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Chen R, Kang Z, Li W, Xu T, Wang Y, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Huang Z, Xu X, Huang Z. Extracellular vesicle surface display of αPD-L1 and αCD3 antibodies via engineered late domain-based scaffold to activate T-cell anti-tumor immunity. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12490. [PMID: 39051742 PMCID: PMC11270581 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising carriers for the delivery of therapeutic biologics. Genetic engineering represents a robust strategy for loading proteins of interest into EVs. Identification of EV-enriched proteins facilitates protein cargo loading efficiency. Many EV-enriched proteins are sorted into EVs via an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent pathway. In parallel, viruses hijack this EV biosynthesis machinery via conserved late domain motifs to promote egress from host cells. Inspired by the similarity of biogenesis between EVs and viruses, we developed a synthetic, Late domain-based EV scaffold protein that enables the display of a set of single chain variable fragments (scFvs) on the EV surface. We named this scaffold the Late domain-based exosomal antibody surface display platform (LEAP). We applied the LEAP scaffold to reprogramme HEK293T cell-derived EVs to elicit T-cell anti-tumor immunity by simultaneously displaying αPD-L1 and αCD3 scFvs on the EV surface (denoted as αPD-L1×αCD3 bispecific T-cell engaging exosomes, BiTExos). We demonstrated that αPD-L1×αCD3 BiTExos actively redirected T cells to bind to PD-L1+ tumor cells, promoting T-cell activation, proliferation and tumoricidal cytokine production. Furthermore, the αPD-L1×αCD3 BiTExos promoted T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment to mitigate the tumor burden in vivo. Our study suggested that the LEAP scaffold may serve as a platform for EV surface display and could be applied for a broad range of EV-based biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Ziqin Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Tianshu Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Medical Research CenterSun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Qiming Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Zixian Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
- Medical Research CenterSun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
| | - Zhiquan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R. China
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Wang H, Gallet B, Moriscot C, Pezet M, Chatellard C, Kleman JP, Göttlinger H, Weissenhorn W, Boscheron C. An Inducible ESCRT-III Inhibition Tool to Control HIV-1 Budding. Viruses 2023; 15:2289. [PMID: 38140530 PMCID: PMC10748027 DOI: 10.3390/v15122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 budding as well as many other cellular processes require the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery. Understanding the architecture of the native ESCRT-III complex at HIV-1 budding sites is limited due to spatial resolution and transient ESCRT-III recruitment. Here, we developed a drug-inducible transient HIV-1 budding inhibitory tool to enhance the ESCRT-III lifetime at budding sites. We generated autocleavable CHMP2A, CHMP3, and CHMP4B fusion proteins with the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. We characterized the CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins in the absence and presence of protease inhibitor Glecaprevir with regard to expression, stability, localization, and HIV-1 Gag VLP budding. Immunoblotting experiments revealed rapid and stable accumulation of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins. Notably, upon drug administration, CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3 fusion proteins substantially decrease VLP release while CHMP3-NS3 exerted no effect but synergized with CHMP2A-NS3. Localization studies demonstrated the relocalization of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins to the plasma membrane, endosomes, and Gag VLP budding sites. Through the combined use of transmission electron microscopy and video-microscopy, we unveiled drug-dependent accumulation of CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3, causing a delay in HIV-1 Gag-VLP release. Our findings provide novel insight into the functional consequences of inhibiting ESCRT-III during HIV-1 budding and establish new tools to decipher the role of ESCRT-III at HIV-1 budding sites and other ESCRT-catalyzed cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Benoit Gallet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | | | - Mylène Pezet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Christine Chatellard
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Heinrich Göttlinger
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Cécile Boscheron
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.W.); (B.G.); (C.C.); (J.-P.K.)
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3
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Wang H, Gallet B, Moriscot C, Pezet M, Chatellard C, Kleman JP, Göttlinger H, Weissenhorn W, Boscheron C. An inducible ESCRT-III inhibition tool to control HIV-1 budding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562494. [PMID: 37905063 PMCID: PMC10614826 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 budding as well as many other cellular processes require the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery. Understanding the architecture of the native ESCRT-III complex at HIV-1 budding sites is limited due to spatial resolution and transient ESCRT-III recruitment. Here, we developed a drug-inducible transient HIV-1 budding inhibitory tool to enhance the ESCRT-III lifetime at budding sites. We generated auto-cleavable CHMP2A, CHMP3, and CHMP4B fusion proteins with the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. We characterized the CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins in the absence and presence of protease inhibitor Glecaprevir with regard to expression, stability, localization and HIV-1 Gag VLP budding. Immunoblotting experiments revealed rapid and stable accumulation of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins with variable modification of Gag VLP budding upon drug administration. Notably, CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3 fusion proteins substantially decrease VLP release while CHMP3-NS3 exerted a minor effect and synergized with CHMP2A-NS3. Localization studies demonstrated the re-localization of CHMP-NS3 fusion proteins to the plasma membrane, endosomes, and Gag VLP budding sites. Through the combined use of transmission electron microscopy and video-microscopy, we unveiled drug-dependent accumulation of CHMP2A-NS3 and CHMP4B-NS3, causing a delay in HIV-1 Gag-VLP release. Our findings provide novel insight into the functional consequences of inhibiting ESCRT-III during HIV-1 budding and establish new tools to decipher the role of ESCRT-III at HIV-1 budding sites and other ESCRT-catalyzed cellular processes.
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4
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Hudait A, Hurley JH, Voth GA. Dynamics of upstream ESCRT organization at the HIV-1 budding site. Biophys J 2023; 122:2655-2674. [PMID: 37218128 PMCID: PMC10397573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, membrane localization and self-assembly of Gag polyproteins induce membrane deformation and budding. Release of the virion requires direct interaction between immature Gag lattice and upstream ESCRT machinery at the viral budding site, followed by assembly of downstream ESCRT-III factors, culminating in membrane scission. However, molecular details of upstream ESCRT assembly dynamics at the viral budding site remain unclear. In this work, using coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated the interactions between Gag, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, and membrane to delineate the dynamical mechanisms by which upstream ESCRTs assemble templated by late-stage immature Gag lattice. We first systematically derived "bottom-up" CG molecular models and interactions of upstream ESCRT proteins from experimental structural data and extensive all-atom MD simulations. Using these molecular models, we performed CG MD simulations of ESCRT-I oligomerization and ESCRT-I/II supercomplex formation at the neck of the budding virion. Our simulations demonstrate that ESCRT-I can effectively oligomerize to higher-order complexes templated by the immature Gag lattice both in the absence of ESCRT-II and when multiple copies of ESCRT-II are localized at the bud neck. The ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes formed in our simulations exhibit predominantly columnar structures, which has important implications for the nucleation pathway of downstream ESCRT-III polymers. Importantly, ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes bound to Gag initiate membrane neck constriction by pulling the inner edge of the bud neck closer to the ESCRT-I headpiece ring. Our findings serve to elucidate a network of interactions between upstream ESCRT machinery, immature Gag lattice, and membrane neck that regulate protein assembly dynamics at the HIV-1 budding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Hudait
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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5
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Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB. The multifaceted interactions between pathogens and host ESCRT machinery. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011344. [PMID: 37141275 PMCID: PMC10159163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery consists of multiple protein complexes that coordinate vesicle budding away from the host cytosol. ESCRTs function in many fundamental cellular processes including the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and exosomes, membrane repair and restoration, and cell abscission during cytokinesis. Work over the past 2 decades has shown that a diverse cohort of viruses critically rely upon host ESCRT machinery for virus replication and envelopment. More recent studies reported that intracellular bacteria and the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii benefit from, antagonize, or exploit host ESCRT machinery to preserve their intracellular niche, gain resources, or egress from infected cells. Here, we review how intracellular pathogens interact with the ESCRT machinery of their hosts, highlighting the variety of strategies they use to bind ESCRT complexes using short linear amino acid motifs like those used by ESCRTs to sequentially assemble on target membranes. Future work exposing new mechanisms of this molecular mimicry will yield novel insight of how pathogens exploit host ESCRT machinery and how ESCRTs facilitate key cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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6
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Mutation of Phenylalanine 23 of Newcastle Disease Virus Matrix Protein Inhibits Virus Release by Disrupting the Interaction between the FPIV L-Domain and Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 4B. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0411622. [PMID: 36695580 PMCID: PMC9927168 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04116-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein FPIV L-domain is conserved among multiple paramyxoviruses; however, its function and the associated mechanism remain unclear. In this study, the paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was employed to study the FPIV L-domain. Two recombinant NDV strains, each carrying a single amino acid mutation at the Phe (F23) or Pro (P24) site of 23FPIV/I26 L-domain, were rescued. Growth defects were observed in only the recombinant SG10-F23A (rSG10-F23A) strain. Subsequent studies focused on rSG10-F23A revealed that the virulence, pathogenicity, and replication ability of this strain were all weaker than those of wild-type strain rSG10 and that a budding deficiency contributed to those weaknesses. To uncover the molecular mechanism underlying the rSG10-F23A budding deficiency, the bridging proteins between the FPIV L-domain and endosomal sorting complex required for transported (ESCRT) machinery were explored. Among 17 candidate proteins, only the charged multivesicular body protein 4 (CHMP4) paralogues were found to interact more strongly with the NDV wild-type M protein (M-WT) than with the mutated M protein (M-F23A). Overexpression of M-WT, but not of M-F23A, changed the CHMP4 subcellular location to the NDV budding site. Furthermore, a knockdown of CHMP4B, the most abundant CHMP4 protein, inhibited the release of rSG10 but not that of rSG10-F23A. From these findings, we can reasonably infer that the F23A mutation of the FPIV L-domain blocks the interaction between the NDV M protein and CHMP4B and that this contributes to the budding deficiency and consequent growth defects of rSG10-F23A. This work lays the foundation for further study of the FPIV L-domain in NDV and other paramyxoviruses. IMPORTANCE Multiple viruses utilize a conserved motif, termed the L-domain, to act as a cellular adaptor for recruiting host ESCRT machinery to their budding site. Despite the FPIV type L-domain having been identified in some paramyxoviruses 2 decades ago, its function in virus life cycles and its method of recruiting the ESCRT machinery are poorly understood. In this study, a single amino acid mutation at the F23 site of the 23FPIV26 L-domain was found to block NDV budding at the late stage. Furthermore, CHMP4B, a core component of the ESCRT-III complex, was identified as a main factor that links the FPIV L-domain and ESCRT machinery together. These results extend previous understanding of the FPIV L-domain and, therefore, not only provide a new approach for attenuating NDV and other paramyxoviruses but also lay the foundation for further study of the FPIV L-domain.
