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Hartmann CR, Khan R, Schöning J, Richter M, Willers M, Pirr S, Heckmann J, Dirks J, Morbach H, Konrad M, Fries E, Winkler M, Büchel J, Seidenspinner S, Fischer J, Vollmuth C, Meinhardt M, Marissen J, Schmolke M, Haid S, Pietschmann T, Backes S, Dölken L, Löber U, Keil T, Heuschmann PU, Wöckel A, Sagar, Ulas T, Forslund-Startceva SK, Härtel C, Viemann D. A clinical protocol for a German birth cohort study of the Maturation of Immunity Against respiratory viral Infections (MIAI). Front Immunol 2024; 15:1443665. [PMID: 39355253 PMCID: PMC11442434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1443665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are a major global contributor to morbidity and mortality. The susceptibility and outcome of RVIs are strongly age-dependent and show considerable inter-population differences, pointing to genetically and/or environmentally driven developmental variability. The factors determining the age-dependency and shaping the age-related changes of human anti-RVI immunity after birth are still elusive. Methods We are conducting a prospective birth cohort study aiming at identifying endogenous and environmental factors associated with the susceptibility to RVIs and their impact on cellular and humoral immune responses against the influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The MIAI birth cohort enrolls healthy, full-term neonates born at the University Hospital Würzburg, Germany, with follow-up at four defined time-points during the first year of life. At each study visit, clinical metadata including diet, lifestyle, sociodemographic information, and physical examinations, are collected along with extensive biomaterial sampling. Biomaterials are used to generate comprehensive, integrated multi-omics datasets including transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiomic methods. Discussion The results are expected to capture a holistic picture of the variability of immune trajectories with a focus on cellular and humoral key players involved in the defense of RVIs and the impact of host and environmental factors thereon. Thereby, MIAI aims at providing insights that allow unraveling molecular mechanisms that can be targeted to promote the development of competent anti-RVI immunity in early life and prevent severe RVIs. Clinical trial registration https://drks.de/search/de/trial/, identifier DRKS00034278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina R. Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schöning
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maike Willers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Pirr
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Heckmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Dirks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henner Morbach
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies and Autoinflammatory Diseases (CIDA), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Konrad
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Fries
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalene Winkler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Büchel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Vollmuth
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janina Marissen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Haid
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (TWINCORE), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and The Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (TWINCORE), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and The Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Braunschweig-Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Backes
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter U. Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Data Science, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Centre Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Wöckel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Systems Medicine, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sofia K. Forslund-Startceva
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Infection Research, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Piersma SJ. Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1036-1050. [PMID: 38684766 PMCID: PMC11364677 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes (ILCs) rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer. ILCs include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and include type I, type II, and type III immune cells. While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense. Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment. This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues. Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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3
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Morris SB, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Asai N, Malinczak CA, Rasky AJ, Lombardo GK, Velarde EM, Ptaschinski C, Zemans RL, Lukacs NW, Fonseca W. Long-term alterations in lung epithelial cells after EL-RSV infection exacerbate allergic responses through IL-1β-induced pathways. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00073-4. [PMID: 39069078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Early-life (EL) respiratory infections increase pulmonary disease risk, especially EL-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (EL-RSV) infections linked to asthma. Mechanisms underlying asthma predisposition remain unknown. In this study, we examined the long-term effects on the lung after four weeks post EL-RSV infection. We identified alterations in the lung epithelial cell, with a rise in the percentage of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells (AT2) and a decreased percentage of cells in the AT1 and AT2-AT1 subclusters, as well as upregulation of Bmp2 and Krt8 genes that are associated with AT2-AT1 trans-differentiation, suggesting potential defects in lung repair processes. We identified persistent upregulation of asthma-associated genes, including Il33. EL-RSV-infected mice allergen-challenged exhibited exacerbated allergic response, with significant upregulation of Il33 in the lung and AT2 cells. Similar long-term effects were observed in mice exposed to EL-IL-1β. Notably, treatment with IL-1ra during acute EL-RSV infection mitigated the long-term alveolar alterations and the allergen-exacerbated response. Finally, epigenetic modifications in the promoter of the Il33 gene were detected in AT2 cells harvested from EL-RSV and EL-IL1β groups, suggesting that long-term alteration in the epithelium after RSV infection is dependent on the IL-1β pathway. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of asthma predisposition after RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Grace K Lombardo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Evan M Velarde
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lin YC, Lu M, Cai W, Hu WS. Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic kinetic analysis of adeno-associated virus production systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:385. [PMID: 38896252 PMCID: PMC11186941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a major gene delivery vehicle. We have constructed a stable rAAV producer cell line by integrating essential rAAV genome, viral and helper genes into the genome of HEK293 cell under the control of inducible promoters. Upon induction, the cell line produces transducing rAAV. To gain insight into enhancing rAAV productivity and vector quality, we performed a comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of our synthetic cell line GX2 and two wild-type AAV (wtAAV) production systems, one by virus co-infection and the other by multi-plasmid transfection. The three systems had different kinetics in viral component synthesis but generated comparable copies of AAV genomes; however, the capsid titer of GX2 was an order of magnitude lower compared to those two wtAAV systems, indicating that its capsid production may be insufficient. The genome packaging efficiency was also lower in GX2 despite it produced higher levels of Rep52 proteins than either wtAAV systems, suggesting that Rep52 protein expression may not limit genome packaging. In the two wtAAV systems, VP were the most abundant AAV proteins and their levels continued to increase, while GX2 had high level of wasteful cargo gene expression. Furthermore, upregulated inflammation, innate immune responses, and MAPK signaling, as well as downregulated mitochondrial functions, were commonly observed in either rAAV or wtAAV systems. Overall, this comparative multi-omics study provided rich insights into host cell and viral factors that are potential targets for genetic and process intervention to enhance the productivity of synthetic rAAV producer cell lines. KEY POINTS: • wtAAV infection was more efficient in producing full viral particles than the synthetic cell GX2. • Capsid protein synthesis, genome replication, and packaging may limit rAAV production in GX2. • wtAAV infection and rAAV production in GX2 elicited similar host cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
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Parsons EL, Kim JS, Malloy AMW. Development of innate and adaptive immunity to RSV in young children. Cell Immunol 2024; 399-400:104824. [PMID: 38615612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Infection of the respiratory tract with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common and occurs repeatedly throughout life with most severe disease occurring at the extremes of age: in young infants and the elderly. Effective anti-viral therapeutics are not available and therefore prevention has been the primary strategy for reducing the disease burden. Our current understanding of respiratory mucosal cell biology and the immune response within the respiratory tract is inadequate to prevent infection caused by a pathogen like RSV that does not disseminate outside of this environment. Gaps in our understanding of the activation of innate and adaptive immunity in response to RSV and the role of age upon infection also limit improvements in the design of therapeutics and vaccines for young infants. However, advancements in structural biology have improved our ability to characterize antibodies against viral proteins and in 2023 the first vaccines for those over 60 years and pregnant women became available, potentially reducing the burden of disease. This review will examine our current understanding of the critical facets of anti-RSV immune responses in infants and young children as well as highlight areas where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jisung S Kim
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Smits HH, Jochems SP. Diverging patterns in innate immunity against respiratory viruses during a lifetime: lessons from the young and the old. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230266. [PMID: 39009407 PMCID: PMC11262623 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0266-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections frequently lead to severe respiratory disease, particularly in vulnerable populations such as young children, individuals with chronic lung conditions and older adults, resulting in hospitalisation and, in some cases, fatalities. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in monitoring for, and initiating responses to, viruses, maintaining a state of preparedness through the constant expression of antimicrobial defence molecules. Throughout the course of infection, innate immunity remains actively involved, contributing to viral clearance and damage control, with pivotal contributions from airway epithelial cells and resident and newly recruited immune cells. In instances where viral infections persist or are not effectively eliminated, innate immune components prominently contribute to the resulting pathophysiological consequences. Even though both young children and older adults are susceptible to severe respiratory disease caused by various respiratory viruses, the underlying mechanisms may differ significantly. Children face the challenge of developing and maturing their immunity, while older adults contend with issues such as immune senescence and inflammaging. This review aims to compare the innate immune responses in respiratory viral infections across both age groups, identifying common central hubs that could serve as promising targets for innovative therapeutic and preventive strategies, despite the apparent differences in underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermelijn H Smits
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Disease (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Disease (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Su P, Jiang C, Zhang Y. The implication of infection with respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric recurrent wheezing and asthma: knowledge expanded post-COVID-19 era. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:403-416. [PMID: 38153660 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been identified to serve as the primary cause of acute lower respiratory infectious diseases in children under the age of one and a significant risk factor for the emergence and development of pediatric recurrent wheezing and asthma, though the exact mechanism is still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we discuss the key routes that lead to recurrent wheezing and bronchial asthma following RSV infection. It is interesting to note that following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the prevalence of RSV changes significantly. This presents us with a rare opportunity to better understand the associated mechanism for RSV infection, its effects on the respiratory system, and the immunological response to RSV following the COVID-19 epidemic. To better understand the associated mechanisms in the occurrence and progression of pediatric asthma, we thoroughly described how the RSV infection directly destroys the physical barrier of airway epithelial tissue, promotes inflammatory responses, enhances airway hyper-responsiveness, and ultimately causes the airway remodeling. More critically, extensive discussion was also conducted regarding the potential impact of RSV infection on host pulmonary immune response. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive perspective to better understand how the RSV infection interacts in the control of the host's pulmonary immune system, causing recurrent wheezing and the development of asthma, and it sheds fresh light on potential avenues for pharmaceutical therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Su
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China.
