1
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Li J, Zhang Y, Luo B. The programed death-1/programed death ligand-1 axis and its potential as a therapeutic target for virus-associated tumours. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2486. [PMID: 37905387 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
As an important and serious condition impacting human health, the diagnosis, and treatment of tumours is clinically vital because tumour cell immune escape sustains tumour development. Programed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tumour cell surfaces binds to the programed death-1 (PD-1), inhibits T cell activation, and induces apoptosis, and incapacitates cells. This allows tumour cells to evade recognition and clearance by the immune system, thereby permitting tumour occurrence, and development and poor prognosis outcomes in patients with tumours. Currently, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy has become pivotal in tumour treatment. Pathogens, especially viruses, are important factors which induce many tumours. In this article, we examine associations between Epstein-Barr virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related tumours and PD-1/PD-L1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Louloudes-Lázaro A, Rojas JM, García-García I, Rodríguez-Martín D, Morel E, Martín V, Sevilla N. Comprehensive immune profiling reveals that Orbivirus infection activates immune checkpoints during acute T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255803. [PMID: 37920474 PMCID: PMC10619675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges that affects domestic and wild ruminants producing great economic losses. The infection induces an IFN response, followed by an adaptive immune response that is essential in disease clearance. BTV can nonetheless impair IFN and humoral responses. The main goal of this study was to gain a more detailed understanding of BTV pathogenesis and its effects on immune cell populations. To this end, we combined flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses of several immune cells at different times post-infection (pi). Four sheep were infected with BTV serotype 8 and blood samples collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 15pi to perform transcriptomic analysis of B-cell marker+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ sorted peripheral mononuclear cells. The maximum number of differentially expressed genes occurred at day 7pi, which coincided with the peak of infection. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that genes belonging to virus sensing and immune response initiation pathways were enriched at day 3 and 7 pi in all 4 cell population analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that at day 7pi T cell exhaustion pathway was enriched in CD4+ cells, while CD8+ cells downregulated immune response initiation pathways. T cell functional studies demonstrated that BTV produced an acute inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at the peak of replication. This coincided with PD-L1 upregulation on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as monocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that BTV could exploit the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to impair T cell responses. These findings identify several mechanisms in the interaction between host and BTV, which could help develop better tools to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel García-García
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Cody JW, Ellis-Connell AL, O’Connor SL, Pienaar E. Mathematical modeling indicates that regulatory inhibition of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity can limit efficacy of IL-15 immunotherapy in cases of high pre-treatment SIV viral load. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011425. [PMID: 37616311 PMCID: PMC10482305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic cytokines can activate immune cells against cancers and chronic infections. N-803 is an IL-15 superagonist that expands CD8+ T cells and increases their cytotoxicity. N-803 also temporarily reduced viral load in a limited subset of non-human primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a model of HIV. However, viral suppression has not been observed in all SIV cohorts and may depend on pre-treatment viral load and the corresponding effects on CD8+ T cells. Starting from an existing mechanistic mathematical model of N-803 immunotherapy of SIV, we develop a model that includes activation of SIV-specific and non-SIV-specific CD8+ T cells by antigen, inflammation, and N-803. Also included is a regulatory counter-response that inhibits CD8+ T cell proliferation and function, representing the effects of immune checkpoint molecules and immunosuppressive cells. We simultaneously calibrate the model to two separate SIV cohorts. The first cohort had low viral loads prior to treatment (≈3-4 log viral RNA copy equivalents (CEQ)/mL), and N-803 treatment transiently suppressed viral load. The second had higher pre-treatment viral loads (≈5-7 log CEQ/mL) and saw no consistent virus suppression with N-803. The mathematical model can replicate the viral and CD8+ T cell dynamics of both cohorts based on different pre-treatment viral loads and different levels of regulatory inhibition of CD8+ T cells due to those viral loads (i.e. initial conditions of model). Our predictions are validated by additional data from these and other SIV cohorts. While both cohorts had high numbers of activated SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in simulations, viral suppression was precluded in the high viral load cohort due to elevated inhibition of cytotoxicity. Thus, we mathematically demonstrate how the pre-treatment viral load can influence immunotherapeutic efficacy, highlighting the in vivo conditions and combination therapies that could maximize efficacy and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Cody
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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4
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Arana Y, Gálvez RI, Jacobs T. Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Potential Therapeutic Options. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866120. [PMID: 35812458 PMCID: PMC9260015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected chronic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). A significant portion of infected people develops cardiac or digestive alterations over a lifetime. Since several chronic infections associated with antigen persistence and inflammation have been shown to lead to T cell exhaustion, new therapies targeting co-inhibitory receptors to regain T cell activity are under consideration. This study explored immune therapeutic approaches targeting the inhibitory PD-1/PD-L pathway in an experimental model for CD. Infected PD-L1 knockout mice (PD-L1 KO) showed increased systemic parasitemia in blood although no significant differences in parasite load were observed in different organs. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in the frequency of activated T cells or proinflammatory cytokine production when compared to WT counterparts. PD-L1 deficiency led to the production of IL-10 by CD8+ T cells and an upregulation of Tim-3 and CD244 (2B4). Unexpectedly, the lack of PD-L1 did not contribute to a significantly improved T cell response to infection. Single blockade and combined blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 using monoclonal antibodies confirmed the results observed in infected. PD-L1 KO mice. Our results describe for the first time that the interruption of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during acute T. cruzi infection does not necessarily enhance the immune response against this parasite. Its interruption favors increased levels of parasitemia and sustained upregulation of other co-inhibitory receptors as well as the production of regulatory cytokines. These results suggest that the clinical application of immune therapeutic approaches targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in CD might be risky and associated with adverse events. It highlights that more research is urgently needed to better understand the immune regulation of T cells in CD before designing immune therapeutic approaches for a clinical context.
