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Nenasheva VV, Stepanenko EA, Tarantul VZ. Multi-Directional Mechanisms of Participation of the TRIM Gene Family in Response of Innate Immune System to Bacterial Infections. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1283-1299. [PMID: 39218025 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The multigene TRIM family is an important component of the innate immune system. For a long time, the main function of the genes belonging to this family was believed to be an antiviral defense of the host organism. The issue of their participation in the immune system response to bacterial invasion has been less studied. This review is the first comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of functioning of the TRIM family genes in response to bacterial infections, which expands our knowledge about the role of TRIM in the innate immune system. When infected with different types of bacteria, individual TRIM proteins regulate inflammatory, interferon, and other responses of the immune system in the cells, and also affect autophagy and apoptosis. Functioning of TRIM proteins in response to bacterial infection, as well as viral infection, often includes ubiquitination and various protein-protein interactions with both bacterial proteins and host cell proteins. At the same time, some TRIM proteins, on the contrary, contribute to the infection development. Different members of the TRIM family possess similar mechanisms of response to viral and bacterial infection, and the final impact of these proteins could vary significantly. New data on the effect of TRIM proteins on bacterial infections make an important contribution to a more detailed understanding of the innate immune system functioning in animals and humans when interacting with pathogens. This data could also be used for the search of new targets for antibacterial defense.
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Fang H, Wu XM, Zheng SY, Chang MX. Tripartite motif 2b ( trim2b) restricts spring viremia of carp virus by degrading viral proteins and negative regulators NLRP12-like receptors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0015824. [PMID: 38695539 PMCID: PMC11237789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00158-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are involved in different cellular functions, including regulating virus infection. In teleosts, two orthologous genes of mammalian TRIM2 are identified. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of piscine TRIM2 remain unclear. Here, we show that trim2b-knockout zebrafish are more susceptible to spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection than wild-type zebrafish. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that NOD-like receptor (NLR), but not RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), signaling pathway is significantly enriched in the trim2b-knockout zebrafish. In vitro, overexpression of Trim2b fails to degrade RLRs and those key proteins involved in the RLR signaling pathway but does for negative regulators NLRP12-like proteins. Zebrafish Trim2b degrades NLRP12-like proteins through its NHL_TRIM2_like and IG_FLMN domains in a ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. SVCV-N and SVCV-G proteins are also degraded by NHL_TRIM2_like domains, and the degradation pathway is an autophagy lysosomal pathway. Moreover, zebrafish Trim2b can interfere with the binding between NLRP12-like protein and SVCV viral RNA and can completely block the negative regulation of NLRP12-like protein on SVCV infection. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action of zebrafish trim2b against SVCV infection is through targeting the degradation of host-negative regulators NLRP12-like receptors and viral SVCV-N/SVCV-G genes.IMPORTANCESpring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a lethal freshwater pathogen that causes high mortality in cyprinid fish. In the present study, we identified zebrafish trim2b, NLRP12-L1, and NLRP12-L2 as potential pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for sensing and binding viral RNA. Zebrafish trim2b functions as a positive regulator; however, NLRP12-L1 and NLRP12-L2 function as negative regulators during SVCV infection. Furthermore, we find that zebrafish trim2b decreases host lethality in two manners. First, zebrafish Trim2b promotes protein degradations of negative regulators NLRP12-L1 and NLRP12-L2 by enhancing K48-linked ubiquitination and decreasing K63-linked ubiquitination. Second, zebrafish trim2b targets viral RNAs for degradation. Therefore, this study reveals a special antiviral mechanism in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Yao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shen S, Yan R, Xie Z, Yu X, Liang H, You Q, Zhang H, Hou J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Sun J, Guo H. Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 65 (TRIM65) Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Transcription. Viruses 2024; 16:890. [PMID: 38932182 PMCID: PMC11209081 DOI: 10.3390/v16060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, comprising a family of over 100 members with conserved motifs, exhibit diverse biological functions. Several TRIM proteins influence viral infections through direct antiviral mechanisms or by regulating host antiviral innate immune responses. To identify TRIM proteins modulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, we assessed 45 human TRIMs in HBV-transfected HepG2 cells. Our study revealed that ectopic expression of 12 TRIM proteins significantly reduced HBV RNA and subsequent capsid-associated DNA levels. Notably, TRIM65 uniquely downregulated viral pregenomic (pg) RNA in an HBV-promoter-specific manner, suggesting a targeted antiviral effect. Mechanistically, TRIM65 inhibited HBV replication primarily at the transcriptional level via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and intact B-box domain. Though HNF4α emerged as a potential TRIM65 substrate, disrupting its binding site on the HBV genome did not completely abolish TRIM65's antiviral effect. In addition, neither HBx expression nor cellular MAVS signaling was essential to TRIM65-mediated regulation of HBV transcription. Furthermore, CRISPR-mediated knock-out of TRIM65 in the HepG2-NTCP cells boosted HBV infection, validating its endogenous role. These findings underscore TRIM proteins' capacity to inhibit HBV transcription and highlight TRIM65's pivotal role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Zhanglian Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qiuhong You
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Jinlin Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (S.S.); (Z.X.); (H.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Cheng R, Zhou C, Zhao M, Zhang S, Wan W, Yu Y, Wen B, Jiao J, Xiong X, Xu Q, OuYang X. TRIM56-mediated production of type I interferon inhibits intracellular replication of Rickettsia rickettsii. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0369523. [PMID: 38358243 PMCID: PMC10986528 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03695-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii), the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), is the most pathogenic member among Rickettsia spp. Previous studies have shown that tripartite motif-containing 56 (TRIM56) E3 ligase-induced ubiquitination of STING is important for cytosolic DNA sensing and type I interferon production to induce anti-DNA viral immunity, but whether it affects intracellular replication of R. rickettsii remains uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the effect of TRIM56 on HeLa and THP-1 cells infected with R. rickettsii. We found that the expression of TRIM56 was upregulated in the R. rickettsii-infected cells, and the overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited the intracellular replication of R. rickettsii, while R. rickettsii replication was enhanced in the TRIM56-silenced host cells with the reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and STING and the increased production of interferon-β. In addition, the mutation of the TRIM56 E3 ligase catalytic site impairs the inhibitory function against R. rickettsii in HeLa cells. Altogether, our study discovers that TRIM56 is a host restriction factor of R. rickettsii by regulating the cGAS-STING-mediated signaling pathway. This study gives new evidence for the role of TRIM56 in the innate immune response against intracellular bacterial infection and provides new therapeutic targets for RMSF. IMPORTANCE Given that Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii) is the most pathogenic member within the Rickettsia genus and serves as the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, there is a growing need to explore host targets. In this study, we examined the impact of host TRIM56 on R. rickettsii infection in HeLa and THP-1 cells. We observed a significant upregulation of TRIM56 expression in R. rickettsii-infected cells. Remarkably, the overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited the intracellular replication of R. rickettsii, while silencing TRIM56 enhanced bacterial replication accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and STING, along with increased interferon-β production. Notably, the mutation of the TRIM56's E3 ligase catalytic site did not impede R. rickettsii replication in HeLa cells. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of TRIM56 as a host restriction factor against R. rickettsii through the modulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxi Cheng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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Byerly CD, Zhu B, Warwick PA, Patterson LL, Pittner NA, McBride JW. Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP120 ubiquitinates tumor suppressor APC to modulate Hippo and Wnt signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1327418. [PMID: 38562145 PMCID: PMC10982408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1327418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis: TRP120 is a multifunctional effector that acts as a ligand mimic to activate evolutionary conserved eukaryotic signaling pathways Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog and Hippo. In addition, TRP120 is also a HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase known to ubiquitinate several host cell regulatory proteins (FBW7, PCGF5 and ENO-1) for degradation. We previously determined that TRP120 ubiquitinates the Notch negative regulator, FBW7, to maintain Notch signaling and promote infection. In this study, we investigated a potential mechanism used by Ehrlichia chaffeensis to maintain Hippo and Wnt signaling by ubiquitinating the tumor suppressor, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a negative regulator of Wnt and Hippo signaling. We determined that APC was rapidly degraded during E. chaffeensis infection despite increased APC transcription. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of APC significantly increased E. chaffeensis infection and coincided with increased active Yap and β-catenin in the nucleus. We observed strong nuclear colocalization between TRP120 and APC in E. chaffeensis-infected THP-1 cells and after ectopic expression of TRP120 in HeLa cells. Additionally, TRP120 interacted with both APC full length and truncated isoforms via co-immunoprecipitation. Further, TRP120 ubiquitination of APC was demonstrated in vitro and confirmed by ectopic expression of a TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytic site mutant. This study identifies APC as a TRP120 HECT E3 Ub ligase substrate and demonstrates that TRP120 ligase activity promotes ehrlichial infection by degrading tumor suppressor APC to positively regulate Hippo and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jere W. McBride