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7
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Azad K, Guilligay D, Boscheron C, Maity S, De Franceschi N, Sulbaran G, Effantin G, Wang H, Kleman JP, Bassereau P, Schoehn G, Roos WH, Desfosses A, Weissenhorn W. Structural basis of CHMP2A-CHMP3 ESCRT-III polymer assembly and membrane cleavage. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:81-90. [PMID: 36604498 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is a highly conserved protein machinery that drives a divers set of physiological and pathological membrane remodeling processes. However, the structural basis of ESCRT-III polymers stabilizing, constricting and cleaving negatively curved membranes is yet unknown. Here we present cryo-EM structures of membrane-coated CHMP2A-CHMP3 filaments from Homo sapiens of two different diameters at 3.3 and 3.6 Å resolution. The structures reveal helical filaments assembled by CHMP2A-CHMP3 heterodimers in the open ESCRT-III conformation, which generates a partially positive charged membrane interaction surface, positions short N-terminal motifs for membrane interaction and the C-terminal VPS4 target sequence toward the tube interior. Inter-filament interactions are electrostatic, which may facilitate filament sliding upon VPS4-mediated polymer remodeling. Fluorescence microscopy as well as high-speed atomic force microscopy imaging corroborate that VPS4 can constrict and cleave CHMP2A-CHMP3 membrane tubes. We therefore conclude that CHMP2A-CHMP3-VPS4 act as a minimal membrane fission machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Azad
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Cecile Boscheron
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Institute, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola De Franceschi
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.,Curie Institute, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Curie, University of PSL, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Curie Institute, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Curie, University of PSL, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Institute, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ambroise Desfosses
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institute of Structural Biology (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Moschonas GD, De Meyer M, De Sutter D, Timmerman E, Van Damme P, Eyckerman S. Virotrap: Trapping Protein Complexes in Virus-Like Particles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2718:53-71. [PMID: 37665454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3457-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of protein-protein interactions can provide crucial information on protein function by linking proteins into known pathways or complexes within the cell. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods, such as affinity purification (AP)-MS and proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID), allowed for a vast increase in the number of reported protein complexes. As a more recent addition to the arsenal of MS-based methods, Virotrap represents a unique technology that benefits from the specific properties of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Gag polyprotein. More specifically, Virotrap captures protein complexes in virus-like particles budded from human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells, bypassing the need for cell lysis and thus supporting identification of their content using MS. Being intrinsically different to its two main predecessors, affinity purification MS (AP-MS) and biotin-dependent identification (BioID), Virotrap was shown to complement data obtained with the existing MS-based toolkit. The proven complementarity of these MS-based strategies underlines the importance of using different techniques to enable comprehensive mapping of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). In this chapter, we provide a detailed overview of the Virotrap protocol to screen for PPIs using a bait protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Moschonas
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux De Meyer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- iRIP Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Timmerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- iRIP Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Espinar-Buitrago M, Muñoz-Fernández MA. New Approaches to Dendritic Cell-Based Therapeutic Vaccines Against HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:719664. [PMID: 35058917 PMCID: PMC8763680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in recent years, the pathological outcome of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has improved substantially, achieving undetectable viral loads in most cases. Nevertheless, the presence of a viral reservoir formed by latently infected cells results in patients having to maintain treatment for life. In the absence of effective eradication strategies against HIV-1, research efforts are focused on obtaining a cure. One of these approaches is the creation of therapeutic vaccines. In this sense, the most promising one up to now is based on the establishing of the immunological synapse between dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes (TL). DCs are one of the first cells of the immune system to encounter HIV-1 by acting as antigen presenting cells, bringing about the interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by TL. Furthermore, TL are the end effector, and their response capacity is essential in the adaptive elimination of cells infected by pathogens. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of the interaction between DCs with TL, as well as the characterization of the specific T-cell response against HIV-1 infection. The use of nanotechnology in the design and improvement of vaccines based on DCs has been researched and presented here with a special emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisierra Espinar-Buitrago
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Section Head Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Human Immunodeficiency Virus- Hospital Gregorio Marañón (HIV-HGM) BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Snetkov X, Haider T, Mesner D, Groves N, van Engelenburg SB, Jolly C. A Conserved Tryptophan in the Envelope Cytoplasmic Tail Regulates HIV-1 Assembly and Spread. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010129. [PMID: 35062333 PMCID: PMC8778169 DOI: 10.3390/v14010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) is an essential determinant of viral infectivity, tropism and spread between T cells. Lentiviral Env contain an unusually long 150 amino acid cytoplasmic tail (EnvCT), but the function of the EnvCT and many conserved domains within it remain largely uncharacterised. Here, we identified a highly conserved tryptophan motif at position 757 (W757) in the LLP-2 alpha helix of the EnvCT as a key determinant for HIV-1 replication and spread between T cells. Alanine substitution at this position potently inhibited HIV-1 cell–cell spread (the dominant mode of HIV-1 dissemination) by preventing recruitment of Env and Gag to sites of cell–cell contact, inhibiting virological synapse (VS) formation and spreading infection. Single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging showed that mutation of W757 dysregulates Env diffusion in the plasma membrane and increases Env mobility. Further analysis of Env function revealed that W757 is also required for Env fusion and infectivity, which together with reduced VS formation, result in a potent defect in viral spread. Notably, W757 lies within a region of the EnvCT recently shown to act as a supporting baseplate for Env. Our data support a model in which W757 plays a key role in regulating Env biology, modulating its temporal and spatial recruitment to virus assembly sites and regulating the inherent fusogenicity of the Env ectodomain, thereby supporting efficient HIV-1 replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Snetkov
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (X.S.); (T.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Tafhima Haider
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (X.S.); (T.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Dejan Mesner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (X.S.); (T.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Nicholas Groves
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA; (N.G.); (S.B.v.E.)
| | - Schuyler B. van Engelenburg
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA; (N.G.); (S.B.v.E.)
| | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (X.S.); (T.H.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Lyonnais S, Sadiq SK, Lorca-Oró C, Dufau L, Nieto-Marquez S, Escribà T, Gabrielli N, Tan X, Ouizougun-Oubari M, Okoronkwo J, Reboud-Ravaux M, Gatell JM, Marquet R, Paillart JC, Meyerhans A, Tisné C, Gorelick RJ, Mirambeau G. The HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Regulates Its Own Condensation by Phase-Separated Activity-Enhancing Sequestration of the Viral Protease during Maturation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112312. [PMID: 34835118 PMCID: PMC8625067 DOI: 10.3390/v13112312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies indicate that mRNAs and long ncRNAs can affect protein populations by assembling dynamic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. These phase-separated molecular ‘sponges’, stabilized by quinary (transient and weak) interactions, control proteins involved in numerous biological functions. Retroviruses such as HIV-1 form by self-assembly when their genomic RNA (gRNA) traps Gag and GagPol polyprotein precursors. Infectivity requires extracellular budding of the particle followed by maturation, an ordered processing of ∼2400 Gag and ∼120 GagPol by the viral protease (PR). This leads to a condensed gRNA-NCp7 nucleocapsid and a CAp24-self-assembled capsid surrounding the RNP. The choreography by which all of these components dynamically interact during virus maturation is one of the missing milestones to fully depict the HIV life cycle. Here, we describe how HIV-1 has evolved a dynamic RNP granule with successive weak–strong–moderate quinary NC-gRNA networks during the sequential processing of the GagNC domain. We also reveal two palindromic RNA-binding triads on NC, KxxFxxQ and QxxFxxK, that provide quinary NC-gRNA interactions. Consequently, the nucleocapsid complex appears properly aggregated for capsid reassembly and reverse transcription, mandatory processes for viral infectivity. We show that PR is sequestered within this RNP and drives its maturation/condensation within minutes, this process being most effective at the end of budding. We anticipate such findings will stimulate further investigations of quinary interactions and emergent mechanisms in crowded environments throughout the wide and growing array of RNP granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lyonnais
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
- Centre d’Etudes des Maladies Infectieuses et Pharmacologie Anti-Infectieuse (CEMIPAI), CNRS UAR 3725, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 05, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.K.S.); (G.M.)
| | - S. Kashif Sadiq
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.K.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Cristina Lorca-Oró
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Laure Dufau
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), CNRS UMR 8256 & INSERM ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie (FSI), Sorbonne Université, 7 Quai St Bernard, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France; (L.D.); (M.R.-R.)
| | - Sara Nieto-Marquez
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Tuixent Escribà
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Natalia Gabrielli
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Xiao Tan
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), CNRS UMR 8256 & INSERM ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie (FSI), Sorbonne Université, 7 Quai St Bernard, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France; (L.D.); (M.R.-R.)
| | - Mohamed Ouizougun-Oubari
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Josephine Okoronkwo
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), CNRS UMR 8256 & INSERM ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie (FSI), Sorbonne Université, 7 Quai St Bernard, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France; (L.D.); (M.R.-R.)
| | - José Maria Gatell
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
- Facultat de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roland Marquet
- Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, CNRS UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, 2 Allée Conrad Roentgen, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (R.M.); (J.-C.P.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, CNRS UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, 2 Allée Conrad Roentgen, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (R.M.); (J.-C.P.)
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carine Tisné
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, CNRS UMR 8261, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), Université de Paris, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Gilles Mirambeau
- Infectious Disease & AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villaroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-O.); (S.N.-M.); (T.E.); (N.G.); (X.T.); (M.O.-O.); (J.O.); (J.M.G.)
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), CNRS UMR 7232, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie (FSI), Sorbonne Université, 1 Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.K.S.); (G.M.)
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12
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Ros U, Pedrera L, Garcia-Saez AJ. Techniques for studying membrane pores. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 69:108-116. [PMID: 33945958 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are of special interest because of the association of their activity with the disruption of the membrane impermeability barrier and cell death. They generally convert from a monomeric, soluble form into transmembrane oligomers that induce the opening of membrane pores. The study of pore formation in membranes with molecular detail remains a challenging endeavor because of its highly dynamic and complex nature, usually involving diverse oligomeric structures with different functionalities. Here we discuss current methods applied for the structural and functional characterization of PFPs at the individual vesicle and cell level. We highlight how the development of high-resolution and single-molecule imaging techniques allows the analysis of the structural organization of protein oligomers and pore entities in lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uris Ros
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lohans Pedrera
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Alqabandi M, de Franceschi N, Maity S, Miguet N, Bally M, Roos WH, Weissenhorn W, Bassereau P, Mangenot S. The ESCRT-III isoforms CHMP2A and CHMP2B display different effects on membranes upon polymerization. BMC Biol 2021; 19:66. [PMID: 33832485 PMCID: PMC8033747 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ESCRT-III proteins are involved in many membrane remodeling processes including multivesicular body biogenesis as first discovered in yeast. In humans, ESCRT-III CHMP2 exists as two isoforms, CHMP2A and CHMP2B, but their physical characteristics have not been compared yet. RESULTS Here, we use a combination of techniques on biomimetic systems and purified proteins to study their affinity and effects on membranes. We establish that CHMP2B binding is enhanced in the presence of PI(4,5)P2 lipids. In contrast, CHMP2A does not display lipid specificity and requires CHMP3 for binding significantly to membranes. On the micrometer scale and at moderate bulk concentrations, CHMP2B forms a reticular structure on membranes whereas CHMP2A (+CHMP3) binds homogeneously. Thus, CHMP2A and CHMP2B unexpectedly induce different mechanical effects to membranes: CHMP2B strongly rigidifies them while CHMP2A (+CHMP3) has no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS We therefore conclude that CHMP2B and CHMP2A exhibit different mechanical properties and might thus contribute differently to the diverse ESCRT-III-catalyzed membrane remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alqabandi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicola de Franceschi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nolwenn Miguet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Bally
- Umeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Mangenot
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France.
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14
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Arista-Romero M, Pujals S, Albertazzi L. Towards a Quantitative Single Particle Characterization by Super Resolution Microscopy: From Virus Structures to Antivirals Design. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:647874. [PMID: 33842446 PMCID: PMC8033170 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.647874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last year the COVID19 pandemic clearly illustrated the potential threat that viruses pose to our society. The characterization of viral structures and the identification of key proteins involved in each step of the cycle of infection are crucial to develop treatments. However, the small size of viruses, invisible under conventional fluorescence microscopy, make it difficult to study the organization of protein clusters within the viral particle. The applications of super-resolution microscopy have skyrocketed in the last years, converting this group into one of the leading techniques to characterize viruses and study the viral infection in cells, breaking the diffraction limit by achieving resolutions up to 10 nm using conventional probes such as fluorescent dyes and proteins. There are several super-resolution methods available and the selection of the right one it is crucial to study in detail all the steps involved in the viral infection, quantifying and creating models of infection for relevant viruses such as HIV-1, Influenza, herpesvirus or SARS-CoV-1. Here we review the use of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) to study all steps involved in the viral infection and antiviral design. In light of the threat of new viruses, these studies could inspire future assays to unveil the viral mechanism of emerging viruses and further develop successful antivirals against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arista-Romero
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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15
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Application of Advanced Light Microscopy to the Study of HIV and Its Interactions with the Host. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020223. [PMID: 33535486 PMCID: PMC7912744 DOI: 10.3390/v13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the significant observations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) assembly, release and maturation made possible with advanced light microscopy techniques. The advances in technology which now enables these light microscopy measurements are discussed with special emphasis on live imaging approaches including Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF), high-resolution light microscopy techniques including PALM and STORM and single molecule measurements, including Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The review concludes with a discussion on what new insights and understanding can be expected from these measurements.
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16
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Pore-forming proteins: From defense factors to endogenous executors of cell death. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 234:105026. [PMID: 33309552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) and small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a large family of molecules with the common ability to punch holes in cell membranes to alter their permeability. They play a fundamental role as infectious bacteria's defensive tools against host's immune system and as executors of endogenous machineries of regulated cell death in eukaryotic cells. Despite being highly divergent in primary sequence and 3D structure, specific folds of pore-forming domains have been conserved. In fact, pore formation is considered an ancient mechanism that takes place through a general multistep process involving: membrane partitioning and insertion, oligomerization and pore formation. However, different PFPs and AMPs assemble and form pores following different mechanisms that could end up either in the formation of protein-lined or protein-lipid pores. In this review, we analyze the current findings in the mechanism of action of different PFPs and AMPs that support a wide role of membrane pore formation in nature. We also provide the newest insights into the development of state-of-art techniques that have facilitated the characterization of membrane pores. To understand the physiological role of these peptides/proteins or develop clinical applications, it is essential to uncover the molecular mechanism of how they perforate membranes.
