively combat viral infections. Additionally, serum sphingolipid species and concentrations could function as potential serum biomarkers to help monitor viral infection status in different patients. In this work, we comprehensively review the literature to clarify how viruses exploit host sphingolipid metabolism to accommodate viral replication and disrupt host innate immune responses. We also provide valuable insights on the development and use of antiviral drugs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Wei TT, Xu W, Tu B, Zhang WX, Yang XX, Zhou Y, Zhang SS, Yang JL, Xie MZ, Du J, Chen WW, Lu QB. Plasma Metabonomics of Human Adenovirus-infected Patients with Pneumonia and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:121-133. [PMID: 38393525 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is common and can develop to serious conditions with high mortality, yet the mechanism of HAdV infection remains unclear. In the present study, the serum metabolite profiles of HAdV-7-infected patients with pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) were explored. METHODS In total, 35 patients were enrolled in the study following an outbreak of HAdV-7 in the army, of whom 14 had pneumonia and 21 had URTI. Blood samples were collected at the acute stage and at the recovery stage and were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. RESULTS Over 90% of the differential metabolites identified between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients were lipids and lipid-like molecules, including glycerophospholipids, fatty acyls, and sphingolipids. The metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched were primarily the lipid metabolism pathways, including sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. The sphingolipid metabolism was identified as a significantly differential pathway between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients and between the acute and recovery stages for the pneumonia patients, but not between the acute and recovery stages for the URTI patients. Ceramide and lactosylceramide, involved in sphingolipid metabolism, were significantly higher in the pneumonia patients than in the URTI patients with good discrimination abilities [area under curve (AUC) 0.742 and 0.716, respectively; combination AUC 0.801]. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that HAdV modulated lipid metabolism for both the patients with URTI and pneumonia, especially the sphingolipid metabolism involving ceramide and lactosylceramide, which might thus be a potential intervention target in the treatment of HAdV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wan-Xue Zhang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yiguo Zhou
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun-Lian Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Xie
- Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Yamane M, Ozeki K, Okano K, Kudo T, Ito K. Evaluation of the non-linearity of NA808 in liver not reflected in plasma using a rat pharmacokinetic study and PBPK modelling. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:498-506. [PMID: 37846493 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2267107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
When NA808, a potent HCV replication inhibitor, was intravenously administered to rats, it was distributed to the liver. The AUC ratio in the liver of 20 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg was greater than the dose ratio, whereas exposure in plasma was increased in a dose-proportional manner. Saturation of biliary excretion was also shown at 20 mg/kg.NA808 was revealed to be a substrate for both OATP1B and MRP2 transporters by an in vitro study using OATP1B1-MRP2 expressing cells. [14C]NA808 was taken up into the cells by OATP1B1 and excreted from cells by MRP2 efficiently (Papp ratio: 24.2-70.2). The Papp ratio decreased with increasing NA808 concentration.PBPK modelling was constructed to display the blood and liver concentration time profile and biliary excretion of NA808. This model analysis was able to reproduce the pharmacokinetics in rats; the degree of increase in the liver exposure from 2 to 20 mg/kg was more than dose-proportional and was greater than the increase in the blood exposure due to saturation of efflux transporters.In drug development, to avoid unexpected toxicity in tissues, it is important to consider the potential for tissue non-linearity with linear plasma exposure based on pre-clinical data and PBPK modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yamane
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ozeki
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Okano
- Clinical Development Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu YY, Bai JS, Liu CC, Zhou JF, Chen J, Cheng Y, Zhou B. The Small GTPase Rab14 Regulates the Trafficking of Ceramide from Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi Apparatus and Facilitates Classical Swine Fever Virus Assembly. J Virol 2023; 97:e0036423. [PMID: 37255314 PMCID: PMC10231254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00364-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly pathogenic RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family that can cause deadly classical swine fever (CSF) in pigs. However, the molecular details of virus replication in the host are still unclear. Our previous studies have reported that several Rab proteins mediate CSFV entry into host cells, but it is unknown whether CSFV hijacks other Rab proteins for effective viral infection. Here, we systematically studied the role of Rab14 protein in regulating lipid metabolism for promoting viral assembly. First, Rab14 knockdown and overexpression significantly affected CSFV replication, indicating the essential role of Rab14 in CSFV infection. Interestingly, Rab14 could significantly affect virus replication in the late stage of infection. Mechanistically, CSFV NS5A recruited Rab14 to the ER, followed by ceramide transportation to the Golgi apparatus, where sphingomyelin was synthesized. The experimental data of small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and replenishment assay showed that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/AS160 signaling pathway regulated the function of Rab14 to affect the transport of ceramide. More importantly, sphingomyelin on the Golgi apparatus contributed to the assembly of viral particles. Blockage of the Rab14 regulatory pathway induced the reduction of the content of sphingomyelin on the Golgi apparatus, impairing the assembly of virus particles. Our study clarifies that Rab14 regulates lipid metabolism and promotes CSFV replication, which provides insight into a novel function of Rab14 in regulating vesicles to transport lipids to the viral assembly factory. IMPORTANCE The Rab protein family members participate in the viral replication of multiple viruses and play important roles in the virus infection cycle. Our previous research focused on Rab5/7/11, which regulated the trafficking of vesicles in the early stage of CSFV infection, especially in viral endocytosis. However, the role of other Rab proteins in CSFV replication is unclear and needs further clarification. Strikingly, we screened some Rabs and found the important role of Rab14 in CSFV infection. Virus infection mobilized Rab14 to regulate the vesicle to transport ceramide from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, further promoting the synthesis of sphingomyelin and facilitating virus assembly. The treatment of inhibitors showed that the lipid transport mediated by Rab14 was regulated by the PI3K/AKT/AS160 signaling pathway. Knockdown of Rab14 or the treatment with PI3K/AKT/AS160 inhibitors reduced the ceramide content in infected cells and hindered virus assembly. Our study is the first to explain that vesicular lipid transport regulated by Rab promotes CSFV assembly, which is conducive to the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Shan Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Chun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Peschel G, Weigand K, Grimm J, Müller M, Krautbauer S, Höring M, Liebisch G, Buechler C. Gender-Specific Differences in Serum Sphingomyelin Species in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection-Sphingomyelin Species Are Related to the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score in Male Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098402. [PMID: 37176109 PMCID: PMC10179471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication depends on cellular sphingomyelin (SM), but serum SM composition in chronic HCV infection has been hardly analyzed. In this work, 18 SM species could be quantified in the serum of 178 patients with chronic HCV infection before therapy with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and 12 weeks later, when therapy was completed. Six SM species were higher in the serum of females than males before therapy and nine at the end of therapy; thus, sex-specific analysis was performed. Type 2 diabetes was associated with lower serum levels of SM 36:2;O2 and 38:2;O2 in men. Serum SM species did not correlate with the viral load in both sexes. Of note, three SM species were lower in males infected with HCV genotype 3 in comparison to genotype 1 infection. These SM species normalized after viral cure. SM 38:1;O2, 40:1;O2, 41:1;O2, and 42:1;O2 (and, thus, total SM levels) were higher in the serum of both sexes at the end of therapy. In males, SM 39:1;O2 was induced in addition, and higher levels of all of these SM species were already detected at 4 weeks after therapy has been started. Serum lipids are related to liver disease severity, and in females 15 serum SM species were low in patients with liver cirrhosis before initiation of and after treatment with DAAs. The serum SM species did not correlate with the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score in the cirrhosis and the non-cirrhosis subgroups in females. In HCV-infected male patients, nine