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Wan G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Tian Y, Zhou X, Ge L, Xiong G, Wang X, Hu Y. Genomic and transcriptome insight into the structure and immunity role of TRIM proteins in Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:263. [PMID: 38302771 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRIM proteins, recognized as a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, are increasingly acknowledged for their antipathogen immune functions in mammals and fish. In the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), a secondary aquatic reptile that occupies a unique evolutionary position, the TRIM gene has rarely been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, 48 PsTRIM proteins were identified from the genome of Pelodiscus sinensis via Hidden Markov Model (HMM) searches and Signal Transduction ATPases with Numerous Domains (SMART) analysis. These PsTRIMs were found across 43 distinct scaffolds, and phylogenetic analyses classified them into three principal clades. The PsTRIMs feature a conserved assembly of either RING-B-box-coiled-coil (RBCC) or B-box-coiled-coil (BBC) domains at the N-terminus, in addition to eight unique domains at the C-terminus, including the B30.2 domain, 19 of which were identified. Expression profiling revealed ubiquitous expression of the 48 PsTRIMs across various P. sinensis tissues. Notably, seven PsTRIMs exhibited significant differential expression in liver transcriptomes following infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis implicated PsTRIM14 and PsTRIM28 as key players in host defense against bacterial invasion. Real-time quantitative PCR results indicated that PsTRIM1, PsTRIM2, PsTRIM14, and PsTRIM28 experienced marked upregulation in P. sinensis livers at 12 h post-infection with A. hydrophila. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to comprehensively identify and analyze the functions of TRIM genes in P. sinensis, unveiling their considerable diversity and potential roles in modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wan
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ziao Wang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, 410127, China
| | - Xingyue Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xianwen Zhou
- Affair Center of Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture in Xiang Xi Autonomous Prefecture, Jishou, 416000, Hunan, China
| | - Lingrui Ge
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, 410127, China
| | - Gang Xiong
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, 410127, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yazhou Hu
- College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Zhang Y, Xu M, Guo Y, Chen L, Vongsangnak W, Xu Q, Lu L. Programmed cell death and Salmonella pathogenesis: an interactive overview. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1333500. [PMID: 38249488 PMCID: PMC10797706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1333500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the collective term for the intrinsically regulated death of cells. Various types of cell death are triggered by their own programmed regulation during the growth and development of organisms, as well as in response to environmental and disease stresses. PCD encompasses apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and other forms. PCD plays a crucial role not only in the growth and development of organisms but also in serving as a component of the host innate immune defense and as a bacterial virulence strategy employed by pathogens during invasion. The zoonotic pathogen Salmonella has the ability to modulate multiple forms of PCD, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, within the host organism. This modulation subsequently impacts the bacterial infection process. This review aims to consolidate recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which Salmonella initiates and controls cell death signaling, the ways in which various forms of cell death can impede or restrict bacterial proliferation, and the interplay between cell death and innate immune pathways that can counteract Salmonella-induced suppression of host cell death. Ultimately, these insights may contribute novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical Salmonella-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maodou Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhou L, Li Y, You J, Wu C, Zuo L, Chen Y, Kang L, Zhou Z, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC gene suppresses macrophage/neutrophil antibacterial defense mediated by gasdermin D. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:19-33. [PMID: 38135851 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a representative model organism for investigating host-pathogen interactions. It was reported that S. Typhimurium spvC gene alleviated intestinal inflammation to aggravate systemic infection, while the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the influence of spvC on the antibacterial defense of macrophage/neutrophil mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD) was investigated. METHODS Mouse macrophage-like cell lines J774A.1 and RAW264.7, neutrophil-like cells derived from HL-60 cells (human promyletic leukemia cell lines) were infected with S. Typhimurium wild type, spvC deletion and complemented strains. Cell death was evaluated by LDH release and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Macrophage pyroptosis and neutrophil NETosis were detected by western blotting, live cell imaging and ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to assess the impact of spvC on macrophage-neutrophil cooperation in macrophage (dTHP-1)-neutrophil (dHL-60) co-culture model pretreated with GSDMD inhibitor disulfiram. Wild-type and Gsdmd-/- C57BL/6J mice were utilized for in vivo assay. The degree of phagocytes infiltration and inflammation were analyzed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Here we find that spvC inhibits pyroptosis in macrophages via Caspase-1/Caspase-11 dependent canonical and non-canonical pathways, and restrains neutrophil extracellular traps extrusion in GSDMD-dependent manner. Moreover, spvC could ameliorate macrophages/neutrophils infiltration and cooperation in the inflammatory response mediated by GSDMD to combat Salmonella infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the antibacterial activity of GSDMD in phagocytes and reveal a novel pathogenic mechanism employed by spvC to counteract this host defense, which may shed new light on designing effective therapeutics to control S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Dushu Lake Hospital, Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Franklin TG, Brzovic PS, Pruneda JN. Bacterial ligases reveal fundamental principles of polyubiquitin specificity. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4538-4554.e4. [PMID: 38091999 PMCID: PMC10872931 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Homologous to E6AP C terminus (HECT) E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases direct substrates toward distinct cellular fates dictated by the specific form of monomeric or polymeric Ub (polyUb) signal attached. How polyUb specificity is achieved has been a long-standing mystery, despite extensive study in various hosts, ranging from yeast to human. The bacterial pathogens enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium encode outlying examples of "HECT-like" (bHECT) E3 ligases, but commonalities to eukaryotic HECT (eHECT) mechanism and specificity had not been explored. We expanded the bHECT family with examples in human and plant pathogens. Three bHECT structures in primed, Ub-loaded states resolved key details of the entire Ub ligation process. One structure provided a rare glimpse into the act of ligating polyUb, yielding a means to rewire polyUb specificity of both bHECT and eHECT ligases. Studying this evolutionarily distinct bHECT family has revealed insight into the function of key bacterial virulence factors as well as fundamental principles underlying HECT-type Ub ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Franklin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Peter S Brzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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10
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Zhao Z, Hu Y, Hu Y, White AP, Wang Y. Features and algorithms: facilitating investigation of secreted effectors in Gram-negative bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1162-1178. [PMID: 37349207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria deliver effector proteins through type III, IV, or VI secretion systems (T3SSs, T4SSs, and T6SSs) into host cells, causing infections and diseases. In general, effector proteins for each of these distinct secretion systems lack homology and are difficult to identify. Sequence analysis has disclosed many common features, helping us to understand the evolution, function, and secretion mechanisms of the effectors. In combination with various algorithms, the known common features have facilitated accurate prediction of new effectors. Ensemblers or integrated pipelines achieve a better prediction of performance, which combines multiple computational models or modules with multidimensional features. Natural language processing (NLP) models also show the merits, which could enable discovery of novel features and, in turn, facilitate more precise effector prediction, extending our knowledge about each secretion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhao
- Youth Innovation Team of Medical Bioinformatics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yixue Hu
- Youth Innovation Team of Medical Bioinformatics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yueming Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aaron P White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yejun Wang