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17
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Budding of a Retrovirus: Some Assemblies Required. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101188. [PMID: 33092109 PMCID: PMC7589157 DOI: 10.3390/v12101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important steps in any viral lifecycle is the production of progeny virions. For retroviruses as well as other viruses, this step is a highly organized process that occurs with exquisite spatial and temporal specificity on the cellular plasma membrane. To facilitate this process, retroviruses encode short peptide motifs, or L domains, that hijack host factors to ensure completion of this critical step. One such cellular machinery targeted by viruses is known as the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRTs). Typically responsible for vesicular trafficking within the cell, ESCRTs are co-opted by the retroviral Gag polyprotein to assist in viral particle assembly and release of infectious virions. This review in the Viruses Special Issue “The 11th International Retroviral Nucleocapsid and Assembly Symposium”, details recent findings that shed light on the molecular details of how ESCRTs and the ESCRT adaptor protein ALIX, facilitate retroviral dissemination at sites of viral assembly.
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18
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Karnib H, Nadeem MF, Humbert N, Sharma KK, Grytsyk N, Tisné C, Boutant E, Lequeu T, Réal E, Boudier C, de Rocquigny H, Mély Y. The nucleic acid chaperone activity of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein is boosted by its cellular partner RPL7: a kinetic study. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9218-9234. [PMID: 32797159 PMCID: PMC7498347 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Gag protein playing a key role in HIV-1 viral assembly has recently been shown to interact through its nucleocapsid domain with the ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7) that acts as a cellular co-factor promoting Gag's nucleic acid (NA) chaperone activity. To further understand how the two proteins act together, we examined their mechanism individually and in concert to promote the annealing between dTAR, the DNA version of the viral transactivation element and its complementary cTAR sequence, taken as model HIV-1 sequences. Gag alone or complexed with RPL7 was found to act as a NA chaperone that destabilizes cTAR stem-loop and promotes its annealing with dTAR through the stem ends via a two-step pathway. In contrast, RPL7 alone acts as a NA annealer that through its NA aggregating properties promotes cTAR/dTAR annealing via two parallel pathways. Remarkably, in contrast to the isolated proteins, their complex promoted efficiently the annealing of cTAR with highly stable dTAR mutants. This was confirmed by the RPL7-promoted boost of the physiologically relevant Gag-chaperoned annealing of (+)PBS RNA to the highly stable tRNALys3 primer, favoring the notion that Gag recruits RPL7 to overcome major roadblocks in viral assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karnib
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Muhammad F Nadeem
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Humbert
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Kamal K Sharma
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Natalia Grytsyk
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Carine Tisné
- Expression génétique microbienne, UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de biologie physico-chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Boutant
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Thiebault Lequeu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Eleonore Réal
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Christian Boudier
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Inserm – U1259 Morphogenesis and Antigenicity of HIV and Hepatitis Viruses (MAVIVH), 10 boulevard Tonnellé, BP 3223, 37032 Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), UMR 7021, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Gupta S, Bendjennat M, Saffarian S. Abrogating ALIX Interactions Results in Stuttering of the ESCRT Machinery. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091032. [PMID: 32948012 PMCID: PMC7551432 DOI: 10.3390/v12091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins assemble on budding cellular membranes and catalyze their fission. Using live imaging of HIV virions budding from cells, we followed recruitment of ESCRT proteins ALIX, CHMP4B and VPS4. We report that the ESCRT proteins transiently co-localize with virions after completion of virion assembly for durations of 45 ± 30 s. We show that mutagenizing the YP domain of Gag which is the primary ALIX binding site or depleting ALIX from cells results in multiple recruitments of the full ESCRT machinery on the same virion (referred to as stuttering where the number of recruitments to the same virion >3). The stuttering recruitments are approximately 4 ± 3 min apart and have the same stoichiometry of ESCRTs and same residence time (45 ± 30 s) as the single recruitments in wild type interactions. Our observations suggest a role for ALIX during fission and question the linear model of ESCRT recruitment, suggesting instead a more complex co-assembly model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gupta
- Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (S.G.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mourad Bendjennat
- Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (S.G.); (M.B.)
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Saveez Saffarian
- Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (S.G.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Gupta S, Bromley J, Saffarian S. High-speed imaging of ESCRT recruitment and dynamics during HIV virus like particle budding. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237268. [PMID: 32886660 PMCID: PMC7473513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport proteins (ESCRT) catalyze the fission of cellular membranes during budding of membrane away from the cytosol. Here we have used Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to visualize the recruitment of ESCRTs specifically, ALIX, CHMP4b and VPS4 onto the budding HIV Gag virus-like particles (VLPs). We imaged the budding VLPs with 200 millisecond time resolution for 300 frames. Our data shows three phases for ESCRT dynamics: 1) recruitment in which subunits of ALIX, CHMP4b and VPS4 are recruited with constant proportions on the budding sites of HIV Gag virus like particles for nearly 10 seconds, followed by 2) disassembly of ALIX and CHMP4b while VPS4 signal remains constant for nearly 20 seconds followed by 3) disassembly of VPS4. We hypothesized that the disassembly observed in step 2 was catalyzed by VPS4 and powered by ATP hydrolysis. To test this hypothesis, we performed ATP depletion using (-) glucose medium, deoxyglucose and oligomycin. Imaging ATP depleted cells, we show that the disassembly of CHMP4b and ALIX observed in step 2 is ATP dependent. ATP depletion resulted in the recruitment of approximately 2-fold as many subunits of all ESCRTs. Resuming ATP production in cells, resulted in disassembly of the full ESCRT machinery which had been locked in place during ATP depletion. With some caveats, our experiments provide insight into the formation of the ESCRT machinery at the budding site of HIV during budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gupta
- Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Josh Bromley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Saveez Saffarian
- Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Boutant E, Bonzi J, Anton H, Nasim MB, Cathagne R, Réal E, Dujardin D, Carl P, Didier P, Paillart JC, Marquet R, Mély Y, de Rocquigny H, Bernacchi S. Zinc Fingers in HIV-1 Gag Precursor Are Not Equivalent for gRNA Recruitment at the Plasma Membrane. Biophys J 2020; 119:419-433. [PMID: 32574557 PMCID: PMC7376094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor specifically selects the unspliced viral genomic RNA (gRNA) from the bulk of cellular and spliced viral RNAs via its nucleocapsid (NC) domain and drives gRNA encapsidation at the plasma membrane (PM). To further identify the determinants governing the intracellular trafficking of Gag-gRNA complexes and their accumulation at the PM, we compared, in living and fixed cells, the interactions between gRNA and wild-type Gag or Gag mutants carrying deletions in NC zinc fingers (ZFs) or a nonmyristoylated version of Gag. Our data showed that the deletion of both ZFs simultaneously or the complete NC domain completely abolished intracytoplasmic Gag-gRNA interactions. Deletion of either ZF delayed the delivery of gRNA to the PM but did not prevent Gag-gRNA interactions in the cytoplasm, indicating that the two ZFs display redundant roles in this respect. However, ZF2 played a more prominent role than ZF1 in the accumulation of the ribonucleoprotein complexes at the PM. Finally, the myristate group, which is mandatory for anchoring the complexes at the PM, was found to be dispensable for the association of Gag with the gRNA in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boutant
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Jeremy Bonzi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Halina Anton
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maaz Bin Nasim
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Raphael Cathagne
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eléonore Réal
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Philippe Carl
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Roland Marquet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Tours, France.
| | - Serena Bernacchi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Dynamics of the HIV Gag Lattice Detected by Localization Correlation Analysis and Time-Lapse iPALM. Biophys J 2020; 119:581-592. [PMID: 32652060 PMCID: PMC7399489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immature human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virions have a lattice of Gag and Gag-Pol proteins anchored to the lumen of their envelope. Using electron microscopy, we demonstrate that HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled by the viral protein Gag and tagged at its C-terminus with the fluorescent protein Dendra2 have the same morphology and size as the VLPs assembled using only HIV Gag. We characterize the photophysical properties of Dendra2 and demonstrate that 60% of Dendra2 molecules can be photoswitched and reliably counted in our interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (iPALM) setup. We further perform iPALM imaging on immobilized HIV Gag-Dendra2 VLPs and demonstrate that we can localize and count 900–1600 Dendra2 molecules within each immobilized VLP with a single-molecule localization precision better than (10 nm)3. Our molecular counts correspond to 1400–2400 Gag-Dendra2 proteins incorporated within each VLP. We further calculate temporal correlation functions of localization data, which we present as localization correlation analysis, and show dynamics within the lattice of immobilized VLPs in the timescale of 10–100 s. We further use our localization data to reconstruct time-lapse iPALM images of the Gag-Dendra2 lattice within the lumen of immobilized VLPs. The iPALM time-lapse images show significant lattice dynamics within the lumen of VLPs. Addition of disuccinimidyl suberate to the VLPs completely abrogated these dynamics as observed in both localization correlation analysis and time-lapse iPALM. In a complementary approach, we utilized HaXS8 cross-linking reactions between Halo and SNAP proteins and verified lattice dynamics in purified VLPs incorporating 10% Gag-SNAP, 10% Gag-Halo, and 80% Gag proteins. The HIV Gag lattice, along with the structural lattice of other enveloped viruses, has been mostly considered static. Our study provides an important tool to investigate the dynamics within these enveloped viruses.