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Malinczak CA, Fonseca W, Hrycaj SM, Morris SB, Rasky AJ, Yagi K, Wellik DM, Ziegler SF, Zemans RL, Lukacs NW. Early-life pulmonary viral infection leads to long-term functional and lower airway structural changes in the lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L280-L291. [PMID: 38290164 PMCID: PMC11281791 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life respiratory virus infections have been correlated with enhanced development of childhood asthma. In particular, significant numbers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-hospitalized infants go on to develop lung disease. It has been suggested that early-life viral infections may lead to altered lung development or repair that negatively impacts lung function later in life. Our data demonstrate that early-life RSV infection modifies lung structure, leading to decreased lung function. At 5 wk postneonatal RSV infection, significant defects are observed in baseline pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters consistent with decreased lung function as well as enlarged alveolar spaces. Lung function changes in the early-life RSV-infected group continue at 3 mo of age. The altered PFT and structural changes induced by early-life RSV were mitigated in TSLPR-/- mice that have previously been shown to have reduced immune cell accumulation associated with a persistent Th2 environment. Importantly, long-term effects were demonstrated using a secondary RSV infection 3 mo following the initial early-life RSV infection and led to significant additional defects in lung function, with severe mucus deposition within the airways, and consolidation of the alveolar spaces. These studies suggest that early-life respiratory viral infection leads to alterations in lung structure/repair that predispose to diminished lung function later in life.NEW & NOTEWORTHY These studies outline a novel finding that early-life respiratory virus infection can alter lung structure and function long-term. Importantly, the data also indicate that there are critical links between inflammatory responses and subsequent events that produce a more severe pathogenic response later in life. The findings provide additional data to support that early-life infections during lung development can alter the trajectory of airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Susan B Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Swieboda D, Rice TF, Guo Y, Nadel S, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM, Holder B, Culley FJ. Natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells but not NKT cells are mature in their cytokine production at birth. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:1-14. [PMID: 37556759 PMCID: PMC10776247 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life is a time of increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and development of allergy. Innate lymphocytes are crucial components of the initiation and regulation of immune responses at mucosal surfaces, but functional differences in innate lymphocytes early in life are not fully described. We aimed to characterize the abundance and function of different innate lymphocyte cell populations in cord blood in comparison to that of adults. Blood was collected from adult donors and umbilical vessels at birth. Multicolor flow cytometry panels were used to identify and characterize lymphocyte populations and their capacity to produce hallmark cytokines. Lymphocytes were more abundant in cord blood compared to adults, however, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and natural killer T (NKT)-like cells, were far less abundant. The capacity of NKT-like cells to produce cytokines and their expression of the cytotoxic granule protein granzyme B and the marker of terminal differentiation CD57 were much lower in cord blood than in adults. In contrast, natural killer (NK) cells were as abundant in cord blood as in adults, they could produce IFNγ, and their expression of granzyme B was not significantly different from that of adult NK cells, although CD57 expression was lower. All innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets were more abundant in cord blood, and ILC1 and ILC2 were capable of production of IFNγ and IL-13, respectively. In conclusion, different innate lymphoid cells differ in both abundance and function in peripheral blood at birth and with important implications for immunity in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Swieboda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Thomas F Rice
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Yanping Guo
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Simon Nadel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Peter J M Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Beth Holder
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Fiona J Culley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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10
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Kloepfer KM, Kennedy JL. Childhood respiratory viral infections and the microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:827-834. [PMID: 37607643 PMCID: PMC10592030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome associated with the respiratory tract is diverse, heterogeneous, and dynamic. The diversity and complexity of the microbiome and the interactions between microorganisms, host cells, and the host immune system are complex and multifactorial. Furthermore, the lymphatics provide a direct highway, the gut-lung axis, for the gut microbiome to affect outcomes related to respiratory disease and the host immune response. Viral infections in the airways can also alter the presence or absence of bacterial species, which might increase the risks for allergies and asthma. Viruses infect the airway epithelium and interact with the host to promote inflammatory responses that can trigger a wheezing illness. This immune response may alter the host's immune response to microbes and allergens, leading to T2 inflammation. However, exposure to specific bacteria may also tailor the host's response long before the virus has infected the airway. The frequency of viral infections, age at infection, sampling season, geographic location, population differences, and preexisting composition of the microbiota have all been linked to changes in microbiota diversity and stability. This review aims to evaluate the current reported evidence for microbiome interactions and the influences that viral infection may have on respiratory and gut microbiota, affecting respiratory outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Kloepfer
- Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark; Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Ark
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11
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Kosanovich JL, Eichinger KM, Lipp MA, Gidwani SV, Brahmbhatt D, Yondola MA, Perkins TN, Empey KM. Exacerbated lung inflammation following secondary RSV exposure is CD4+ T cell-dependent and is not mitigated in infant BALB/c mice born to PreF-vaccinated dams. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206026. [PMID: 37646035 PMCID: PMC10461110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood hospitalizations due to bronchiolitis in children under 5 years of age. Moreover, severe RSV disease requiring hospitalization is associated with the subsequent development of wheezing and asthma. Due to the young age in which viral protection is needed and risk of vaccine enhanced disease following direct infant vaccination, current approaches aim to protect young children through maternal immunization strategies that boost neutralizing maternal antibody (matAb) levels. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the influence of maternal immunization on secondary immune responses to RSV in the offspring or whether the subsequent development of wheezing and asthma is mitigated. Toward this goal, our lab developed a murine model of maternal RSV vaccination and repeat RSV exposure to evaluate the changes in immune response and development of exacerbated lung inflammation on secondary RSV exposure in mice born to immunized dams. Despite complete protection following primary RSV exposure, offspring born to pre-fusion F (PreF)-vaccinated dams had exaggerated secondary ILC2 and Th2 responses, characterized by enhanced production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. These enhanced type 2 cellular responses were associated with exaggerated airway eosinophilia and mucus hyperproduction upon re-exposure to RSV. Importantly, depletion of CD4+ T cells led to complete amelioration of the observed type 2 pathology on secondary RSV exposure. These unanticipated results highlight the need for additional studies that look beyond primary protection to better understand how maternal immunization shapes subsequent immune responses to repeat RSV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Madeline A. Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Timothy N. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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12
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Wang C, Du Z, Li R, Luo Y, Zhu C, Ding N, Lei A. Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:947-959. [PMID: 37414870 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), characterized by a lack of antigen receptors, have been regarded as an important component of type 2 pulmonary immunity. Analogous to Th2 cells, ILC2s are capable of releasing type 2 cytokines and amphiregulin, thus playing an essential role in a variety of diseases, such as allergic diseases and virus-induced respiratory diseases. Interferons (IFNs), an important family of cytokines with potent antiviral effects, can be triggered by microbial products, microbial exposure, and pathogen infections. Interestingly, the past few years have witnessed encouraging progress in revealing the important role of IFNs and IFN-producing cells in modulating ILC2 responses in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. This review underscores recent progress in understanding the role of IFNs and IFN-producing cells in shaping ILC2 responses and discusses disease phenotypes, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets in the context of allergic lung inflammation and infections with viruses, including influenza virus, rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Du
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Cuiming Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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13
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Sedney CJ, Harvill ET. The Neonatal Immune System and Respiratory Pathogens. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1597. [PMID: 37375099 PMCID: PMC10301501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are more susceptible to some pathogens, particularly those that cause infection in the respiratory tract. This is often attributed to an incompletely developed immune system, but recent work demonstrates effective neonatal immune responses to some infection. The emerging view is that neonates have a distinctly different immune response that is well-adapted to deal with unique immunological challenges of the transition from a relatively sterile uterus to a microbe-rich world, tending to suppress potentially dangerous inflammatory responses. Problematically, few animal models allow a mechanistic examination of the roles and effects of various immune functions in this critical transition period. This limits our understanding of neonatal immunity, and therefore our ability to rationally design and develop vaccines and therapeutics to best protect newborns. This review summarizes what is known of the neonatal immune system, focusing on protection against respiratory pathogens and describes challenges of various animal models. Highlighting recent advances in the mouse model, we identify knowledge gaps to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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14