- Youth Innovation Team of Medical Bioinformatics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Basic Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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11
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Worley MJ. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37999606 PMCID: PMC10675298 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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12
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Roberts CG, Franklin TG, Pruneda JN. Ubiquitin-targeted bacterial effectors: rule breakers of the ubiquitin system. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114318. [PMID: 37555693 PMCID: PMC10505922 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation through post-translational ubiquitin signaling underlies a large portion of eukaryotic biology. This has not gone unnoticed by invading pathogens, many of which have evolved mechanisms to manipulate or subvert the host ubiquitin system. Bacteria are particularly adept at this and rely heavily upon ubiquitin-targeted virulence factors for invasion and replication. Despite lacking a conventional ubiquitin system of their own, many bacterial ubiquitin regulators loosely follow the structural and mechanistic rules established by eukaryotic ubiquitin machinery. Others completely break these rules and have evolved novel structural folds, exhibit distinct mechanisms of regulation, or catalyze foreign ubiquitin modifications. Studying these interactions can not only reveal important aspects of bacterial pathogenesis but also shed light on unexplored areas of ubiquitin signaling and regulation. In this review, we discuss the methods by which bacteria manipulate host ubiquitin and highlight aspects that follow or break the rules of ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Roberts
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Tyler G Franklin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Jonathan N Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
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13
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Stepanenko E, Bondareva N, Sheremet A, Fedina E, Tikhomirov A, Gerasimova T, Poberezhniy D, Makarova I, Tarantul V, Zigangirova N, Nenasheva V. Identification of Key TRIM Genes Involved in Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Chlamydia spp. Infections in Human Cell Lines and in Mouse Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13290. [PMID: 37686095 PMCID: PMC10487655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent an unsolved problem today since bacteria can evade antibiotics and suppress the host's immune response. A family of TRIM proteins is known to play a role in antiviral defense. However, the data on the involvement of the corresponding genes in the antibacterial response are limited. Here, we used RT-qPCR to profile the transcript levels of TRIM genes, as well as interferons and inflammatory genes, in human cell lines (in vitro) and in mice (in vivo) after bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp. As a result, the genes were identified that are involved in the overall immune response and associated primarily with inflammation in human cells and in mouse organs when infected with both pathogens (TRIM7, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 47, 68). TRIMs specific to the infection (TRIM59 for P. aeruginosa, TRIM67 for Chlamydia spp.) were revealed. Our findings can serve as a basis for further, more detailed studies on the mechanisms of the immune response to P. aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp. Studying the interaction between bacterial pathogens and the immune system contributes to the search for new ways to successfully fight bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Natalia Bondareva
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Anna Sheremet
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Elena Fedina
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alexei Tikhomirov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biomedical Pharmaceuticals, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Daniil Poberezhniy
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Irina Makarova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Vyacheslav Tarantul
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
| | - Nailya Zigangirova
- Laboratory for Chlamydiosis, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after N. F. Gamaleya, Russian Health Ministry, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Valentina Nenasheva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics and Innate Immunity, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia; (E.S.)
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14
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Franklin TG, Brzovic PS, Pruneda JN. Bacterial mimicry of eukaryotic HECT ubiquitin ligation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543783. [PMID: 37333152 PMCID: PMC10274628 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
HECT E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases direct their modified substrates toward a range of cellular fates dictated by the specific form of monomeric or polymeric Ub (polyUb) signal that is attached. How polyUb specificity is achieved has been a longstanding mystery, despite extensive study ranging from yeast to human. Two outlying examples of bacterial "HECT-like" (bHECT) E3 ligases have been reported in the human pathogens Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, but what parallels can be drawn to eukaryotic HECT (eHECT) mechanism and specificity had not been explored. Here, we expanded the bHECT family and identified catalytically active, bona fide examples in both human and plant pathogens. By determining structures for three bHECT complexes in their primed, Ub-loaded states, we resolved key details of the full bHECT Ub ligation mechanism. One structure provided the first glimpse of a HECT E3 ligase in the act of ligating polyUb, yielding a means to rewire the polyUb specificity of both bHECT and eHECT ligases. Through studying this evolutionarily distinct bHECT family, we have not only gained insight into the function of key bacterial virulence factors but also revealed fundamental principles underlying HECT-type Ub ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G. Franklin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Peter S. Brzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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15
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Meng K, Yang J, Xue J, Lv J, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. A host E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates Salmonella virulence by targeting an SPI-2 effector involved in SIF biogenesis. MLIFE 2023; 2:141-158. [PMID: 38817622 PMCID: PMC10989757 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium creates an intracellular niche for its replication by utilizing a large cohort of effectors, including several that function to interfere with host ubiquitin signaling. Although the mechanism of action of many such effectors has been elucidated, how the interplay between the host ubiquitin network and bacterial virulence factors dictates the outcome of infection largely remains undefined. In this study, we found that the SPI-2 effector SseK3 inhibits SNARE pairing to promote the formation of a Salmonella-induced filament by Arg-GlcNAcylation of SNARE proteins, including SNAP25, VAMP8, and Syntaxin. Further study reveals that host cells counteract the activity of SseK3 by inducing the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32, which catalyzes K48-linked ubiquitination on SseK3 and targets its membrane-associated portion for degradation. Hence, TRIM32 antagonizes SNAP25 Arg-GlcNAcylation induced by SseK3 to restrict Salmonella-induced filament biogenesis and Salmonella replication. Our study reveals a mechanism by which host cells inhibit bacterial replication by eliminating specific virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Jun Lv
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical ScienceHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Biomedicine and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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17
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Davidson A, Hume PJ, Greene NP, Koronakis V. Salmonella invasion of a cell is self-limiting due to effector-driven activation of N-WASP. iScience 2023; 26:106643. [PMID: 37168569 PMCID: PMC10164908 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium drives uptake into non-phagocytic host cells by injecting effector proteins that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton. The host actin regulator N-WASP has been implicated in bacterial entry, but its precise role is not clear. We demonstrate that Cdc42-dependent N-WASP activation, instigated by the Cdc42-activating effector SopE2, strongly impedes Salmonella uptake into host cells. This inhibitory pathway is predominant later in invasion, with the ubiquitin ligase activity of the effector SopA specifically interfering with negative Cdc42-N-WASP signaling at early stages. The cell therefore transitions from being susceptible to invasion, into a state almost completely recalcitrant to bacterial uptake, providing a mechanism to limit the number of internalized Salmonella. Our work raises the possibility that Cdc42-N-WASP, known to be activated by numerous bacterial and viral species during infection and commonly assumed to promote pathogen uptake, is used to limit the entry of multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author
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18
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
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19
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The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055046. [PMID: 36902478 PMCID: PMC10003129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the TRIM (tripartite motif) protein family, TRIM56 can function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, TRIM56 has been shown to possess deubiquitinase activity and the ability to bind RNA. This adds to the complexity of the regulatory mechanism of TRIM56. TRIM56 was initially found to be able to regulate the innate immune response. In recent years, its role in direct antiviral and tumor development has also attracted the interest of researchers, but there is no systematic review on TRIM56. Here, we first summarize the structural features and expression of TRIM56. Then, we review the functions of TRIM56 in TLR and cGAS-STING pathways of innate immune response, the mechanisms and structural specificity of TRIM56 against different types of viruses, and the dual roles of TRIM56 in tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the future research directions regarding TRIM56.