SM species were lower in the serum of patients with cirrhosis before DAA treatment and eleven at the end of the study. Most of the SM species showed strong negative correlations with the MELD score in the male cirrhosis patients before DAA treatment and at the end of therapy. Associations of SM species with the MELD score were not detected in the non-cirrhosis male subgroup. In summary, the current analysis identified sex-specific differences in the serum levels of SM species in HCV infection, in liver cirrhosis, and during DAA therapy. Correlations of SM species with the MELD score in male but not in female patients indicate a much closer association between SM metabolism and liver function in male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Peschel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck, 82256 Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Kilian Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gemeinschaftsklinikum Mittelrhein, 56073 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Grimm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Röhrig AM, Jakobi K, Dietz J, Thomas D, Herrmann E, Welsch C, Sarrazin C, Pfeilschifter J, Zeuzem S, Grammatikos G. The role of serum sphingolipids as potential biomarkers of non-response to direct acting antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:138-147. [PMID: 36463431 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Elimination strategies of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection aim to optimize the high antiviral potency of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Sphingolipids (SLs) constitute bioactive lipid compounds with a remarkable second messenger potential. SL levels associate with responsiveness to interferon treatment in HCV-patients, thus prompting the question whether failure to DAAs can be predicted by the serologic sphingolipidomic profile. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to retrospectively quantify various sphingolipid metabolites in baseline serum samples of 97 chronic HCV patients with DAA failure compared with an age-matched cohort of 95 HCV-patients with sustained virological response (SVR). Sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and sphinganine-1-phosphate (SA1P) serum concentrations were significantly upregulated at baseline in patients with DAA failure compared to patients with SVR. Similarly, GluC24:1Cer baseline levels were significantly upregulated in patients with DAA failure compared to the patients with SVR. However, GluC18Cer serum levels showed decreased baseline levels for patients with DAA failure compared to patients with SVR. In multivariate analysis sphinganine (OR 0.08494, CI 0.07393-0.9759, p = .021223), SA1P (OR 0.9818, CI 0.9653-0.9987, p = .034801), GluCerC18 (OR 1.0683, CI 1.0297-1.1104, p = .000786) and GluCer24:1 (OR 0.9961, CI 0.994-0.998, p = .000294) constituted independent predictors of treatment response. In conclusion, serum sphingolipid concentrations, in particular sphingosine, sphinganine and their derivatives S1P and SA1P as well as glucosylceramides may identify at baseline the minority of HCV patients with DAA failure. Serum sphingolipids could constitute additional biomarkers for national treatment strategies aiming to eliminate HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Miriam Röhrig
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Jakobi
- Goethe University Hospital, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Dietz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Goethe University, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Department of Medicine, Goethe University, Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,St. Josefs-Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Goethe University Hospital, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georgios Grammatikos
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,St' Lukes Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Modulation of Zika virus replication via glycosphingolipids. Virology 2022; 572:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bulankina AV, Richter RM, Welsch C. Regulatory Role of Phospholipids in Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Protein Function. Pathogens 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 35056049 PMCID: PMC8779051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) hijack key factors of lipid metabolism of infected cells and extensively modify intracellular membranes to support the viral lifecycle. While lipid metabolism plays key roles in viral particle assembly and maturation, viral RNA synthesis is closely linked to the remodeling of intracellular membranes. The formation of viral replication factories requires a number of interactions between virus proteins and host factors including lipids. The structure-function relationship of those proteins is influenced by their lipid environments and lipids that selectively modulate protein function. Here, we review our current understanding on the roles of phospholipids in HCV replication and of lipid-protein interactions in the structure-function relationship of the NS5A protein. NS5A is a key factor in membrane remodeling in HCV-infected cells and is known to recruit phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III alpha to generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at the sites of replication. The dynamic interplay between lipids and viral proteins within intracellular membranes is likely key towards understanding basic mechanisms in the pathobiology of virus diseases, the mode of action of specific antiviral agents and related drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Bulankina
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca M. Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Havranek KE, Reyes Ballista JM, Hines KM, Brindley MA. Untargeted Lipidomics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Infected Cells and Viral Particles. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010003. [PMID: 35062207 PMCID: PMC8778780 DOI: 10.3390/v14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral lifecycle is critically dependent upon host lipids. Enveloped viral entry requires fusion between viral and cellular membranes. Once an infection has occurred, viruses may rely on host lipids for replication and egress. Upon exit, enveloped viruses derive their lipid bilayer from host membranes during the budding process. Furthermore, host lipid metabolism and signaling are often hijacked to facilitate viral replication. We employed an untargeted HILIC-IM-MS lipidomics approach and identified host lipid species that were significantly altered during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Many glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species were modified, and ontological enrichment analysis suggested that the alterations to the lipid profile change host membrane properties. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which can contribute to membrane curvature and serve as a signaling molecule, was depleted during infection, while several ceramide sphingolipids were augmented during infection. Ceramide and sphingomyelin lipids were also enriched in viral particles, indicating that sphingolipid metabolism is important during VSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Havranek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.E.H.); (J.M.R.B.)
| | - Judith Mary Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.E.H.); (J.M.R.B.)
| | - Kelly Marie Hines
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +1-706-542-1966 (K.M.H.); +1-706-542-5796 (M.A.B.)
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +1-706-542-1966 (K.M.H.); +1-706-542-5796 (M.A.B.)
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Dang X, Li Y, Li X, Wang C, Ma Z, Wang L, Fan X, Li Z, Huang D, Xu J, Zhou Z. Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Differences in Sphingolipids Metabolic Pathway between Healthy Apis cerana cerana larvae and Chinese Sacbrood Disease. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080703. [PMID: 34442269 PMCID: PMC8396520 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood disease (CSD), which is caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), is a major viral disease in Apis cerana cerana larvae. Analysis of lipid composition is critical to the study of CSBV replication. The host lipidome profiling during CSBV infection has not been conducted. This paper identified the lipidome of the CSBV-larvae interaction through high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 2164 lipids were detected and divided into 20 categories. Comparison of lipidome between healthy and CSBV infected-larvae showed that 266 lipid species were altered by CSBV infection. Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that various sphingolipid enzymes and the contents of sphingolipids in the larvae were increased, indicating that sphingolipids may be important for CSBV infection. Importantly, Cer (d14:1 + hO/21:0 + O), DG (41:0e), PE (18:0e/18:3), SM (d20:0/19:1), SM (d37:1), TG (16:0/18:1/18:3), TG (18:1/20:4/21:0) and TG (43:7) were significantly altered in both CSBV_24 h vs. CK_24 h and CSBV_48 h vs. CK_48 h. Moreover, TG (39:6), which was increased by more than 10-fold, could be used as a biomarker for the early detection of CSD. This study provides evidence that global lipidome homeostasis in A. c. cerana larvae is remodeled after CSBV infection. Detailed studies in the future may improve the understanding of the relationship between the sphingolipid pathway and CSBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Dang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Zhengang Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Linling Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Zhi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Dunyuan Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Jinshan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Z.Z.)