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Matsuyama T, Machida K, Mizuno K, Matsuyama H, Dotake Y, Shinmura M, Takagi K, Inoue H. The Functional Role of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Asthma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:893. [PMID: 37371472 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. ILC2s lack antigen-specific receptors and respond to epithelial-derived cytokines, leading to the induction of airway eosinophilic inflammation in an antigen-independent manner. Additionally, ILC2s might be involved in the mechanism of steroid resistance. Numerous studies in both mice and humans have shown that ILC2s induce airway inflammation through inflammatory signals, including cytokines and other mediators derived from immune or non-immune cells. ILC2s and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells collaborate through direct and indirect interactions to organize type 2 immune responses. Interestingly, the frequencies or numbers of ILC2 are increased in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthma patients, and the numbers of ILC2s in the blood and sputum of severe asthmatics are significantly larger than those of mild asthmatics. These findings may contribute to the regulation of the immune response in asthma. This review article highlights our current understanding of the functional role of ILC2s in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsuyama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kentaro Machida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiromi Matsuyama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yoichi Dotake
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinmura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Koichi Takagi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Inoue
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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15
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Alkubaisi NA, Aziz IM, Alsaleh AN, Alhetheel AF, Almajhdi FN. Molecular Profiling of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Bocavirus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051101. [PMID: 37239461 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) can mediate the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which are usually associated with disease severity in children. In this study, the change in the expression profile of cytokines and chemokines were determined during HRSV, HBoV, and HRSV coinfection with HBoV in 75 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) samples, positive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR Assay (rRT-PCR) for HRSV (n = 36), HBoV (n = 23) infection alone or HRSV coinfection with HBoV (n = 16). The samples were collected from hospitalized children. qPCR-based detection revealed that the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, and G-CSF were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in patients than in controls. IL-4, IL-17, GM-CSF, and CCL-5 were significantly elevated in children with HRSV coinfection with HBoV than in other groups (p < 0.05). TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33 in children with HRSV were significantly increased in severe infections compared to mild infections. Whereas, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33 were significantly increased in severe infection in compared a mild infection in children with HBoV. Further large-scale investigations involving isolates are needed to enhance our knowledge of the association between viral infections and cytokine expression patterns during the different stages of HRSV and HBoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorah A Alkubaisi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma N Alsaleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim F Alhetheel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Gillet L, Machiels B. Shaping of the alveolar landscape by respiratory infections and long-term consequences for lung immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1149015. [PMID: 37081878 PMCID: PMC10112541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1149015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections and especially viral infections, along with other extrinsic environmental factors, have been shown to profoundly affect macrophage populations in the lung. In particular, alveolar macrophages (AMs) are important sentinels during respiratory infections and their disappearance opens a niche for recruited monocytes (MOs) to differentiate into resident macrophages. Although this topic is still the focus of intense debate, the phenotype and function of AMs that recolonize the niche after an inflammatory insult, such as an infection, appear to be dictated in part by their origin, but also by local and/or systemic changes that may be imprinted at the epigenetic level. Phenotypic alterations following respiratory infections have the potential to shape lung immunity for the long-term, leading to beneficial responses such as protection against allergic airway inflammation or against other infections, but also to detrimental responses when associated with the development of immunopathologies. This review reports the persistence of virus-induced functional alterations in lung macrophages, and discusses the importance of this imprinting in explaining inter-individual and lifetime immune variation.
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17
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Liu W, Wang S, Wang J, Zheng R, Wang D, Yu R, Liu B. Neuromedin U Induces Pulmonary ILC2 Activation via the NMUR1 Pathway during Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:256-266. [PMID: 36227802 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0123oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a crucial role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced airway inflammation and allergy-like symptoms because of their ability to secrete large quantities of type 2 cytokines. Cytokines such as IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are activators of ILC2s. Besides, a regulatory effect of neurotransmitters on ILC2 activation has been reported recently. However, whether and how RSV infection induces neurotransmitter production in the lungs and regulates pulmonary ILC2 activation remains unclear. In this study, using a murine model established by intranasal infection with RSV, we found that acute RSV infection induced the production of a neurotransmitter, neuromedin U (NMU), in the lungs of RSV-infected mice and upregulated the expression of NMUR1 (neuromedin U receptor 1) on ILC2s. Moreover, in vivo administration of NMU exacerbated RSV-induced airway inflammation by promoting the proliferation and activation of pulmonary ILC2s via the NMUR1 pathway, which involved PI3K, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, and NFAT signaling proteins. Furthermore, pulmonary neurons responded to the stimulation of RSV infection and secreted NMU in a Toll-like receptor 4- and Toll-like receptor 7-dependent manner. Collectively, our data suggest that NMU is a powerful neuropeptide to activate ILC2s, highlighting the critical regulatory effects of neurotransmitters on antiviral, inflammatory, and tissue homeostasis at the mucosal barrier during a viral respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; and
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Rui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Beixing Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Allegra A, Murdaca G, Gammeri L, Ettari R, Gangemi S. Alarmins and MicroRNAs, a New Axis in the Genesis of Respiratory Diseases: Possible Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021783. [PMID: 36675299 PMCID: PMC9861898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well ascertained that airway inflammation has a key role in the genesis of numerous respiratory pathologies, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary tissue inflammation and anti-inflammatory responses implicate an intricate relationship between local and infiltrating immune cells and structural pulmonary cells. Alarmins are endogenic proteins discharged after cell injury in the extracellular microenvironment. The purpose of our review is to highlight the alterations in respiratory diseases involving some alarmins, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33, and their inter-relationships and relationships with genetic non-coding material, such as microRNAs. The role played by these alarmins in some pathophysiological processes confirms the existence of an axis composed of HMGB1 and IL-33. These alarmins have been implicated in ferroptosis, the onset of type 2 inflammation and airway alterations. Moreover, both factors can act on non-coding genetic material capable of modifying respiratory function. Finally, we present an outline of alarmins and RNA-based therapeutics that have been proposed to treat respiratory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Gammeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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19
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Krishnamoorthy N, Walker KH, Brüggemann TR, Tavares LP, Smith EW, Nijmeh J, Bai Y, Ai X, Cagnina RE, Duvall MG, Lehoczky JA, Levy BD. The Maresin 1-LGR6 axis decreases respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2206480120. [PMID: 36595677 PMCID: PMC9926266 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206480120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The resolution of infection is an active process with specific molecular and cellular mechanisms that temper inflammation and enhance pathogen clearance. Here, the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) Maresin 1 (MaR1) inhibited respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced inflammation. inlerleukin-13 production from type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and CD4 T helper type 2 cells was decreased by exogenous MaR1. In addition, MaR1 increased amphiregulin production and decreased RSV viral transcripts to promote resolution. MaR1 also promoted interferon-β production in mouse lung tissues and also in pediatric lung slices. MaR1 significantly inhibited the RSV-triggered aberrant inflammatory phenotype in FoxP3-expressing Tregs. The receptor for MaR1, leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6), was constitutively expressed on Tregs. Following RSV infection, mice lacking Lgr6 had exacerbated type 2 immune responses with an increased viral burden and blunted responses to MaR1. Together, these findings have uncovered a multi-pronged protective signaling axis for MaR1-Lgr6, improving Tregs's suppressive function and upregulating host antiviral genes resulting in decreased viral burden and pathogen-mediated inflammation, ultimately promoting restoration of airway mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Katherine H. Walker
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Thayse R. Brüggemann
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Luciana P. Tavares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Ethan W. Smith
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Julie Nijmeh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Yan Bai
- Neonatology Division, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA02114
| | - Xingbin Ai
- Neonatology Division, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA02114
| | - R. Elaine Cagnina
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Melody G. Duvall
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jessica A. Lehoczky
- Department Of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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20