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20
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Shi Y, Liu H, Ma K, Luo ZQ, Qiu J. Legionella longbeachae Regulates the Association of Polyubiquitinated Proteins on Bacterial Phagosome with Multiple Deubiquitinases. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0417922. [PMID: 36790208 PMCID: PMC10100730 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04179-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella spp. are the causative agents of a severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. Upon being engulfed by host cells, these environmental bacteria replicate intracellularly in a plasma membrane-derived niche termed Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) in a way that requires the defective in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) protein transporter. Our understanding of interactions between Legionella and its hosts was mostly based on studies of Legionella pneumophila. In this study, we found that the LCVs created by virulent Legionella longbeachae are similarly decorated by polyubiquitinated proteins to those formed by L. pneumophila and that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is required for optimal intracellular growth of L. longbeachae. Furthermore, we utilized bioinformatics methods and the ubiquitin-vinylmethyl ester probe to obtain potential deubiquitinases (DUBs) encoded by L. longbeachae. These efforts led to the identification of 9 L. longbeachae DUBs that displayed distinct specificity toward ubiquitin chain types. Among these, LLO_1014 and LLO_2238 are associated with the LCVs and impact the accumulation of polyubiquitinated species on the bacterial phagosome. Moreover, LLO_1014 and LLO_2238 could fully restore the phenotypes associated with Δceg23 (lotB) and Δlem27 (lotC) mutants of L. pneumophila, indicating that these DUBs have similar functions. Together, these results reveal that L. longbeachae uses multiple DUBs to construct an intracellular niche for its replication. IMPORTANCE Legionella spp. are opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause Legionnaires' disease. Legionella utilizes the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to deliver effector protein into host cells to modulate various cellular functions. At least 26 L. pneumophila effectors are known to hijack the host ubiquitin system via diverse mechanisms. L. longbeachae is the second leading cause of Legionnaires' disease worldwide. However, our knowledge about the interactions between L. longbeachae and its hosts is very limited. Here, we found that, similar to L. pneumophila infection, the host ubiquitin proteasome system is also important for the intracellular replication of L. longbeachae. In addition, the bacterial phagosomes harboring L. longbeachae are enriched with polyubiquitinated proteins in a Dot/Icm system-dependent manner. We further identified 9 L. longbeachae proteins that function as DUBs with distinct ubiquitin chain specificity. Of note, several of the phagosome-associated L. longbeachae DUBs regulate the recruitment of polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kelong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Naringenin Prevents Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in LPS-Induced Liver Injury through the Regulation of LncRNA-mRNA in Male Mice. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010198. [PMID: 36615393 PMCID: PMC9821796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation accompanies hepatic dysfunction resulting from tissue oxidative damage. Naringenin (Nar), a natural flavanone, has known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, but its mechanism of action in the regulation of liver dysfunction requires further investigation. In this study, the role of naringenin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation was explored, as well as its mechanism by transcriptome sequencing. The results indicated that compared with the LPS group, Nar treatment caused a significant increase in the mRNA levels of antioxidant factors glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), yet the expression of related inflammatory factors (MCP1, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) showed less of an increase. RNA sequencing identified 36 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 603 differentially expressed mRNAs. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation pathways are meticulously linked with naringenin treatment. The Co-lncRNA-mRNA network was also constructed. Tissue expression profiles showed that lncRNA played a higher role in the liver. Subsequently, expression levels of inflammatory factors indicated that lncRNAs and target mRNAs were significantly reduced after naringenin treatment in mouse liver AML12 cells and obese mouse. These results suggest that naringenin helps to prevent liver dysfunction through the regulation of lncRNA-mRNA axis to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory factors.
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Cohn AR, Orsi RH, Carroll LM, Liao J, Wiedmann M, Cheng RA. Salmonella enterica serovar Cerro displays a phylogenetic structure and genomic features consistent with virulence attenuation and adaptation to cattle. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1005215. [PMID: 36532462 PMCID: PMC9748477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S.) serovar Cerro is rarely isolated from human clinical cases of salmonellosis but represents the most common serovar isolated from cattle without clinical signs of illness in the United States. In this study, using a large, diverse set of 316 isolates, we utilized genomic methods to further elucidate the evolutionary history of S. Cerro and to identify genomic features associated with its apparent virulence attenuation in humans. Phylogenetic analyses showed that within this polyphyletic serovar, 98.4% of isolates (311/316) represent a monophyletic clade within section Typhi and the remaining 1.6% of isolates (5/316) form a monophyletic clade within subspecies enterica Clade A1. Of the section Typhi S. Cerro isolates, 93.2% of isolates (290/311) clustered into a large clonal clade comprised of predominantly sequence type (ST) 367 cattle and environmental isolates, while the remaining 6.8% of isolates (21/311), primarily from human clinical sources, clustered outside of this clonal clade. A tip-dated phylogeny of S. Cerro ST367 identified two major clades (I and II), one of which overwhelmingly consisted of cattle isolates that share a most recent common ancestor that existed circa 1975. Gene presence/absence and rarefaction curve analyses suggested that the pangenome of section Typhi S. Cerro is open, potentially reflecting the gain/loss of prophage; human isolates contained the most open pangenome, while cattle isolates had the least open pangenome. Hypothetically disrupted coding sequences (HDCs) displayed clade-specific losses of intact speC and sopA virulence genes within the large clonal S. Cerro clade, while loss of intact vgrG, araH, and vapC occurred in all section Typhi S. Cerro isolates. Further phenotypic analysis suggested that the presence of a premature stop codon in speC does not abolish ornithine decarboxylase activity in S. Cerro, likely due to the activity of the second ornithine decarboxylase encoded by speF, which remained intact in all isolates. Overall, our study identifies specific genomic features associated with S. Cerro's infrequent isolation from humans and its apparent adaptation to cattle, which has broader implications for informing our understanding of the evolutionary events facilitating host adaptation in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Cohn
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Renato H. Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Laura M. Carroll
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jingqiu Liao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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24
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Zhan Q, Zhang H, Wu B, Zhang N, Zhang L. E3 ubiquitin ligases in the acute leukemic signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1004330. [PMID: 36439256 PMCID: PMC9691902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1004330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemia is a common hematologic tumor with highly genetic heterogeneity, and many factors are involved in the pathogenesis and drug-resistance mechanism. Emerging evidence proves that E3 ubiquitin ligases participate in the acute leukemic signaling pathways via regulating substrates. This review summarized the E3 ligases which can affect the leukemic signal. It is worth noting that the abnormal signal is often caused by a deficiency or a mutation of the E3 ligases. In view of this phenomenon, we envisioned perspectives associated with targeted agonists of E3 ligases and proteolysis-targeting chimera technology. Moreover, we emphasized the significance of research into the upstream factors regulating the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases. It is expected that the understanding of the mechanism of leukemic signaling pathways with which that E3 ligases are involved will be beneficial to accelerating the process of therapeutic strategy improvement for acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhan
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Heyang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Zhang, ; Naijin Zhang,
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Zhang, ; Naijin Zhang,
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25
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Mahmud SA, Qureshi MA, Pellegrino MW. On the offense and defense: mitochondrial recovery programs amidst targeted pathogenic assault. FEBS J 2022; 289:7014-7037. [PMID: 34270874 PMCID: PMC9192128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens employ a variety of tactics to persist in their host and promote infection. Pathogens often target host organelles in order to benefit their survival, either through manipulation or subversion of their function. Mitochondria are regularly targeted by bacterial pathogens owing to their diverse cellular roles, including energy production and regulation of programmed cell death. However, disruption of normal mitochondrial function during infection can be detrimental to cell viability because of their essential nature. In response, cells use multiple quality control programs to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and promote recovery. In this review, we will provide an overview of mitochondrial recovery programs including mitochondrial dynamics, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ), and mitophagy. We will then discuss the various approaches used by bacterial pathogens to target mitochondria, which result in mitochondrial dysfunction. Lastly, we will discuss how cells leverage mitochondrial recovery programs beyond their role in organelle repair, to promote host defense against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraje A Mahmud
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, TX, USA
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26
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Bullones-Bolaños A, Bernal-Bayard J, Ramos-Morales F. The NEL Family of Bacterial E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7725. [PMID: 35887072 PMCID: PMC9320238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some pathogenic or symbiotic Gram-negative bacteria can manipulate the ubiquitination system of the eukaryotic host cell using a variety of strategies. Members of the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Sinorhizobium, and Ralstonia, among others, express E3 ubiquitin ligases that belong to the NEL family. These bacteria use type III secretion systems to translocate these proteins into host cells, where they will find their targets. In this review, we first introduce type III secretion systems and the ubiquitination process and consider the various ways bacteria use to alter the ubiquitin ligation machinery. We then focus on the members of the NEL family, their expression, translocation, and subcellular localization in the host cell, and we review what is known about the structure of these proteins, their function in virulence or symbiosis, and their specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Ramos-Morales
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (A.B.-B.); (J.B.-B.)
