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Yan J, Zhang Z, Shi H, Xue X, Li A, Ding P, Guo X, Wang J, Wang Y, Cao B. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Cross-Talk between the Flagellar Transcriptional Hierarchy and Secretion System in Plesiomonas shigelloides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7375. [PMID: 39000482 PMCID: PMC11242183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides, a Gram-negative bacillus, is the only member of the Enterobacteriaceae family able to produce polar and lateral flagella and cause gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans. The flagellar transcriptional hierarchy of P. shigelloides is currently unknown. In this study, we identified FlaK, FlaM, FliA, and FliAL as the four regulators responsible for polar and lateral flagellar regulation in P. shigelloides. To determine the flagellar transcription hierarchy of P. shigelloides, the transcriptomes of the WT and ΔflaK, ΔflaM, ΔfliA, and ΔfliAL were carried out for comparison in this study. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and luminescence screening assays were used to validate the RNA-seq results, and the Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) results revealed that FlaK can directly bind to the promoters of fliK, fliE, flhA, and cheY, while the FlaM protein can bind directly to the promoters of flgO, flgT, and flgA. Meanwhile, we also observed type VI secretion system (T6SS) and type II secretion system 2 (T2SS-2) genes downregulated in the transcriptome profiles, and the killing assay revealed lower killing abilities for ΔflaK, ΔflaM, ΔfliA, and ΔfliAL compared to the WT, indicating that there was a cross-talk between the flagellar hierarchy system and bacterial secretion system. Invasion assays also showed that ΔflaK, ΔflaM, ΔfliA, and ΔfliAL were less effective in infecting Caco-2 cells than the WT. Additionally, we also found that the loss of flagellar regulators causes the differential expression of some of the physiological metabolic genes of P. shigelloides. Overall, this study aims to reveal the transcriptional hierarchy that controls flagellar gene expression in P. shigelloides, as well as the cross-talk between motility, virulence, and physiological and metabolic activity, laying the groundwork for future research into P. shigelloides' coordinated survival in the natural environment and the mechanisms that infect the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zixu Zhang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongdan Shi
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinke Xue
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Peng Ding
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinzhong Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ying Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Boyang Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
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Hu Z, Ojima S, Zhu Z, Yu X, Sugiyama M, Haneda T, Okamura M, Ono HK, Hu DL. Salmonella pathogenicity island-14 is a critical virulence factor responsible for systemic infection in chickens caused by Salmonella gallinarum. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1401392. [PMID: 38846788 PMCID: PMC11153813 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1401392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. gallinarum) is an important host-specific pathogen that causes fowl typhoid, a severe systemic, septicemic, and fatal infection, in chickens. S. gallinarum causes high morbidity and mortality in chickens and poses a significant burden and economic losses to the poultry industry in many developing countries. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms of S. gallinarum-induced systemic infection in chickens remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a Salmonella pathogenicity island-14 (SPI-14) mutant strain (mSPI-14) of S. gallinarum and evaluated the pathogenicity of mSPI-14 in the chicken systemic infection model. The mSPI-14 exhibited the same level of bacterial growth and morphological characteristics but significantly reduced resistance to bile acids compared with the wild-type (WT) strain in vitro. The virulence of mSPI-14 was significantly attenuated in the chicken oral infection model in vivo. Chickens infected with WT showed typical clinical symptoms of fowl typhoid, with all birds succumbing to the infection within 6 to 9 days post-inoculation, and substantial increases in bacterial counts and significant pathological changes in the liver and spleen were observed. In contrast, all mSPI-14-infected chickens survived, the bacterial counts in the organs were significantly lower, and no significant pathological changes were observed in the liver and spleen. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, CXCLi1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the liver of mSPI-14-infected chickens were significantly lower than those in the WT-infected chickens. These results indicate that SPI-14 is a crucial virulence factor in systemic infection of chickens, and avirulent mSPI-14 could be used to develop a new attenuated live vaccine to prevent S. gallinarum infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Ojima
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Okamura
- Section of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
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Brek T, Gohal GA, Yasir M, Azhar EI, Al-Zahrani IA. Meningitis and Bacteremia by Unusual Serotype of Salmonella enterica Strain: A Whole Genome Analysis. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2024; 2024:3554734. [PMID: 38558876 PMCID: PMC10980553 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3554734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although meningitis caused by Salmonella species is relatively rare and accounts for <1% of the confirmed cases in neonates, it is associated with case complications and fatality rates up to 50-70% when compared to other forms of Gram-negative bacilli meningitis. Objectives We conducted an investigation into the first reported case of neonatal meningitis caused by nontyphoidal S. enterica in Jazan, a region in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Methods CSF and blood culture were collected from a female neonate patient to confirm the presence of bacterial meningitis. WGS was conducted to find out the comprehensive genomic characterization of S. enterica isolate. Results A 3-week-old infant was admitted to a local hospital with fever, poor feeding, and hypoactivity. She was diagnosed with Salmonella meningitis and bacteremia caused by S. enterica, which was sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. WGS revealed the specific strain to be S. enterica serotype Johannesburg JZ01, belonging to ST515 and cgMLST 304742. Conclusions We presented a genomic report of rare case of NTS meningitis in an infant who is living in a rural town in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Further research is required to understand the impact of host genetic factors on invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamer Brek
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Public Health Laboratory, The Regional Laboratory and the Central Blood Bank, Jazan Health Directorate, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gassem A. Gohal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-Biosafety Level-3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-Biosafety Level-3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Al-Zahrani
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-Biosafety Level-3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li X, Yao T, Liu R, Wang Q, Wang Q, Li D, Chen X, Liu B, Feng L. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium remodels mitochondrial dynamics of macrophages via the T3SS effector SipA to promote intracellular proliferation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2316932. [PMID: 38356294 PMCID: PMC10877990 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2316932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics are critical in cellular energy production, metabolism, apoptosis, and immune responses. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cells' mitochondrial functions, facilitating their proliferation and dissemination. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm), an intracellular foodborne pathogen, causes diarrhea and exploits host macrophages for survival and replication. However, S. Tm-associated mitochondrial dynamics during macrophage infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that within macrophages, S. Tm remodeled mitochondrial fragmentation to facilitate intracellular proliferation mediated by Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA), a type III secretion system effector encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. SipA directly targeted mitochondria via its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, preventing excessive fragmentation and the associated increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c into the cytosol. Macrophage replication assays and animal experiments showed that mitochondria and SipA interact to facilitate intracellular replication and pathogenicity of S. Tm. Furthermore, we showed that SipA delayed mitochondrial fragmentation by indirectly inhibiting the recruitment of cytosolic dynamin-related protein 1, which mediates mitochondrial fragmentation. This study revealed a novel mechanism through which S. Tm manipulates host mitochondrial dynamics, providing insights into the molecular interplay that facilitates S. Tm adaptation within host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueping Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Nankai University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Zhang C, Liu M, Wu Y, Li X, Zhang C, Call DR, Liu M, Zhao Z. ArcB orchestrates the quorum-sensing system to regulate type III secretion system 1 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2281016. [PMID: 37982663 PMCID: PMC10841015 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2281016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In many Vibrio species, virulence is regulated by quorum sensing, which is regulated by a complex, multichannel, two-component phosphorelay circuit. Through this circuit, sensor kinases transmit sensory information to the phosphotransferase LuxU via a phosphotransfer mechanism, which in turn transmits the signal to the response regulator LuxO. For Vibrio parahaemolyticus, type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) is required for cytotoxicity, but it is unclear how quorum sensing regulates T3SS1 expression. Herein, we report that a hybrid histidine kinase, ArcB, instead of LuxU, and sensor kinase LuxQ and response regulator LuxO, collectively orchestrate T3SS1 expression in V. parahaemolyticus. Under high oxygen conditions, LuxQ can interact with ArcB directly and phosphorylates the Hpt domain of ArcB. The Hpt domain of ArcB phosphorylates the downstream response regulator LuxO instead of ArcA. LuxO then activates transcription of the T3SS1 gene cluster. Under hypoxic conditions, ArcB autophosphorylates and phosphorylates ArcA, whereas ArcA does not participate in regulating the expression of T3SS1. Our data provides evidence of an alternative regulatory path involving the quorum sensing phosphorelay and adds another layer of understanding about the environmental regulation of gene expression in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Douglas R. Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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Yan J, Yang B, Xue X, Li J, Li Y, Li A, Ding P, Cao B. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effect of PdhR in Plesiomonas shigelloides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14473. [PMID: 37833920 PMCID: PMC10572922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulator (PdhR) was originally identified as a repressor of the pdhR-aceEF-lpd operon, which encodes the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) and PdhR itself. According to previous reports, PdhR plays a regulatory role in the physiological and metabolic pathways of bacteria. At present, the function of PdhR in Plesiomonas shigelloides is still poorly understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the wild-type strain and the ΔpdhR mutant strains was performed for comparison to identify the PdhR-controlled pathways, revealing that PdhR regulates ~7.38% of the P. shigelloides transcriptome. We found that the deletion of pdhR resulted in the downregulation of practically all polar and lateral flagella genes in P. shigelloides; meanwhile, motility assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the ΔpdhR mutant was non-motile and lacked flagella. Moreover, the results of RNA-seq and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that PdhR positively regulated the expression of the T3SS cluster, and the ΔpdhR mutant significantly reduced the ability of P. shigelloides to infect Caco-2 cells compared with the WT. Consistent with previous research, pyruvate-sensing PdhR directly binds to its promoter and inhibits pdhR-aceEF-lpd operon expression. In addition, we identified two additional downstream genes, metR and nuoA, that are directly negatively regulated by PdhR. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that ArcA was identified as being located upstream of pdhR and lpdA and directly negatively regulating their expression. Overall, we revealed the function and regulatory pathway of PdhR, which will allow for a more in-depth investigation into P. shigelloides pathogenicity as well as the complex regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinke Xue
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- College of Pharmacy Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Peng Ding
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Boyang Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
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8
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Fei X, Schroll C, Huang K, Christensen JP, Christensen H, Lemire S, Kilstrup M, Thomsen LE, Jelsbak L, Olsen JE. The global transcriptomes of Salmonella enterica serovars Gallinarum, Dublin and Enteritidis in the avian host. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106236. [PMID: 37419218 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum causes Fowl Typhoid in poultry, and it is host specific to avian species. The reasons why S. Gallinarum is restricted to avians, and at the same time predominately cause systemic infections in these hosts, are unknown. In the current study, we developed a surgical approach to study gene expression inside the peritoneal cavity of hens to shed light on this. Strains of the host specific S. Gallinarum, the cattle-adapted S. Dublin and the broad host range serovar, S. Enteritidis, were enclosed in semi-permeable tubes and surgically placed for 4 h in the peritoneal cavity of hens and for control in a minimal medium at 41.2 °C. Global gene-expression under these conditions was compared between serovars using tiled-micro arrays with probes representing the genome of S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin and S. Gallinarum. Among other genes, genes of SPI-13, SPI-14 and the macrophage survival gene mig-14 were specifically up-regulated in the host specific serovar, S. Gallinarum, and further studies into the role of these genes in host specific infection are highly indicated. Analysis of pathways and GO-terms, which were enriched in the host specific S. Gallinarum without being enriched in the two other serovars indicated that host specificity was characterized by a metabolic fine-tuning as well as unique expression of virulence associated pathways. The cattle adapted serovar S. Dublin differed from the two other serovars by a lack of up-regulation of genes encoded in the virulence associated pathogenicity island 2, and this may explain the inability of this serovar to cause disease in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fei
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Casper Schroll
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaisong Huang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jens P Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastien Lemire
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mogens Kilstrup
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Line E Thomsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Jelsbak
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - John E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Mayo-Pérez S, Gama-Martínez Y, Dávila S, Rivera N, Hernández-Lucas I. LysR-type transcriptional regulators: state of the art. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37635411 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2247477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) are DNA-binding proteins present in bacteria, archaea, and in algae. Knowledge about their distribution, abundance, evolution, structural organization, transcriptional regulation, fundamental roles in free life, pathogenesis, and bacteria-plant interaction has been generated. This review focuses on these aspects and provides a current picture of LTTR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mayo-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Y Gama-Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - S Dávila
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - N Rivera
- IPN: CICATA, Unidad Morelos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Atlacholoaya, Mexico
| | - I Hernández-Lucas
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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10
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Xiong D, Song L, Chen Y, Jiao X, Pan Z. Salmonella Enteritidis activates inflammatory storm via SPI-1 and SPI-2 to promote intracellular proliferation and bacterial virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1158888. [PMID: 37325511 PMCID: PMC10266283 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1158888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is an important intracellular pathogen, which can cause gastroenteritis in humans and animals and threaten life and health. S. Enteritidis proliferates in host macrophages to establish systemic infection. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 to S. Enteritidis virulence in vitro and in vivo, as well as the host inflammatory pathways affected by SPI-1 and SPI-2. Our results show that S. Enteritidis SPI-1 and SPI-2 contributed to bacterial invasion and proliferation in RAW264.7 macrophages, and induced cytotoxicity and cellular apoptosis of these cells. S. Enteritidis infection induced multiple inflammatory responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-mediated) and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcript (STAT) (STAT2-mediated) pathways. Both SPI-1 and SPI-2 were necessary to induce robust inflammatory responses and ERK/STAT2 phosphorylation in macrophages. In a mouse infection model, both SPIs, especially SPI-2, resulted in significant production of inflammatory cytokines and various interferon-stimulated genes in the liver and spleen. Activation of the ERK- and STAT2-mediated cytokine storm was largely affected by SPI-2. S. Enteritidis ΔSPI-1-infected mice displayed moderate histopathological damage and drastically reduced bacterial loads in tissues, whereas only slight damage and no bacteria were observed in ΔSPI-2- and ΔSPI-1/SPI-2-infected mice. A survival assay showed that ΔSPI-1 mutant mice maintained a medium level of virulence, while SPI-2 plays a decisive role in bacterial virulence. Collectively, our findings indicate that both SPIs, especially SPI-2, profoundly contributed to S. Enteritidis intracellular localization and virulence by activating multiple inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Yan J, Guo X, Li J, Li Y, Sun H, Li A, Cao B. RpoN is required for the motility and contributes to the killing ability of Plesiomonas shigelloides. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:299. [PMID: 36510135 PMCID: PMC9743648 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RpoN, also known as σ54, first reported in Escherichia coli, is a subunit of RNA polymerase that strictly controls the expression of different genes by identifying specific promoter elements. RpoN has an important regulatory function in carbon and nitrogen metabolism and participates in the regulation of flagellar synthesis, bacterial motility and virulence. However, little is known about the effect of RpoN in Plesiomonas shigelloides. RESULTS To identify pathways controlled by RpoN, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the WT and the rpoN deletion strain was carried out for comparison. The RNA-seq results showed that RpoN regulates ~ 13.2% of the P. shigelloides transcriptome, involves amino acid transport and metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, ribosome biosynthesis, flagellar assembly and bacterial secretion system. Furthermore, we verified the results of RNA-seq using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR, which indicated that the absence of rpoN caused downregulation of more than half of the polar and lateral flagella genes in P. shigelloides, and the ΔrpoN mutant was also non-motile and lacked flagella. In the present study, the ability of the ΔrpoN mutant to kill E. coli MG1655 was reduced by 54.6% compared with that of the WT, which was consistent with results in RNA-seq, which showed that the type II secretion system (T2SS-2) genes and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes were repressed. By contrast, the expression of type III secretion system genes was largely unchanged in the ΔrpoN mutant transcriptome and the ability of the ΔrpoN mutant to infect Caco-2 cells was also not significantly different compared with the WT. CONCLUSIONS We showed that RpoN is required for the motility and contributes to the killing ability of P. shigelloides and positively regulates the T6SS and T2SS-2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yan
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xueqian Guo
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jinghao Li
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Yuehua Li
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Ang Li
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353 China
| | - Boyang Cao
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
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12
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Microbial Genetics and Clonal Dissemination of Salmonella enterica Serotype Javiana Isolated from Human Populations in Arkansas, USA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101192. [PMID: 36297250 PMCID: PMC9611979 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct “types” of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
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13
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Fraschilla I, Evavold CL. Biting the hand that feeds: Metabolic determinants of cell fate during infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923024. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic shifts can occur in cells of the innate immune system in response to microbial infection. Whether these metabolic shifts benefit host defense and propagation of an immune response appears to be context dependent. In an arms race, host-adapted microbes and mammalian cells vie for control of biosynthetic machinery, organelles, and metabolites. Herein, we discuss the intersection of host metabolism and cell-intrinsic immunity with implications for cell fate during infection. Sensation of microbial ligands in isolation results in host metabolic shifts that imbues normal innate immune function, such as cytokine secretion. However, living microbes have an arsenal of effectors and strategies to subvert cell-intrinsic immune responses by manipulating host metabolism. Consequently, host metabolism is monitored as an indicator of invasion or manipulation by a pathogen, primarily through the actions of guard proteins and inflammasome pathways. In this review, we frame initiation of cell-intrinsic immunity in the context of host metabolism to include a physiologic “Goldilocks zone” of allowable shifts with guard circuits monitoring wide perturbations away from this zone for the initiation of innate immune responses. Through comparison of studies with purified microbial ligands, dead microbes, and live pathogens we may begin to understand how shifts in metabolism determine the outcome of host-pathogen interactions.
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14
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Salaheen S, Kim SW, Haley BJ, Van Kessel JAS. Differences between the global transcriptomes of Salmonella enterica serovars Dublin and Cerro infecting bovine epithelial cells. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:498. [PMID: 35804292 PMCID: PMC9270791 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of S. enterica colonization in cattle is highly variable and often serovar-dependent. The aim of this study was to compare the global transcriptomes of highly pathogenic bovine-adapted S. enterica serovar Dublin and the less pathogenic, bovine-adapted, serovar Cerro during interactions with bovine epithelial cells, to identify genes that impact serovar-related outcomes of S. enterica infections in dairy animals. Result Bovine epithelial cells were infected with S. enterica strains from serovars Dublin and Cerro, and the bacterial RNA was extracted and sequenced. The total number of paired-end reads uniquely mapped to non-rRNA and non-tRNA genes in the reference genomes ranged between 12.1 M (Million) and 23.4 M (median: 15.7 M). In total, 360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with at least two-fold differences in the transcript abundances between S. Dublin and S. Cerro (false discovery rate ≤ 5%). The highest number of DEGs (17.5%, 63 of 360 genes) between the two serovars were located on the genomic regions potentially associated with Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs). DEGs potentially located in the SPI-regions that were upregulated (≥ 2-fold) in the S. Dublin compared with S. Cerro included: 37 SPI-1 genes encoding mostly Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) apparatus and effectors; all of the six SPI-4 genes encoding type I secretion apparatus (siiABCDEF); T3SS effectors and chaperone (sopB, pipB, and sigE) located in SPI-5; type VI secretion system associated protein coding genes (sciJKNOR) located in SPI-6; and T3SS effector sopF in SPI-11. Additional major functional categories of DEGs included transcription regulators (n = 25), amino acid transport and metabolism (n = 20), carbohydrate transport and metabolism (n = 20), energy production and metabolism (n = 19), cell membrane biogenesis (n = 18), and coenzyme transport and metabolism (n = 15). DEGs were further mapped to the metabolic pathways listed in the KEGG database; most genes of the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway were upregulated/uniquely present in the S. Dublin strains compared with the S. Cerro strains. Conclusions This study identified S. enterica genes that may be responsible for symptomatic or asymptomatic infection and colonization of two bovine-adapted serovars in cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08725-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
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15
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The ArcAB Two-Component System: Function in Metabolism, Redox Control, and Infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0011021. [PMID: 35442087 PMCID: PMC9199408 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00110-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ArcAB, also known as the Arc system, is a member of the two-component system family of bacterial transcriptional regulators and is composed of sensor kinase ArcB and response regulator ArcA. In this review, we describe the structure and function of these proteins and assess the state of the literature regarding ArcAB as a sensor of oxygen consumption. The bacterial quinone pool is the primary modulator of ArcAB activity, but questions remain for how this regulation occurs. This review highlights the role of quinones and their oxidation state in activating and deactivating ArcB and compares competing models of the regulatory mechanism. The cellular processes linked to ArcAB regulation of central metabolic pathways and potential interactions of the Arc system with other regulatory systems are also reviewed. Recent evidence for the function of ArcAB under aerobic conditions is challenging the long-standing characterization of this system as strictly an anaerobic global regulator, and the support for additional ArcAB functionality in this context is explored. Lastly, ArcAB-controlled cellular processes with relevance to infection are assessed.