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Cortegano I, Rodríguez M, Hernángómez S, Arrabal A, Garcia-Vao C, Rodríguez J, Fernández S, Díaz J, de la Rosa B, Solís B, Arribas C, Garrido F, Zaballos A, Roa S, López V, Gaspar ML, de Andrés B. Age-dependent nasal immune responses in non-hospitalized bronchiolitis children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011607. [PMID: 36561744 PMCID: PMC9763932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis in children is associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Many studies have been performed using samples from hospitalized bronchiolitis patients, but little is known about the immunological responses from infants suffering from mild/moderate bronchiolitis that do not require hospitalization. We have studied a collection of nasal lavage fluid (NLF) samples from outpatient bronchiolitis children as a novel strategy to unravel local humoral and cellular responses, which are not fully characterized. The children were age-stratified in three groups, two of them (GI under 2-months, GII between 2-4 months) presenting a first episode of bronchiolitis, and GIII (between 4 months and 2 years) with recurrent respiratory infections. Here we show that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, IL18, IL23), regulatory cytokines (IL10, IL17A) and IFNγ were found in the three bronchiolitis cohorts. However, little or no change was observed for IL33 and MCP1, at difference to previous results from bronchiolitis hospitalized patients. Furthermore, our results show a tendency to IL1β, IL6, IL18 and TNFα increased levels in children with mild pattern of symptom severity and in those in which non RSV respiratory virus were detected compared to RSV+ samples. By contrast, no such differences were found based on gender distribution. Bronchiolitis NLFs contained more IgM, IgG1, IgG3 IgG4 and IgA than NLF from their age-matched healthy controls. NLF from bronchiolitis children predominantly contained neutrophils, and also low frequency of monocytes and few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NLF from infants older than 4-months contained more intermediate monocytes and B cell subsets, including naïve and memory cells. BCR repertoire analysis of NLF samples showed a biased VH1 usage in IgM repertoires, with low levels of somatic hypermutation. Strikingly, algorithmic studies of the mutation profiles, denoted antigenic selection on IgA-NLF repertoires. Our results support the use of NLF samples to analyze immune responses and may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cortegano
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Arrabal
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rodríguez
- Pediatrics Department, Atención Primaria Galapagar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Fernández
- Pediatrics Department, Atención Primaria Galapagar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juncal Díaz
- Pediatrics Department, Atención Primaria Galapagar, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Solís
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Arribas
- Pediatrics Department, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Garrido
- Pediatrics Department, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Zaballos
- Genomics Central Core, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Roa
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria López
- Chronic Disease Programme Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Luisa Gaspar
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Immunobiology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Qiu X, Xu S, Lu Y, Luo Z, Yan Y, Wang C, Ji J. Development of mRNA vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:37-53. [PMID: 36280532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus that is the primary etiologic pathogen of bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly. Currently, no preventative vaccine has been approved for RSV infection. However, advances in the characterization, and structural resolution, of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein have revolutionized RSV vaccine development by providing a new target for preventive interventions. In general, six different approaches have been adopted in the development of preventative RSV therapeutics, namely, particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, live-attenuated or chimeric vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among these preventive interventions, MVA-BN-RSV, RSVpreF3, RSVpreF, Ad26. RSV.preF, nirsevimab, clesrovimab and mRNA-1345 is being tested in phase 3 clinical trials, and displays the most promising in infant or elderly populations. Accompanied by the huge success of mRNA vaccines in COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have been rapidly developed, with many having entered clinical studies, in which they have demonstrated encouraging results and acceptable safety profiles. In fact, Moderna has received FDA approval, granting fast-track designation for an investigational single-dose mRNA-1345 vaccine against RSV in adults over 60 years of age. Hence, mRNA vaccines may represent a new, more successful, chapter in the continued battle to develop effective preventative measures against RSV. This review discusses the structure, life cycle, and brief history of RSV, while also presenting the current advancements in RSV preventatives, with a focus on the latest progress in RSV mRNA vaccine development. Finally, future prospects for this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangtian Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Ham J, Lim M, Kim D, Kim HY. Memory-like innate lymphoid cells in the pathogenesis of asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005517. [PMID: 36466877 PMCID: PMC9712946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are recently discovered innate immune cells that reside and self-renew in mucosal tissues and serve as the first line of defense against various external insults. They include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. The development and functions of ILC1-3 reflect those of their adaptive immunity TH1, TH2, and TH17 T-cell counterparts. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease caused by repeated exposure to specific allergens or host/environmental factors (e.g., obesity) that stimulate pathogenic pulmonary immune cells, including ILCs. Memory used to be a hallmark of adaptive immune cells until recent studies of monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells showed that innate immune cells can also exhibit greater responses to re-stimulation and that these more responsive cells can be long-lived. Besides, a series of studies suggest that the tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells have memory-like phenotypes, such as increased cytokine productions or epigenetic modifications following repetitive exposure to allergens. Notably, both clinical and mouse studies of asthma show that various allergens can generate memory-like features in ILC2s. Here, we discuss the biology of ILCs, their roles in asthma pathogenesis, and the evidence supporting ILC memory. We also show evidence suggesting memory ILCs could help drive the phenotypic heterogeneity in asthma. Thus, further research on memory ILCs may be fruitful in terms of developing new therapies for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Ham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - MinYeong Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dongmo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Lee HS, Volpe SJ, Chang EH. The Role of Viruses in the Inception of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 15:310-318. [PMID: 36455880 PMCID: PMC9723285 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2022.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex inflammatory disorder that affects between 2% and 16% of adults in the United States, with estimated healthcare costs between 4 and 12 million USD. Viruses are a common etiologic factor for URIs, are frequently identified in the sinuses of patients with CRS, and trigger CRS exacerbations. Therefore, investigating the role of viruses provides an opportunity to identify their role in the pathogenesis of CRS. In this review, we identified the viruses frequently isolated in patients with CRS, as well as their associated immunologic responses and contributions to inflammation. Rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus are the viruses commonly found in patients with CRS. This information allows us to target pathways early in the pathogenesis of CRS, thereby playing a significant role in slowing the progression of this chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sophia J Volpe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eugene H Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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24
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Bertrand PJ, Vázquez Y, Beckhaus AA, González LA, Contreras AM, Ferrés M, Padilla O, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Identification of biomarkers for disease severity in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants with upper or lower respiratory tract viral infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:68-78. [PMID: 36036806 PMCID: PMC9585550 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) produced by viruses are the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years of age. The immune response triggered by viral infection can induce a strong inflammation in the airways and cytokines could be considered as biomarkers for disease severity as these molecules modulate the inflammatory response that defines the outcome of patients. Aiming to predict the severity of disease during respiratory tract infections, we conducted a 1-year follow-up observational study in infants who presented upper or lower respiratory tract infections caused by seasonal respiratory viruses. At the time of enrollment, nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were obtained from infants to measure mRNA expression and protein levels of IL-3, IL-8, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. While all cytokines significantly increased their protein levels in infants with upper and lower respiratory tract infections as compared to control infants, IL-33 and IL-8 showed a significant increase in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected patients with LRTI as compared to patients with upper respiratory tract infection. We also found higher viral loads of RSV-positive samples with a greater IL-8 response at the beginning of the symptoms. Data obtained in this study suggest that both IL-8 and IL-33 could be used as biomarkers for clinical severity for infants suffering from LRTIs caused by the RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Bertrand
- Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea A Beckhaus
- Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Contreras
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oslando Padilla
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Rossi GA, Ballarini S, Salvati P, Sacco O, Colin AA. Alarmins and innate lymphoid cells 2 activation: A common pathogenetic link connecting respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and later wheezing/asthma? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13803. [PMID: 35754131 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infancy is associated with increased risk of recurrent wheezing in childhood. Both acute and long-term alterations in airway functions are thought to be related to inefficient antiviral immune response. The airway epithelium, the first target of RSV, normally acts as an immunological barrier able to elicit an effective immune reaction but may also be programmed to directly promote a Th2 response, independently from Th2 lymphocyte involvement. Recognition of RSV transcripts and viral replication intermediates by bronchial epithelial cells brings about release of TSLP, IL-33, HMGB1, and IL-25, dubbed "alarmins." These epithelial cell-derived proteins are particularly effective in stimulating innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2) to release IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. ILC2, reflect the innate counterparts of Th2 cells and, when activate, are potent promoters of airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in RSV bronchiolitis and childhood wheezing/asthma. Long-term epithelial progenitors or persistent epigenetic modifications of the airway epithelium following RSV infection may play a pathogenetic role in the short- and long-term increased susceptibility to obstructive lung diseases in response to RSV in the young. Additionally, ILC2 function may be further regulated by RSV-induced changes in gut microbiota community composition that can be associated with disease severity in infants. A better understanding of the alarmin-ILC interactions in childhood might provide insights into the mechanisms characterizing these immune-mediated diseases and indicate new targets for prevention and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology and Respiratory Endoscopy Unit, G. Gaslini institute and University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Ballarini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Immunometabolism, Immunogenetics and Translational Immunology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvati
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology and Respiratory Endoscopy Unit, G. Gaslini institute and University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Oliviero Sacco