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27
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Tripathi-Giesgen I, Behrends C, Alpi AF. The ubiquitin ligation machinery in the defense against bacterial pathogens. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52864. [PMID: 34515402 PMCID: PMC8567218 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system is an important part of the host cellular defense program during bacterial infection. This is in particular evident for a number of bacteria including Salmonella Typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis which—inventively as part of their invasion strategy or accidentally upon rupture of seized host endomembranes—become exposed to the host cytosol. Ubiquitylation is involved in the detection and clearance of these bacteria as well as in the activation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling. Remarkably, all these defense responses seem to emanate from a dense layer of ubiquitin which coats the invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on the diverse group of host cell E3 ubiquitin ligases that help to tailor this ubiquitin coat. In particular, we address how the divergent ubiquitin conjugation mechanisms of these ligases contribute to the complexity of the anti‐bacterial coating and the recruitment of different ubiquitin‐binding effectors. We also discuss the activation and coordination of the different E3 ligases and which strategies bacteria evolved to evade the activities of the host ubiquitin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tripathi-Giesgen
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
| | - Arno F Alpi
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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28
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Salmonella Typhimurium and inflammation: a pathogen-centric affair. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:716-725. [PMID: 34012042 PMCID: PMC9350856 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections are controlled by host inflammatory responses that are initiated by innate immune receptors after recognition of conserved microbial products. As inflammation can also lead to disease, tissues that are exposed to microbial products such as the intestinal epithelium are subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate signalling through innate immune receptors. The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, which requires intestinal inflammation to sustain its replication in the intestinal tract, uses effector proteins of its type III secretion systems to trigger an inflammatory response without the engagement of innate immune receptors. Furthermore, S. Typhimurium uses a different set of effectors to restrict the inflammatory response to preserve host homeostasis. The S. Typhimurium-host interface is a remarkable example of the unique balance that emerges from the co-evolution of a pathogen and its host.
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29
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de Oliveira Mann CC, Hornung V. Molecular mechanisms of nonself nucleic acid recognition by the innate immune system. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1897-1910. [PMID: 34138462 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids (NAs) represent one of the most important classes of molecules recognized by the innate immune system. However, NAs are not limited to pathogens, but are also present within the host. As such, the immune system has evolved an elaborate set of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that employ various strategies to recognize distinct types of NAs, while reliably distinguishing between self and nonself. The here-employed strategies encompass the positioning of NA-sensing PRRs in certain subcellular compartments that potentially come in contact with pathogens but not host NAs, the existence of counterregulatory measures that keep endogenous NAs below a certain threshold, and also the specific identification of certain nonself patterns. Here, we review recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of NA recognition by TLRs, RLRs, and the cGAS-STING axis. We highlight the differences in NA-PRR interfaces that confer specificity and selectivity toward an NA ligand, as well as the NA-dependent induced conformational changes required for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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30
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D'Amico F, Mukhopadhyay R, Ovaa H, Mulder MPC. Targeting TRIM Proteins: A Quest towards Drugging an Emerging Protein Class. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2011-2031. [PMID: 33482040 PMCID: PMC8251876 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitylation machinery regulates several fundamental biological processes from protein homeostasis to a wide variety of cellular signaling pathways. As a consequence, its dysregulation is linked to diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmunity. With this review, we aim to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting E3 ligases, with a special focus on an emerging class of RING ligases, named tri-partite motif (TRIM) proteins, whose role as targets for drug development is currently gaining pharmaceutical attention. TRIM proteins exert their catalytic activity as scaffolds involved in many protein-protein interactions, whose multidomains and adapter-like nature make their druggability very challenging. Herein, we give an overview of the current understanding of this class of single polypeptide RING E3 ligases and discuss potential targeting options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Amico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rishov Mukhopadhyay
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
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31
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Nandi I, Aroeti L, Ramachandran RP, Kassa EG, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Aroeti B. Type III secreted effectors that target mitochondria. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13352. [PMID: 33960116 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A type III secretion system (T3SS) is used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to secrete and translocate a battery of proteins, termed effectors, from the bacteria directly into the host cells. These effectors, which are thought to play a key role in bacterial virulence, hijack and modify the activity of diverse host cell organelles, including mitochondria. Mitochondria-the energy powerhouse of the cell-are important cell organelles that play role in numerous critical cellular processes, including the initiation of apoptosis and the induction of innate immunity. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogenic bacteria use mitochondrially targeted effectors to control host cell death and immunity pathways. Surprisingly, however, we found that despite their importance, only a limited number of type III secreted effectors have been characterised to target host mitochondria, and the mechanisms underlying their mitochondrial activity have not been sufficiently analysed. These include effectors secreted by the enteric attaching and effacing (A/E), Salmonella and Shigella bacterial pathogens. Here we give an overview of key findings, present gaps in knowledge and hypotheses concerning the mode by which these type III secreted effectors control the host and the bacterial cell life (and death) through targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Nandi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Aroeti
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachana Pattani Ramachandran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ephrem G Kassa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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32
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The Salmonella effector protein SopD targets Rab8 to positively and negatively modulate the inflammatory response. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:658-671. [PMID: 33603205 PMCID: PMC8085087 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The food-borne bacterial pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium uses a type III protein secretion system to deliver multiple proteins into host cells. These secreted effectors modulate the functions of host cells and activate specific signalling cascades that result in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal inflammation. Some of the Salmonella-encoded effectors counteract this inflammatory response and help to preserve host homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that the Salmonella effector protein SopD, which is required for pathogenesis, functions to both activate and inhibit the inflammatory response by targeting the Rab8 GTPase, which is a negative regulator of inflammation. We show that SopD has GTPase-activating protein activity for Rab8 and, therefore, inhibits this GTPase and stimulates inflammation. We also show that SopD activates Rab8 by displacing it from its cognate guanosine dissociation inhibitor, resulting in the stimulation of a signalling cascade that suppresses inflammation. We solved the crystal structure of SopD in association with Rab8 to a resolution of 2.3 Å, which reveals a unique contact interface that underlies these complex interactions. These findings show the remarkable evolution of a bacterial effector protein to exert both agonistic and antagonistic activities towards the same host cellular target to modulate the inflammatory response.