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23
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Bertin A, de Franceschi N, de la Mora E, Maity S, Alqabandi M, Miguet N, di Cicco A, Roos WH, Mangenot S, Weissenhorn W, Bassereau P. Human ESCRT-III polymers assemble on positively curved membranes and induce helical membrane tube formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2663. [PMID: 32471988 PMCID: PMC7260177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complexes for transport-III (ESCRT-III) assemble in vivo onto membranes with negative Gaussian curvature. How membrane shape influences ESCRT-III polymerization and how ESCRT-III shapes membranes is yet unclear. Human core ESCRT-III proteins, CHMP4B, CHMP2A, CHMP2B and CHMP3 are used to address this issue in vitro by combining membrane nanotube pulling experiments, cryo-electron tomography and AFM. We show that CHMP4B filaments preferentially bind to flat membranes or to tubes with positive mean curvature. Both CHMP2B and CHMP2A/CHMP3 assemble on positively curved membrane tubes. Combinations of CHMP4B/CHMP2B and CHMP4B/CHMP2A/CHMP3 are recruited to the neck of pulled membrane tubes and reshape vesicles into helical "corkscrew-like" membrane tubes. Sub-tomogram averaging reveals that the ESCRT-III filaments assemble parallel and locally perpendicular to the tube axis, highlighting the mechanical stresses imposed by ESCRT-III. Our results underline the versatile membrane remodeling activity of ESCRT-III that may be a general feature required for cellular membrane remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Nicola de Franceschi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Eugenio de la Mora
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Alqabandi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nolwen Miguet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélie di Cicco
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Mangenot
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
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24
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Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Domains Essential for Viral Capsid Assembly in a Cellular Context. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3802-3819. [PMID: 32371046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) is essential to the formation of the HBV capsid. HBc contains two domains: the N-terminal domain corresponding to residues 1-140 essential to form the icosahedral shell and the C-terminal domain corresponding to a basic and phosphorylated peptide, and required for DNA replication. The role of these two domains for HBV capsid assembly was essentially studied in vitro with HBc purified from mammalian or non-mammalian cell lysates, but their respective role in living cells remains to be clarified. We therefore investigated the assembly of the HBV capsid in Huh7 cells by combining fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy/Förster's resonance energy transfer, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy approaches. We found that wild-type HBc forms oligomers early after transfection and at a sub-micromolar concentration. These oligomers are homogeneously diffused throughout the cell. We quantified a stoichiometry ranging from ~170 to ~230 HBc proteins per oligomer, consistent with the visualization of eGFP-containingHBV capsid shaped as native capsid particles by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast, no assembly was observed when HBc-N-terminal domain was expressed. This highlights the essential role of the C-terminal domain to form capsid in mammalian cells. Deletion of either the third helix or of the 124-135 residues of HBc had a dramatic impact on the assembly of the HBV capsid, inducing the formation of mis-assembled oligomers and monomers, respectively. This study shows that our approach using fluorescent derivatives of HBc is an innovative method to investigate HBV capsid formation.
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25
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Sannier G, Dubé M, Kaufmann DE. Single-Cell Technologies Applied to HIV-1 Research: Reaching Maturity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:297. [PMID: 32194526 PMCID: PMC7064469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for definitive answers probably explains our natural tendency to seek simplicity. The reductionist “bulk” approach, in which a mean behavior is attributed to a heterogeneous cell population, fulfills this need by considerably helping the conceptualization of complex biological processes. However, the limits of this methodology are becoming increasingly clear as models seek to explain biological events occurring in vivo, where heterogeneity is the rule. Research in the HIV-1 field is no exception: the challenges encountered in the development of preventive and curative anti-HIV-1 strategies may well originate in part from inadequate assumptions built on bulk technologies, highlighting the need for new perspectives. The emergence of diverse single-cell technologies set the stage for potential breakthrough discoveries, as heterogeneous processes can now be investigated with an unprecedented depth in topics as diverse as HIV-1 tropism, dynamics of the replication cycle, latency, viral reservoirs and immune control. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the HIV-1 field made possible by single-cell technologies, and contextualize their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérémy Sannier
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, United States
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26
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Staudt T, Aspelmeier T, Laitenberger O, Geisler C, Egner A, Munk A. Statistical Molecule Counting in Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy: Towards Quantitative Nanoscopy. Stat Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1214/19-sts753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Liu SL, Wang ZG, Xie HY, Liu AA, Lamb DC, Pang DW. Single-Virus Tracking: From Imaging Methodologies to Virological Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1936-1979. [PMID: 31951121 PMCID: PMC7075663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Uncovering
the mechanisms of virus infection and assembly is crucial
for preventing the spread of viruses and treating viral disease. The
technique of single-virus tracking (SVT), also known as single-virus
tracing, allows one to follow individual viruses at different parts
of their life cycle and thereby provides dynamic insights into fundamental
processes of viruses occurring in live cells. SVT is typically based
on fluorescence imaging and reveals insights into previously unreported
infection mechanisms. In this review article, we provide the readers
a broad overview of the SVT technique. We first summarize recent advances
in SVT, from the choice of fluorescent labels and labeling strategies
to imaging implementation and analytical methodologies. We then describe
representative applications in detail to elucidate how SVT serves
as a valuable tool in virological research. Finally, we present our
perspectives regarding the future possibilities and challenges of
SVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry , China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - An-An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Don C Lamb
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) and Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München , 81377 , Germany
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
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28
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Intact Viral Particle Counts Measured by Flow Virometry Provide Insight into the Infectivity and Genome Packaging Efficiency of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01600-19. [PMID: 31694951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) have long been used as a research model to further our understanding of retroviruses. These simple gammaretroviruses have been studied extensively in various facets of science for nearly half a century, yet we have surprisingly little quantitative information about some of the basic features of these viral particles. These include parameters such as the genome packaging efficiency and the number of particles required for a productive infection. The reason for this knowledge gap relies primarily on the technical challenge of accurately measuring intact viral particles from infected cell supernatants. Virus-infected cells are well known to release soluble viral proteins, defective viruses, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) harboring viral proteins that may mimic viruses, all of which can skew virus titer quantifications. Flow virometry, also known as nanoscale flow cytometry or simply small-particle flow cytometry, is an emerging analytical method enabling high-throughput single-virus phenotypic characterizations. By utilizing the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) and monodisperse light scattering characteristics as discerning parameters of intact virus particles, here, we analyzed the basic properties of Moloney MLV (M-MLV). We show that <24% of the total p30 capsid protein measured in infected cell supernatants is associated with intact viruses. We calculate that about one in five M-MLV particles contains a viral RNA genome pair and that individual intact particle infectivity is about 0.4%. These findings provide new insights into the characteristics of an extensively studied prototypical retrovirus while highlighting the benefits of flow virometry for the field of virology.IMPORTANCE Gammaretroviruses, or, more specifically, murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), have been a longstanding model for studying retroviruses. Although being extensively analyzed and dissected for decades, several facets of MLV biology are still poorly understood. One of the primary challenges has been enumerating total intact virus particles in a sample. While several analytical methods can precisely measure virus protein amounts, MLVs are known to induce the secretion of soluble and vesicle-associated viral proteins that can skew these measurements. With recent technological advances in flow cytometry, it is now possible to analyze viruses down to 90 nm in diameter with an approach called flow virometry. The technique has the added benefit of being able to discriminate viruses from extracellular vesicles and free viral proteins in order to confidently provide an intact viral particle count. Here, we used flow virometry to provide new insights into the basic characteristics of Moloney MLV.