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11
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Cellular factors involved in the hepatitis C virus life cycle. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4555-4581. [PMID: 34366623 PMCID: PMC8326260 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV), an obligatory intracellular pathogen, highly depends on its host cells to propagate successfully. The HCV life cycle can be simply divided into several stages including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly and release. Hundreds of cellular factors involved in the HCV life cycle have been identified over more than thirty years of research. Characterization of these cellular factors has provided extensive insight into HCV replication strategies. Some of these cellular factors are targets for anti-HCV therapies. In this review, we summarize the well-characterized and recently identified cellular factors functioning at each stage of the HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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12
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Rajendran KV, Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Sphingomyelinases in a journey to combat arthropod-borne pathogen transmission. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1622-1638. [PMID: 33960414 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis ticks feed on humans and other vertebrate hosts and transmit several pathogens of public health concern. Tick saliva is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins, lipids and immunomodulators, such as I. scapularis sphingomyelinase (IsSMase)-like protein, an ortholog of dermonecrotoxin SMase D found in the venom of Loxosceles spp. of spiders. IsSMase modulates the host immune response towards Th2, which suppresses Th1-mediated cytokines to facilitate pathogen transmission. Arboviruses utilize exosomes for their transmission from tick to the vertebrate host, and exosomes derived from tick saliva/salivary glands suppress C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 and interleukin-8 immune response(s) in human skin to delay wound healing and repair processes. IsSMase affects also viral replication and exosome biogenesis, thereby inhibiting tick-to-vertebrate host transmission of pathogenic exosomes. In this review, we elaborate on exosomes and their biogenesis as potential candidates for developing novel control measure(s) to combat tick-borne diseases. Such targets could help with the development of an efficient anti-tick vaccine for preventing the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundave V Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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13
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Hepatitis C Viral Replication Complex. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030520. [PMID: 33809897 PMCID: PMC8004249 DOI: 10.3390/v13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be divided into several stages, including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly, and release. HCV genomic RNA replication occurs in the replication organelles (RO) and is tightly linked to ER membrane alterations containing replication complexes (proteins NS3 to NS5B). The amplification of HCV genomic RNA could be regulated by the RO biogenesis, the viral RNA structure (i.e., cis-acting replication elements), and both viral and cellular proteins. Studies on HCV replication have led to the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting the replication complex. This review article summarizes the viral and cellular factors involved in regulating HCV genomic RNA replication and the DAAs that inhibit HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-8565301 (ext. 2322)
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14
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Wong LH, Edgar JR, Martello A, Ferguson BJ, Eden ER. Exploiting Connections for Viral Replication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640456. [PMID: 33816489 PMCID: PMC8012536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, is a positive strand RNA (+RNA) virus. Like other +RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on host cell metabolic machinery to survive and replicate, remodeling cellular membranes to generate sites of viral replication. Viral RNA-containing double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) are a striking feature of +RNA viral replication and are abundant in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Their generation involves rewiring of host lipid metabolism, including lipid biosynthetic pathways. Viruses can also redirect lipids from host cell organelles; lipid exchange at membrane contact sites, where the membranes of adjacent organelles are in close apposition, has been implicated in the replication of several +RNA viruses. Here we review current understanding of DMV biogenesis. With a focus on the exploitation of contact site machinery by +RNA viruses to generate replication organelles, we discuss evidence that similar mechanisms support SARS-CoV-2 replication, protecting its RNA from the host cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R. Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian J. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Eden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Vitner EB. The role of brain innate immune response in lysosomal storage disorders: fundamental process or evolutionary side effect? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3619-3631. [PMID: 33131047 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for sphingolipid degradation and thereby lead to sphingolipid accumulation. Most sphingolipidoses have a neurodegenerative manifestation characterized by innate immune activation in the brain. However, the role of the immune response in disease progression is ill-understood. In contrast to infectious diseases, immune activation is unable to eliminate the offending agent in sphingolipidoses resulting in ineffective, chronic inflammation. This paradox begs two fundamental questions: Why has this immune response evolved in sphingolipidoses? What role does it play in disease progression? Here, starting from the observation that sphingolipids (SLs) are elevated also in infectious diseases, I discuss the possibility that the activation of the brain immune response by SLs has evolved as a part of the immune response against pathogens and plays no major role in sphingolipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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16
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Sphingomyelin Is Essential for the Structure and Function of the Double-Membrane Vesicles in Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication Factories. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01080-20. [PMID: 32938759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01080-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some plus-stranded RNA viruses generate double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), one type of the membrane replication factories, as replication sites. Little is known about the lipid components involved in the biogenesis of these vesicles. Sphingomyelin (SM) is required for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, but the mechanism of SM involvement remains poorly understood. SM biosynthesis starts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and gives rise to ceramide, which is transported from the ER to the Golgi by the action of ceramide transfer protein (CERT), where it can be converted to SM. In this study, inhibition of SM biosynthesis, either by using small-molecule inhibitors or by knockout (KO) of CERT, suppressed HCV replication in a genotype-independent manner. This reduction in HCV replication was rescued by exogenous SM or ectopic expression of the CERT protein, but not by ectopic expression of nonfunctional CERT mutants. Observing low numbers of DMVs in stable replicon cells treated with a SM biosynthesis inhibitor or in CERT-KO cells transfected with either HCV replicon or with constructs that drive HCV protein production in a replication-independent system indicated the significant importance of SM to DMVs. The degradation of SM of the in vitro-isolated DMVs affected their morphology and increased the vulnerability of HCV RNA and proteins to RNase and protease treatment, respectively. Poliovirus, known to induce DMVs, showed decreased replication in CERT-KO cells, while dengue virus, known to induce invaginated vesicles, did not. In conclusion, these findings indicated that SM is an essential constituent of DMVs generated by some plus-stranded RNA viruses.IMPORTANCE Previous reports assumed that sphingomyelin (SM) is essential for HCV replication, but the mechanism was unclear. In this study, we showed for the first time that SM and ceramide transfer protein (CERT), which is in the SM biosynthesis pathway, are essential for the biosynthesis of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), the sites of viral replication. Low numbers of DMVs were observed in CERT-KO cells transfected with replicon RNA or with constructs that drive HCV protein production in a replication-independent system. HCV replication was rescued by ectopic expression of the CERT protein, but not by CERT mutants, that abolishes the binding of CERT to vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein (VAP) or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), indicating new roles for VAP and PI4P in HCV replication. The biosynthesis of DMVs has great importance to replication by a variety of plus-stranded RNA viruses. Understanding of this process is expected to facilitate the development of diagnosis and antivirus.
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17
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Yu Y, Li C, Liu J, Zhu F, Wei S, Huang Y, Huang X, Qin Q. Palmitic Acid Promotes Virus Replication in Fish Cell by Modulating Autophagy Flux and TBK1-IRF3/7 Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1764. [PMID: 32849631 PMCID: PMC7419653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Studies highlighted that palmitic acid plays a significant role in diverse cellular processes and viral infections. Accumulation of palmitic acid was observed in fish cells (grouper spleen, GS) infected with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). The fluctuated content levels after viral infection suggested that palmitic acid was functional in virus-cell interactions. In order to investigate the roles of palmitic acid in SGIV infection, the effects of palmitic acid on SGIV induced cytopathic effect, expression levels of viral genes, viral proteins, as well as virus production were evaluated. The infection and replication of SGIV were increased after exogenous addition of palmitic acid but suppressed after knockdown of fatty acid synthase (FASN), of which the primary function was to catalyze palmitate synthesis. Besides, the promotion of virus replication was associated with the down-regulating of interferon-related molecules, and the reduction of IFN1 and ISRE promotor activities by palmitic acid. We also discovered that palmitic acid restricted TBK1, but not MDA5-induced interferon immune responses. On the other hand, palmitic acid decreased autophagy flux in GS cells via suppressing autophagic degradation, and subsequently enhanced viral replication. Together, our findings indicate that palmitic acid is not only a negative regulator of TBK1-IRF3/7 pathway, but also a suppressor of autophagic flux. Finally, palmitic acid promotes the replication of SGIV in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yepin Yu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyi Zhu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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18