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16
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Wang J, Ma S, Li W, Wang X, Huang D, Jiang L, Feng L. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Induces Host Metabolic Reprogramming to Increase Glucose Availability for Intracellular Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810003. [PMID: 34576166 PMCID: PMC8467381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human-limited intracellular pathogen and the cause of typhoid fever, a severe systemic disease. Pathogen–host interaction at the metabolic level affects the pathogenicity of intracellular pathogens, but it remains unclear how S. Typhi infection influences host metabolism for its own benefit. Herein, using metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, combined with in vitro and in vivo infection assays, we investigated metabolic responses in human macrophages during S. Typhi infection, and the impact of these responses on S. Typhi intracellular replication and systemic pathogenicity. We observed increased glucose content, higher rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in S. Typhi-infected human primary macrophages. Replication in human macrophages and the bacterial burden in systemic organs of humanized mice were reduced by either the inhibition of host glucose uptake or a mutation of the bacterial glucose uptake system, indicating that S. Typhi utilizes host-derived glucose to enhance intracellular replication and virulence. Thus, S. Typhi promotes its pathogenicity by inducing metabolic changes in host macrophages and utilizing the glucose that subsequently accumulates as a nutrient for intracellular replication. Our findings provide the first metabolic signature of S. Typhi-infected host cells and identifies a new strategy utilized by S. Typhi for intracellular replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wanwu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (L.F.)
| | - Lu Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (L.F.)
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Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Salmonella effector driven invasion of the gut epithelium: breaking in and setting the house on fire. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:9-18. [PMID: 34492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) is a major cause of diarrheal disease. The invasion into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is a central step in the infection cycle. It is associated with gut inflammation and thought to benefit S.Tm proliferation also in the intestinal lumen. Importantly, it is still not entirely clear how inflammation is elicited and to which extent it links to IEC invasion efficiency in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent findings explaining IEC invasion by type-three-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1) effector proteins and discuss their effects on invasion and gut inflammation. In non-polarized tissue culture cells, the TTSS-1 effectors (mainly SopB/E/E2) elicit large membrane ruffles fueling cooperative invasion, and can directly trigger pro-inflammatory signaling. By contrast, in the murine gut, we observe discreet-invasion (mainly via the TTSS-1 effector SipA) and a prominent pro-inflammatory role of the host?"s epithelial inflammasome(s), which sense pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss why it has remained a major challenge to tease apart direct and indirect inflammatory effects of TTSS-1 effectors and explain why further research will be needed to fully determine their inflammation-modulating role(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Vaid RK, Thakur Z, Anand T, Kumar S, Tripathi BN. Comparative genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum decodes strain specific genes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255612. [PMID: 34411120 PMCID: PMC8375982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (bvP) and biovar Gallinarum (bvG) are the etiological agents of pullorum disease (PD) and fowl typhoid (FT) respectively, which cause huge economic losses to poultry industry especially in developing countries including India. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are currently being employed to control and reduce the S. Gallinarum infections. High endemicity, poor implementation of hygiene and lack of effective vaccines pose challenges in prevention and control of disease in intensively maintained poultry flocks. Comparative genome analysis unravels similarities and dissimilarities thus facilitating identification of genomic features that aids in pathogenesis, niche adaptation and in tracing of evolutionary history. The present investigation was carried out to assess the genotypic differences amongst S.enterica serovar Gallinarum strains including Indian strain S. Gallinarum Sal40 VTCCBAA614. The comparative genome analysis revealed an open pan-genome consisting of 5091 coding sequence (CDS) with 3270 CDS belonging to core-genome, 1254 CDS to dispensable genome and strain specific genes i.e. singletons ranging from 3 to 102 amongst the analyzed strains. Moreover, the investigated strains exhibited diversity in genomic features such as virulence factors, genomic islands, prophage regions, toxin-antitoxin cassettes, and acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. Core genome identified in the study can give important leads in the direction of design of rapid and reliable diagnostics, and vaccine design for effective infection control as well as eradication. Additionally, the identified genetic differences among the S. enterica serovar Gallinarum strains could be used for bacterial typing, structure based inhibitor development by future experimental investigations on the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Vaid
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Zoozeal Thakur
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Anand
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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19
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Li IC, Wu HH, Chen ZW, Chou CH. Prevalence of IncFIB Plasmids Found among Salmonella enterica Serovar Schwarzengrund Isolates from Animal Sources in Taiwan Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081024. [PMID: 34451486 PMCID: PMC8399590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund is one of the most frequently isolated Salmonella serotypes responsible for human and poultry infections in Taiwan, and it has raised public health concerns. To better facilitate the understanding of transmission patterns and the dynamics of epidemics, sharing molecular data on pathogen profiles is urgently needed. The objectives of the current study were to determine and establish baseline data of S. enterica serovar Schwarzengrund isolates from 23 epidemiologically unrelated sources from year 2000 to 2018 and examine their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Genomic DNA of the Salmonella isolates was extracted and subjected to whole-genome sequencing using an Illumina platform. Results showed that all selected isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, and six of those were resistant to ciprofloxacin phenotypically. Genotypically, these isolates carried genes resistant to aminoglycoside (100%), phenicol (91.3%), β-lactams (69.5%), folate pathway antagonist (100%), tetracycline (82.6%), and fluoroquinolone (4.3%). Moreover, these isolates harbor integrons with five different gene cassettes identified for the first time, which are associated with resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. Furthermore, prevalence of IncFIB plasmid was found among studied isolates, which may increase its ability to colonize the chicken cecum and cause extra-intestinal disease. Salmonella pathogenicity islands SPI-1 to SPI-5, SPI-13, and SPI-14, as well as C63PI locus, were also detected in all isolates. This study demonstrated that a considerable high antimicrobial resistance with high virulence levels of Salmonella were found from animal sources. Sharing data on these pathogen profiles can not only help increase the reproducibility and accessibility of genomic analysis but can also support surveillance and epidemiological investigations for salmonellosis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Li
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Hui Wu
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Road, Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;
| | - Zeng-Weng Chen
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Road, Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Z.-W.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-37-585-851 (Z.-W.C.); +886-2-3366-3861 (C.-H.C.); Fax: +886-2-2364-9154 (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Z.-W.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-37-585-851 (Z.-W.C.); +886-2-3366-3861 (C.-H.C.); Fax: +886-2-2364-9154 (C.-H.C.)