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29
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Hoffman HK, Fernandez MV, Groves NS, Freed EO, van Engelenburg SB. Genomic tagging of endogenous human ESCRT-I complex preserves ESCRT-mediated membrane-remodeling functions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16266-16281. [PMID: 31519756 PMCID: PMC6827313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery drives membrane scission for diverse cellular functions that require budding away from the cytosol, including cell division and transmembrane receptor trafficking and degradation. The ESCRT machinery is also hijacked by retroviruses, such as HIV-1, to release virions from infected cells. The crucial roles of the ESCRTs in cellular physiology and viral disease make it imperative to understand the membrane scission mechanism. Current methodological limitations, namely artifacts caused by overexpression of ESCRT subunits, obstruct our understanding of the spatiotemporal organization of the endogenous human ESCRT machinery. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in to tag the critical ESCRT-I component tumor susceptibility 101 (Tsg101) with GFP at its native locus in two widely used human cell types, HeLa epithelial cells and Jurkat T cells. We validated this approach by assessing the function of these knock-in cell lines in cytokinesis, receptor degradation, and virus budding. Using this probe, we measured the incorporation of endogenous Tsg101 in released HIV-1 particles, supporting the notion that the ESCRT machinery initiates virus abscission by scaffolding early-acting ESCRT-I within the head of the budding virus. We anticipate that these validated cell lines will be a valuable tool for interrogating dynamics of the native human ESCRT machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxley K Hoffman
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210
| | - Melissa V Fernandez
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Nicholas S Groves
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Schuyler B van Engelenburg
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210
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30
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Cashikar AG, Hanson PI. A cell-based assay for CD63-containing extracellular vesicles. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220007. [PMID: 31339911 PMCID: PMC6655660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are thought to be important in cell-cell communication and have elicited extraordinary interest as potential biomarkers of disease. However, quantitative methods to enable elucidation of mechanisms underlying release are few. Here, we describe a cell-based assay for monitoring EV release using the EV-enriched tetraspanin CD63 fused to the small, ATP-independent reporter enzyme, Nanoluciferase. Release of CD63-containing EVs from stably expressing cell lines was monitored by comparing luciferase activity in culture media to that remaining in cells. HEK293, U2OS, U87 and SKMel28 cells released 0.3%-0.6% of total cellular CD63 in the form of EVs over 5 hrs, varying by cell line. To identify cellular machinery important for secretion of CD63-containing EVs, we performed a screen of biologically active chemicals in HEK293 cells. While a majority of compounds did not significantly affect EV release, treating cells with the plecomacrolides bafilomycin or concanamycin, known to inhibit the V-ATPase, dramatically increased EV release. Interestingly, alkalization of the endosomal lumen using weak bases had no effect, suggesting a pH-independent enhancement of EV release by V-ATPase inhibitors. The ability to quantify EVs in small samples will enable future detailed studies of release kinetics as well as further chemical and genetic screening to define pathways involved in EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil G. Cashikar
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Phyllis I. Hanson
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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31
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Maity S, Caillat C, Miguet N, Sulbaran G, Effantin G, Schoehn G, Roos WH, Weissenhorn W. VPS4 triggers constriction and cleavage of ESCRT-III helical filaments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7198. [PMID: 30989108 PMCID: PMC6457934 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular processes such as endosomal vesicle budding, virus budding, and cytokinesis require extensive membrane remodeling by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III protein family members form spirals with variable diameters in vitro and in vivo inside tubular membrane structures, which need to be constricted to proceed to membrane fission. Here, we show, using high-speed atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy, that the AAA-type adenosine triphosphatase VPS4 constricts and cleaves ESCRT-III CHMP2A-CHMP3 helical filaments in vitro. Constriction starts asymmetrically and progressively decreases the diameter of CHMP2A-CHMP3 tubular structure, thereby coiling up the CHMP2A-CHMP3 filaments into dome-like end caps. Our results demonstrate that VPS4 actively constricts ESCRT-III filaments and cleaves them before their complete disassembly. We propose that the formation of ESCRT-III dome-like end caps by VPS4 within a membrane neck structure constricts the membrane to set the stage for membrane fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nolwenn Miguet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (W.H.R.); (W.W.)
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Corresponding author. (W.H.R.); (W.W.)
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32
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The role of VPS4 in ESCRT-III polymer remodeling. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:441-448. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) and VPS4 catalyze a variety of membrane-remodeling processes in eukaryotes and archaea. Common to these processes is the dynamic recruitment of ESCRT-III proteins from the cytosol to the inner face of a membrane neck structure, their activation and filament formation inside or at the membrane neck and the subsequent or concomitant recruitment of the AAA-type ATPase VPS4. The dynamic assembly of ESCRT-III filaments and VPS4 on cellular membranes induces constriction of membrane necks with large diameters such as the cytokinetic midbody and necks with small diameters such as those of intraluminal vesicles or enveloped viruses. The two processes seem to use different sets of ESCRT-III filaments. Constriction is then thought to set the stage for membrane fission. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the structural transitions of ESCRT-III proteins required for filament formation, the functional role of VPS4 in dynamic ESCRT-III assembly and its active role in filament constriction. The recent data will be discussed in the context of different mechanistic models for inside-out membrane fission.
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Inamdar K, Floderer C, Favard C, Muriaux D. Monitoring HIV-1 Assembly in Living Cells: Insights from Dynamic and Single Molecule Microscopy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010072. [PMID: 30654596 PMCID: PMC6357049 DOI: 10.3390/v11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 assembly process is a multi-complex mechanism that takes place at the host cell plasma membrane. It requires a spatio-temporal coordination of events to end up with a full mature and infectious virus. The molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 assembly have been extensively studied during the past decades, in order to dissect the respective roles of the structural and non-structural viral proteins of the viral RNA genome and of some host cell factors. Nevertheless, the time course of HIV-1 assembly was observed in living cells only a decade ago. The very recent revolution of optical microscopy, combining high speed and high spatial resolution, in addition to improved fluorescent tags for proteins, now permits study of HIV-1 assembly at the single molecule level within living cells. In this review, after a short description of these new approaches, we will discuss how HIV-1 assembly at the cell plasma membrane has been revisited using advanced super resolution microscopy techniques and how it can bridge the study of viral assembly from the single molecule to the entire host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Inamdar
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, CNRS & University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Charlotte Floderer
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, CNRS & University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Cyril Favard
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, CNRS & University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, CNRS & University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France.
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34
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Sahl SJ, Schönle A, Hell SW. Fluorescence Microscopy with Nanometer Resolution. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF MICROSCOPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-00069-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Floderer C, Masson JB, Boilley E, Georgeault S, Merida P, El Beheiry M, Dahan M, Roingeard P, Sibarita JB, Favard C, Muriaux D. Single molecule localisation microscopy reveals how HIV-1 Gag proteins sense membrane virus assembly sites in living host CD4 T cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16283. [PMID: 30389967 PMCID: PMC6214999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring virus assembly at the nanoscale in host cells remains a major challenge. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) components are addressed to the plasma membrane where they assemble to form spherical particles of 100 nm in diameter. Interestingly, HIV-1 Gag protein expression alone is sufficient to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble the immature virus. Here, we monitored VLP formation at the plasma membrane of host CD4+ T cells using a newly developed workflow allowing the analysis of long duration recordings of single-molecule Gag protein localisation and movement. Comparison of Gag assembling platforms in CD4+ T cells expressing wild type or assembly-defective Gag mutant proteins showed that VLP formation lasts roughly 15 minutes with an assembly time of 5 minutes. Trapping energy maps, built from membrane associated Gag protein movements, showed that one third of the assembling energy is due to direct Gag capsid-capsid interaction while the remaining two thirds require the nucleocapsid-RNA interactions. Finally, we show that the viral RNA genome does not increase the attraction of Gag at the membrane towards the assembling site but rather acts as a spatiotemporal coordinator of the membrane assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Floderer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Masson
- Decision and Bayesian Computation, UMR 3571 CNRS, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Elise Boilley
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Georgeault
- INSERM U966 and IBiSA EM Facility, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Peggy Merida
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed El Beheiry
- Light and Optical Control of Cellular Organization, Curie Institute, UMR, 168 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Dahan
- Light and Optical Control of Cellular Organization, Curie Institute, UMR, 168 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Favard
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR9004 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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36
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Hurley JH, Cada AK. Inside job: how the ESCRTs release HIV-1 from infected cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1029-1036. [PMID: 30154094 PMCID: PMC6277019 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hijacks the host endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins in order to release infectious viral particles from the cell. ESCRT recruitment is virtually essential for the production of infectious virus, despite that the main structural protein of HIV-1, Gag, is capable of self-assembling and eventually budding from membranes on its own. Recent data have reinforced the paradigm of ESCRT-dependent particle release while clarifying why this rapid release is so critical. The ESCRTs were originally discovered as integral players in endosome maturation and are now implicated in many important cellular processes beyond viral and endosomal budding. Nearly all of these roles have in common that membrane scission occurs from the inward face of the membrane neck, which we refer to as 'reverse topology' scission. A satisfactory mechanistic description of reverse-topology membrane scission by ESCRTs remains a major challenge both in general and in the context of HIV-1 release. New observations concerning the fundamental scission mechanism for ESCRTs in general, and the process of HIV-1 release specifically, have generated new insights in both directions, bringing us closer to a mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - A King Cada
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
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Siarot L, Chutiwitoonchai N, Sato H, Chang H, Sato H, Fujino M, Murakami T, Aono T, Kodama E, Kuroda K, Takei M, Aida Y. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Gag-TSG101 interaction inhibitors by high-throughput screening. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2970-2976. [PMID: 30126636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between viral protein Gag and cellular protein tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) is a crucial step in the HIV-1 replication cycle. This interaction initiates the viral assembly/budding via the cellular endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, making it a potential target for antiviral therapy. Here we developed a simple, robust, and reliable high-throughput screening (HTS) system based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify compounds that inhibit HIV-1 replication by targeting Gag-TSG101 interaction. Through screening of the 9600-compound library using the established HTS system, several hit compounds, which inhibited Gag-TSG101 interaction, were identified. Subsequent assays revealed two hit compounds, HSM-9 and HSM-10, which have antiviral activity against CD4+ T cell-tropic NL4-3 and macrophage-tropic JR-CSF HIV-1 strains. These results suggest that our established HTS system is an indispensable tool for the identification of HIV-1 Gag-TSG101 interaction inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowela Siarot
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nopporn Chutiwitoonchai
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan
| | - Hao Chang
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aono
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kodama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Institute of Disaster Science, and Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Masami Takei
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan.