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Regmi P, Khanal S, Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Tick-Borne Flavivirus Inhibits Sphingomyelinase ( IsSMase), a Venomous Spider Ortholog to Increase Sphingomyelin Lipid Levels for Its Survival in Ixodes scapularis Ticks. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:244. [PMID: 32656091 PMCID: PMC7325911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that cells from medically important arthropods, such as ticks, secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes that mediate transmission of flavivirus RNA and proteins to the human cells. Understanding the molecular determinants and mechanism(s) of arthropod-borne flavivirus transmission via exosome biogenesis is very important. In this current study, we showed that in the presence of tick-borne Langat Virus (LGTV; a member of tick-borne encephalitis virus complex), the expression of arthropod IsSMase, a sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of substrates like sphingomyelin (SM) lipids, was significantly reduced in both Ixodes scapularis ticks (in vivo) and in tick cells (in vitro). The IsSMase reduced levels correlated with down-regulation of its activity upon LGTV replication in tick cells. Our data show that LGTV-mediated suppression of IsSMase allowed accumulation of SM lipid levels that supported membrane-associated viral replication and exosome biogenesis. Inhibition of viral loads and SM lipid built up upon GW4869 inhibitor treatment reversed the IsSMase levels and restored its activity. Our results suggest an important role for this spider venomous ortholog IsSMase in regulating viral replication associated with membrane-bound SM lipids in ticks. In summary, our study not only suggests a novel role for arthropod IsSMase in tick-LGTV interactions but also provides new insights into its important function in vector defense mechanism(s) against tick-borne virus infection and in anti-viral pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Regmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Supreet Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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19
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Abstract
Viruses manipulate cellular lipids and membranes at each stage of their life cycle. This includes lipid-receptor interactions, the fusion of viral envelopes with cellular membranes during endocytosis, the reorganization of cellular membranes to form replication compartments, and the envelopment and egress of virions. In addition to the physical interactions with cellular membranes, viruses have evolved to manipulate lipid signaling and metabolism to benefit their replication. This review summarizes the strategies that viruses use to manipulate lipids and membranes at each stage in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ketter
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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20
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Tabata K, Neufeldt CJ, Bartenschlager R. Hepatitis C Virus Replication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037093. [PMID: 31570388 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Replication and amplification of the viral genome is a key process for all viruses. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus, amplification of the viral genome requires the synthesis of a negative-sense RNA template, which is in turn used for the production of new genomic RNA. This process is governed by numerous proteins, both host and viral, as well as distinct lipids and specific RNA elements within the positive- and negative-strand RNAs. Moreover, this process requires specific changes to host cell ultrastructure to create microenvironments conducive to viral replication. This review will focus on describing the processes and factors involved in facilitating or regulating HCV genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Li X, Li J, Feng Y, Cai H, Li YP, Peng T. Long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A suppresses hepatitis C virus infection by targeting virion-bound lipoproteins. Antiviral Res 2020; 177:104734. [PMID: 32057770 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Mature HCV virions are bound by host-derived lipoproteins. Lack of an HCV vaccine warrants a major role of antiviral treatment in the global elimination of hepatitis C. Although direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are replacing the interferon-based treatment and have dramatically improved the cure rate, the presence of viral variants resistant to DAAs, HCV genotype/subtype-specific efficacy, and high cost of DAAs argue novel and affordable regimens. In this study, we identified the antiviral effects of long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A (LCFA-CoA) against the infections of HCV genotypes 1-6 through targeting mature HCV-bound lipoproteins, suggesting novel mechanism(s) of antiviral different from those used by host-targeting agents or DAAs. We found that the antiviral activity of LCFA-CoA relied on the long-chain saturated fatty acid and the CoA group, and was enhanced when combined with pegylated-interferon or DAAs. Importantly, we demonstrated that LCFA-CoA efficiently inhibited the infection of HCV variants carrying DAA-resistant mutations. The mechanistic study revealed that LCFA-CoA specifically abolished the attachment and binding steps and also inhibited the cell-to-cell viral transmission. LCFA-CoA targeted mature HCV-bound lipoproteins, but not apolipoproteins B or E. In addition, LCFA-CoA could also inhibit the infection of the dengue virus. Our findings suggest that LCFA-CoA could potentially serve as a supplement HCV therapy, particularly for the DAA-resistant HCV variants. Taken together, LCFA-CoA may be further developed to be a novel class of antivirals with mechanism(s), different from host-targeting agents or DAAs, of targeting the components associated with mature HCV virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yetong Feng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Kovilakath A, Cowart LA. Sphingolipid Mediators of Myocardial Pathology. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:23-49. [PMID: 32821720 PMCID: PMC7379069 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. While the causes of cardiomyopathy continue to be elucidated, current evidence suggests that aberrant bioactive lipid signaling plays a crucial role as a component of cardiac pathophysiology. Sphingolipids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, as they regulate numerous cellular processes that occur in primary and secondary cardiomyopathies. Experimental evidence gathered over the last few decades from both in vitro and in vivo model systems indicates that inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis attenuate a variety of cardiomyopathic symptoms. In this review, we focus on various cardiomyopathies in which sphingolipids have been implicated and the potential therapeutic benefits that could be gained by targeting sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovilakath
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L. Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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23
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Lin J, Yi X, Zhuang Y. Coupling metabolomics analysis and DOE optimization strategy towards enhanced IBDV production by chicken embryo fibroblast DF-1 cells. J Biotechnol 2019; 307:114-124. [PMID: 31697974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) caused by IBD virus (IBDV) is highly contagious viral and vaccination in chicken embryo has been an effective mean to prevent acute infection. However, the current production of IBDV vaccine faces serious batch instability and external contamination. The chicken embryonic fibroblast cell line DF-1 is widely used for the proliferation of avian viruses and vaccine production. Thus, optimizing the production of IBDV by DF-1 cells has an important application value. Combining metabolomics analysis and a Design of Experiments (DOE) statistical strategy, this study successfully optimized the process of IBDV production by DF-1 cells. Differential analysis and time series analysis of metabolite data in both IBDV-infected and uninfected DF-1 cells were performed by multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the intracellular metabolite intensities of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the nucleoside synthesis pathway, lipid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism were upregulated, and the TCA cycle underwent a slight downregulation after IBDV infection of DF-1 cells. Based on the metabolome results and DOE statistical optimization method, the additive components suitable for IBDV proliferation were determined. The IBDV titer increased by 20.7 times upon exogenous addition of cysteine, methionine, lysine and nucleosides in the control medium, which is consistent with the predicted result (20.0 times) by a multivariate quadratic equation. This study provides a strategy for the efficient production of IBDV vaccines and could potentially be utilized to improve the production of other viral vaccines and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yager EJ, Konan KV. Sphingolipids as Potential Therapeutic Targets against Enveloped Human RNA Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100912. [PMID: 31581580 PMCID: PMC6832137 DOI: 10.3390/v11100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several notable human diseases are caused by enveloped RNA viruses: influenza, AIDS, hepatitis C, dengue hemorrhagic fever, microcephaly, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Being enveloped, the life cycle of this group of viruses is critically dependent on host lipid biosynthesis. Viral binding and entry involve interactions between viral envelope glycoproteins and cellular receptors localized to lipid-rich regions of the plasma membrane. Subsequent infection by these viruses leads to reorganization of cellular membranes and lipid metabolism to support the production of new viral particles. Recent work has focused on defining the involvement of specific lipid classes in the entry, genome replication assembly, and viral particle formation of these viruses in hopes of identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of disease. In this review, we will highlight the role of host sphingolipids in the lifecycle of several medically important enveloped RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yager
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Kouacou V Konan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208-3479, USA.
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25
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Ceramide Suppresses Influenza A Virus Replication In Vitro. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00053-19. [PMID: 30700605 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00053-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza outbreaks are associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of seasonal vaccines. Influenza pathogenesis depends on the manipulation of host cell signaling to promote virus replication. Ceramide is a sphingosine-derived lipid that regulates diverse cellular processes. Studies highlighted the differential role of ceramide de novo biosynthesis on the propagation of various viruses. Whether ceramide plays, a role in influenza virus replication is not known. In this study, we assessed the potential interplay between the influenza A (IAV) and ceramide biosynthesis pathways. The accumulation of ceramide in human lung epithelial cells infected with influenza A/H1N1 virus strains was evaluated using thin-layer chromatography and/or confocal microscopy. Virus replication was assessed upon the regulation of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis pathway. A significant increase in ceramide accumulation was observed in cells infected with IAV in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Inoculating the cells with UV-inactivated IAV did not result in ceramide accumulation in the cells, suggesting that the induction of ceramide required an active virus replication. Inhibiting de novo ceramide significantly decreased ceramide accumulation and enhanced virus replication. The addition of exogenous C6-ceramide prior to infection mediated an increase in cellular ceramide levels and significantly attenuated IAV replication and reduced viral titers (≈1 log10 PFU/ml unit). Therefore, our data demonstrate that ceramide accumulation through de novo biosynthesis pathway plays a protective and antiviral role against IAV infection. These findings propose new avenues for development of antiviral molecules and strategies.IMPORTANCE Understanding the effect of sphingolipid metabolism on viral pathogenesis provide important insights into the development of therapeutic strategies against microbial infections. In this study, we demonstrate a critical role of ceramide during influenza A virus infection. We demonstrate that ceramide produced through de novo biosynthesis possess an antiviral role. These observations unlock new opportunities for the development of novel antiviral therapies against influenza.