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5
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Hwang BJ, Tsao LC, Acharya CR, Trotter T, Agarwal P, Wei J, Wang T, Yang XY, Lei G, Osada T, Lyerly HK, Morse MA, Hartman ZC. Sensitizing immune unresponsive colorectal cancers to immune checkpoint inhibitors through MAVS overexpression. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003721. [PMID: 35361727 PMCID: PMC8971789 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) are insensitive to programmed death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) antibodies. While there are many causes for ICI insensitivity, recent studies suggest that suppression of innate immune gene expression in tumor cells could be a root cause of this insensitivity and an important factor in the evolution of tumor immunosuppression. Methods We first assessed the reduction of mitochondrial antiviral signaling gene (MAVS) and related RIG-I pathway gene expression in several patient RNA expression datasets. We then engineered MAVS expressing tumor cells and tested their ability to elicit innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, which we then confirmed using MAVS expressing viral vectors. Finally, we observed that MAVS stimulated PD-L1 expression in multiple cell types and then assessed the combination of PD-L1 ICI antibodies with MAVS tumor expression in vivo. Results MAVS was significantly downregulated in CRCs, but its re-expression could stimulate broad cellular interferon-related responses, in both murine and patient-derived CRCs. In vivo, local MAVS expression elicited significant anti-tumor responses in both immune-sensitive and insensitive CRC models, through the stimulation of an interferon responsive axis that provoked tumor antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Critically, we found that tumor-intrinsic MAVS expression triggered systemic adaptive immune responses that enabled abscopal CD8 +T cell cytotoxicity against distant CRCs. As MAVS also induced PD-L1 expression, we further found synergistic anti-tumor responses in combination with anti-PD-L1 ICIs. Conclusion These data demonstrate that intratumoral MAVS expression results in local and systemic tumor antigen-specific T cell responses, which could be combined with PD-L1 ICI to permit effective anti-tumor immunotherapy in ICI resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Jin Hwang
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Li-Chung Tsao
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Junping Wei
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takuya Osada
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Herbert Kim Lyerly
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A Morse
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary Conrad Hartman
- Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA .,Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Song ST, Wu ML, Zhang HJ, Su X, Wang JH. Mast Cell Activation Triggered by Retrovirus Promotes Acute Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:798660. [PMID: 35197951 PMCID: PMC8859150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.798660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located at the host-environment interface and their non-allergic roles in the immune-surveillance of pathogens have recently gained more attention. However, MC-caused detrimental regulation of immune inflammations can promote viral invasion. Currently, the role of MCs in retroviral infection remains elusive. We have recently proved that human gut MCs could capture and transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells for promoting viral spread; MC-released histamine augments HIV-1-induced functional polarization of dendritic cells to cause immunosuppression via stimulating the differentiation of regulatory T cells. In this study, we used a murine model of MuLV/Friend virus infection to address MC role in acute retroviral infection in vivo. The acute infection of MuLV/Friend virus could be established in C57BL/6 wild type mice, but viral acquisition showed low efficiency in C57BL/6-Kit W - sh/W - sh (Sash) mice which lack MCs. In mechanism, we found that MuLV/Friend virus triggered MC activation for degranulation; MC degranulation subsequently activated the granulocyte-like myeloid derived suppressive cells (G-MDSCs) to inhibit CD8+ T cells- and NK cells-mediated antiviral immune responses. The reconstruction of MCs in Sash mice promoted acute retroviral infection by regulating G-MDSCs functions and antiviral immune responses. Importantly, the administration of MC stabilizers to block cell degranulation elevated antiviral immune response and consequently suppressed retrovirus infection. This study uncovers a specific role of MCs in acute retroviral infection and elucidates the underlying immune-mechanisms. Targeting MCs may provide a novel approach for controlling acute infection by retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Song
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Li Wu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiao Su,
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Jian-Hua Wang,
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7
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Schwerdtfeger M, Dickow J, Schmitz Y, Francois S, Karakoese Z, Malyshkina A, Knuschke T, Dittmer U, Sutter K. Immunotherapy With Interferon α11, But Not Interferon Beta, Controls Persistent Retroviral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809774. [PMID: 35126368 PMCID: PMC8810532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFNs), including numerous IFNα subtypes and IFNβ, are key molecules during innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. These cytokines exert various non-redundant biological activities, although binding to the same receptor. Persistent viral infections are often characterized by increased IFN signatures implicating a potential role of type I IFNs in disease pathogenesis. Using the well-established Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of IFNα11 and IFNβ in acute and chronic retroviral infection. We observed a strong antiviral activity of both IFNs during acute FV infection, whereas only IFNα11 and not IFNβ could also control persistent FV infection. The therapeutic treatment with IFNα11 induced the expression of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) and improved cytotoxic T cell responses. Finally, dysfunctional CD8+ T cells solely regained cytotoxicity after IFNα11 treatment. Our data provide evidence for opposing activities of type I IFNs during chronic retroviral infections. IFNβ was shown to be involved in immune dysfunction in chronic infections, whereas IFNα11 had a strong antiviral potential and reactivated exhausted T cells during persistent retroviral infection. In contrast, during acute infection, both type I IFNs were able to efficiently suppress FV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Dickow
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yasmin Schmitz
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Francois
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zehra Karakoese
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Torben Knuschke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Sutter,
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8
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Novel Fluorinated Spermine and Small Molecule PEI to Deliver Anti-PD-L1 and Anti-VEGF siRNA for Highly Efficient Tumor Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122058. [PMID: 34959340 PMCID: PMC8708240 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can specifically silence disease gene expression. This project investigated the overexpression of programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the surface of tumor cells. However, the main obstacle to the development of gene therapy drugs is the lack of an efficient delivery vector, which should be able to overcome multiple delivery barriers and protect siRNA to enter the target cells. Therefore, a novel fluorine-modified endogenous molecular carrier TFSPEI was constructed by linking fluorinated groups with hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics on the surface of PEI and spermine. The results showed that lower toxicity, higher endocytosis, and silencing efficiency were achieved. We found that the inhibition of VEGF targets can indirectly activate the immune response to promote the tumor-killing and invasion effects of T cells. The combined delivery of anti-VEGF siRNA and anti-PD-L1 siRNA could inhibit the expression of corresponding proteins, restore the anti-tumor function of T cells and inhibit the growth of neovascularization, and obtained significant anti-tumor effects. Therefore, this safe and efficient fluorinated spermine and small molecule PEI-based anti-PD-L1 and anti-VEGF siRNA delivery system is expected to provide a new strategy for gene therapy of tumors.
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Tabana Y, Moon TC, Siraki A, Elahi S, Barakat K. Reversing T-cell exhaustion in immunotherapy: a review on current approaches and limitations. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:347-363. [PMID: 34056985 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1937123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:T cell functions are altered during chronic viral infections and tumor development. This is mainly manifested by significant changes in T cells' epigenetic and metabolic landscapes, pushing them into an 'exhausted' state. Reversing this T cell exhaustion has been emerging as a 'game-changing' therapeutic approach against cancer and chronic viral infection.Areas covered:This review discusses the cellular pathways related to T cell exhaustion, and the clinical development and possible cellular targets that can be exploited therapeutically to reverse this exhaustion. We searched various databases (e.g. Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other scientific database sites) using the keywords T cell exhaustion, T cell activation, co-inhibitory receptors, and reversing T cell exhaustion.Expert opinion:The discovery of the immune checkpoints pathways represents a significant milestone toward understanding and reversing T cell exhaustion. Antibodies that target these pathways have already demonstrated promising activities in reversing T cell exhaustion. Nevertheless, there are still many associated limitations. In this context, next-generation alternatives are on the horizon. This includes the use of small molecules to block the immune checkpoints' receptors, combining them with other treatments, and identifying novel, safer and more effective immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tae Chul Moon
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arno Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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10
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Farrukh H, El-Sayes N, Mossman K. Mechanisms of PD-L1 Regulation in Malignant and Virus-Infected Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094893. [PMID: 34063096 PMCID: PMC8124996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a receptor on T cells, and its ligand, PD-L1, have been a topic of much interest in cancer research. Both tumour and virus-infected cells can upregulate PD-L1 to suppress cytotoxic T-cell killing. Research on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has led to the development of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) as promising cancer therapies. Although effective in some cancer patients, for many, this form of treatment is ineffective due to a lack of immunogenicity in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Despite the development of therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, the mechanisms and pathways through which these proteins are regulated are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the latest research on molecules of inflammation and innate immunity that regulate PD-L1 expression, how its expression is regulated during viral infection, and how it is modulated by different cancer therapies. We also highlight existing research on the development of different combination therapies with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. This information can be used to develop better cancer immunotherapies that take into consideration the pathways involved in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, so these molecules do not reduce their efficacy, which is currently seen with some cancer therapies. This review will also assist in understanding how the TME changes during treatment, which will provide further rationale for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Farrukh