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20
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Liu Y, Liu B, Xu T, Wang Q, Li W, Wu J, Zheng X, Liu B, Liu R, Liu X, Guo X, Feng L, Wang L. A fructose/H + symporter controlled by a LacI-type regulator promotes survival of pandemic Vibrio cholerae in seawater. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4649. [PMID: 34330925 PMCID: PMC8324912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae can colonize the human intestine and cause cholera, but spends much of its life cycle in seawater. The pathogen must adapt to substantial environmental changes when moving between seawater and the human intestine, including different availability of carbon sources such as fructose. Here, we use in vitro experiments as well as mouse intestinal colonization assays to study the mechanisms used by pandemic V. cholerae to adapt to these environmental changes. We show that a LacI-type regulator (FruI) and a fructose/H+ symporter (FruT) are important for fructose uptake at low fructose concentrations, as those found in seawater. FruT is downregulated by FruI, which is upregulated when O2 concentrations are low (as in the intestine) by ArcAB, a two-component system known to respond to changes in oxygen levels. As a result, the bacteria predominantly use FruT for fructose uptake under seawater conditions (low fructose, high O2), and use a known fructose phosphotransferase system (PTS, Fpr) for fructose uptake under conditions found in the intestine. PTS activity leads to reduced levels of intracellular cAMP, which in turn upregulate virulence genes. Our results indicate that the FruT/FruI system may be important for survival of pandemic V. cholerae in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Xu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wendi Li
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Wu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ruiying Liu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xi Guo
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lu Feng
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P. R. China ,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, P. R. China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, P.R. China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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21
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Wójcicki M, Świder O, Daniluk KJ, Średnicka P, Akimowicz M, Roszko MŁ, Sokołowska B, Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Transcriptional Regulation of the Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Salmonella-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070801. [PMID: 34202800 PMCID: PMC8308502 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum of activity, has resulted in the development of multidrug resistance in many strains of bacteria, including Salmonella. Salmonella is among the most prevalent causes of intoxication due to the consumption of contaminated food and water. Salmonellosis caused by this pathogen is pharmacologically treated using antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. This foodborne pathogen developed several molecular mechanisms of resistance both on the level of global and local transcription modulators. The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella poses a significant global concern, and an improved understanding of the multidrug resistance mechanisms in Salmonella is essential for choosing the suitable antibiotic for the treatment of infections. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms that control gene expression related to antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains. We characterized regulators acting as transcription activators and repressors, as well as two-component signal transduction systems. We also discuss the background of the molecular mechanisms of the resistance to metals, regulators of multidrug resistance to antibiotics, global regulators of the LysR family, as well as regulators of histone-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
| | - Olga Świder
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (O.Ś.); (M.Ł.R.)
| | - Kamila J. Daniluk
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
| | - Monika Akimowicz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
| | - Marek Ł. Roszko
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (O.Ś.); (M.Ł.R.)
| | - Barbara Sokołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6063605
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22
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Pérez-Morales D, Nava-Galeana J, Rosales-Reyes R, Teehan P, Yakhnin H, Melchy-Pérez EI, Rosenstein Y, De la Cruz MA, Babitzke P, Bustamante VH. An incoherent feedforward loop formed by SirA/BarA, HilE and HilD is involved in controlling the growth cost of virulence factor expression by Salmonella Typhimurium. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009630. [PMID: 34048498 PMCID: PMC8192010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An intricate regulatory network controls the expression of Salmonella virulence genes. The transcriptional regulator HilD plays a central role in this network by controlling the expression of tens of genes mainly required for intestinal colonization. Accordingly, the expression/activity of HilD is highly regulated by multiple factors, such as the SirA/BarA two-component system and the Hcp-like protein HilE. SirA/BarA positively regulates translation of hilD mRNA through a regulatory cascade involving the small RNAs CsrB and CsrC, and the RNA-binding protein CsrA, whereas HilE inhibits HilD activity by protein-protein interaction. In this study, we show that SirA/BarA also positively regulates translation of hilE mRNA through the same mentioned regulatory cascade. Thus, our results reveal a paradoxical regulation exerted by SirA/BarA-Csr on HilD, which involves simultaneous opposite effects, direct positive control and indirect negative control through HilE. This kind of regulation is called an incoherent type-1 feedforward loop (I1-FFL), which is a motif present in certain regulatory networks and represents a complex biological problem to decipher. Interestingly, our results, together with those from a previous study, indicate that HilE, the repressor component of the I1-FFL reported here (I1-FFLSirA/BarA-HilE-HilD), is required to reduce the growth cost imposed by the expression of the genes regulated by HilD. Moreover, we and others found that HilE is necessary for successful intestinal colonization by Salmonella. Thus, these findings support that I1-FFLSirA/BarA-HilE-HilD cooperates to control the precise amount and activity of HilD, for an appropriate balance between the growth cost and the virulence benefit generated by the expression of the genes induced by this regulator. I1-FFLSirA/BarA-HilE-HilD represents a complex regulatory I1-FFL that involves multiple regulators acting at distinct levels of gene expression, as well as showing different connections to the rest of the regulatory network governing Salmonella virulence. To infect the intestine of a broad range of hosts, including humans, Salmonella is required to express a large number of genes encoding different cellular functions, which imposes a growth penalty. Thus, Salmonella has developed complex regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of virulence genes. Here we identified a novel and sophisticated regulatory mechanism that is involved in the fine-tuned control of the expression level and activity of the transcriptional regulator HilD, for the appropriate balance between the growth cost and the virulence benefit generated by the expression of tens of Salmonella genes. This mechanism forms an incoherent type-1 feedforward loop (I1-FFL), which involves paradoxical regulation; that is, a regulatory factor exerting simultaneous opposite control (positive and negative) on another factor. I1-FFLs are present in regulatory networks of diverse organisms, from bacteria to humans, and represent a complex biological problem to decipher. Interestingly, the I1-FFL reported here is integrated by ancestral regulators and by regulators that Salmonella has acquired during evolution. Thus, our findings reveal a novel I1-FFL of bacteria, which is involved in virulence. Moreover, our results illustrate the integration of ancestral and acquired factors into a regulatory motif, which can lead to the expansion of regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyanira Pérez-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jessica Nava-Galeana
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Roberto Rosales-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paige Teehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Helen Yakhnin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erika I. Melchy-Pérez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Yvonne Rosenstein
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paul Babitzke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Víctor H. Bustamante
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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23
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A Novel Small RNA Promotes Motility and Virulence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Response to Ammonium. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03605-20. [PMID: 33688013 PMCID: PMC8092317 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03605-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The process by which bacteria sense environmental cues to regulate their virulence is complex. Several studies have focused on regulating the expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island in the typical gut pathogenic bacterium, O157. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 (O157) is a critical, foodborne, human intestinal pathogen that causes severe acute hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and even death. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are noncoding regulatory molecules that sense environmental changes and trigger various virulence-related signaling pathways; however, few such sRNAs have been identified in O157. Here, we report a novel sRNA, EsrF that senses high ammonium concentrations in the colon and enhances O157 pathogenicity by promoting bacterial motility and adhesion to host cells. Specifically, EsrF was found to directly interact with the 5′ untranslated regions of the flagellar biosynthetic gene, flhB, mRNA and increase its abundance, thereby upregulating expression of essential flagellar genes, including flhD, flhC, fliA, and fliC, leading to elevated O157 motility and virulence. Meanwhile, an infant rabbit model of O157 infection showed that deletion of esrF and flhB significantly attenuates O157 pathogenicity. Furthermore, NtrC—the response regulator of the NtrC/B two-component system—was found to exert direct, negative regulation of esrF expression. Meanwhile, high ammonium concentrations in the colon release the inhibitory effect of NtrC on esrF, thereby enhancing its expression and subsequently promoting bacterial colonization in the host colon. Our work reveals a novel, sRNA-centered, virulence-related signaling pathway in O157 that senses high ammonium concentrations. These findings provide novel insights for future research on O157 pathogenesis and targeted treatment strategies.