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26
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Zhang Z, He G, Filipowicz NA, Randall G, Belov GA, Kopek BG, Wang X. Host Lipids in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:286. [PMID: 30863375 PMCID: PMC6399474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane association is a hallmark of the genome replication of positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses]. All well-studied (+)RNA viruses remodel host membranes and lipid metabolism through orchestrated virus-host interactions to create a suitable microenvironment to survive and thrive in host cells. Recent research has shown that host lipids, as major components of cellular membranes, play key roles in the replication of multiple (+)RNA viruses. This review focuses on how (+)RNA viruses manipulate host lipid synthesis and metabolism to facilitate their genomic RNA replication, and how interference with the cellular lipid metabolism affects viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Guijuan He
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George A. Belov
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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27
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Tan G, Zhou Q, Liu K, Dong X, Li L, Liao W, Wu H. Cross-platform metabolic profiling deciphering the potential targets of Shenfu injection against acute viral myocarditis in mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:1-11. [PMID: 30053682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute viral myocarditis (AVMC) is typically caused by cardiotropic viral infection. There is a paucity of specific treatment options available with proven efficacy. Chinese patented pharmaceutical product Shenfu injection (SFI) has potent efficacy on treating AVMC in clinical practice. However, the molecular mechanism is still unknown. We employed cross-platform metabolomics combined with computational systems analysis, based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to deciphering the targeted metabolic pathways of SFI against AVMC induced by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technique was further applied to determining the expressions of the key genes associated with the SFI-targeted metabolic pathways. We have identified 48 significantly changed metabolites related to CVB3-induced AVMC, and SFI can significantly regulate the abnormalities of 33 metabolites and 9 relevant enzymes. Combined metabolic pathway enrichment and topology analyses revealed that the mechanisms of SFI against CVB3-induced AVMC may be attributed to modulating the disordered homeostasis of sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and TCA cycle. It provides new experimental information on the pathogenesis of AVMC, unravels the potential targeted metabolic pathways of SFI against AVMC on the whole metabolic network and highlights the importance of metabolomics combined with computational systems analysis as a potential tool for deciphering drug-targeted metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangguo Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Student Brigade, College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenting Liao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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28
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Nguyen A, Guedán A, Mousnier A, Swieboda D, Zhang Q, Horkai D, Le Novere N, Solari R, Wakelam MJO. Host lipidome analysis during rhinovirus replication in HBECs identifies potential therapeutic targets. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1671-1684. [PMID: 29946055 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinovirus (RV) infections can provoke acute worsening of disease, and limited treatment options exist. Viral replication in the host cell induces significant remodeling of intracellular membranes, but few studies have explored this mechanistically or as a therapeutic opportunity. We performed unbiased lipidomic analysis on human bronchial epithelial cells infected over a 6 h period with the RV-A1b strain of RV to determine changes in 493 distinct lipid species. Through pathway and network analysis, we identified temporal changes in the apparent activities of a number of lipid metabolizing and signaling enzymes. In particular, analysis highlighted FA synthesis and ceramide metabolism as potential anti-rhinoviral targets. To validate the importance of these enzymes in viral replication, we explored the effects of commercially available enzyme inhibitors upon RV-A1b infection and replication. Ceranib-1, D609, and C75 were the most potent inhibitors, which confirmed that FAS and ceramidase are potential inhibitory targets in rhinoviral infections. More broadly, this study demonstrates the potential of lipidomics and pathway analysis to identify novel targets to treat human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Nguyen
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Anabel Guedán
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelie Mousnier
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Dawid Swieboda
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dorottya Horkai
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Le Novere
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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29
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Zhang Y, Peng X, Ren H, Chu H, Li Y, Li G. Cholesterol modulating the orientation of His17 in hepatitis C virus p7 (5a) viroporin – A molecular dynamic simulation study. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Zhang J, Lan Y, Sanyal S. Modulation of Lipid Droplet Metabolism-A Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Flaviviridae Infections. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2286. [PMID: 29234310 PMCID: PMC5712332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related dynamic organelles that store and regulate fatty acids and neutral lipids. They play a central role in cellular energy storage, lipid metabolism and cellular homeostasis. It has become evident that viruses have co-evolved in order to exploit host lipid metabolic pathways. This is especially characteristic of the Flaviviridae family, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) and several flaviviruses. Devoid of an appropriate lipid biosynthetic machinery of their own, these single-strand positive-sense RNA viruses can induce dramatic changes in host metabolic pathways to establish a favorable environment for viral multiplication and acquire essential components to facilitate their assembly and traffic. Here we have reviewed the current knowledge on the intracellular life cycle of those from the Flaviviridae family, with particular emphasis on HCV and dengue virus (DENV), and their association with the biosynthesis and metabolism of LDs, with the aim to identify potential antiviral targets for development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Lan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Elsemman IE, Mardinoglu A, Shoaie S, Soliman TH, Nielsen J. Systems biology analysis of hepatitis C virus infection reveals the role of copy number increases in regions of chromosome 1q in hepatocellular carcinoma metabolism. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1496-506. [PMID: 27040643 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide healthcare problem; however, traditional treatment methods have failed to cure all patients, and HCV has developed resistance to new drugs. Systems biology-based analyses could play an important role in the holistic analysis of the impact of HCV on hepatocellular metabolism. Here, we integrated HCV assembly reactions with a genome-scale hepatocyte metabolic model to identify metabolic targets for HCV assembly and metabolic alterations that occur between different HCV progression states (cirrhosis, dysplastic nodule, and early and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) and healthy liver tissue. We found that diacylglycerolipids were essential for HCV assembly. In addition, the metabolism of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate was significantly changed in the cirrhosis stage, whereas the metabolism of acyl-carnitine was significantly changed in the dysplastic nodule and early HCC stages. Our results explained the role of the upregulated expression of BCAT1, PLOD3 and six other methyltransferase genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in the early and advanced HCC stages. Moreover, GNPAT and BCAP31 expression was upregulated in the early and advanced HCC stages and could lead to increased acyl-CoA consumption. By integrating our results with copy number variation analyses, we observed that GNPAT, PPOX and five of the methyltransferase genes (ASH1L, METTL13, SMYD2, TARBP1 and SMYD3), which are all located on chromosome 1q, had increased copy numbers in the cancer samples relative to the normal samples. Finally, we confirmed our predictions with the results of metabolomics studies and proposed that inhibiting the identified targets has the potential to provide an effective treatment strategy for HCV-associated liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim E Elsemman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. and Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. and Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Taysir H Soliman
- Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. and Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Sun HY, Lin CC, Tsai PJ, Tsai WJ, Lee JC, Tsao CW, Cheng PN, Wu IC, Chiu YC, Chang TT, Young KC. Lipoprotein lipase liberates free fatty acids to inhibit HCV infection and prevent hepatic lipid accumulation. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27665576 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been identified as an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) host factor, but the cellular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanism of LPL involving in anti-HCV. The functional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α signal by LPL transducing into hepatocytes was investigated in HCV-infected cells, primary human hepatocytes, and in HCV-core transgenic mice. The result showed that the levels of transcriptional transactivity and nuclear translocation of PPARα in Huh7 cells and primary human hepatocytes were elevated by physiologically ranged LPL treatment of either very-low density lipoprotein or HCV particles. The LPL-induced hepatic PPARα activation was weakened by blocking the LPL enzymatic activity, and by preventing the cellular uptake of free unsaturated fatty acids with either albumin chelator or silencing of CD36 translocase. The knockdowns of PPARα and CD36 reversed the LPL-mediated suppression of HCV infection. Furthermore, treatment with LPL, like the direct activation of PPARα, not only reduced the levels of apolipoproteins B, E, and J, which are involved in assembly and release of HCV virions, but also alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation induced by core protein. HCV-core transgenic mice exhibited more hepatic miR-27b, which negatively regulates PPARα expression, than did the wild-type controls. The induction of LPL activity by fasting in the core transgenic mice activated PPARα downstream target genes that are involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Taken together, our study reveals dual beneficial outcomes of LPL in anti-HCV and anti-steatosis and shed light on the control of chronic hepatitis C in relation to LPL modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Tsao