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology and Respiratory Endoscopy Unit, G. Gaslini institute and University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrew A Colin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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26
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Early-life infection of the airways with Streptococcus pneumoniae exacerbates HDM-induced asthma in a murine model. Cell Immunol 2022; 376:104536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Sacco K, Castagnoli R, Vakkilainen S, Liu C, Delmonte OM, Oguz C, Kaplan IM, Alehashemi S, Burbelo PD, Bhuyan F, de Jesus AA, Dobbs K, Rosen LB, Cheng A, Shaw E, Vakkilainen MS, Pala F, Lack J, Zhang Y, Fink DL, Oikonomou V, Snow AL, Dalgard CL, Chen J, Sellers BA, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Barron K, Rey-Jurado E, Vial C, Poli MC, Licari A, Montagna D, Marseglia GL, Licciardi F, Ramenghi U, Discepolo V, Lo Vecchio A, Guarino A, Eisenstein EM, Imberti L, Sottini A, Biondi A, Mató S, Gerstbacher D, Truong M, Stack MA, Magliocco M, Bosticardo M, Kawai T, Danielson JJ, Hulett T, Askenazi M, Hu S, Cohen JI, Su HC, Kuhns DB, Lionakis MS, Snyder TM, Holland SM, Goldbach-Mansky R, Tsang JS, Notarangelo LD. Immunopathological signatures in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and pediatric COVID-19. Nat Med 2022; 28:1050-1062. [PMID: 35177862 PMCID: PMC9119950 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 (pCOVID-19) is rarely severe; however, a minority of children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might develop multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), with substantial morbidity. In this longitudinal multi-institutional study, we applied multi-omics (analysis of soluble biomarkers, proteomics, single-cell gene expression and immune repertoire analysis) to profile children with COVID-19 (n = 110) and MIS-C (n = 76), along with pediatric healthy controls (pHCs; n = 76). pCOVID-19 was characterized by robust type I interferon (IFN) responses, whereas prominent type II IFN-dependent and NF-κB-dependent signatures, matrisome activation and increased levels of circulating spike protein were detected in MIS-C, with no correlation with SARS-CoV-2 PCR status around the time of admission. Transient expansion of TRBV11-2 T cell clonotypes in MIS-C was associated with signatures of inflammation and T cell activation. The association of MIS-C with the combination of HLA A*02, B*35 and C*04 alleles suggests genetic susceptibility. MIS-C B cells showed higher mutation load than pCOVID-19 and pHC. These results identify distinct immunopathological signatures in pCOVID-19 and MIS-C that might help better define the pathophysiology of these disorders and guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Sacco
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Svetlana Vakkilainen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cihan Oguz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Sara Alehashemi
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana A de Jesus
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aristine Cheng
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elana Shaw
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle L Fink
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vasileios Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian A Sellers
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gina A Montealegre Sanchez
- Intramural Clinical Management and Operation Branch (ICMOB), Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karyl Barron
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Cecilia Poli
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Inmunología y Reumatología, Hospital de niños Dr. Roberto del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amelia Licari
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Montagna
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Licciardi
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ugo Ramenghi
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, A.O.U. Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eli M Eisenstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luisa Imberti
- CREA Laboratory (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sottini
- CREA Laboratory (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network PaedCan, EuroBloodNet, MetabERN, University of Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Sayonara Mató
- Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dana Gerstbacher
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Stanford Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng Truong
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Stack
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Magliocco
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomoki Kawai
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Danielson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Hulett
- CDI Laboratories, Antygen Division, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Shaohui Hu
- CDI Laboratories, Antygen Division, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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29
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Lao JC, Bui CB, Pang MA, Cho SX, Rudloff I, Elgass K, Schröder J, Maksimenko A, Mangan NE, Starkey MR, Skuza EM, Sun YBY, Beker F, Collins CL, Kamlin OF, König K, Malhotra A, Tan K, Theda C, Young MJ, McLean CA, Wilson NJ, Sehgal A, Hansbro PM, Pearson JT, Polo JM, Veldman A, Berger PJ, Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF. Type 2 immune polarization is associated with cardiopulmonary disease in preterm infants. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eaaz8454. [PMID: 35385341 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal maturation of the immune system is poorly understood, as is its impact on illnesses afflicting term or preterm infants, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and BPD-associated pulmonary hypertension. These are both cardiopulmonary inflammatory diseases that cause substantial mortality and morbidity with high treatment costs. Here, we characterized blood samples collected from 51 preterm infants longitudinally at five time points, 20 healthy term infants at birth and age 3 to 16 weeks, and 5 healthy adults. We observed strong associations between type 2 immune polarization in circulating CD3+CD4+ T cells and cardiopulmonary illness, with odds ratios up to 24. Maternal magnesium sulfate therapy, delayed hepatitis B vaccination, and increasing fetal, but not maternal, chorioamnionitis severity were associated with attenuated type 2 polarization. Blocking type 2 mediators such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, or signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in murine neonatal cardiopulmonary disease in vivo prevented changes in cell type composition, increases in IL-1β and IL-13, and losses of pulmonary capillaries, but not gains in larger vessels. Thereby, type 2 blockade ameliorated lung inflammation, protected alveolar and vascular integrity, and confirmed the pathological impact of type 2 cytokines and STAT6. In-depth flow cytometry and single-cell transcriptomics of mouse lungs further revealed complex associations between immune polarization and cardiopulmonary disease. Thus, this work advances knowledge on developmental immunology and its impact on early life disease and identifies multiple therapeutic approaches that may relieve inflammation-driven suffering in the youngest patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Lao
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christine B Bui
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Merrin A Pang
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Steven X Cho
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ina Rudloff
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kirstin Elgass
- Monash Micro Imaging, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anton Maksimenko
- Imaging and Medical Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Niamh E Mangan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M Skuza
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yu B Y Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Friederike Beker
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.,Neonatal Services, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Clare L Collins
- Neonatal Services, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Omar F Kamlin
- Department of Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kai König
- Department of Paediatrics, Medicum Wesemlin, Lucerne 6006, Switzerland
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christiane Theda
- Department of Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Wilson
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arvind Sehgal
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centres for Healthy Lungs and GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - James T Pearson
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.,Victorian Heart Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Alex Veldman
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Helios HSK, Wiesbaden 65199, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, J. Liebig University, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Philip J Berger
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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30
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Barnes MVC, Openshaw PJM, Thwaites RS. Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071153. [PMID: 35406717 PMCID: PMC8997753 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over half a century of research, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis remains a major cause of hospitalisation in infancy, while vaccines and specific therapies still await development. Our understanding of mucosal immune responses to RSV continues to evolve, but recent studies again highlight the role of Type-2 immune responses in RSV disease and hint at the possibility that it dampens Type-1 antiviral immunity. Other immunoregulatory pathways implicated in RSV disease highlight the importance of focussing on localised mucosal responses in the respiratory mucosa, as befits a virus that is essentially confined to the ciliated respiratory epithelium. In this review, we discuss studies of mucosal immune cell infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in RSV bronchiolitis and relate these studies to observations from peripheral blood. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of studying the nasal mucosa in a disease that is most severe in the lower airway. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
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31
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Murdaca G, Paladin F, Tonacci A, Borro M, Greco M, Gerosa A, Isola S, Allegra A, Gangemi S. Involvement of IL-33 in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Major Respiratory Viral Infections: Future Perspectives for Personalized Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030715. [PMID: 35327516 PMCID: PMC8944994 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a key cytokine involved in type-2 immunity and allergic airway disease. At the level of lung epithelial cells, where it is clearly expressed, IL-33 plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs. It has been widely demonstrated that in the course of respiratory virus infections, the release of IL-33 increases, with consequent pro-inflammatory effects and consequent exacerbation of the clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases. In our work, we analyzed the pathogenetic and prognostic involvement of IL-33 during the main respiratory viral infections, with particular interest in the recent SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and the aim of determining a possible connection point on which to act with a targeted therapy that is able to improve the clinical outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Paladin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Borro
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Monica Greco
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gerosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Stefania Isola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.I.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Hematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.I.); (S.G.)