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Jiang L, Wang P, Song X, Zhang H, Ma S, Wang J, Li W, Lv R, Liu X, Ma S, Yan J, Zhou H, Huang D, Cheng Z, Yang C, Feng L, Wang L. Salmonella Typhimurium reprograms macrophage metabolism via T3SS effector SopE2 to promote intracellular replication and virulence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:879. [PMID: 33563986 PMCID: PMC7873081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium establishes systemic infection by replicating in host macrophages. Here we show that macrophages infected with S. Typhimurium exhibit upregulated glycolysis and decreased serine synthesis, leading to accumulation of glycolytic intermediates. The effects on serine synthesis are mediated by bacterial protein SopE2, a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector encoded in pathogenicity island SPI-1. The changes in host metabolism promote intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium via two mechanisms: decreased glucose levels lead to upregulated bacterial uptake of 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate (carbon sources), while increased pyruvate and lactate levels induce upregulation of another pathogenicity island, SPI-2, known to encode virulence factors. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of host glycolysis, activation of host serine synthesis, or deletion of either the bacterial transport or signal sensor systems for those host glycolytic intermediates impairs S. Typhimurium replication or virulence. Salmonella Typhimurium establishes systemic infection by replicating in host macrophages. Here, Jiang et al. show that infected macrophages exhibit upregulated glycolysis and decreased serine synthesis, leading to accumulation of glycolytic intermediates that promote intracellular replication and virulence of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peisheng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanwu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Runxia Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. .,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. .,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. .,The Institute of Translational Medicine Research, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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25
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Lv Q, Lv Y, Dou X, Wassy SL, Jia G, Wei L, Yu Q, Deng X, Zhang C, Wang J. Myricetin inhibits the type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by downregulating the Salmonella pathogenic island I gene regulatory pathway. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104695. [PMID: 33418000 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on the in-depth study of type III secretion systems (T3SS) in pathogenic bacteria, approaches targeting T3SS have become new alternative strategies to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections. As an important food-borne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) injects effector proteins into host cells through the T3SS to disrupt cell signaling and host responses. In this study, myricetin was screened for its ability to block the translocation function of effector proteins (SipA/SipB) using cell biology and molecular biology methods. It exerted strong effects on inhibiting the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-associated effector proteins without affecting S. Typhimurium growth and thus prevented S. Typhimurium from invading HeLa cells and ultimately inhibited S. Typhimurium-mediated cell damage. In an animal experiment, myricetin comprehensively protected mice from death and pathological damage. A further analysis of the mechanism of action showed that myricetin interfered with the regulatory network of SPI-1-related genes, resulting in a significant decrease in the levels of key effector proteins, and thus inhibited T3SS-mediated virulence. In summary, this study provides a solution for clinical resistance to S. Typhimurium infection and potential candidate compounds. Myricetin, a potential T3SS inhibitor, possesses effective biological activity and exerts protective effects in vitro and in vivo. Myricetin will likely be developed as a novel type of antibiotic targeting S. Typhimurium infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lv
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyi Dou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Soromou Lanan Wassy
- Higher Institute of Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (ISSMV) of Dalaba, B.P 09, Guinea
| | - Guobin Jia
- HeBei Yuan Zheng Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Hebei Veterinary Medicine Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qinlei Yu
- Jilin Provincial Animal Disease Control Center, 4510 Xi'an Road, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanjin Zhang
- Shandong Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection Institute, Jinan, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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26
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Ma S, Liu X, Ma S, Jiang L. SopA inactivation or reduced expression is selected in intracellular Salmonella and contributes to systemic Salmonella infection. Res Microbiol 2020; 172:103795. [PMID: 33347947 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2020.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudogenes are accumulated in host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovars, while pseudogenization is primarily regarded as a process that purges unnecessary genes from the genome. Here we showed that the inactivation of sopA, which encodes an effector of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1, in human-restricted S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Ty) and Paratyphi A (S. PA) is under positive selection and aimed to reduce bacterial cytotoxicity toward host macrophages. Moreover, we found that the expression of sopA in Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm), a broad-host-range serovar which causes systemic disease in mice, was negatively regulated during mice infection and survival in murine macrophages. The sopA repression in S. Tm is mediated by IsrM, a small RNA absent from the genome of S. Ty and S. PA. Due to the lack of IsrM, sopA expression was unregulated in S. Ty and S. PA, which might have facilitated the convergent inactivation of sopA in these two serovars. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that sopA inactivation or intracellular repression is the target of positive selection during the systemic infection caused by S. enterica serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
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27
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Genomic Characteristics of Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Infantis from Poultry Farms in the Republic of Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120886. [PMID: 33321688 PMCID: PMC7762970 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on 174 single isolates from poultry farms in Serbia and it was determined that seven Salmonella spp. were multidrug resistant. Sixteen serotypes were detected, but only serotype Infantis confirmed reduced susceptibility to colistin. Seven colistin resistant Salmonella Infantis were studied in detail using the WGS approach. Three sequence types were identified corresponding to different epizootiology region. The isolate from the Province of Vojvodina 3842 and isolates from Jagodina (92 and 821) are represented by the sequence type ST413 and ST11, respectively. Four isolates from Kraljevo are ST32, a common S. Infantis sequence type in humans, poultry and food. The fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 in isolate 3842 and the vgaA gene in isolate 8418/2948 encoding resistance to pleuromutilins were reported for the first time in serovar Infantis. The changes in relative expression of the phoP/Q, mgrB and pmrA/B genes were detected. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the pmrB gene, including transitions Val164Gly or Val164Met, and Arg92Pro are described. Analyses of quinolone resistance determining region revealed substitutions Ser83Tyr in GyrA protein and Thr57Ser and Ser80Arg in ParC protein. Based on WGS data, there are two major clusters among analyzed Salmonella Infantis isolates from central Serbia.