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38
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Pedersen M, Jamali S, Saha I, Daum R, Bendjennat M, Saffarian S. Correlative iPALM and SEM resolves virus cavity and Gag lattice defects in HIV virions. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 48:15-23. [PMID: 30043246 PMCID: PMC6330563 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferometric Photo-Activation-Localization-Microscopy (iPALM) localizes single fluorescent molecules with 20 nm lateral and 10 nm axial resolution. We present a method utilizing glass coverslip lithography for correlative imaging between iPALM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using iPALM on HIV Gag-Dendra virus-like particles (VLPs) we localized the position of HIV Gag proteins. Based on these localizations we reconstructed the central cavity of the VLPs along with imperfections within the HIV Gag lattice. The SEM images and iPALM images overlap and show imaging from single VLPs immobilized on glass coverslips. The localization of many HIV proteins including accessory proteins and Gag-Pol remains unknown, we discuss how the specificity of iPALM coupled with SEM has the potential for resolving more of HIV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirin Jamali
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Ipsita Saha
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | - Mourad Bendjennat
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Saveez Saffarian
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. .,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. .,Dept. of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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39
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Banerjee S, Maurya S, Roy R. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging: Generating insights into molecular interactions in virology. J Biosci 2018; 43:519-540. [PMID: 30002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence methods remain a challenging yet information-rich set of techniques that allow one to probe the dynamics, stoichiometry and conformation of biomolecules one molecule at a time. Viruses are small (nanometers) in size, can achieve cellular infections with a small number of virions and their lifecycle is inherently heterogeneous with a large number of structural and functional intermediates. Single-molecule measurements that reveal the complete distribution of properties rather than the average can hence reveal new insights into virus infections and biology that are inaccessible otherwise. This article highlights some of the methods and recent applications of single-molecule fluorescence in the field of virology. Here, we have focused on new findings in virus-cell interaction, virus cell entry and transport, viral membrane fusion, genome release, replication, translation, assembly, genome packaging, egress and interaction with host immune proteins that underline the advantage of single-molecule approach to the question at hand. Finally, we discuss the challenges, outlook and potential areas for improvement and future use of single-molecule fluorescence that could further aid our understanding of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Banerjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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40
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Gp41 dynamically interacts with the TCR in the immune synapse and promotes early T cell activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9747. [PMID: 29950577 PMCID: PMC6021400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 critically mediates CD4+ T-cell infection by HIV-1 during viral entry, assembly, and release. Although multiple immune-regulatory activities of gp41 have been reported, the underlying mechanisms of these activities remain poorly understood. Here we employed multi-colour single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to resolve interactions of gp41 proteins with cellular proteins at the plasma membrane (PM) of fixed and live CD4+ T-cells with resolution of ~20–30 nm. We observed that gp41 clusters dynamically associated with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) at the immune synapse upon TCR stimulation. This interaction, confirmed by FRET, depended on the virus clone, was reduced by the gp41 ectodomain in tight contacts, and was completely abrogated by mutation of the gp41 transmembrane domain. Strikingly, gp41 preferentially colocalized with phosphorylated TCRs at the PM of activated T-cells and promoted TCR phosphorylation. Gp41 expression also resulted in enhanced CD69 upregulation, and in massive cell death after 24–48 hrs. Our results shed new light on HIV-1 assembly mechanisms at the PM of host T-cells and its impact on TCR stimulation.
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41
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Single-molecule fluorescence imaging: Generating insights into molecular interactions in virology. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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42
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Chojnacki J, Eggeling C. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy studies of human immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2018; 15:41. [PMID: 29884197 PMCID: PMC5994058 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy combines the ability to observe biological processes beyond the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy with all advantages of the fluorescence readout such as labelling specificity and non-invasive live-cell imaging. Due to their subdiffraction size (< 200 nm) viruses are ideal candidates for super-resolution microscopy studies, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) is to date the most studied virus by this technique. This review outlines principles of different super-resolution techniques as well as their advantages and disadvantages for virological studies, especially in the context of live-cell imaging applications. We highlight the findings of super-resolution based HIV-1 studies performed so far, their contributions to the understanding of HIV-1 replication cycle and how the current advances in super-resolution microscopy may open new avenues for future virology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Chojnacki
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute of Applied Optics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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43
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Sharma S, Arunachalam PS, Menon M, Ragupathy V, Satya RV, Jebaraj J, Aralaguppe SG, Rao C, Pal S, Saravanan S, Murugavel KG, Balakrishnan P, Solomon S, Hewlett I, Ranga U. PTAP motif duplication in the p6 Gag protein confers a replication advantage on HIV-1 subtype C. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11687-11708. [PMID: 29773649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) may duplicate longer amino acid stretches in the p6 Gag protein, leading to the creation of an additional Pro-Thr/Ser-Ala-Pro (PTAP) motif necessary for viral packaging. However, the biological significance of a duplication of the PTAP motif for HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis has not been experimentally validated. In a longitudinal study of two different clinical cohorts of select HIV-1 seropositive, drug-naive individuals from India, we found that 8 of 50 of these individuals harbored a mixed infection of viral strains discordant for the PTAP duplication. Conventional and next-generation sequencing of six primary viral quasispecies at multiple time points disclosed that in a mixed infection, the viral strains containing the PTAP duplication dominated the infection. The dominance of the double-PTAP viral strains over a genetically similar single-PTAP viral clone was confirmed in viral proliferation and pairwise competition assays. Of note, in the proximity ligation assay, double-PTAP Gag proteins exhibited a significantly enhanced interaction with the host protein tumor susceptibility gene 101 (Tsg101). Moreover, Tsg101 overexpression resulted in a biphasic effect on HIV-1C proliferation, an enhanced effect at low concentration and an inhibitory effect only at higher concentrations, unlike a uniformly inhibitory effect on subtype B strains. In summary, our results indicate that the duplication of the PTAP motif in the p6 Gag protein enhances the replication fitness of HIV-1C by engaging the Tsg101 host protein with a higher affinity. Our results have implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis, especially of HIV-1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Sharma
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India
| | - Malini Menon
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transmission Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Review and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | | | - Joshua Jebaraj
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India
| | | | - Chaitra Rao
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India
| | - Sreshtha Pal
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- the Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai 600113, India
| | | | | | - Suniti Solomon
- the Y. R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Indira Hewlett
- the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transmission Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Review and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Udaykumar Ranga
- From the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Bengaluru 56006, India,
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Parveen N, Borrenberghs D, Rocha S, Hendrix J. Single Viruses on the Fluorescence Microscope: Imaging Molecular Mobility, Interactions and Structure Sheds New Light on Viral Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:E250. [PMID: 29748498 PMCID: PMC5977243 DOI: 10.3390/v10050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are simple agents exhibiting complex reproductive mechanisms. Decades of research have provided crucial basic insights, antiviral medication and moderately successful gene therapy trials. The most infectious viral particle is, however, not always the most abundant one in a population, questioning the utility of classic ensemble-averaging virology. Indeed, viral replication is often not particularly efficient, prone to errors or containing parallel routes. Here, we review different single-molecule sensitive fluorescence methods that we employ routinely to investigate viruses. We provide a brief overview of the microscopy hardware needed and discuss the different methods and their application. In particular, we review how we applied (i) single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe the subviral human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) integrase (IN) quaternary structure; (ii) single particle tracking to study interactions of the simian virus 40 with membranes; (iii) 3D confocal microscopy and smFRET to quantify the HIV-1 pre-integration complex content and quaternary structure; (iv) image correlation spectroscopy to quantify the cytosolic HIV-1 Gag assembly, and finally; (v) super-resolution microscopy to characterize the interaction of HIV-1 with tetherin during assembly. We hope this review is an incentive for setting up and applying similar single-virus imaging studies in daily virology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagma Parveen