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32
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La muqueuse pulmonaire en période périnatale : un monde à comprendre pour lutter contre la sensibilité du jeune à la bronchiolite. Rev Mal Respir 2022; 39:104-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Reijnders TDY, Schuurman AR, van der Poll T. The Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses: From Start to Memory. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:759-770. [PMID: 34918319 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research has long strived to improve our understanding of the immune response to respiratory viral infections, an effort that has become all the more important as we live through the consequences of a pandemic. The disease course of these infections is shaped in large part by the actions of various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. While these cells are crucial in clearing viral pathogens and establishing long-term immunity, their effector mechanisms may also escalate into excessive, tissue-destructive inflammation detrimental to the host. In this review, we describe the breadth of the immune response to infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Throughout, we focus on the host rather than the pathogen and try to describe shared patterns in the host response to different viruses. We start with the local cells of the airways, onto the recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, followed by the establishment of local and systemic memory cells key in protection against reinfection. We end by exploring how respiratory viral infections can predispose to bacterial superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Y Reijnders
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex R Schuurman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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34
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Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122519. [PMID: 34960788 PMCID: PMC8704309 DOI: 10.3390/v13122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important respiratory pathogens of horses and humans. Infected individuals develop typical respiratory disorders associated with the death of airway epithelial cells (AECs) in infected areas. Virulence and risk of secondary bacterial infections vary among IAV strains. The IAV non-structural proteins, NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X are important virulence factors controlling AEC death and host immune responses to viral and bacterial infection. Polymorphism in these proteins impacts their function. Evidence from human and mouse studies indicates that upon IAV infection, the manner of AEC death impacts disease severity. Indeed, while apoptosis is considered anti-inflammatory, necrosis is thought to cause pulmonary damage with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as interleukin-33 (IL-33). IL-33 is a potent inflammatory mediator released by necrotic cells, playing a crucial role in anti-viral and anti-bacterial immunity. Here, we discuss studies in human and murine models which investigate how viral determinants and host immune responses control AEC death and subsequent lung IL-33 release, impacting IAV disease severity. Confirming such data in horses and improving our understanding of early immunologic responses initiated by AEC death during IAV infection will better inform the development of novel therapeutic or vaccine strategies designed to protect life-long lung health in horses and humans, following a One Health approach.
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35
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Mebratu YA, Tesfaigzi Y. Is Interleukin-1β a Target for Reducing Hospitalization of Infants Infected with RSV? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:248-249. [PMID: 34905715 PMCID: PMC8937241 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0457ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1861, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1861, Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
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36
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Vu LD, Phan ATQ, Hijano DR, Siefker DT, Tillman H, Cormier SA. IL-1β Promotes Expansion of IL-33+ Lung Epithelial Stem Cells Following RSV Infection During Infancy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:312-322. [PMID: 34861136 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0313oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced immunopathogenesis and disease severity in neonatal mice and human infants have been related to elevated pulmonary IL-33. Thus, targeting IL-33 has been suggested as a potential therapy for respiratory viral infections. Yet, the regulatory mechanisms on IL-33 during early life remain unclear. Here, using a neonatal mouse model of RSV, we demonstrate that IL-1β positively regulates but is not required for RSV-induced expression of pulmonary IL-33 in neonatal mice early after the initial infection. Exogenous IL-1β upregulates RSV-induced IL-33 expression by promoting the proliferation of IL-33pos lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells (EpiSPC). These cells are exclusively detected in RSV-infected neonatal rather than adult mice, partially explaining the IL-1β-independent IL-33 expression in RSV-infected adult mice. Furthermore, IL-1β aggravates IL-33 mediated Th2 biased immunopathogenesis upon reinfection. Collectively, our study demonstrates that IL-1β exacerbates IL-33 mediated RSV immunopathogenesis by promoting the proliferation of IL-33pos EpiSPC in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan D Vu
- Louisiana State University College of Science, 124525, Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Anh T Q Phan
- Louisiana State University College of Science, 124525, Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Diego R Hijano
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 5417, Department of Infectious Diseases,, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - David T Siefker
- Louisiana State University, 5779, Department of Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Heather Tillman
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 5417, Department of Infectious Diseases,, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Louisiana State University and A&M College, 5779, Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States;
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37
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Fonseca W, Malinczak CA, Fujimura K, Li D, McCauley K, Li J, Best SKK, Zhu D, Rasky AJ, Johnson CC, Bermick J, Zoratti EM, Ownby D, Lynch SV, Lukacs NW, Ptaschinski C. Maternal gut microbiome regulates immunity to RSV infection in offspring. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212680. [PMID: 34613328 PMCID: PMC8500238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the immune system can be influenced by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence the risk of disease. Severe early life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with persistent immune alterations. Previously, our group had shown that adult mice orally supplemented with Lactobacillus johnsonii exhibited decreased airway immunopathology following RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that offspring of mice supplemented with L. johnsonii exhibit reduced airway mucus and Th2 cell–mediated response to RSV infection. Maternal supplementation resulted in a consistent gut microbiome in mothers and their offspring. Importantly, supplemented maternal plasma and breastmilk, and offspring plasma, exhibited decreased inflammatory metabolites. Cross-fostering studies showed that prenatal Lactobacillus exposure led to decreased Th2 cytokines and lung inflammation following RSV infection, while postnatal Lactobacillus exposure diminished goblet cell hypertrophy and mucus production in the lung in response to airway infection. These studies demonstrate that Lactobacillus modulation of the maternal microbiome and associated metabolic reprogramming enhance airway protection against RSV in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Kei Fujimura
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Danny Li
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Diana Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Jennifer Bermick
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Edward M Zoratti
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Dennis Ownby
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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38