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28
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Sun H, Song Y, Chen F, Zhou C, Liu P, Fan Y, Zheng Y, Wan X, Feng L. An ArcA-Modulated Small RNA in Pathogenic Escherichia coli K1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574833. [PMID: 33329434 PMCID: PMC7719688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli K1 is the leading cause of meningitis in newborns. Understanding the molecular basis of E. coli K1 pathogenicity will help develop treatment of meningitis and prevent neurological sequelae. E. coli K1 replicates in host blood and forms a high level of bacteremia to cause meningitis in human. However, the mechanisms that E. coli K1 employs to sense niche signals for survival in host blood are poorly understood. We identified one intergenic region in E. coli K1 genome that encodes a novel small RNA, sRNA-17. The expression of sRNA-17 was downregulated by ArcA in microaerophilic blood. The ΔsRNA-17 strain grew better in blood than did the wild-type strain and enhanced invasion frequency in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Transcriptome analyses revealed that sRNA-17 regulates tens of differentially expressed genes. These data indicate that ArcA downregulates the sRNA-17 expression to benefit bacterial survival in blood and penetration of the blood–brain barrier. Our findings reveal a signaling mechanism in E. coli K1 for host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajun Song
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Chen
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
| | - Changhong Zhou
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Fan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuehua Wan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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29
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Kirthika P, Senevirathne A, Jawalagatti V, Park S, Lee JH. Deletion of the lon gene augments expression of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI)-1 and metal ion uptake genes leading to the accumulation of bactericidal hydroxyl radicals and host pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated rapid intracellular clearance. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1695-1712. [PMID: 32567462 PMCID: PMC7524146 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1777923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the involvement of Lon protease in bacterial virulence and intracellular survival in Salmonella under abiotic stress conditions resembling the conditions of a natural infection. Wild type (JOL401) and the lon mutant (JOL909) Salmonella Typhimurium were exposed to low temperature, pH, osmotic, and oxidative stress conditions and changes in gene expression profiles related to virulence and metal ion uptake were investigated. Expression of candidate genes invF and hilC of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI)-1 and sifA and sseJ of SPI-2 revealed that Lon protease controls SPI-1 genes and not SPI-2 genes under all stress conditions tested. The lon mutant exhibited increased accumulation of hydroxyl (OH·) ions that lead to cell damage due to oxidative stress. This oxidative damage can also be linked to an unregulated influx of iron due to the upregulation of ion channel genes such as fepA in the lon mutant. The deletion of lon from the Salmonella genome causes oxidative damage and increased expression of virulence genes. It also prompts the secretion of host pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to early clearance of the bacteria from host cells. We conclude that poor bacterial recovery from mice infected with the lon mutant is a result of disrupted bacterial intracellular equilibrium and rapid activation of cytokine expression leading to bacterial lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumalraja Kirthika
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - SungWoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea,CONTACT John Hwa Lee College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 54596, Republic of Korea
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30
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Patchanee P, Tanamai P, Tadee P, Hitchings MD, Calland JK, Sheppard SK, Meunsene D, Pascoe B, Tadee P. Whole-genome characterisation of multidrug resistant monophasic variants of Salmonella Typhimurium from pig production in Thailand. PeerJ 2020. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium or S. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- is among the top five serotypes reported in Thailand. In this study, nineteen monophasic S. Typhimurium from the pig production chain in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces during 2011–2014 were sequenced and compared to a globally disseminated clone. Isolates were probed in silico for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and Salmonella virulence factors, including Pathogenicity Islands.
Results
All isolates were from sequence type 34 (ST-34) and clustered similarly in core and pangenome genealogies. The two closest related isolates showed differences in only eighteen loci from whole-genome multilocus sequence typing analysis. All 19 isolates carried aminoglycoside and beta-lactam class resistance genes and genes for five or more different antibiotic classes. Seven out of 14 known SPIs were detected, including SPI-5, SPI-13 and SPI-14, which were detected in all isolates.
Conclusions
The multi-drug resistant clone, ST-34 was sampled at all stages of pork production. This clone has infiltrated global agricultural processes and poses a significant public health risk. Differences in the core and accessory genomes of the isolates we collected suggest that strains persist though the pork production process, with evidence of mutation within the core-genome and horizontal acquisition of genes, potentially via sharing of pathogenicity islands and plasmids. This highlights the importance of surveillance and targeted intervention measures to successfully control Salmonella contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapas Patchanee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Department of Food and Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prawitchaya Tanamai
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Department of Food and Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phacharaporn Tadee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Jessica K. Calland
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dethaloun Meunsene
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Loas PDR
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Tadee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Department of Food and Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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31
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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32
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Wang M, Wang L, Wu P, Chen T, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Qian C, Wang Y, Liu B. Genomics and Experimental Analysis Reveal a Novel Factor Contributing to the Virulence of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Associated With Neonate Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:306-315. [PMID: 30835279 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter sakazakii causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. However, its virulence determinants, especially those specific for strains associated with neonate infections, remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 209 C. sakazakii genomes, and 8 clonal groups (CGs) were revealed. RESULTS CG1 and CG2 were found to be significantly associated with neonate infections, and significantly prevalent genes in these 2 CGs were identified. Of these, a gene encoding the LysR-type regulator, CklR, was shown to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity based on animal experiments. We found that CklR directly binds and activates the suf Fe-S cluster biosynthesis operon, and high expression of the suf operon increases bacterial resistance to oxidative stress, which increases survival within the host. This leads to a high degree of bacteremia, which contributes to the development of meningitis. CONCLUSIONS Our work revealed a novel virulence factor specific to predominant pathogenic C. sakazakii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Center for Microbial Functional Genomics and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Center for Microbial Functional Genomics and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, People's Republic of China
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33
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Song X, Zhang H, Liu X, Yuan J, Wang P, Lv R, Yang B, Huang D, Jiang L. The putative transcriptional regulator STM14_3563 facilitates Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenicity by activating virulence-related genes. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:381-390. [PMID: 31832871 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important gram-negative intracellular pathogen that infects humans and animals. More than 50 putative regulatory proteins have been identified in the S. Typhimurium genome, but few have been clearly defined. In this study, the physiological function and regulatory role of STM14_3563, which encodes a ParD family putative transcriptional regulator in S. Typhimurium, were investigated. Macrophage replication assays and mice experiments revealed that S. Typhimurium showed reduced growth in murine macrophages and attenuated virulence in mice owing to deletion of STM14_3563 gene. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data showed that STM14_3563 exerts wide-ranging effects on gene expression in S. Typhimurium. STM14_3563 activates the expression of several genes encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-6, SPI-12, and SPI-13, which are required for intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium. Additionally, the global transcriptional regulator Fis was found to directly activate STM14_3563 expression by binding to the STM14_3563 promoter. These results indicate that STM14_3563 is involved in the regulation of a variety of virulence-related genes in S. Typhimurium that contribute to its growth in macrophages and virulence in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Peisheng Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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SoxS is a positive regulator of key pathogenesis genes and promotes intracellular replication and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103925. [PMID: 31838175 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important intracellular pathogen, causing gastroenteritis or severe systemic infection in a variety of hosts. During infection, S. Typhimurium must survive and replicate in host macrophages, which produce abundant oxidative compounds. SoxRS regulon is a well-known regulator that is activated in response to oxidative stress and promotes bacterial tolerance to oxidants in E. coli. However, the global regulatory function of SoxS in S. Typhimurium remains poorly characterized. Here, we used an RNA sequencing-based approach to investigate the role of SoxS in the expression of S. Typhimurium virulence genes. Besides the downregulation of genes related to resistance to oxidative stress, we found that in a soxS deletion mutant the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-2 genes, which are crucial for replication within macrophages, was significantly repressed. Moreover, immunofluorescence and mice infection experiments showed that soxS deletion inhibited replication in macrophages and decreased virulence upon intraperitoneal inoculation in mice, respectively. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SoxS is a positive regulator of SPI-2 genes and, therefore, plays a crucial role in S. Typhimurium intracellular replication and virulence.