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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A mathematical study on the effects of a combination of an immune checkpoint inhibitor and a mutagen for anti-HIV-1 therapy. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-020-00664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Zeng Q, Yuan X, Cao J, Zhao X, Wang Y, Liu B, Liu W, Zhu Z, Dou J. Mycophenolate mofetil enhances the effects of tacrolimus on the inhibitory function of regulatory T cells in patients after liver transplantation via PD-1 and TIGIT receptors. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:239-246. [PMID: 33657960 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1891247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) induce immune tolerance in patients after organ transplantation. Various immunosuppressors can affect Tregs function through different mechanisms. PD-1 and TIGIT are important receptors on Tregs surface. Here, we investigated the effects of Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the inhibitory function of Tregs and explored the regulatory mechanism in patients after liver transplantation. METHODS Thirty patients that underwent a liver transplant and 15 healthy people were enrolled. Fifteen patients received Tacrolimus only, and 15 received a combination of Tacrolimus and MMF. Tregs and effector T cells (Teffs) were isolated using magnetic beads and were mixed at different ratios of 0:1, 1:4, 1:2 and 1:1. An inhibition assay was performed by adding anti-PD-1 and anti-TIGIT when the mixture ratio was 1:1. The Tregs inhibition rate was determined and the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured. RESULTS As the ratios of Tregs to Teffs in the mixture increased, the Tregs inhibition rate increased and the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α decreased. At each mixture ratio, Tacrolimus + MMF group had the highest Tregs inhibition rate compared to Tacrolimus and control group. At the specific mixture ratio of 1:1, the addition of both anti- PD-1 and anti-TIGIT led to lower Tregs inhibition rate and higher IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in all three groups as opposed to the addition of each antibody separately. Additionally, both the decrease in the Tregs inhibition rate and the increase in the IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were the most for Tacrolimus + MMF group among all cases, either adding antibodies alone or mixed. CONCLUSION Tacrolimus and MMF enhanced the function of Tregs by synergistically affecting PD-1 and TIGIT in liver transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoye Yuan
- Department of Gerontology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinglin Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Baowang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing China
| | - Jian Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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13
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Yan H, Zhong M, Yang J, Guo J, Yu J, Yang Y, Ma Z, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wu C, Dittmer U, Yang D, Lu M, Zhang E, Yan H. TLR5 activation in hepatocytes alleviates the functional suppression of intrahepatic CD8 + T cells. Immunology 2020; 161:325-344. [PMID: 32852795 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is an immune-privileged organ with a tolerogenic environment for maintaining liver homeostasis. This hepatic tolerance limits the intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell response for eliminating infections. The tolerant microenvironment in the liver is orchestrated by liver-specific immunoregulatory cells that can be functionally regulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we report that flagellin, a key PAMP of gut bacteria, modulates the intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell response by activating the TLR5 signalling pathway of hepatocytes. We found that mice treated with Salmonella-derived recombinant flagellin (SF) by hydrodynamic injection had a significantly elevated IFN-γ production by the intrahepatic lymphocytes in 7 days after injection. This was correlated with a reduced immune suppressive effect of primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) in comparison with that of PMHs from mock-injected control mice. In vitro co-culture of SF-treated PMHs with splenocytes revealed that hepatocyte-induced immune suppression is alleviated through activation of the TLR5 but not the NLRC4 signalling pathway, leading to improved activation and function of CD8+ T cells during anti-CD3 stimulation or antigen-specific activation. In an acute HBV replication mouse model established by co-administration of SF together with an HBV-replicating plasmid by hydrodynamic injection, SF significantly enhanced the intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell response against HBV surface antigen. Our results clearly showed that flagellin plays a role in modulating the intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell response by activating the TLR5 pathway in PMHs, which suggests a potential role for gut bacteria in regulating liver immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bali Zhao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091051. [PMID: 32967229 PMCID: PMC7551039 DOI: 10.3390/v12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.
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15
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David P, Drabczyk-Pluta M, Pastille E, Knuschke T, Werner T, Honke N, Megger DA, Akhmetzyanova I, Shaabani N, Eyking-Singer A, Cario E, Kershaw O, Gruber AD, Tenbusch M, Dietze KK, Trilling M, Liu J, Schadendorf D, Streeck H, Lang KS, Xie Y, Zimmer L, Sitek B, Paschen A, Westendorf AM, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. Combination immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1 antibody and depletion of regulatory T cells during acute viral infections results in improved virus control but lethal immunopathology. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008340. [PMID: 32226027 PMCID: PMC7105110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination immunotherapy (CIT) is currently applied as a treatment for different cancers and is proposed as a cure strategy for chronic viral infections. Whether such therapies are efficient during an acute infection remains elusive. To address this, inhibitory receptors were blocked and regulatory T cells depleted in acutely Friend retrovirus-infected mice. CIT resulted in a dramatic expansion of cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a subsequent reduction in viral loads. Despite limited viral replication, mice developed fatal immunopathology after CIT. The pathology was most severe in the gastrointestinal tract and was mediated by granzyme B producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. A similar post-CIT pathology during acute Influenza virus infection of mice was observed, which could be prevented by vaccination. Melanoma patients who developed immune-related adverse events under immune checkpoint CIT also presented with expanded granzyme-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations. Our data suggest that acute infections may induce immunopathology in patients treated with CIT, and that effective measures for infection prevention should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul David
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Eva Pastille
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Torben Knuschke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Department of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Center Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik A. Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilseyar Akhmetzyanova
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Eyking-Singer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Cario
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kirsten K. Dietze
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Lab of Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa Zimmer
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Mohanty S, Barik P, Debata N, Nagarajan P, Devadas S. iCa 2+ Flux, ROS and IL-10 Determines Cytotoxic, and Suppressor T Cell Functions in Chronic Human Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:83. [PMID: 32210950 PMCID: PMC7068714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and increased IL-10 production is well-known in chronic viral infections but mechanisms leading to loss of their cytotoxic capabilities and consequent exhaustion remain unclear. Exhausted CD8+T cells also called T suppressors are highly immune suppressive with altered T cell receptor signaling characteristics that mark it exclusively from their cytotoxic counterparts. Our study found that iCa2+ flux is reduced following T cell receptor activation in T suppressor cells when compared to their effector counterpart. Importantly chronic activation of murine cytotoxic CD8+ T cells lead to reduced iCa2+ influx, decreased IFN-γ and enhanced IL-10 production and this profile is mimicked in Tc1 cells upon reduction of iCa2+ flux by extracellular calcium channel inhibitors. Further reduced iCa2+ flux induced ROS which lead to IFN-γ reduction and increased IL-10 producing T suppressors through the STAT3—STAT5 axis. The above findings were substantiated by our human data where reduced iCa2+ flux in chronic Hepatitis infections displayed CD8+ T cells with low IFN-γ and increased IL-10 production. Importantly treatment with an antioxidant led to increased IFN-γ and reduced IL-10 production in human chronic Hep-B/C samples suggesting overall a proximal regulatory role for iCa2+ influx, ROS, and IL-10 in determining the effector/ suppressive axis of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Mohanty
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prakash Barik
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nagen Debata
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Perumal Nagarajan
- Experimental Animal Facility, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Devadas
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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17
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Li Q, Yan Y, Liu J, Huang X, Zhang X, Kirschning C, Xu HC, Lang PA, Dittmer U, Zhang E, Lu M. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Activation Enhances CD8+ T Cell Effector Functions by Promoting Cellular Glycolysis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2191. [PMID: 31572396 PMCID: PMC6751247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells accelerates antigen-specific responses. Such responses play an essential role in eliminating viral infections and can be anti-tumorigenic. However, the underlying mechanisms of how TLR7 can promote the optimal function of CD8+ T cells remain unclear. To investigate how TLR signaling directly contributes to CD8+ T cell functions, we examine the activation of cellular TLR7-related pathways and functional and metabolic alterations in TLR7-stimulated T cells during T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. In the present study, we investigated the activation of CD8+ T cells in response to direct stimulation by TLR7 ligands. TLR7 stimulation could promote the effector functions of purified CD8+ T cells in vitro. The TLR7-induced activation of CD8+ T cells occurs if CD8+ T cells were primed by αCD3 activation and increasingly expressed TLR7. MyD88 and AKT-mTOR signaling plays a critical role in TLR7-induced T cell activation. In addition to the upregulation of immune-related genes, metabolic alterations in CD8+ T cells, including the upregulation of glucose uptake and glycolysis, occurred by TLR7 stimulation. Glycolysis was found to be regulated by the AKT-mTOR pathway and a downstream transcription factor IRF4. Blocking glycolysis by either direct glucose deprivation or modulating the mTOR pathway and IRF4 expression was found to impair T cell activation and functions. Taken together, the activation of TLR7 signaling promotes the effector functions of CD8+ T cells by enhancing cellular glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yan Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Dittmer U, Sutter K, Kassiotis G, Zelinskyy G, Bánki Z, Stoiber H, Santiago ML, Hasenkrug KJ. Friend retrovirus studies reveal complex interactions between intrinsic, innate and adaptive immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:435-456. [PMID: 31087035 PMCID: PMC6735856 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 4.4% of the human genome is comprised of endogenous retroviral sequences, a record of an evolutionary battle between man and retroviruses. Much of what we know about viral immunity comes from studies using mouse models. Experiments using the Friend virus (FV) model have been particularly informative in defining highly complex anti-retroviral mechanisms of the intrinsic, innate and adaptive arms of immunity. FV studies have unraveled fundamental principles about how the immune system controls both acute and chronic viral infections. They led to a more complete understanding of retroviral immunity that begins with cellular sensing, production of type I interferons, and the induction of intrinsic restriction factors. Novel mechanisms have been revealed, which demonstrate that these earliest responses affect not only virus replication, but also subsequent innate and adaptive immunity. This review on FV immunity not only surveys the complex host responses to a retroviral infection from acute infection to chronicity, but also highlights the many feedback mechanisms that regulate and counter-regulate the various arms of the immune system. In addition, the discovery of molecular mechanisms of immunity in this model have led to therapeutic interventions with implications for HIV cure and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Praed St, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayrstr. 4b, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayrstr. 4b, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario L Santiago