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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33
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Costello DA, Villareal VA, Yang PL. Desmosterol Increases Lipid Bilayer Fluidity during Hepatitis C Virus Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:852-862. [PMID: 27933788 PMCID: PMC5161114 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) uniquely affects desmosterol homeostasis by increasing its intracellular abundance and affecting its localization. These effects are important for productive viral replication because the inhibition of desmosterol synthesis has an antiviral effect that can be rescued by the addition of exogenous desmosterol. Here, we use subgenomic replicons to show that desmosterol has a major effect on the replication of HCV JFH1 RNA. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments performed with synthetic supported lipid bilayers demonstrate that the substitution of desmosterol for cholesterol significantly increases the lipid bilayer fluidity, especially in the presence of saturated phospholipids and ceramides. We demonstrate using LC-MS that desmosterol is abundant in the membranes upon which genome replication takes place and that supported lipid bilayers derived from these specialized membranes also exhibit significantly higher fluidity compared to that of negative control membranes isolated from cells lacking HCV. Together, these data suggest a model in which the fluidity-promoting effects of desmosterol on lipid bilayers play a crucial role in the extensive membrane remodeling that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum during HCV infection. We anticipate that the supported lipid bilayer system described can provide a useful model system in which to interrogate the effects of lipid structure and composition on the biophysical properties of lipid membranes as well as their function in viral processes such as genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A. Costello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Valerie A. Villareal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Priscilla L. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
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34
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Miyamura T, Lemon SM, Walker CM, Wakita T. The HCV Replicase Complex and Viral RNA Synthesis. HEPATITIS C VIRUS I 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122888 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56098-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly linked to membrane alterations designated the membranous web, harboring the viral replicase complex. In this chapter we describe the morphology and 3D architecture of the HCV-induced replication organelles, mainly consisting of double membrane vesicles, which are generated by a concerted action of the nonstructural proteins NS3 to NS5B. Recent studies have furthermore identified a number of host cell proteins and lipids contributing to the biogenesis of the membranous web, which are discussed in this chapter. Viral RNA synthesis is tightly associated with these membrane alterations and mainly driven by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. We summarize our current knowledge of the structure and function of NS5B, the role of cis-acting replication elements at the termini of the genome in regulating RNA synthesis and the contribution of additional viral and host factors to viral RNA synthesis, which is still ill defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology , The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Christopher M. Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
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35
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Abstract
Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses occurs in tight association with reorganized host cell membranes. In a concerted fashion, viral and cellular factors generate distinct organelle-like structures, designated viral replication factories. These virus-induced compartments promote highly efficient genome replication, allow spatiotemporal coordination of the different steps of the viral replication cycle, and protect viral RNA from the hostile cytoplasmic environment. The combined use of ultrastructural and functional studies has greatly increased our understanding of the architecture and biogenesis of viral replication factories. Here, we review common concepts and distinct differences in replication organelle morphology and biogenesis within the Flaviviridae family, exemplified by dengue virus and hepatitis C virus. We discuss recent progress made in our understanding of the complex interplay between viral determinants and subverted cellular membrane homeostasis in biogenesis and maintenance of replication factories of this virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; ,
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , .,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Martín-Acebes MA, Vázquez-Calvo Á, Saiz JC. Lipids and flaviviruses, present and future perspectives for the control of dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:123-137. [PMID: 27702593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging arthropod-borne pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, West Nile encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease, tick-borne encephalitis, or Zika disease. This viral genus groups >50 viral species of small enveloped plus strand RNA virus that are phylogenetically closely related to hepatitis C virus. Importantly, the flavivirus life cycle is intimately associated to host cell lipids. Along this line, flaviviruses rearrange intracellular membranes from the endoplasmic-reticulum of the infected cells to develop adequate platforms for viral replication and particle biogenesis. Moreover, flaviviruses dramatically orchestrate a profound reorganization of the host cell lipid metabolism to create a favorable environment for viral multiplication. Consistently, recent work has shown the importance of specific lipid classes in flavivirus infections. For instances, fatty acid synthesis is linked to viral replication, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are involved on the entry of flaviviruses, sphingolipids (ceramide and sphingomyelin) play a key role on virus assembly and pathogenesis, and cholesterol is essential for innate immunity evasion in flavivirus-infected cells. Here, we revise the current knowledge on the interactions of the flaviviruses with the cellular lipid metabolism to identify potential targets for future antiviral development aimed to combat these relevant health-threatening pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hepatitis C virus p7 mediates membrane-to-membrane adhesion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1096-1101. [PMID: 27320856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viroporin p7 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) acts as an ion channel for pH equilibration to stabilize HCV particles; most studies of p7 have focused on this role. However, pH equilibration by p7 via its ion channel activity does not fully explain the importance of p7 in HCV particle production. Indeed, several researchers have suggested p7 to have an unidentified ion channel-independent function. Here, we show that p7 has a novel role as a lipid raft adhesion factor, which is independent of its ion channel activity. We found that p7 targets not only the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase, but also the negatively-charged liquid-ordered (Lo) phase that can be represented as a lipid raft. p7 clusters at the phase boundary of the neutral Ld phase and the negatively-charged Lo phase. Interestingly, p7 targeting the Lo phase facilitates membrane-to-membrane adhesion, and this activity is not inhibited by p7 ion channel inhibitors. Our results demonstrated that HCV p7 has dual roles as a viroporin and as a lipid raft adhesion factor. This ion channel-independent function of p7 might be an attractive target for development of anti-HCV compounds.
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Grammatikos G, Dietz J, Ferreiros N, Koch A, Dultz G, Bon D, Karakasiliotis I, Lutz T, Knecht G, Gute P, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Mavromara P, Sarrazin C, Pfeilschifter J. Persistence of HCV in Acutely-Infected Patients Depletes C24-Ceramide and Upregulates Sphingosine and Sphinganine Serum Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E922. [PMID: 27304952 PMCID: PMC4926455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) substantially affects lipid metabolism, and remodeling of sphingolipids appears to be essential for HCV persistence in vitro. The aim of the current study is the evaluation of serum sphingolipid variations during acute HCV infection. We enrolled prospectively 60 consecutive patients with acute HCV infection, most of them already infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and serum was collected at the time of diagnosis and longitudinally over a six-month period until initiation of antiviral therapy or confirmed spontaneous clearance. Quantification of serum sphingolipids was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Spontaneous clearance was observed in 11 out of 60 patients (18.3%), a sustained viral response (SVR) in 43 out of 45 patients (95.5%) receiving an antiviral treatment after follow-up, whereas persistence of HCV occurred in six out of 60 patients (10%). C24-ceramide (C24-Cer)-levels increased at follow-up in patients with spontaneous HCV eradication (p < 0.01), as compared to baseline. Sphingosine and sphinganine values were significantly upregulated in patients unable to clear HCV over time compared to patients with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection on follow-up (p = 0.013 and 0.006, respectively). In summary, the persistence of HCV after acute infection induces a downregulation of C24Cer and a simultaneous elevation of serum sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Grammatikos
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Julia Dietz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Nerea Ferreiros
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für klinische Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexander Koch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Georg Dultz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dimitra Bon
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Department of Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Lutz
- Infektiologikum, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Gaby Knecht
- Infektiologikum, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Gute
- Infektiologikum, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für klinische Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece.