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33
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Cui M, Pang G, Zhang T, Sun T, Zhang L, Kang R, Xue X, Pan H, Yang C, Zhang X, Chang J, Liu J, Zhang S, Wang H. Optotheranostic Nanosystem with Phone Visual Diagnosis and Optogenetic Microbial Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis At-Home Care. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7040-7052. [PMID: 33819424 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. However, the home care of UC based on remote monitoring, due to the operational complexity and time-consuming procedure, restrain its widespread applications. Here we constructed an optotheranostic nanosystem for self-diagnosis and long-acting mitigations of UC at home. The system included two major modules: (i) A disease prescreening module mediated by smartphone optical sensing. (ii) Disease real-time intervention module mediated by an optogenetic engineered bacteria system. Recombinant Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) secreted interleukin-10 (IL-10) could downregulate inflammatory cascades and matrix metalloproteinases; it is a candidate for use in the therapeutic intervention of UC. The results showed that the Detector was able to analyze, report, and share the detection results in less than 1 min, and the limit of detection was 15 ng·mL-1. Besides, the IL-10-secreting EcN treatment suppressed the intestinal inflammatory response in UC mice and protected the intestinal mucosa against injury. The optotheranostic nanosystems enabled solutions to diagnose and treat disease at home, which promotes a mobile health service development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruru Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huizhuo Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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34
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Zhang R, Kennedy MA. Current Understanding of the Structure and Function of Pentapeptide Repeat Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:638. [PMID: 33925937 PMCID: PMC8145042 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentapeptide repeat protein (PRP) superfamily, identified in 1998, has grown to nearly 39,000 sequences from over 3300 species. PRPs, recognized as having at least eight contiguous pentapeptide repeats (PRs) of a consensus pentapeptide sequence, adopt a remarkable structure, namely, a right-handed quadrilateral β-helix with four consecutive PRs forming a single β-helix coil. Adjacent coils join together to form a β-helix "tower" stabilized by β-ladders on the tower faces and type I, type II, or type IV β-turns facilitating an approximately -90° redirection of the polypeptide chain joining one coil face to the next. PRPs have been found in all branches of life, but they are predominantly found in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria have existed on earth for more than two billion years and are thought to be responsible for oxygenation of the earth's atmosphere. Filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 may also represent the oldest and simplest multicellular organisms known to undergo cell differentiation on earth. Knowledge of the biochemical function of these PRPs is essential to understanding how ancient cyanobacteria achieved functions critical to early development of life on earth. PRPs are predicted to exist in all cyanobacteria compartments including thylakoid and cell-wall membranes, cytoplasm, and thylakoid periplasmic space. Despite their intriguing structure and importance to understanding ancient cyanobacteria, the biochemical functions of PRPs in cyanobacteria remain almost completely unknown. The precise biochemical function of only a handful of PRPs is currently known from any organisms, and three-dimensional structures of only sixteen PRPs or PRP-containing multidomain proteins from any organism have been reported. In this review, the current knowledge of the structures and functions of PRPs is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 106 Hughes Laboratories, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
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35
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Wang HT, Hur S. Substrate recognition by TRIM and TRIM-like proteins in innate immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:76-85. [PMID: 33092958 PMCID: PMC7572318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TRIM (Tripartite motif) and TRIM-like proteins have emerged as an important class of E3 ligases in innate immunity. Their functions range from activation or regulation of innate immune signaling pathway to direct detection and restriction of pathogens. Despite the importance, molecular mechanisms for many TRIM/TRIM-like proteins remain poorly characterized, in part due to challenges of identifying their substrates. In this review, we discuss several TRIM/TRIM-like proteins in RNA sensing pathways and viral restriction functions. We focus on those containing PRY-SPRY, the domain most frequently used for substrate recognition, and discuss emerging mechanisms that are commonly utilized by several TRIM/TRIM-like proteins to tightly control their interaction with the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Mak H, Thurston TLM. Interesting Biochemistries in the Structure and Function of Bacterial Effectors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:608860. [PMID: 33718265 PMCID: PMC7943720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.608860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial effector proteins, delivered into host cells by specialized multiprotein secretion systems, are a key mediator of bacterial pathogenesis. Following delivery, they modulate a range of host cellular processes and functions. Strong selective pressures have resulted in bacterial effectors evolving unique structures that can mimic host protein biochemical activity or enable novel and distinct biochemistries. Despite the protein structure-function paradigm, effectors from different bacterial species that share biochemical activities, such as the conjugation of ubiquitin to a substrate, do not necessarily share structural or sequence homology to each other or the eukaryotic proteins that carry out the same function. Furthermore, some bacterial effectors have evolved structural variations to known protein folds which enable different or additional biochemical and physiological functions. Despite the overall low occurrence of intrinsically disordered proteins or regions in prokaryotic proteomes compared to eukaryotes proteomes, bacterial effectors appear to have adopted intrinsically disordered regions that mimic the disordered regions of eukaryotic signaling proteins. In this review, we explore examples of the diverse biochemical properties found in bacterial effectors that enable effector-mediated interference of eukaryotic signaling pathways and ultimately support pathogenesis. Despite challenges in the structural and functional characterisation of effectors, recent progress has been made in understanding the often unusual and fascinating ways in which these virulence factors promote pathogenesis. Nevertheless, continued work is essential to reveal the array of remarkable activities displayed by effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa L. M. Thurston
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kato K, Ahmad S, Zhu Z, Young JM, Mu X, Park S, Malik HS, Hur S. Structural analysis of RIG-I-like receptors reveals ancient rules of engagement between diverse RNA helicases and TRIM ubiquitin ligases. Mol Cell 2021; 81:599-613.e8. [PMID: 33373584 PMCID: PMC8183676 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RNA helicases and E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate many critical functions in cells, but their actions have largely been studied in distinct biological contexts. Here, we uncover evolutionarily conserved rules of engagement between RNA helicases and tripartite motif (TRIM) E3 ligases that lead to their functional coordination in vertebrate innate immunity. Using cryoelectron microscopy and biochemistry, we show that RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), viral RNA receptors with helicase domains, interact with their cognate TRIM/TRIM-like E3 ligases through similar epitopes in the helicase domains. Their interactions are avidity driven, restricting the actions of TRIM/TRIM-like proteins and consequent immune activation to RLR multimers. Mass spectrometry and phylogeny-guided biochemical analyses further reveal that similar rules of engagement may apply to diverse RNA helicases and TRIM/TRIM-like proteins. Our analyses suggest not only conserved substrates for TRIM proteins but also, unexpectedly, deep evolutionary connections between TRIM proteins and RNA helicases, linking ubiquitin and RNA biology throughout animal evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- DEAD Box Protein 58/ultrastructure
- Epitopes
- Evolution, Molecular
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/ultrastructure
- Models, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/ultrastructure
- Tripartite Motif Proteins/genetics
- Tripartite Motif Proteins/metabolism
- Tripartite Motif Proteins/ultrastructure
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kato
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sadeem Ahmad
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Janet M Young
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sehoon Park
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Ma S, Liu X, Ma S, Jiang L. SopA inactivation or reduced expression is selected in intracellular Salmonella and contributes to systemic Salmonella infection. Res Microbiol 2020; 172:103795. [PMID: 33347947 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2020.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudogenes are accumulated in host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovars, while pseudogenization is primarily regarded as a process that purges unnecessary genes from the genome. Here we showed that the inactivation of sopA, which encodes an effector of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1, in human-restricted S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Ty) and Paratyphi A (S. PA) is under positive selection and aimed to reduce bacterial cytotoxicity toward host macrophages. Moreover, we found that the expression of sopA in Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm), a broad-host-range serovar which causes systemic disease in mice, was negatively regulated during mice infection and survival in murine macrophages. The sopA repression in S. Tm is mediated by IsrM, a small RNA absent from the genome of S. Ty and S. PA. Due to the lack of IsrM, sopA expression was unregulated in S. Ty and S. PA, which might have facilitated the convergent inactivation of sopA in these two serovars. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that sopA inactivation or intracellular repression is the target of positive selection during the systemic infection caused by S. enterica serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Hos NJ, Fischer J, Hos D, Hejazi Z, Calabrese C, Ganesan R, Murthy AMV, Rybniker J, Kumar S, Krönke M, Robinson N. TRIM21 Is Targeted for Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy during Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2456-2467. [PMID: 32948684 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative bacterium that induces cell death of macrophages as a key virulence strategy. We have previously demonstrated that the induction of macrophage death is dependent on the host's type I IFN (IFN-I) response. IFN-I signaling has been shown to induce tripartite motif (TRIM) 21, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with critical functions in autoimmune disease and antiviral immunity. However, the importance and regulation of TRIM21 during bacterial infection remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of TRIM21 upon S Typhimurium infection of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Although Trim21 expression was induced in an IFN-I-dependent manner, we found that TRIM21 levels were mainly regulated posttranscriptionally. Following TLR4 activation, TRIM21 was transiently degraded via the lysosomal pathway by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). However, S Typhimurium-induced mTORC2 signaling led to phosphorylation of Akt at S473, which subsequently impaired TRIM21 degradation by attenuating CMA. Elevated TRIM21 levels promoted macrophage death associated with reduced transcription of NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-dependent antioxidative genes. Collectively, our results identify IFN-I-inducible TRIM21 as a negative regulator of innate immune responses to S Typhimurium and a previously unrecognized substrate of CMA. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that a member of the TRIM family is degraded by the lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Judith Hos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; .,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Zahra Hejazi