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903S 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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19
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis and Virus Infections: A Delicate Balance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:207. [PMID: 31263684 PMCID: PMC6584848 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligands play a fundamental role in the evasion of tumor cells from antitumor immunity. Less well appreciated is the fact that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis also regulates antiviral immune responses and is therefore modulated by a number of viruses. Upregulation of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is observed during acute virus infection and after infection with persistent viruses including important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Experimental evidence suggests that insufficient signaling through the PD-1 pathway promotes immunopathology during acute infection by exaggerating primary T cell responses. If chronic infection is established, however, high levels of PD-1 expression can have unfavorable immunological consequences. Exhaustion and suppression of antiviral immune responses can result in viral immune evasion. The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during viral infections is further complicated by evidence that PD-L1 also mediates inflammatory effects in the acute phase of an immune response. In this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between viruses and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Wang QM, Lian GY, Song Y, Huang YF, Gong Y. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sponging miR-195. Life Sci 2019; 231:116335. [PMID: 30898647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-L1 enhanced the tumorigenesis and immune escape abilities of cancers. The upstream mechanisms of PD-L1 in regulating tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remained unclear. METHODS Human DLBCL cell line OCI-Ly10 and DLBCL patient samples were used in this study. MALAT1 was knocked down by shRNA. MiR-195 was inhibited by miR-195 inhibitor. Levels of MALAT1, PD-L1, miR-195 and CD8 were detected by RT-qPCR. Protein levels of PD-L1, Ras, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, Slug, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin were detected by western blotting. The interaction between MALAT1 and miR-195, miR-195 and PD-L1 were detected by luciferase assay. OCI-Ly10 cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT and Annexin V/PI assays, respectively. Migration was detected by transwell assay. Cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells was detected by LDH cytotoxicity kit. Proliferation and apoptosis of CD8+ T cell co-cultured with OCI-Ly10 cells were analyzed by CFSE and Annexin V/PI staining. RESULTS MALAT1, PD-L1 and CD8 were up-regulated in DLBCL tissues while miR-195 was down-regulated. MiR-195 was negatively correlated with MALAT1 and PD-L1. MALAT1 could sponge miR-195 to regulate the expression of PD-L1. shMALAT1 treatment increased miR-195 level and decreased PD-L1 level. It also inhibited cell proliferation, migration and immune escape ability while increased apoptosis ratio of OCI-Ly10 cells. shMALAT1 treatment in OCI-Ly10 cells also promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Knocking down of MALAT1 also suppressed EMT-like process via Ras/ERK signaling pathway. These effects were all rescued by miR-195 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 sponged miR-195 to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and migration and immune escape abilities of DLBCL by regulation of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yu Lian
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Song
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
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21
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Infection of B Cell Follicle-Resident Cells by Friend Retrovirus Occurs during Acute Infection and Is Maintained during Viral Persistence. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00004-19. [PMID: 30782653 PMCID: PMC6381274 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00004-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes are immune privileged sites and serve as sanctuaries for infected CD4+ cells in HIV infection. It is assumed that CD8+ T cell responses promote the establishment of the reservoir, as B cell follicles do not permit CD8+ T cell entry. Here we analyzed the infected cell population in the Friend retrovirus (FV) infection and investigated whether FV can similarly infect follicular cells. For analysis of FV-infected cells, we constructed a recombinant FV encoding the bright fluorescent protein mWasabi and performed flow cytometry with cells isolated from spleens, lymph nodes and bone marrow of FV-mWasabi-infected mice. Using t-stochastic neighbor embedding for data exploration, we demonstrate how the target cell population changes during the course of infection. While FV was widely distributed in erythrocytes, myeloid cells, B cells, and CD4+ T cells in the acute phase of infection, the bulk viral load in the late phase was carried by macrophages and follicular B and CD4+ T cells, suggesting that FV persists in cells that are protected from CD8+ T cell killing. Importantly, seeding into follicular cells was equally observed in CD8+ T cell-depleted mice and in highly FV-susceptible mice that mount a very weak immune response, demonstrating that infection of follicular cells is not driven by immune pressure. Our data demonstrate that infection of cells in the B cell follicle is a characteristic of the FV infection, making this murine retrovirus an even more valuable model for development of retrovirus immunotherapy approaches.IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus is notorious for its ability to avoid clearance by therapeutic interventions, which is partly attributed to the establishment of reservoirs in latently infected cells and cells that reside in immunologically privileged B cell follicles. In the work presented here, we show that cells of the B cell follicle are equally infected by a simple mouse gammaretrovirus. Using fluorescently labeled Friend retrovirus, we found that B cells and T cells in the B cell follicle, while not carrying the bulk of the virus load, were indeed infected by Friend virus in the early acute phase of the infection and persisted in the chronic infection. Our results suggest that infection of follicular cells may be a shared property of lymphotropic viruses and propose the FV infection of mice as a useful model to study strategies for follicular reservoir elimination.
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22
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David P, Megger DA, Kaiser T, Werner T, Liu J, Chen L, Sitek B, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. The PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway Affects the Expansion and Function of Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cells During an Acute Retroviral Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:54. [PMID: 30804928 PMCID: PMC6370637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) efficiently control acute virus infections but can become exhausted when a chronic infection develops. The checkpoint receptor PD-1 suppresses the functionality of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic infection. However, the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway during the acute phase of infections has not been well characterized. In the current study the effects of PD-1 or PD-L1 deficiency on the CD8+ T cell response against Friend retroviral (FV) infection of knockout mice was analyzed during acute infection. We observed an enhanced proliferation, functional maturation, and reduced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells in the absence of PD-1 or PD-L1. The knockout of PD-L1 had a stronger effect on the functionality of CD8+ T cells than that of PD-1. Augmented CTL responses were associated with an improved control of FV replication. The strong phenotype of FV-infected PD-L1 knockout mice was independent of the interaction with CD80 as an additional receptor for PD-L1. Furthermore, we performed a detailed analysis of the production of different granzymes in virus-specific CD8+ T cells and observed that especially the simultaneous production of multiple granzymes in individual T cells (multifunctionality) was under the control of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. The findings from this study allow for a better understanding of the development of antiviral cytotoxic immunity during acute viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul David
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik A Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tamara Kaiser
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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23
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Liu J, Pan W, Yang D. The Era of Immune Checkpoint Therapy: From Cancer to Viral Infection-A Mini Comment on the 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize. Virol Sin 2018; 33:467-471. [PMID: 30570713 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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24
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Raftery MJ, Abdelaziz MO, Hofmann J, Schönrich G. Hantavirus-Driven PD-L1/PD-L2 Upregulation: An Imperfect Viral Immune Evasion Mechanism. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2560. [PMID: 30559738 PMCID: PMC6287426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses often subvert antiviral immune responses by taking advantage of inhibitory immune signaling. We investigated if hantaviruses use this strategy. Hantaviruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) which is associated with strong immune activation resulting in vigorous CD8+ T cell responses. Surprisingly, we observed that hantaviruses strongly upregulate PD-L1 and PD-L2, the ligands of checkpoint inhibitor programmed death-1 (PD-1). We detected high amounts of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) and soluble PD-L2 (sPD-L2) in sera from hantavirus-infected patients. In addition, we observed hantavirus-induced PD-L1 upregulation in mice with a humanized immune system. The two major target cells of hantaviruses, endothelial cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, strongly increased PD-L1 and PD-L2 surface expression upon hantavirus infection in vitro. As an underlying mechanism, we found increased transcript levels whereas membrane trafficking of PD-L1 was not affected. Further analysis revealed that hantavirus-associated inflammatory signals and hantaviral nucleocapsid (N) protein enhance PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression. Cell numbers were strongly reduced when hantavirus-infected endothelial cells were mixed with T cells in the presence of an exogenous proliferation signal compared to uninfected cells. This is compatible with the concept that virus-induced PD-L1 and PD-L2 upregulation contributes to viral immune escape. Intriguingly, however, we observed hantavirus-induced CD8+ T cell bystander activation despite strongly upregulated PD-L1 and PD-L2. This result indicates that hantavirus-induced CD8+ T cell bystander activation bypasses checkpoint inhibition allowing an early antiviral immune response upon virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed O Abdelaziz
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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mTOR signaling mediates effects of common gamma-chain cytokines on T cell proliferation and exhaustion: implications for HIV-1 persistence and cure research. AIDS 2018; 32:2847-2851. [PMID: 30234610 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
: Chronic elevation of plasma cytokines is a key feature of HIV infection. The physiological consequences of this response to infection and its role in HIV persistence are not fully understood. Here, we show that common gamma chain (γc)-cytokines induce both proliferation and expression of T cell exhaustion markers in a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent fashion, suggesting a possible therapeutic target that, if inhibited, could diminish HIV reservoir expansion, persistence, and resistance to immune surveillance.