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Doortje Borrenberghs
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Susana Rocha
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Dynamic Bioimaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Centre and Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Raghunathan K, Kenworthy AK. Dynamic pattern generation in cell membranes: Current insights into membrane organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2018-2031. [PMID: 29752898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been two decades since the lipid raft hypothesis was first presented. Even today, whether these nanoscale cholesterol-rich domains are present in cell membranes is not completely resolved. However, especially in the last few years, a rich body of literature has demonstrated both the presence and the importance of non-random distribution of biomolecules on the membrane, which is the focus of this review. These new developments have pushed the experimental limits of detection and have brought us closer to observing lipid domains in the plasma membrane of live cells. Characterization of biomolecules associated with lipid rafts has revealed a deep connection between biological regulation and function and membrane compositional heterogeneities. Finally, tantalizing new developments in the field have demonstrated that lipid domains might not just be associated with the plasma membrane of eukaryotes but could potentially be a ubiquitous membrane-organizing principle in several other biological systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emergence of Complex Behavior in Biomembranes edited by Marjorie Longo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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El Meshri SE, Boutant E, Mouhand A, Thomas A, Larue V, Richert L, Vivet-Boudou V, Mély Y, Tisné C, Muriaux D, de Rocquigny H. The NC domain of HIV-1 Gag contributes to the interaction of Gag with TSG101. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1421-1431. [PMID: 29571744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 Gag polyprotein orchestrates the assembly of viral particles. Its C-terminus consists of the nucleocapsid (NC) domain that interacts with RNA, and the p6 domain containing the PTAP motif that binds the cellular ESCRT factor TSG101 and ALIX. Deletion of the NC domain of Gag (GagNC) results in defective Gag assembly, a decrease in virus production and, thus probably affects recruitment of the ESCRT machinery. To investigate the role of GagNC in this recruitment, we analysed its impact on TSG101 and ALIX localisations and interactions in cells expressing Gag. METHODS Cells expressing mCherry-Gag or derivatives, alone or together with eGFP-TSG101 or eGFP-ALIX, were analysed by confocal microscopy and FLIM-FRET. Chemical shift mapping between TSG101-UEV motif and Gag C-terminus was performed by NMR. RESULTS We show that deletion of NC or of its two zinc fingers decreases the amount of Gag-TSG101 interacting complexes in cells. These findings are supported by NMR data showing chemical shift perturbations in the NC domain in- and outside - of the zinc finger elements upon TSG101 binding. The NMR data further identify a large stretch of amino acids within the p6 domain directly interacting with TSG101. CONCLUSION The NC zinc fingers and p6 domain of Gag participate in the formation of the Gag-TSG101 complex and in its cellular localisation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study illustrates that the NC and p6 domains cooperate in the interaction with TSG101 during HIV-1 budding. In addition, details on the Gag-TSG101 complex were obtained by combining two high resolution biophysical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Edin El Meshri
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Boutant
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Assia Mouhand
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, UMR 8015, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Expression génétique microbienne, IBPC, UMR 8261, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Thomas
- Membrane Domains and Viral Assembly, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR9004, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Valéry Larue
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, UMR 8015, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Vivet-Boudou
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 15 Rue R. Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Carine Tisné
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, UMR 8015, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Expression génétique microbienne, IBPC, UMR 8261, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Membrane Domains and Viral Assembly, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR9004, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France; Morphogenèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, 10 boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032 Tours Cedex 1 -, France.
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Distinct Roles of Cellular ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III Proteins in Efficient Entry and Egress of Budded Virions of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01636-17. [PMID: 29046462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01636-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is necessary for budding of many enveloped viruses. Recently, it was demonstrated that Vps4, the key regulator for recycling of the ESCRT-III complex, is required for efficient infection by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). However, ESCRT assembly, regulation, and function are complex, and little is known regarding the details of participation of specific ESCRT complexes in AcMNPV infection. In this study, the core components of ESCRT-I (Tsg101 and Vps28) and ESCRT-III (Vps2B, Vps20, Vps24, Snf7, Vps46, and Vps60) were cloned from Spodoptera frugiperda Using a viral complementation system and RNA interference (RNAi) assays, we found that ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes are required for efficient entry of AcMNPV into insect cells. In cells knocking down or overexpressing dominant negative (DN) forms of the components of ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes, entering virions were partially trapped within the cytosol. To examine only egress, cells were transfected with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting an individual ESCRT-I or ESCRT-III gene and viral bacmid DNA or viral bacmid DNA that expressed DN forms of ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III components. We found that ESCRT-III components (but not ESCRT-I components) are required for efficient nuclear egress of progeny nucleocapsids. In addition, we found that several baculovirus core or conserved proteins (Ac11, Ac76, Ac78, GP41, Ac93, Ac103, Ac142, and Ac146) interact with Vps4 and components of ESCRT-III. We propose that these viral proteins may form an "egress complex" that is involved in recruiting ESCRT-III components to a virus egress domain on the nuclear membrane.IMPORTANCE The ESCRT system is hijacked by many enveloped viruses to mediate budding and release. Recently, it was found that Vps4, the key regulator of the cellular ESCRT machinery, is necessary for efficient entry and egress of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). However, little is known about the roles of specific ESCRT complexes in AcMNPV infection. In this study, we demonstrated that ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes are required for efficient entry of AcMNPV into insect cells. The components of ESCRT-III (but not ESCRT-I) are also necessary for efficient nuclear egress of progeny nucleocapsids. Several baculovirus core or conserved proteins were found to interact with Vps4 and components of ESCRT-III, and these interactions may suggest the formation of an "egress complex" involved in the nuclear release or transport of viral nucleocapsids.
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Adell MAY, Migliano SM, Upadhyayula S, Bykov YS, Sprenger S, Pakdel M, Vogel GF, Jih G, Skillern W, Behrouzi R, Babst M, Schmidt O, Hess MW, Briggs JA, Kirchhausen T, Teis D. Recruitment dynamics of ESCRT-III and Vps4 to endosomes and implications for reverse membrane budding. eLife 2017; 6:31652. [PMID: 29019322 PMCID: PMC5665648 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT machinery mediates reverse membrane scission. By quantitative fluorescence lattice light-sheet microscopy, we have shown that ESCRT-III subunits polymerize rapidly on yeast endosomes, together with the recruitment of at least two Vps4 hexamers. During their 3–45 s lifetimes, the ESCRT-III assemblies accumulated 75–200 Snf7 and 15–50 Vps24 molecules. Productive budding events required at least two additional Vps4 hexamers. Membrane budding was associated with continuous, stochastic exchange of Vps4 and ESCRT-III components, rather than steady growth of fixed assemblies, and depended on Vps4 ATPase activity. An all-or-none step led to final release of ESCRT-III and Vps4. Tomographic electron microscopy demonstrated that acute disruption of Vps4 recruitment stalled membrane budding. We propose a model in which multiple Vps4 hexamers (four or more) draw together several ESCRT-III filaments. This process induces cargo crowding and inward membrane buckling, followed by constriction of the nascent bud neck and ultimately ILV generation by vesicle fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alonso Y Adell
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simona M Migliano
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yury S Bykov
- Structural and Computational Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Sprenger
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mehrshad Pakdel
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Georg F Vogel
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gloria Jih
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wesley Skillern
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Reza Behrouzi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Markus Babst
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Utah, United States.,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Utah, United States
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Ag Briggs
- Structural and Computational Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Fluorescence nanoscopy uniquely combines minimally invasive optical access to the internal nanoscale structure and dynamics of cells and tissues with molecular detection specificity. While the basic physical principles of 'super-resolution' imaging were discovered in the 1990s, with initial experimental demonstrations following in 2000, the broad application of super-resolution imaging to address cell-biological questions has only more recently emerged. Nanoscopy approaches have begun to facilitate discoveries in cell biology and to add new knowledge. One current direction for method improvement is the ambition to quantitatively account for each molecule under investigation and assess true molecular colocalization patterns via multi-colour analyses. In pursuing this goal, the labelling of individual molecules to enable their visualization has emerged as a central challenge. Extending nanoscale imaging into (sliced) tissue and whole-animal contexts is a further goal. In this Review we describe the successes to date and discuss current obstacles and possibilities for further development.
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