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Chiara Calabrese
- Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Ambika M V Murthy
- Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Jan Rybniker
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; .,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate immunity, inflammation, and virus replication. We discuss novel roles of TRIM proteins during virus infections that lead to increased pathogenicity. Recent Findings TRIM proteins regulate different antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways, mostly by promoting ubiquitination of important factors including pattern recognition receptors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors that are involved in type I interferon and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, viruses have developed mechanisms to target TRIMs for immune evasion. New evidence is emerging indicating that viruses have the ability to directly use TRIMs and the ubiquitination process to enhance the viral replication cycle and cause increased pathogenesis. A new report on TRIM7 also highlights the potential pro-viral role of TRIMs via ubiquitination of viral proteins and suggests a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination of virus envelope protein may provide determinants of tissue and species tropism. Summary TRIM proteins have important functions in promoting host defense against virus infection; however, viruses have adapted to evade TRIM-mediated immune responses and can hijack TRIMs to ultimately increase virus pathogenesis. Only by understanding specific TRIM-virus interactions and by using more in vivo approaches can we learn how to harness TRIM function to develop therapeutic approaches to reduce virus pathogenesis.
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Legionella pneumophila Excludes Autophagy Adaptors from the Ubiquitin-Labeled Vacuole in Which It Resides. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00793-19. [PMID: 32482642 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00793-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy targets intracellular pathogens for destruction by the host autophagy pathway. Ubiquitin chains are conjugated to xenophagic targets and recruit multiple autophagy adaptors. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila resides in a vacuole that is ubiquitinated; however, this pathogen avoids xenophagic detection. Here, the mechanisms by which L. pneumophila can prevent the host xenophagy pathway from targeting the vacuole in which it resides were examined. Ubiquitin-labeled vacuoles containing L. pneumophila failed to recruit autophagy adaptors by a process that was independent of RavZ function. Coinfection studies were conducted using a strain of Listeria monocytogenes that served as a robust xenophagic target. Legionella pneumophila infection blocked xenophagic targeting of L. monocytogenes by a RavZ-dependent mechanism. Importantly, when coinfection studies were conducted with a RavZ-deficient strain of L. pneumophila, L. monocytogenes was targeted by the host xenophagy system but vacuoles containing L. pneumophila avoided targeting. Enhanced adaptor recruitment to the vacuole was observed by using a strain of L. pneumophila in which all of the effector proteins in the SidE family were deleted; however, this strain was still not targeted by the host autophagy pathway. Thus, there are at least two pathways by which L. pneumophila can disrupt xenophagic targeting of the vacuole in which it resides. One mechanism involves global disruption of the host autophagy machinery by the effector protein RavZ. A second cis-acting mechanism prevents the binding of autophagy adaptors to the ubiquitin-decorated surface of the L. pneumophila-containing vacuole.
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Contributions of Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics to Understanding Salmonella-Host Interactions. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070581. [PMID: 32708900 PMCID: PMC7400052 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a model pathogen, Salmonella invades both phagocytic and non-phagocytic host cells and adopts an intracellular lifestyle in a membrane-bound compartment during infection. Therefore, a systemic overview of Salmonella adaptations to distinct host cells together with host remodeling will assist us in charting the landscape of host-pathogen interactions. Central to the Salmonella-host interplay are bacterial virulence factors (effectors) that are injected into host cells by type III secretion systems (T3SSs). Despite great progress, functional studies of bacterial effectors have experienced daunting challenges as well. In the last decade, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has evolved into a powerful technological platform that can quantitatively measure thousands of proteins in terms of their expression as well as post-translational modifications. Here, we will review the applications of high-throughput proteomic technologies in understanding the dynamic reprogramming of both Salmonella and host proteomes during the course of infection. Furthermore, we will summarize the progress in utilizing affinity purification-mass spectrometry to screen for host substrates of Salmonella T3SS effectors. Finally, we will critically discuss some limitations/challenges with current proteomic platforms in the context of host-pathogen interactions and highlight some emerging technologies that may offer the promise of tackling these problems.
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Hoffpauir CT, Bell SL, West KO, Jing T, Wagner AR, Torres-Odio S, Cox JS, West AP, Li P, Patrick KL, Watson RO. TRIM14 Is a Key Regulator of the Type I IFN Response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:153-167. [PMID: 32404352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs) play a variety of recently described roles in innate immunity. Although many TRIMs regulate type I IFN expression following cytosolic nucleic acid sensing of viruses, their contribution to innate immune signaling and gene expression during bacterial infection remains largely unknown. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an activator of cGAS-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing, we set out to investigate a role for TRIM proteins in regulating macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis In this study, we demonstrate that TRIM14, a noncanonical TRIM that lacks an E3 ubiquitin ligase RING domain, is a critical negative regulator of the type I IFN response in Mus musculus macrophages. We show that TRIM14 interacts with both cGAS and TBK1 and that macrophages lacking TRIM14 dramatically hyperinduce IFN stimulated gene (ISG) expression following M. tuberculosis infection, cytosolic nucleic acid transfection, and IFN-β treatment. Consistent with a defect in resolution of the type I IFN response, Trim14 knockout macrophages have more phospho-Ser754 STAT3 relative to phospho-Ser727 and fail to upregulate the STAT3 target Socs3, which is required to turn off IFNAR signaling. These data support a model whereby TRIM14 acts as a scaffold between TBK1 and STAT3 to promote phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and resolve ISG expression. Remarkably, Trim14 knockout macrophages hyperinduce expression of antimicrobial genes like Nos2 and are significantly better than control cells at limiting M. tuberculosis replication. Collectively, these data reveal an unappreciated role for TRIM14 in resolving type I IFN responses and controlling M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn T Hoffpauir
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Kelsi O West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807; and
| | - Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807; and
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807;
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Berglund J, Gjondrekaj R, Verney E, Maupin-Furlow JA, Edelmann MJ. Modification of the host ubiquitome by bacterial enzymes. Microbiol Res 2020; 235:126429. [PMID: 32109687 PMCID: PMC7369425 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM), which occurs ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells and controls most cellular processes. As a consequence, ubiquitination is an attractive target of pathogen-encoded virulence factors. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to hijack the host's ubiquitin system to their advantage. In this review, we discuss the bacteria-encoded E3 ligases and deubiquitinases translocated to the host for an addition or removal of eukaryotic ubiquitin modification, effectively hijacking the host's ubiquitination processes. We review bacterial enzymes homologous to host proteins in sequence and functions, as well as enzymes with novel mechanisms in ubiquitination, which have significant structural differences in comparison to the mammalian E3 ligases. Finally, we will also discuss examples of molecular "counter-weapons" - eukaryotic proteins, which counteract pathogen-encoded E3 ligases. The many examples of the pathogen effector molecules that catalyze eukaryotic ubiquitin modification bring to light the intricate pathways involved in the pathogenesis of some of the most virulent bacterial infections with human pathogens. The role of these effector molecules remains an essential determinant of bacterial virulence in terms of infection, invasion, and replication. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms dictating the mimicry employed by bacterial pathogens is of vital importance in developing new strategies for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Berglund
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Rafaela Gjondrekaj
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Ellen Verney
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA.