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Shang Z, Tan S, Ma D. Respiratory syncytial virus: from pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4073-4091. [PMID: 34671221 PMCID: PMC8495404 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly and people with poor immune function, which causes a huge disease burden worldwide every year. It has been more than 60 years since RSV was discovered, and the palivizumab monoclonal antibody, the only approved specific treatment, is limited to use for passive immunoprophylaxis in high-risk infants; no other intervention has been approved to date. However, in the past decade, substantial progress has been made in characterizing the structure and function of RSV components, their interactions with host surface molecules, and the host innate and adaptive immune response to infection. In addition, basic and important findings have also piqued widespread interest among researchers and pharmaceutical companies searching for effective interventions for RSV infection. A large number of promising monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors have been screened, and new vaccine candidates have been designed for clinical evaluation. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structural composition, host cell surface receptors and life cycle of RSV virions. Then, we discuss the latest findings related to the pathogenesis of RSV. We also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and treatment of RSV infection through the development of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and small-molecule inhibitors. Finally, we look forward to the prospects and challenges of future RSV research and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Shang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 518026 Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Ma
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 518026 Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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39
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Sarkar S, Ratho RK, Singh M, Singh MP, Singh A, Sharma M. Comparative analysis of epidemiology, clinical features and cytokine response of Respiratory Syncytial and Human Metapneumovirus infected children with acute lower respiratory infections. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:56-62. [PMID: 34193665 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both Human Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause immune-mediated under-five acute respiratory infections (ARI), but differences in their disease pathogenesis, if any, are not well-known. This study was undertaken to analyze the epidemio-clinico-immunological features of RSV and hMPV infections. Naso-pharyngeal aspirates from children (aged two months to five years) with ARI presenting to our tertiary care center between December 2013 to March 2016 were subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of RSV and hMPV. Positive samples were analyzed for co-infections and levels of cytokines. Of 349 naso-pharyngeal aspirates, RSV was detected in 40.68% (142/349), hMPV in 6.59% (23/349) and both in 1.4% (5/349). Co-infections were common, rhinovirus being the commonest co-offender. The demographical and clinical parameters of RSV- and hMPV-infected children were comparable. MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly higher in RSV-mediated ARI and IFN-γ in hMPV-mediated ARI. Both RSV and hMPV are common among north Indian children with ARI and coinfections are not uncommon. Their clinical features being non-discriminatory, molecular diagnosis should be utilized to ascertain their individual epidemiology. The differences in their immune-pathogenesis (MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in RSV and IFN-γ in hMPV) could serve as useful tools for developing newer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Sarkar
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Radha Kanta Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Mini Pritam Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- School and Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
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Vu LD, Saravia J, Jaligama S, Baboeram Panday RV, Sullivan RD, Mancarella S, Cormier SA, Kimura D. Deficiency in ST2 signaling ameliorates RSV-associated pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H309-H317. [PMID: 34170196 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) observed during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is associated with morbidity and mortality, especially in children with congenital heart disease. Yet, the pathophysiological mechanisms of RSV-associated PH remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanism of RSV-associated PH. We used a translational mouse model of RSV-associated PH, in which wild-type (WT) and suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) knockout neonatal mice were infected with RSV at 5 days old and reinfected 4 wk later. The development of PH in WT mice following RSV reinfection was evidenced by elevated right ventricle systolic pressure, shortened pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAT), and decreased PAT/ejection time (ET) ratio. It coincided with the augmentation of periostin and IL-13 expression and increased arginase bioactivity by both arginase 1 and 2 as well as induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling. Absence of ST2 signaling prevented RSV-reinfected mice from developing PH by suppressing NOS uncoupling. In summary, ST2 signaling was involved in the development of RSV-associated PH. ST2 signaling inhibition may be a novel therapeutic target for RSV-associated PH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that the pathogenic role of ST2-mediated type 2 immunity and mechanisms contribute to RSV-associated pulmonary hypertension. Inhibiting ST2 signaling may be a novel therapeutic target for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan D Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Ryan D Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Salvatore Mancarella
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dai Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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41
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Wirtz S, Schulz-Kuhnt A, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Functional Contribution and Targeted Migration of Group-2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Being at the Right Place at the Right Time. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688879. [PMID: 34177944 PMCID: PMC8222800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been discovered and successfully established as crucial mediators of lung allergy, airway inflammation and fibrosis, thus affecting the pathogenesis and clinical course of many respiratory diseases, like for instance asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic rhinosinusitis. As an important regulatory component in this context, the local pulmonary milieu at inflammatory tissue sites does not only determine the activation status of lung-infiltrating ILC2s, but also influences their motility and migratory behavior. In general, many data collected in recent murine and human studies argued against the former concept of a very strict tissue residency of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and instead pointed to a context-dependent homing capacity of peripheral blood ILC precursors and the inflammation-dependent capacity of specific ILC subsets for interorgan trafficking. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the so far described molecular mechanisms underlying the pulmonary migration of ILC2s and thereby the numeric regulation of local ILC2 pools at inflamed or fibrotic pulmonary tissue sites and discuss their potential to serve as innovative therapeutic targets in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Schulz-Kuhnt
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Transient IL-33 upregulation in neonatal mouse lung promotes acute but not chronic type 2 immune responses induced by allergen later in life. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252199. [PMID: 34048460 PMCID: PMC8162637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life respiratory insults, such as viral infections or hyperoxia, often increase asthma susceptibility later in life. The mechanisms underlying this increased susceptibility are not fully understood. IL-33 has been shown to be critically involved in allergic airway diseases. IL-33 expression in the neonatal lung can be increased by various respiratory insults associated with asthma development. Therefore, we investigated whether and how early life increases in IL-33 impact allergic airway responses later in life. Using a novel IL-33 transgenic mouse model, in which full-length IL-33 was inducible overexpressed in lung epithelial cells, we transiently upregulated lung IL-33 expression in neonatal mice for one week. After resting for 4–6 weeks, mice were intranasally exposed to a single-dose of recombinant IL-33 or the airborne allergen Alternaria. Alternatively, mice were exposed to Alternaria and ovalbumin multiple times for one month. We found that a transient increase in IL-33 expression during the neonatal period promoted IL-5 and IL-13 production when mice were later exposed to a single-dose of IL-33 or Alternaria in adulthood. However, increased IL-33 expression during the neonatal period did not affect airway inflammation, type 2 cytokine production, lung mucus production, or antigen-specific antibody responses when adult mice were exposed to Alternaria and ovalbumin multiple times. These results suggest that transient increased IL-33 expression early in life may have differential effects on allergic airway responses in later life, preferentially affecting allergen-induced acute type 2 cytokine production.