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26
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Yasuma-Mitobe K, Matsuoka M. The Roles of Coinhibitory Receptors in Pathogenesis of Human Retroviral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2755. [PMID: 30538707 PMCID: PMC6277675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to infection and cancer. Coinhibitory receptors include programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), which suppress immune responses. Coinhibitory receptors are highly expressed on exhausted virus-specific T cells, indicating that viruses evade host immune responses through enhanced expression of these molecules. Human retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), infect T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, one needs to consider the effects of coinhibitory receptors on both uninfected effector T cells and infected target cells. Coinhibitory receptors are implicated not only in the suppression of immune responses to viruses by inhibition of effector T cells, but also in the persistence of infected cells in vivo. Here we review recent studies on coinhibitory receptors and their roles in retroviral infections such as HIV and HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yasuma-Mitobe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Osum KC, Burrack AL, Martinov T, Sahli NL, Mitchell JS, Tucker CG, Pauken KE, Papas K, Appakalai B, Spanier JA, Fife BT. Interferon-gamma drives programmed death-ligand 1 expression on islet β cells to limit T cell function during autoimmune diabetes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8295. [PMID: 29844327 PMCID: PMC5974126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoreactive T cell-mediated β cell destruction. Even though co-inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) restrains autoimmunity, the expression and regulation of its cognate ligands on β cell remains unknown. Here, we interrogated β cell-intrinsic programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in mouse and human islets. We measured a significant increase in the level of PD-L1 surface expression and the frequency of PD-L1+ β cells as non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice aged and developed diabetes. Increased β cell PD-L1 expression was dependent on T cell infiltration, as β cells from Rag1-deficient mice lacked PD-L1. Using Rag1-deficient NOD mouse islets, we determined that IFN-γ promotes β cell PD-L1 expression. We performed analogous experiments using human samples, and found a significant increase in β cell PD-L1 expression in type 1 diabetic samples compared to type 2 diabetic, autoantibody positive, and non-diabetic samples. Among type 1 diabetic samples, β cell PD-L1 expression correlated with insulitis. In vitro experiments with human islets from non-diabetic individuals showed that IFN-γ promoted β cell PD-L1 expression. These results suggest that insulin-producing β cells respond to pancreatic inflammation and IFN-γ production by upregulating PD-L1 expression to limit self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Osum
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Adam L Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nathanael L Sahli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Klearchos Papas
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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28
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Oncofetal gene SALL4 reactivation by hepatitis B virus counteracts miR-200c in PD-L1-induced T cell exhaustion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1241. [PMID: 29593314 PMCID: PMC5871883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic viral or tumor microenvironment can push T cells to exhaustion by promoting coinhibitory ligand expression. However, how host factors control coinhibitory ligand expression and whether viral infection breaks this control during tumor progress is unknown. Here we show a close negative correlation between SALL4 or PD-L1 and miR-200c in tumors from 98 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. SALL4 or PD-L1 expression correlates negatively with miR-200c expression, and patients with lower levels of SALL4 or PD-L1 and higher miR-200c survive longer. Moreover, over-expression of miR-200c antagonizes HBV-mediated PD-L1 expression by targeting 3'-UTR of CD274 (encoding PD-L1) directly, and reverses antiviral CD8+ T cell exhaustion. MiR-200c transcription is inhibited by oncofetal protein SALL4, which is re-expressed through HBV-induced STAT3 activation in adulthood. We propose that an HBV-pSTAT3-SALL4-miR-200c axis regulates PD-L1. Therapeutic strategies to influence this axis might reverse virus-induced immune exhaustion.
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29
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Ishibashi N, Watanabe T, Kanehira M, Watanabe Y, Hoshikawa Y, Notsuda H, Noda M, Sakurada A, Ohkouchi S, Kondo T, Okada Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells protect allograft lung transplants from acute rejection via the PD-L1/IL-17A axis. Surg Today 2018; 48:726-734. [PMID: 29546496 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-018-1643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using a rat model of allograft lung transplantation, we investigated the effectiveness of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against the acute rejection of lung grafts. METHODS Lung grafts were harvested from donor rats and transplanted orthotopically into major histocompatibility complex-mismatched rats. MSCs were administered to the recipients once (on day 0) or twice (on days 0 and 3) after transplantation. The grade of acute rejection was evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically 6 days after transplantation. To elucidate the related mechanism, mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulatory receptors in the transplanted grafts were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The lung graft tissue from the rats that received MSCs post-surgically was protected from acute rejection significantly better than that from the untreated controls. Notably, the rats administered MSCs twice after surgery exhibited the least signs of rejection, with a markedly upregulated mRNA level of PD-L1 and a downregulated mRNA level of IL-17A. CONCLUSION This study assessed MSC protection of lung allografts from acute rejection by modulating T cell activity via enforced expression of PD-L1 in transplants and downregulation of IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ishibashi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kanehira
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yui Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hoshikawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Notsuda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masafumi Noda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Sakurada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohkouchi
- Department of Occupational Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Abstract
Tight regulation of immune responses is not only critical for preventing autoimmune diseases but also for preventing immunopathological damage during infections in which overactive immune responses may be more harmful for the host than the pathogen itself. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in this regulation, which was discovered using the Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model. Subsequent FV studies revealed basic biological information about Tregs, including their suppressive activity on effector cells as well as the molecular mechanisms of virus-induced Treg expansion. Treg suppression not only limits immunopathology but also prevents complete elimination of pathogens contributing to chronic infections. Therefore, Tregs play a complex role in the pathogenesis of persistent retroviral infections. New therapeutic concepts to reactivate effector T-cell responses in chronic viral infections by manipulating Tregs also came from work with the FV model. This knowledge initiated many studies to characterize the role of Tregs in HIV pathogenesis in humans, where a complex picture is emerging. On one hand, Tregs suppress HIV-specific effector T-cell responses and are themselves targets of infection, but on the other hand, Tregs suppress HIV-induced immune hyperactivation and thus slow the infection of conventional CD4+ T cells and limit immunopathology. In this review, the basic findings from the FV mouse model are put into perspective with clinical and basic research from HIV studies. In addition, the few Treg studies performed in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey model will also be discussed. The review provides a comprehensive picture of the diverse role of Tregs in different retroviral infections and possible therapeutic approaches to treat retroviral chronicity and pathogenesis by manipulating Treg responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a very complex role in retroviral infections, and the balance of beneficial versus detrimental effects from Tregs can change between the acute and chronic phase of infection. Therefore, the development of therapeutics to treat chronic retroviral infections via modulation of Tregs requires detailed information regarding both the positive and negative contributions of Tregs in a particular phase of a specific infection. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that initiate and control Treg responses in retroviral infections as well as the target cells that are functionally manipulated by Tregs. Basic findings from the Friend retrovirus mouse model that initiated this area of research are put into perspective with clinical and basic research from HIV studies. The targeted manipulation of Treg responses holds a bright future for enhancing immune responses to infections, vaccine responses, and for cure or functional cure of chronic retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Shen L, Tenzer S, Hess M, Distler U, Tubbe I, Montermann E, Schimmer S, Dittmer U, Grabbe S, Bros M. Friend virus limits adaptive cellular immune responses by imprinting a maturation-resistant and T helper type 2-biased immunophenotype in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192541. [PMID: 29425215 PMCID: PMC5806892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine Friend virus (FV) retrovirus model has been widely used to study anti-viral immune responses, and virus-induced cancer. Here we analyzed FV immune evasion mechanisms on the level of dendritic cells (DC) essential for the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Comparative quantitative proteome analysis of FV-infected DC (FV-DC) of different genotypes (BALB/c, C57BL/6) and non-infected DC revealed numerous genotype-independently regulated proteins rergulating metabolic activity, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and antigen processing/presentation. These alterations may promote virion production in FV-DC. Stimulation of FV-DC with LPS resulted in strongly enhanced IL-10 production which was partially responsible for their attenuated T cell (CD4+, CD8+) stimulatory capacity. Stimulated FV-DC induced less IFN-γ production in T cells required for cellular anti-viral responses, but more T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13). We conclude that FV reprograms DC to promote viral spreading and immune deviation by imprinting a largely maturation-resistant, Th2-biased immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Shen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingrid Tubbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Evelyn Montermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Schimmer
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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32
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Abstract
The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute infections, such as malaria, as well as during chronic persistent viral infections, including HIV and hepatitis B virus. These pathways are important for preventing immune-driven pathology but can also limit immune-mediated clearance of the infection. The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy suggests that targeting these pathways would also be effective for preventing and treating a range of infectious diseases. Here, we review our current understanding of immune checkpoint pathways in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and discuss the potential for therapeutically targeting these pathways in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Wykes
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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33
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Lu FC, Nong GM. [Role of programmed death-1 in viral infectious diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:77-82. [PMID: 29335088 PMCID: PMC7390312 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The research on the immunoregulatory effect of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in infectious diseases mainly focuses on chronic viral infection, but there are few studies on acute viral infection. In chronic viral infection, PD-1 is highly expressed on the surface of CD8+ T cells, which is a sign of CD8+ T cell depletion. Recent studies have shown that in chronic viral infection, PD-1 is also highly expressed on the surface of regulatory T cells and binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the surface of exhausted CD8+ T cells, resulting in a stronger inhibitory effect on CD8+ T cell immunity. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway between exhausted CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells can significantly reverse the depletion of CD8+ T cells and greatly improve the antiviral effect of CD8+ T cells. However, the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in acute viral infection remains unknown. This article summarizes the latest research on PD-1 in infectious diseases and discusses its role in acute and chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ce Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Champion M, Brennan K, Croonenborghs T, Gentles AJ, Pochet N, Gevaert O. Module Analysis Captures Pancancer Genetically and Epigenetically Deregulated Cancer Driver Genes for Smoking and Antiviral Response. EBioMedicine 2018; 27:156-166. [PMID: 29331675 PMCID: PMC5828545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of increasing volumes of multi-omics profiles across many cancers promises to improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying cancer. The main challenge is to integrate these multiple levels of omics profiles and especially to analyze them across many cancers. Here we present AMARETTO, an algorithm that addresses both challenges in three steps. First, AMARETTO identifies potential cancer driver genes through integration of copy number, DNA methylation and gene expression data. Then AMARETTO connects these driver genes with co-expressed target genes that they control, defined as regulatory modules. Thirdly, we connect AMARETTO modules identified from different cancer sites into a pancancer network to identify cancer driver genes. Here we applied AMARETTO in a pancancer study comprising eleven cancer sites and confirmed that AMARETTO captures hallmarks of cancer. We also demonstrated that AMARETTO enables the identification of novel pancancer driver genes. In particular, our analysis led to the identification of pancancer driver genes of smoking-induced cancers and 'antiviral' interferon-modulated innate immune response. SOFTWARE AVAILABILITY AMARETTO is available as an R package at https://bitbucket.org/gevaertlab/pancanceramaretto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Champion
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Department of Medicine & Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, United States
| | - Kevin Brennan
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Department of Medicine & Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, United States
| | - Tom Croonenborghs
- Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States; Advanced Integrated Sensing Lab, Campus Geel, Department of Computer Science, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Gentles
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Nathalie Pochet
- Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Department of Medicine & Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, United States.
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Differential Inhibitory Receptor Expression on T Cells Delineates Functional Capacities in Chronic Viral Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01263-17. [PMID: 28904197 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01263-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors have been extensively described for their importance in regulating immune responses in chronic infections and cancers. Blocking the function of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1, CTLA-4, 2B4, Tim-3, and LAG-3 has shown promise for augmenting CD8 T cell activity and boosting pathogen-specific immunity. However, the prevalence of inhibitory receptors on CD4 T cells and their relative influence on CD4 T cell functionality in chronic HIV infection remains poorly described. We therefore determined and compared inhibitory receptor expression patterns of 2B4, CTLA-4, LAG-3, PD-1, and Tim-3 on virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in relation to their functional T cell profile. In chronic HIV infection, inhibitory receptor distribution differed markedly between cytokine-producing T cell subsets with, gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-producing cells displaying the highest and lowest prevalence of inhibitory receptors, respectively. Blockade of inhibitory receptors differentially affected cytokine production by cells in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation. CTLA-4 blockade increased IFN-γ and CD40L production, while PD-1 blockade strongly augmented IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and TNF-α production. In a Friend retrovirus infection model, CTLA-4 blockade in particular was able to improve control of viral replication. Together, these results show that inhibitory receptor distribution on HIV-specific CD4 T cells varies markedly with respect to the functional subset of CD4 T cells being analyzed. Furthermore, the differential effects of receptor blockade suggest novel methods of immune response modulation, which could be important in the context of HIV vaccination or therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Inhibitory receptors are important for limiting damage by the immune system during acute infections. In chronic infections, however, their expression limits immune system responsiveness. Studies have shown that blocking inhibitory receptors augments CD8 T cell functionality in HIV infection, but their influence on CD4 T cells remains unclear. We assessed the expression of inhibitory receptors on HIV-specific CD4 T cells and their relationship with T cell functionality. We uncovered differences in inhibitory receptor expression depending on the CD4 T cell function. We also found differences in functionality of CD4 T cells following blocking of different inhibitory receptors, and we confirmed our results in a Friend virus retroviral model of infection in mice. Our results show that inhibitory receptor expression on CD4 T cells is linked to CD4 T cell functionality and could be sculpted by blockade of specific inhibitory receptors. These data reveal exciting possibilities for the development of novel treatments and immunotherapeutics.