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Wang JY, Zhu B, Patterson LL, Rogan MR, Kibler CE, McBride JW. Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP120-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of tumor suppressor FBW7 increases oncoprotein stability and promotes infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008541. [PMID: 32353058 PMCID: PMC7217479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (E. chaffeensis) exploits evolutionarily conserved Notch and Wnt host cell signaling pathways to downregulate innate immune host defenses and promote infection. The multifunctional E. chaffeensis TRP120 effector which has HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, interacts with the host nuclear tumor suppressor F-BOX and WD domain repeating-containing 7 (FBW7). FBW7 is the substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1-cullin-1-FBOX E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase complex (SCF) known to negatively regulate a network of oncoproteins (Notch, cyclin E, c-Jun, MCL1 and cMYC). In this study, we demonstrate that TRP120 and FBW7 colocalize strongly in the nucleus by confocal immunofluorescent microscopy and interactions between TRP120 and FBW7 FBOX and WD40 domains were demonstrated by ectopic expression and co-immunoprecipitation. Although FBW7 gene expression increased during E. chaffeensis infection, FBW7 levels significantly decreased (>70%) by 72 h post infection. Moreover, an iRNA knockdown of FBW7 coincided with increased E. chaffeensis infection and levels of Notch intracellular domain (NICD), phosphorylated c-Jun, MCL-1 and cMYC, which are negatively regulated by FBW7. An increase in FBW7 K48 ubiquitination was detected during infection by co-IP, and FBW7 degradation was inhibited in infected cells treated with the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib. Direct TRP120 ubiquitination of native and recombinant FBW7 was demonstrated in vitro and confirmed by ectopic expression of TRP120 HECT Ub ligase catalytic site mutant. This study identifies the tumor suppressor, FBW7, as a TRP120 HECT E3 Ub ligase substrate, and demonstrates that TRP120 ligase activity promotes ehrlichial infection by degrading FBW7 to maintain stability of Notch and other oncoproteins involved in cell survival and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - LaNisha L. Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Madison R. Rogan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clayton E. Kibler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jere W. McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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46
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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47
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Lian Q, Yan S, Yin Q, Yan C, Zheng W, Gu W, Zhao X, Fan W, Li X, Ma L, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li J, Sun B. TRIM34 attenuates colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by sustaining barrier integrity. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:350-362. [PMID: 32094504 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the colonic inner mucus layer leads to spontaneously severe colitis and colorectal cancer. However, key host factors that may control the generation of the inner mucus layer are rarely reported. Here, we identify a novel function of TRIM34 in goblet cells (GCs) in controlling inner mucus layer generation. Upon DSS treatment, TRIM34 deficiency led to a reduction in Muc2 secretion by GCs and subsequent defects in the inner mucus layer. This outcome rendered TRIM34-deficient mice more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TRIM34 controlled TLR signaling-induced Nox/Duox-dependent ROS synthesis, thereby promoting the compound exocytosis of Muc2 by colonic GCs that were exposed to bacterial TLR ligands. Clinical analysis revealed that TRIM34 levels in patient samples were correlated with the outcome of ulcerative colitis (UC) and the prognosis of rectal adenocarcinoma. This study indicates that TRIM34 expression in GCs plays an essential role in generating the inner mucus layer and preventing excessive colon inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshi Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shanshan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chenghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wanwei Zheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wangpeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xinhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiguo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xuezhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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48
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Ma K, Zhen X, Zhou B, Gan N, Cao Y, Fan C, Ouyang S, Luo ZQ, Qiu J. The bacterial deubiquitinase Ceg23 regulates the association of Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin molecules on the Legionella phagosome. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1646-1657. [PMID: 31907282 PMCID: PMC7008378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of the lung malady Legionnaires' disease, it modulates host function to create a niche termed the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) that permits intracellular L. pneumophila replication. One important aspect of such modulation is the co-option of the host ubiquitin network with a panel of effector proteins. Here, using recombinantly expressed and purified proteins, analytic ultracentrifugation, structural analysis, and computational modeling, along with deubiquitinase (DUB), and bacterial infection assays, we found that the bacterial defective in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication effector Ceg23 is a member of the ovarian tumor (OTU) DUB family. We found that Ceg23 displays high specificity toward Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains and is localized on the LCV, where it removes ubiquitin moieties from proteins ubiquitinated by the Lys-63-chain type. Analysis of the crystal structure of a Ceg23 variant lacking two putative transmembrane domains at 2.80 Å resolution revealed that despite very limited homology to established members of the OTU family at the primary sequence level, Ceg23 harbors a catalytic motif resembling those associated with typical OTU-type DUBs. ceg23 deletion increased the association of Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin with the bacterial phagosome, indicating that Ceg23 regulates Lys-63-linked ubiquitin signaling on the LCV. In summary, our findings indicate that Ceg23 contributes to the regulation of the association of Lys-63 type polyubiquitin with the Legionella phagosome. Future identification of host substrates targeted by Ceg23 could clarify the roles of these polyubiquitin chains in the intracellular life cycle of L. pneumophila and Ceg23's role in bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ninghai Gan
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chengpeng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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49
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Yang W, Gu Z, Zhang H, Hu H. To TRIM the Immunity: From Innate to Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:02157. [PMID: 33117334 PMCID: PMC7578260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have been intensively studied as essential modulators in various biological processes, especially in regulating a wide range of signaling pathways involved in immune responses. Most TRIM proteins have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, mediating polyubiquitination of target proteins. Emerging evidence demonstrates that TRIM proteins play important roles in innate immunity by regulating pattern recognition receptors, vital adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors in innate immune signaling pathways. Additionally, the critical roles of TRIM proteins in adaptive immunity, especially in T cell development and activation, are increasingly appreciated. In this review, we aim to summarize the studies on TRIMs in both innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on their E3 ubiquitin ligase functions in pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways and T cell functions, shedding light on the developing new strategies for modulating innate and adaptive immune responses against invading pathogens and avoiding autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongbo Hu
- *Correspondence: Huiyuan Zhang, ; Hongbo Hu,
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50
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Lou L, Zhang P, Piao R, Wang Y. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 31428589 PMCID: PMC6689963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species can infect a diverse range of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. The T3SS is regarded as the most important virulence factor of Salmonella. SPI-1 encodes transcription factors that regulate the expression of some virulence factors of Salmonella, while other transcription factors encoded outside SPI-1 participate in the expression of SPI-1-encoded genes. SPI-1 genes are responsible for the invasion of host cells, regulation of the host immune response, e.g., the host inflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and apoptosis, and biofilm formation. The regulatory network of SPI-1 is very complex and crucial. Here, we review the function, effectors, and regulation of SPI-1 genes and their contribution to the pathogenicity of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rongli Piao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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