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43
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Poonpanichakul T, Chan-In W, Opasawatchai A, Loison F, Matangkasombut O, Charoensawan V, Matangkasombut P. Innate Lymphoid Cells Activation and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Human Dengue Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599805. [PMID: 34079535 PMCID: PMC8165392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection has a global impact on public health. The clinical outcomes (of DENV) can vary from a flu-like illness called dengue fever (DF), to a more severe form, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The underlying innate immune mechanisms leading to protective or detrimental outcomes have not been fully elucidated. Helper innate lymphoid cells (hILCs), an innate lymphocyte recently discovered, functionally resemble T-helper cells and are important in inflammation and homeostasis. However, the role of hILCs in DENV infection had been unexplored. Methods We performed flow cytometry to investigate the frequency and phenotype of hILCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from DENV-infected patients of different disease severities (DF and DHF), and at different phases (febrile and convalescence) of infection. Intracellular cytokine staining of hILCs from DF and DHF were also evaluated by flow cytometry after ex vivo stimulation. Further, the hILCs were sorted and subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to compare the febrile and convalescent phase samples in DF and DHF. Selected differentially expressed genes were then validated by quantitative PCR. Results Phenotypic analysis showed marked activation of all three hILC subsets during the febrile phase as shown by higher CD69 expression when compared to paired convalescent samples, although the frequency of hILCs remained unchanged. Upon ex vivo stimulation, hILCs from febrile phase DHF produced significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-4 when compared to those of DF. Transcriptomic analysis showed unique hILCs gene expression in DF and DHF, suggesting that divergent functions of hILCs may be associated with different disease severities. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that hILCs function both in cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity during the febrile phase of DENV infection. Conclusions Helper ILCs are activated in the febrile phase of DENV infection and display unique transcriptomic changes as well as cytokine production that correlate with severity. Targeting hILCs during early innate response to DENV might help shape subsequent immune responses and potentially lessen the disease severity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiraput Poonpanichakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Chan-In
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fabien Loison
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Integrative Computational BioScience Center (ICBS), Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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44
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Loering S, Cameron GJM, Bhatt NP, Belz GT, Foster PS, Hansbro PM, Starkey MR. Differences in pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cells are dependent on mouse age, sex and strain. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:542-551. [PMID: 33295058 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are resident in the lung and are involved in both the maintenance of homeostasis and the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. In this study, murine lung ILCs were characterized using flow cytometry and the impact of mouse age, sex and strain were assessed. Lung ILCs were found as early as postnatal day 4 and numbers peaked at 2 weeks, and then decreased as the lung matured. During postnatal lung development, ILC expressed differential amounts of group 2 ILC (ILC2)-associated cell surface antigens including ST2, CD90.2 and ICOS. Using Il5venus Il13td-tomato dual reporter mice, neonates were found to have increased constitutive interleukin (IL)-13 expression compared with adult mice. Neonates and adults had similar ratios of IL-5+ CD45+ leukocytes; however, these cells were mostly composed of ILCs in neonates and T cells in adults. Sex-specific differences in ILC numbers were also observed, with females having greater numbers of lung ILCs than males in both neonatal and adult mice. Female lung ILCs also expressed higher levels of ICOS and decreased KLRG1. Mouse strain also impacted on lung ILCs with BALB/c mice having more ILCs in the lung and increased expression of ST2 and ICOS compared with C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, these data show that lung ILC numbers, cell surface antigen expression, IL-5 and IL-13 levels differed between neonatal and adult lung ILCs. In addition, cell surface antigens commonly used for ILC2 quantification, such as ST2, CD90.2 and ICOS, differ depending on age, sex and strain and these are important considerations for consistent universal identification of lung ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Loering
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Guy J M Cameron
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nirmal P Bhatt
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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45
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Fonseca W, Lukacs NW, Elesela S, Malinczak CA. Role of ILC2 in Viral-Induced Lung Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675169. [PMID: 33953732 PMCID: PMC8092393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid type-2 cells (ILC2) are a population of innate cells of lymphoid origin that are known to drive strong Type 2 immunity. ILC2 play a key role in lung homeostasis, repair/remodeling of lung structures following injury, and initiation of inflammation as well as more complex roles during the immune response, including the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. Remarkably, dysregulation of this single population has been linked with chronic lung pathologies, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic diseases (IPF). Furthermore, ILC2 have been shown to increase following early-life respiratory viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), that may lead to long-term alterations of the lung environment. The detrimental roles of increased ILC2 following these infections may include pathogenic chronic inflammation and/or alterations of the structural, repair, and even developmental processes of the lung. Respiratory viral infections in older adults and patients with established chronic pulmonary diseases often lead to exacerbated responses, likely due to previous exposures that leave the lung in a dysregulated functional and structural state. This review will focus on the role of ILC2 during respiratory viral exposures and their effects on the induction and regulation of lung pathogenesis. We aim to provide insight into ILC2-driven mechanisms that may enhance lung-associated diseases throughout life. Understanding these mechanisms will help identify better treatment options to limit not only viral infection severity but also protect against the development and/or exacerbation of other lung pathologies linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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46
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Narayanan S, Elesela S, Rasky AJ, Morris SH, Kumar S, Lombard D, Lukacs NW. ER stress protein PERK promotes inappropriate innate immune responses and pathogenesis during RSV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:379-389. [PMID: 33866604 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0520-322rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells (DC) during respiratory viral infections is central to directing the immune response and the pathologic outcome. In these studies, the effect of RSV infection on development of ER stress responses and the impact on innate immunity was examined. The upregulation of ER stress was closely associated with the PERK pathway through the upregulation of CHOP in RSV infected DC. The inhibition of PERK corresponded with decreased EIF2a phosphorylation but had no significant effect on Nrf2 in DC, two primary pathways regulated by PERK. Subsequent studies identified that by blocking PERK activity in infected DC an altered ER stress response and innate cytokine profile was observed with the upregulation of IFNβ and IL-12, coincident to the down regulation of IL-1β. When mitochondria respiration was assessed in PERK deficient DC there were increased dysfunctional mitochondria after RSV infection that resulted in reduced oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and ATP production indicating altered cellular metabolism. Use of a CD11c targeted genetic deleted murine model, RSV infection was characterized by reduced inflammation and diminished mucus staining as well as reduced mucus-associated gene gob5 expression. The assessment of the cytokine responses showed decreased IL-13 and IL-17 along with diminished IL-1β in the lungs of PERK deficient infected mice. When PERK-deficient animals were assessed in parallel for lung leukocyte numbers, animals displayed significantly reduced myeloid and activated CD4 and CD8 T cell numbers. Thus, the PERK activation pathway may provide a rational target for altering the severe outcome of an RSV infection through modifying immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanthi Narayanan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan H Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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47
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NLRP3-Inflammasome Inhibition during Respiratory Virus Infection Abrogates Lung Immunopathology and Long-Term Airway Disease Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040692. [PMID: 33923693 PMCID: PMC8072578 DOI: 10.3390/v13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects most infants by two years of age. It can cause severe disease leading to an increased risk of developing asthma later in life. Previously, our group has shown that RSV infection in mice and infants promotes IL-1β production. Here, we characterized the role of NLRP3-Inflammasome activation during RSV infection in adult mice and neonates. We observed that the inhibition of NLRP3 activation using the small molecule inhibitor, MCC950, or in genetically modified NLRP3 knockout (Nlrp3−/−) mice during in vivo RSV infection led to decreased lung immunopathology along with a reduced expression of the mucus-associated genes and reduced production of innate cytokines (IL-1β, IL-33 and CCL2) linked to severe RSV disease while leading to significant increases in IFN-β. NLRP3-inflammasome inhibition or deletion diminished Th2 cytokines and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs. Furthermore, NLRP3 inhibition or deletion during early-life RSV infection led to reducing viral-exacerbated allergic response in a mouse model of RSV-induced allergy exacerbation. Here, we demonstrated the critical role of NLRP3-inflammasome activation in RSV immunopathology and the related long-term airway alteration. Moreover, these findings suggest the NLRP3-inflammasome as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate severe RSV disease and limit childhood asthma development.
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48
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Ebihara T, Tatematsu M, Fuchimukai A, Yamada T, Yamagata K, Takasuga S, Yamada T. Trained innate lymphoid cells in allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2021; 70:174-180. [PMID: 33328130 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) reside in peripheral tissues such as the lungs, skin, nasal cavity, and gut and provoke innate type 2 immunity against allergen exposure, parasitic worm infection, and respiratory virus infection by producing TH2 cytokines. Recent advances in understanding ILC2 biology revealed that ILC2s can be trained by IL-33 or allergic inflammation, are long-lived, and mount memory-like type 2 immune responses to any other allergens afterwards. In contrast, IL-33, together with retinoic acid, induces IL-10-producing immunosuppressive ILC2s. In this review, we discuss how the allergic cytokine milieu and other immune cells direct the generation of trained ILC2s with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive recall capability in allergic diseases and infections associated with type 2 immunity. The molecular mechanisms of trained immunity by ILCs and the physiological relevance of trained ILC2s are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Megumi Tatematsu
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akane Fuchimukai
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kenki Yamagata
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takasuga
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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49
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Harker JA, Lloyd CM. Overlapping and distinct features of viral and allergen immunity in the human lung. Immunity 2021; 54:617-631. [PMID: 33852829 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunity in the human respiratory tract is provided by a diverse range of tissue-resident cells, including specialized epithelial and macrophage populations and a network of innate and innate-like lymphocytes, such as natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and invariant T cells. Lung-resident memory T and B cells contribute to this network following initial exposure to antigenic stimuli. This review explores how advances in the study of human immunology have shaped our understanding of this resident immune network and its response to two of the most commonly encountered inflammatory stimuli in the airways: viruses and allergens. It discusses the many ways in which pathogenic infection and allergic inflammation mirror each other, highlighting the key checkpoints at which they diverge and how this can result in a lifetime of allergic exacerbation versus protective anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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50
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Shilovskiy IP, Yumashev KV, Nikolsky AA, Vishnyakova LI, Khaitov MR. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: Using Murine Models to Understand Human Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:290-306. [PMID: 33838630 PMCID: PMC7957450 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Yumashev
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Nikolsky
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Liudmila I Vishnyakova
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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