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Zhang JY, Qu F, Li JF, Liu M, Ren F, Zhang JY, Bian DD, Chen Y, Duan ZP, Zhang JL, Zheng SJ. Up-regulation of Plasma Hexosylceramide (d18: 1/18: 1) Contributes to Genotype 2 Virus Replication in Chronic Hepatitis C: A 20-Year Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3773. [PMID: 27281078 PMCID: PMC4907656 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between plasma sphingolipids and hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.A cohort of 120 treatment-naïve CHC patients was included. Liver biopsies and the Scheuer scoring system were used to assess hepatic inflammatory activity. Blood biochemical indicators, HCV-RNA load, and immunological markers were also measured. Forty-four plasma sphingolipids were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The hexosylceramide (HexCer) (d18:1/18:1) level was significantly different between patients with a low HCV load (<10 IU/mL) and a high HCV load (≥10 IU/mL), and it was positively correlated with the HCV-RNA load (r = 0.337, P = 0.001) in CHC patients. Additionally, the plasma HexCer (d18:1/18:1) level (odds ratio 1.302, 95% confidence interval 1.129-1.502) was an independent factor for a high HCV-RNA load. For patients with hepatic inflammation grade ≤2 or HCV genotype 2, HexCer (d18:1/18:1) was independently related to a high HCV-RNA load.Plasma HexCer (d18:1/18:1) might be involved in the high viral replication level in chronic HCV infection, especially for CHC patients with genotype 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Zhang
- From the Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J-YZ, ML, FR, J-YZ, D-DB, YC, Z-PD, S-JZ); State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medica Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (FQ, J-LZ); and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China (J-FL)
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40
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Kimura T, Kuwata H, Miyauchi K, Katayama Y, Kayahara N, Sugiuchi H, Matsushima K, Kondo Y, Ishitsuka Y, Irikura M, Irie T. An enzyme combination assay for serum sphingomyelin: Improved specificity through avoiding the interference with lysophosphatidylcholine. Anal Biochem 2016; 498:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Ziv C, Malitsky S, Othman A, Ben-Dor S, Wei Y, Zheng S, Aharoni A, Hornemann T, Vardi A. Viral serine palmitoyltransferase induces metabolic switch in sphingolipid biosynthesis and is required for infection of a marine alga. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1907-16. [PMID: 26984500 PMCID: PMC4822627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523168113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the oceans shaping community structure and nutrient cycling. The interaction between the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific large dsDNA virus (EhV) is a major factor determining the fate of carbon in the ocean, thus serving as a key host-pathogen model system. The EhV genome encodes for a set of genes involved in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, not reported in any viral genome to date. We combined detailed lipidomic and biochemical analyses to characterize the functional role of this virus-encoded pathway during lytic viral infection. We identified a major metabolic shift, mediated by differential substrate specificity of virus-encoded serine palmitoyltransferase, a key enzyme of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Consequently, unique viral glycosphingolipids, composed of unusual hydroxylated C17 sphingoid bases (t17:0) were highly enriched in the infected cells, and their synthesis was found to be essential for viral assembly. These findings uncover the biochemical bases of the virus-induced metabolic rewiring of the host sphingolipid biosynthesis during the chemical "arms race" in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Biological Services Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yu Wei
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shuning Zheng
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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42
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Helms JB, Kaloyanova DV, Strating JRP, van Hellemond JJ, van der Schaar HM, Tielens AGM, van Kuppeveld FJM, Brouwers JF. Targeting of the hydrophobic metabolome by pathogens. Traffic 2016; 16:439-60. [PMID: 25754025 PMCID: PMC7169838 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic molecules of the metabolome – also named the lipidome – constitute a major part of the entire metabolome. Novel technologies show the existence of a staggering number of individual lipid species, the biological functions of which are, with the exception of only a few lipid species, unknown. Much can be learned from pathogens that have evolved to take advantage of the complexity of the lipidome to escape the immune system of the host organism and to allow their survival and replication. Different types of pathogens target different lipids as shown in interaction maps, allowing visualization of differences between different types of pathogens. Bacterial and viral pathogens target predominantly structural and signaling lipids to alter the cellular phenotype of the host cell. Fungal and parasitic pathogens have complex lipidomes themselves and target predominantly the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the host cell lipidome, resulting in the generation of eicosanoids by either the host cell or the pathogen. Thus, whereas viruses and bacteria induce predominantly alterations in lipid metabolites at the host cell level, eukaryotic pathogens focus on interference with lipid metabolites affecting systemic inflammatory reactions that are part of the immune system. A better understanding of the interplay between host–pathogen interactions will not only help elucidate the fundamental role of lipid species in cellular physiology, but will also aid in the generation of novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Martín-Acebes MA, Gabandé-Rodríguez E, García-Cabrero AM, Sánchez MP, Ledesma MD, Sobrino F, Saiz JC. Host sphingomyelin increases West Nile virus infection in vivo. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:422-32. [PMID: 26764042 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as the dengue virus and the West Nile virus (WNV), are arthropod-borne viruses that represent a global health problem. The flavivirus lifecycle is intimately connected to cellular lipids. Among the lipids co-opted by flaviviruses, we have focused on SM, an important component of cellular membranes particularly enriched in the nervous system. After infection with the neurotropic WNV, mice deficient in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which accumulate high levels of SM in their tissues, displayed exacerbated infection. In addition, WNV multiplication was enhanced in cells from human patients with Niemann-Pick type A, a disease caused by a deficiency of ASM activity resulting in SM accumulation. Furthermore, the addition of SM to cultured cells also increased WNV infection, whereas treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of SM synthesis reduced WNV infection. Confocal microscopy analyses confirmed the association of SM with viral replication sites within infected cells. Our results unveil that SM metabolism regulates flavivirus infection in vivo and propose SM as a suitable target for antiviral design against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Departments of Virology and Microbiology Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | - Ana M García-Cabrero
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Marina P Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Departments of Virology and Microbiology Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
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44
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Goodwin CM, Xu S, Munger J. Stealing the Keys to the Kitchen: Viral Manipulation of the Host Cell Metabolic Network. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:789-798. [PMID: 26439298 PMCID: PMC4679435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Host cells possess the metabolic assets required for viral infection. Recent studies indicate that control of the host's metabolic resources is a core host–pathogen interaction. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to usurp the host's metabolic resources, funneling them towards the production of virion components as well as the organization of specialized compartments for replication, maturation, and dissemination. Consequently, hosts have developed a variety of metabolic countermeasures to sense and resist these viral changes. The complex interplay between virus and host over metabolic control has only just begun to be deconvoluted. However, it is clear that virally induced metabolic reprogramming can substantially impact infectious outcomes, highlighting the promise of targeting these processes for antiviral therapeutic development. Numerous viruses modulate host-cell metabolic processes to ensure successful infection. The host-cell metabolic network contributes the energy, precursors, and specialized components necessary to produce infectious virions. Viruses deploy host-cell metabolic activities to organize viral maturation compartments. Metabolic control is a host–pathogen interaction that can sway the outcome of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Shihao Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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45