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Dose of Retroviral Infection Determines Induction of Antiviral NK Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01122-17. [PMID: 28904191 PMCID: PMC5660477 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01122-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and recognize virus-infected cells as well as tumor cells. Conflicting data about the beneficial or even detrimental role of NK cells in different infectious diseases have been described previously. While the type of pathogen strongly influences NK cell functionality, less is known about how the infection dose influences the quality of a NK cell response against retroviruses. In this study, we used the well-established Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model to investigate the impact of virus dose on the induction of antiviral NK cell functions. High-dose virus inoculation increased initial virus replication compared to that with medium- or low-dose viral challenge and significantly improved NK cell activation. Antiviral NK cell activity, including in vivo cytotoxicity toward infected target cells, was also enhanced by high-dose virus infection. NK cell activation following high-dose viral challenge was likely mediated by activated dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages and the NK cell-stimulating cytokines interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-18. Neutralization of these cytokines decreased NK cell functions and increased viral loads, whereas IL-15 and IL-18 therapy improved NK cell activity. Here we demonstrate that virus dose positively correlates with antiviral NK cell activity and function, which are at least partly driven by IL-15 and IL-18. Our results suggest that NK cell activity may be therapeutically enhanced by administering IL-15 and IL-18 in virus infections that inadequately activate NK cells. IMPORTANCE In infections with retroviruses, like HIV and FV infection of mice, NK cells clearly mediate antiviral activities, but they are usually not sufficient to prevent severe pathology. Here we show that the initial infection dose impacts the induction of an antiviral NK cell response during an acute retroviral infection, which had not investigated before. High-dose infection resulted in a strong NK cell functionality, whereas no antiviral activities were detected after low- or medium-dose infection. Interestingly, DCs and macrophages were highly activated after high-dose FV challenge, which corresponded with increased levels of NK cell-stimulating cytokines IL-15 and IL-18. IL-15 and IL-18 neutralization decreased NK cell functions, whereas IL-15 and IL-18 therapy improved NK cell activity. Here we show the importance of cytokines for NK cell activation in retroviral infections; our findings suggest that immunotherapy combining the well-tolerated cytokines IL-15 and IL-18 might be an interesting approach for antiretroviral treatment.
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Thorlund K, Horwitz MS, Fife BT, Lester R, Cameron DW. Landscape review of current HIV 'kick and kill' cure research - some kicking, not enough killing. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:595. [PMID: 28851294 PMCID: PMC5576299 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients is life-long because it only suppresses de novo infections. Recent efforts to eliminate HIV have tested the ability of a number of agents to reactivate ('Kick') the well-known latent reservoir. This approach is rooted in the assumption that once these cells are reactivated the host's immune system itself will eliminate ('Kill') the virus. While many agents have been shown to reactivate large quantities of the latent reservoir, the impact on the size of the latent reservoir has been negligible. This suggests that the immune system is not sufficient to eliminate reactivated reservoirs. Thus, there is a need for more emphasis on 'kill' strategies in HIV cure research, and how these might work in combination with current or future kick strategies. METHODS We conducted a landscape review of HIV 'cure' clinical trials using 'kick and kill' approaches. We identified and reviewed current available clinical trial results in human participants as well as ongoing and planned clinical trials. We dichotomized trials by whether they did not include or include a 'kill' agent. We extracted potential reasons why the 'kill' is missing from current 'kick and kill' strategies. We subsequently summarized and reviewed current 'kill' strategies have entered the phase of clinical trial testing in human participants and highlighted those with the greatest promise. RESULTS The identified 'kick' trials only showed promise on surrogate measures activating latent T-cells, but did not show any positive effects on clinical 'cure' measures. Of the 'kill' agents currently being tested in clinical trials, early results have shown small but meaningful proportions of participants remaining off ART for several months with broadly neutralizing antibodies, as well as agents for regulating immune cell responses. A similar result was also recently observed in a trial combining a conventional 'kick' with a vaccine immune booster ('kill'). CONCLUSION While an understanding of the efficacy of each individual component is crucial, no single 'kick' or 'kill' agent is likely to be a fully effective cure. Rather, the solution is likely found in a combination of multiple 'kick and kill' interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Thorlund
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Faculty of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Richard Lester
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D. William Cameron
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at The Ottawa Hospital / Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 6V2 Ontario Canada
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Drabczyk-Pluta M, Werner T, Hoffmann D, Leng Q, Chen L, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells suppress virus-specific CD8 + T cell responses during acute Friend retrovirus infection. Retrovirology 2017; 14:42. [PMID: 28835242 PMCID: PMC5569525 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can suppress T cell responses in several different diseases. Previously these suppressive cells were observed to expand in HIV patients and in a mouse retrovirus model, yet their suppressive effect on virus-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo has not been characterized thus far. RESULTS We used the Friend retrovirus (FV) model to demonstrate that MDSCs expand and become activated during the late phase of acute FV infection. Only the subpopulation of granulocytic MDSCs (gMDSCs) but not monocytic MDSC suppressed virus-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation and function in vitro. gMDSCs expressed arginase 1, high levels of the inhibitory ligand PD-L1 and the ATP dephosphorylating enzyme CD39 on the cell surface upon infection. All three molecules were involved in the suppressive effect of the gMDSCs in vitro. MDSC depletion experiments in FV-infected mice revealed that they restrict virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and thus affect the immune control of chronic retroviruses in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that MDSCs become activated and expand during the acute phase of retrovirus infection. Their suppressive activity on virus-specific CD8+ T cells may contribute to T cell dysfunction and the development of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Drabczyk-Pluta
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Qibin Leng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Highly active antiretroviral treatment has dramatically improved the prognosis for people living with HIV by preventing AIDS-related morbidity and mortality through profound suppression of viral replication. However, a long-lived viral reservoir persists in latently infected cells that harbor replication-competent HIV genomes. If therapy is discontinued, latently infected memory cells inevitably reactivate and produce infectious virus, resulting in viral rebound. The reservoir is the biggest obstacle to a cure of HIV. RECENT FINDINGS This review summarizes significant advances of the past year in the development of cellular and gene therapies for HIV cure. In particular, we highlight work done on suppression or disruption of HIV coreceptors, vectored delivery of antibodies and antibody-like molecules, T-cell therapies and HIV genome disruption. SUMMARY Several recent advancements in cellular and gene therapies have emerged at the forefront of HIV cure research, potentially having broad implications for the future of HIV treatment.