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Aktepe TE, Pham H, Mackenzie JM. Differential utilisation of ceramide during replication of the flaviviruses West Nile and dengue virus. Virology 2015; 484:241-250. [PMID: 26122470 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that +ssRNA viruses manipulate cellular lipid homoeostasis and distribution to facilitate efficient replication. Here, we show that the cellular lipid ceramide is redistributed to the West Nile virus strain Kunjin virus (WNVKUN) replication complex (RC) but not to the dengue virus serotype 2 strain New Guinea C (DENVNGC) RC. We show that prolonged chemical inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase with myriocin had a significant deleterious effect on WNVKUN replication but enhanced DENVNGC replication. Additionally, inhibition of ceramide synthase with Fumonisin B1 had a detrimental effect on WNVKUN replication and release of infectious virus particles but contrastingly an enhancing effect on DENVNGC replication and virus production. These observations suggest that ceramide production via the de novo and salvage pathway is a requirement for WNVKUN replication but inhibitory for DENVNGC replication. Thus, although these two viruses are from the same genus, they have a differential ceramide requirement for replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut E Aktepe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Pham
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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46
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Hyodo K, Taniguchi T, Manabe Y, Kaido M, Mise K, Sugawara T, Taniguchi H, Okuno T. Phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase D promotes RNA replication of a plant RNA virus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004909. [PMID: 26020241 PMCID: PMC4447390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic positive-strand RNA [(+)RNA] viruses are intracellular obligate parasites replicate using the membrane-bound replicase complexes that contain multiple viral and host components. To replicate, (+)RNA viruses exploit host resources and modify host metabolism and membrane organization. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phosphatidylcholine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing enzyme that catalyzes the production of phosphatidic acid (PA), a lipid second messenger that modulates diverse intracellular signaling in various organisms. PA is normally present in small amounts (less than 1% of total phospholipids), but rapidly and transiently accumulates in lipid bilayers in response to different environmental cues such as biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. However, the precise functions of PLD and PA remain unknown. Here, we report the roles of PLD and PA in genomic RNA replication of a plant (+)RNA virus, Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV). We found that RCNMV RNA replication complexes formed in Nicotiana benthamiana contained PLDα and PLDβ. Gene-silencing and pharmacological inhibition approaches showed that PLDs and PLDs-derived PA are required for viral RNA replication. Consistent with this, exogenous application of PA enhanced viral RNA replication in plant cells and plant-derived cell-free extracts. We also found that a viral auxiliary replication protein bound to PA in vitro, and that the amount of PA increased in RCNMV-infected plant leaves. Together, our findings suggest that RCNMV hijacks host PA-producing enzymes to replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Kaido
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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47
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Harak C, Lohmann V. Ultrastructure of the replication sites of positive-strand RNA viruses. Virology 2015; 479-480:418-33. [PMID: 25746936 PMCID: PMC7111692 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Positive strand RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and induce intracellular membranous compartments harboring the sites of viral RNA synthesis. These replication factories are supposed to concentrate the components of the replicase and to shield replication intermediates from the host cell innate immune defense. Virus induced membrane alterations are often generated in coordination with host factors and can be grouped into different morphotypes. Recent advances in conventional and electron microscopy have contributed greatly to our understanding of their biogenesis, but still many questions remain how viral proteins capture membranes and subvert host factors for their need. In this review, we will discuss different representatives of positive strand RNA viruses and their ways of hijacking cellular membranes to establish replication complexes. We will further focus on host cell factors that are critically involved in formation of these membranes and how they contribute to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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48
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Grammatikos G, Ferreiros N, Bon D, Schwalm S, Dietz J, Berkowski C, Fitting D, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C, Pfeilschifter J. Variations in serum sphingolipid levels associate with liver fibrosis progression and poor treatment outcome in hepatitis C virus but not hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2015; 61:812-22. [PMID: 25348752 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ablation of very-long-chain ceramides (Cers) with consecutive elevations in sphinganine levels has been shown to cause a severe hepatopathy in a knockout mouse model. We have recently shown that serum sphingolipids (SLs) are deregulated in patients with chronic liver disease. However, their role as possible biomarkers in liver fibrosis remains to date unexplored. We assessed, using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, serum concentrations of various SL metabolites in 406 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 203 infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 203 with hepatitis B virus (HBV), respectively. We observed significant variations of serum SLs, with sphingosine and sphinganine being, both in univariate (P<0.05) as well as in multivariate analysis, significantly associated to severity of liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients (odds ratio [OR]: 1.111; confidence interval [CI]: 1.028-1.202; P=0.007 and OR, 0.634; CI, 0.435-0.925; P=0.018, respectively). Serum SLs correlated significantly with serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels as well as with insulin resistance, defined by the homeostatic model assessment index, in HCV patients. Sustained viral response rates in HCV patients were independently predicted by serum C24Cer (OR, 0.998; CI, 0.997-0.999; P=0.001), its unsaturated derivative C24:1Cer (OR, 1.001; CI, 1.000-1.002; P=0.059), and C18:1Cer (OR, 0.973; CI, 0.947-0.999; P=0.048), together with ferritin (OR, 1.006; CI, 1.003-1.010; P<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (OR, 1.020; CI, 1.001-1.039; P=0.032), and interleukin-28B genotype (OR, 9.483; CI, 3.139-28.643; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a tight interaction between variations in serum SL levels and progression of liver fibrosis as well as responsiveness to antiviral therapy. Particularly, sphingosine, sphinganine, and C24Cer appear as promising novel biomarkers in chronic HCV infection and should be further evaluated within the noninvasive prediction of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Grammatikos
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University Hospital, Medizinische Klinik 1, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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49
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Loizides-Mangold U, Clément S, Alfonso-Garcia A, Branche E, Conzelmann S, Parisot C, Potma EO, Riezman H, Negro F. HCV 3a core protein increases lipid droplet cholesteryl ester content via a mechanism dependent on sphingolipid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115309. [PMID: 25522003 PMCID: PMC4270764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients often develop steatosis and the HCV core protein alone can induce this phenomenon. To gain new insights into the pathways leading to steatosis, we performed lipidomic profiling of HCV core protein expressing-Huh-7 cells and also assessed the lipid profile of purified lipid droplets isolated from HCV 3a core expressing cells. Cholesteryl esters, ceramides and glycosylceramides, but not triglycerides, increased specifically in cells expressing the steatogenic HCV 3a core protein. Accordingly, inhibitors of cholesteryl ester biosynthesis such as statins and acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase inhibitors prevented the increase of cholesteryl ester production and the formation of large lipid droplets in HCV core 3a-expressing cells. Furthermore, inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis by myriocin - but not of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis by miglustat - affected both lipid droplet size and cholesteryl ester level. The lipid profile of purified lipid droplets, isolated from HCV 3a core-expressing cells, confirmed the particular increase of cholesteryl ester. Thus, both sphingolipid and cholesteryl ester biosynthesis are affected by the steatogenic core protein of HCV genotype 3a. These results may explain the peculiar lipid profile of HCV-infected patients with steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Loizides-Mangold
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alba Alfonso-Garcia
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie Branche
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Conzelmann
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clotilde Parisot
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric O. Potma
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Hepatitis C virus life cycle and lipid metabolism. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:892-921. [PMID: 25517881 PMCID: PMC4280516 DOI: 10.3390/biology3040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infects over 150 million people worldwide. In most cases HCV infection becomes chronic, causing liver disease ranging from fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV affects the cholesterol homeostasis and at the molecular level, every step of the virus life cycle is intimately connected to lipid metabolism. In this review, we present an update on the lipids and apolipoproteins that are involved in the HCV infectious cycle steps: entry, replication and assembly. Moreover, the result of the assembly process is a lipoviroparticle, which represents a peculiarity of hepatitis C virion. This review illustrates an example of an intricate virus-host interaction governed by lipid metabolism.
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