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40
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Malyshkina A, Littwitz-Salomon E, Sutter K, Zelinskyy G, Windmann S, Schimmer S, Paschen A, Streeck H, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U. Fas Ligand-mediated cytotoxicity of CD4+ T cells during chronic retrovirus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7785. [PMID: 28798348 PMCID: PMC5552859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ helper T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are key players for adaptive immune responses against acute infections with retroviruses. Similar to textbook knowledge the most important function of CD4+ T cells during an acute retrovirus infection seems to be their helper function for other immune cells. Whereas there was no direct anti-viral activity of CD4+ T cells during acute Friend Virus (FV) infection, they were absolutely required for the control of chronic infection. During chronic FV infection a population of activated FV-specific CD4+ T cells did not express cytotoxic molecules, but Fas Ligand that can induce Fas-induced apoptosis in target cells. Using an MHC II-restricted in vivo CTL assay we demonstrated that FV-specific CD4+ T cells indeed mediated cytotoxic effects against FV epitope peptide loaded targets. CD4 + CTL killing was also detected in FV-infected granzyme B knockout mice confirming that the exocytosis pathway was not involved. However, killing could be blocked by antibodies against FasL, which identified the Fas/FasL pathway as critical cytotoxic mechanism during chronic FV infection. Interestingly, targeting the co-stimulatory receptor CD137 with an agonistic antibody enhanced CD4+ T cell cytotoxicity. This immunotherapy may be an interesting new approach for the treatment of chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Windmann
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Schimmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ma Z, Liu J, Wu W, Zhang E, Zhang X, Li Q, Zelinskyy G, Buer J, Dittmer U, Kirschning CJ, Lu M. The IL-1R/TLR signaling pathway is essential for efficient CD8 + T-cell responses against hepatitis B virus in the hydrodynamic injection mouse model. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:997-1008. [PMID: 28757610 PMCID: PMC5719144 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection is determined by the complex interactions between replicating HBV and the immune system. While the role of the adaptive immune system in the resolution of HBV infection has been studied extensively, the contribution of innate immune mechanisms remains to be defined. Here we examined the role of the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling pathway in adaptive immune responses and viral clearance by exploring the HBV mouse model. Hydrodynamic injection with a replication-competent HBV genome was performed in wild-type mice (WT) and a panel of mouse strains lacking specific innate immunity component expression. We found higher levels of HBV protein production and replication in Tlr2−/−, Tlr23479−/−, 3d/Tlr24−/−, Myd88/Trif−/− and Irak4−/− mice, which was associated with reduced HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in these mice. Importantly, HBV clearance was delayed for more than 2 weeks in 3d/Tlr24−/−, Myd88/Trif−/− and Irak4−/− mice compared to WT mice. HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were functionally impaired for producing the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 in TLR signaling-deficient mice compared to WT mice. In conclusion, the IL-1R/TLR signaling pathway might contribute to controlling HBV infection by augmenting HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ma
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Weimin Wu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten J Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Halle S, Halle O, Förster R. Mechanisms and Dynamics of T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vivo. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:432-443. [PMID: 28499492 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical in the elimination of infected or malignant cells and are emerging as a major therapeutic target. How CTLs recognize and kill harmful cells has been characterized in vitro but little is known about these processes in the living organism. Here we review recent insights into CTL-mediated killing with an emphasis on in vivo CTL biology. Specifically, we focus on the possible rate-limiting steps determining the efficiency of CTL-mediated killing. We also highlight the need for cell-based datasets that permit the quantification of CTL dynamics, including CTL location, migration, and killing rates. A better understanding of these factors is required to predict protective CD8 T cell immunity in vivo and to design optimized vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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43
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Penaloza-MacMaster P. CD8 T-cell regulation by T regulatory cells and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway. Immunology 2017; 151:146-153. [PMID: 28375543 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from infectious microorganisms and cancers. However, a major component of the immune response involves the direct elimination of cells in the body and the induction of systemic inflammation, which may result in life-threatening immunopathology. Therefore, the immune system has developed complex mechanisms to regulate itself with a specialized subset of CD4 T lymphocytes (referred to as regulatory T cells) and immune checkpoint pathways, such as the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway. These immune regulatory mechanisms can be exploited by pathogens and tumours to establish persistence in the host, warranting a deeper understanding of how to fine-tune immune responses during these chronic diseases. Here, I discuss various features of immune regulatory pathways and what important aspects must be considered in the next generation of therapies to reverse immune exhaustion, understanding that this process is a natural mechanism to prevent the host from destroying itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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44
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Juneja VR, McGuire KA, Manguso RT, LaFleur MW, Collins N, Haining WN, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. PD-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for immune evasion in immunogenic tumors and inhibits CD8 T cell cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 2017; 214:895-904. [PMID: 28302645 PMCID: PMC5379970 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both tumor- and host-derived PD-L1 can play critical roles in immunosuppression; differences in tumor immunogenicity appear to underlie their relative contributions. Juneja et al. show that in immunogenic MC38 tumors, PD-L1 on tumor cells dominates in suppressing tumor immunity by inhibiting CD8 T cell cytotoxicity. It is unclear whether PD-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for tumor immune evasion or simply correlates with an inflamed tumor microenvironment. We used three mouse tumor models sensitive to PD-1 blockade to evaluate the significance of PD-L1 on tumor versus nontumor cells. PD-L1 on nontumor cells is critical for inhibiting antitumor immunity in B16 melanoma and a genetically engineered melanoma. In contrast, PD-L1 on MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells is sufficient to suppress antitumor immunity, as deletion of PD-L1 on highly immunogenic MC38 tumor cells allows effective antitumor immunity. MC38-derived PD-L1 potently inhibited CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Wild-type MC38 cells outcompeted PD-L1–deleted MC38 cells in vivo, demonstrating tumor PD-L1 confers a selective advantage. Thus, both tumor- and host-derived PD-L1 can play critical roles in immunosuppression. Differences in tumor immunogenicity appear to underlie their relative importance. Our findings establish reduced cytotoxicity as a key mechanism by which tumor PD-L1 suppresses antitumor immunity and demonstrate that tumor PD-L1 is not just a marker of suppressed antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram R Juneja
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kathleen A McGuire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert T Manguso
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Martin W LaFleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Natalie Collins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 .,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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45
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Downregulates Programmed Death Ligand 1 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I in Human Brain Vascular Adventitial Fibroblasts, Perineurial Cells, and Lung Fibroblasts. J Virol 2016; 90:10527-10534. [PMID: 27630241 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01546-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy produces stroke, giant cell arteritis, and granulomatous aortitis, and it develops after virus reactivates from ganglia and spreads transaxonally to arterial adventitia, resulting in persistent inflammation and pathological vascular remodeling. The mechanism(s) by which inflammatory cells persist in VZV-infected arteries is unknown; however, virus-induced dysregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) may play a role. Specifically, PD-L1 can be expressed on virtually all nucleated cells and suppresses the immune system by interacting with the programmed cell death protein receptor 1, found exclusively on immune cells; thus, downregulation of PD-L1 may promote inflammation, as seen in some autoimmune diseases. Both flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses to test whether VZV infection of adventitial cells downregulates PD-L1 showed decreased PD-L1 expression in VZV-infected compared to mock-infected human brain vascular adventitial fibroblasts (HBVAFs), perineural cells (HPNCs), and fetal lung fibroblasts (HFLs) at 72 h postinfection. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed no change in PD-L1 transcript levels between mock- and VZV-infected cells, indicating a posttranscriptional mechanism for VZV-mediated downregulation of PD-L1. Flow cytometry analyses showed decreased major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression in VZV-infected cells and adjacent uninfected cells compared to mock-infected cells. These data suggest that reduced PD-L1 expression in VZV-infected adventitial cells contribute to persistent vascular inflammation observed in virus-infected arteries from patients with VZV vasculopathy, while downregulation of MHC-I prevents viral clearance. IMPORTANCE Here, we provide the first demonstration that VZV downregulates PD-L1 expression in infected HBVAFs, HPNCs, and HFLs, which, together with the noted VZV-mediated downregulation of MHC-I, might foster persistent inflammation in vessels, leading to pathological vascular remodeling during VZV vasculopathy and persistent inflammation in infected lungs to promote subsequent infection of T cells and hematogenous virus spread. Identification of a potential mechanism by which persistent inflammation in the absence of effective viral clearance occurs in VZV vasculopathy and VZV infection of the lung is a step toward targeted therapy of VZV-induced disease.
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Shaabani N, Duhan V, Khairnar V, Gassa A, Ferrer-Tur R, Häussinger D, Recher M, Zelinskyy G, Liu J, Dittmer U, Trilling M, Scheu S, Hardt C, Lang PA, Honke N, Lang KS. CD169 + macrophages regulate PD-L1 expression via type I interferon and thereby prevent severe immunopathology after LCMV infection. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2446. [PMID: 27809306 PMCID: PMC5260878 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection with persistence-prone virus, type I interferon (IFN-I) mediates antiviral activity and also upregulates the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and this upregulation can lead to CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. How these very diverse functions are regulated remains unknown. This study, using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, showed that a subset of CD169+ macrophages in murine spleen and lymph nodes produced high amounts of IFN-I upon infection. Absence of CD169+ macrophages led to insufficient production of IFN-I, lower antiviral activity and persistence of virus. Lack of CD169+ macrophages also limited the IFN-I-dependent expression of PD-L1. Enhanced viral replication in the absence of PD-L1 led to persistence of virus and prevented CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. As a consequence, mice exhibited severe immunopathology and died quickly after infection. Therefore, CD169+ macrophages are important contributors to the IFN-I response and thereby influence antiviral activity, CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Asmae Gassa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rita Ferrer-Tur
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Correction: PD-L1 Expression on Retrovirus-Infected Cells Mediates Immune Escape from CD8+ T Cell Killing. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005364. [PMID: 26684741 PMCID: PMC4684197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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