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35
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Pardo-Esté C, Castro-Severyn J, Krüger GI, Cabezas CE, Briones AC, Aguirre C, Morales N, Baquedano MS, Sulbaran YN, Hidalgo AA, Meneses C, Poblete-Castro I, Castro-Nallar E, Valvano MA, Saavedra CP. The Transcription Factor ArcA Modulates Salmonella's Metabolism in Response to Neutrophil Hypochlorous Acid-Mediated Stress. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2754. [PMID: 31866961 PMCID: PMC6906141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium, a bacterial pathogen with high metabolic plasticity, can adapt to different environmental conditions; these traits enhance its virulence by enabling bacterial survival. Neutrophils play important roles in the innate immune response, including the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the myeloperoxidase in neutrophils catalyzes the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly toxic molecule that reacts with essential biomolecules, causing oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. The bacterial response regulator ArcA regulates adaptive responses to oxygen levels and influences the survival of Salmonella inside phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate by whole transcriptomic analyses that ArcA regulates genes related to various metabolic pathways, enabling bacterial survival during HOCl-stress in vitro. Also, inside neutrophils, ArcA controls the transcription of several metabolic pathways by downregulating the expression of genes related to fatty acid degradation, lysine degradation, and arginine, proline, pyruvate, and propanoate metabolism. ArcA also upregulates genes encoding components of the oxidative pathway. These results underscore the importance of ArcA in ATP generation inside the neutrophil phagosome and its participation in bacterial metabolic adaptations during HOCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Pardo-Esté
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel I Krüger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Elizabeth Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan Cristóbal Briones
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Naiyulin Morales
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Soledad Baquedano
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yoelvis Noe Sulbaran
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro A Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Poblete-Castro
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia P Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Jiang L, Wang P, Li X, Lv R, Wang L, Yang B, Huang D, Feng L, Liu B. PagR mediates the precise regulation of
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 gene expression in response to magnesium and phosphate signals in
Salmonella
Typhimurium. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13125. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional GenomicsNankai University Tianjin China
| | - Peisheng Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
| | - Lin Wang
- Inspection and Quarantine Technical CenterBeijing Entry‐Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Beijing China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional GenomicsNankai University Tianjin China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional GenomicsNankai University Tianjin China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional GenomicsNankai University Tianjin China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyNankai University Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and TechnologyMinistry of Education Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional GenomicsNankai University Tianjin China
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Liu Y, Li S, Li W, Wang P, Ding P, Li L, Wang J, Yang P, Wang Q, Xu T, Xiong Y, Yang B. RstA, a two-component response regulator, plays important roles in multiple virulence-associated processes in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:53. [PMID: 31695752 PMCID: PMC6824119 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157) causes bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. EHEC O157 encounters varied microenvironments during infection, and can efficiently adapt to these using the two-component system (TCS). Recently, a functional TCS, RstAB, has been implicated in the regulation of virulence of several bacterial pathogens. However, the regulatory function of RstAB in EHEC O157 is poorly understood. This study aimed at providing insights into the global effects of RstA on gene expression in EHEC O157. Results In the present study, we analyzed gene expression differences between the EHEC O157 wild-type strain and a ΔrstA mutant using RNA-seq technology. Genes with differential expression in the ΔrstA mutant compared to that in the wild-type strain were identified and grouped into clusters of orthologous categories. RstA promoted EHEC O157 LEE gene expression, adhesion in vitro, and colonization in vivo by indirect regulation. We also found that RstA could bind directly to the promoter region of hdeA and yeaI to enhance acid tolerance and decrease biofilm formation by modulating the concentration of c-di-GMP. Conclusions In summary, the RstAB TCS in EHEC O157 plays a major role in the regulation of virulence, acid tolerance, and biofilm formation. We clarified the regulatory function of RstA, providing an insight into mechanisms that may be potential drug targets for treatment of EHEC O157-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Li
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Wendi Li
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Peisheng Wang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ding
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Li
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Junyue Wang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Yang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xu
- 3Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xiong
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,TEDA, Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457 People's Republic of China
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38
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The LysR-type transcriptional regulator STM0030 contributes to Salmonella
Typhimurium growth in macrophages and virulence in mice. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1143-1153. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu Y, Liu B, Yang P, Wang T, Chang Z, Wang J, Wang Q, Li W, Wu J, Huang D, Jiang L, Yang B. LysR-type transcriptional regulator OvrB encoded in O island 9 drives enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence. Virulence 2019; 10:783-792. [PMID: 31502495 PMCID: PMC6768210 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1661721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 (O157) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe illness in humans worldwide. The genome of O157 contains 177 genomic islands known as O islands (OIs), including Shiga toxin-converting phages (OI-45 and OI-93) and the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island (OI-148). However, most genes in OIs are uncharacterized and code for unknown functions. In this study, we demonstrated, for the first time, that OI-9 encodes a novel transcriptional activator, Z0346 (named OvrB), which is required for bacterial adherence to host cells and LEE gene expression in O157. OvrB directly binds to the promoter region of LEE1 and activates the transcription of ler (encoding a master regulator of LEE genes), which in turn activates LEE1–5 genes to promote O157 adherence. Furthermore, mouse oral infection assays showed that OvrB promotes O157 colonization in the mouse intestine. Finally, OvrB is shown to be a widespread transcriptional activator of virulence genes in other enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes. Our work significantly expands the understanding of bacterial virulence control and provides new evidence suggesting that horizontally transferred regulator genes mediate LEE gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Pan Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Zhanhe Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Junyue Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Wendi Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Jialin Wu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA , Tianjin , P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education , Tianjin , P. R. China
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The Small RNA PinT Contributes to PhoP-Mediated Regulation of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00312-19. [PMID: 31262841 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00312-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induces inflammatory diarrhea and bacterial uptake into intestinal epithelial cells using the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) type III secretion system (T3SS). HilA activates transcription of the SPI1 structural components and effector proteins. Expression of hilA is activated by HilD, HilC, and RtsA, which act in a complex feed-forward regulatory loop. Many environmental signals and other regulators are integrated into this regulatory loop, primarily via HilD. After the invasion of Salmonella into host intestinal epithelial cells or during systemic replication in macrophages, the SPI T3SS is no longer required or expressed. We have shown that the two-component regulatory system PhoPQ, required for intracellular survival, represses the SPI1 T3SS mostly by controlling the transcription of hilA and hilD Here we show that PinT, one of the PhoPQ-regulated small RNAs (sRNAs), contributes to this regulation by repressing hilA and rtsA translation. PinT base pairs with both the hilA and rtsA mRNAs, resulting in translational inhibition of hilA, but also induces degradation of the rts transcript. PinT also indirectly represses expression of FliZ, a posttranslational regulator of HilD, and directly represses translation of ssrB, encoding the primary regulator of the SPI2 T3SS. Our in vivo mouse competition assays support the concept that PinT controls a series of virulence genes at the posttranscriptional level in order to adapt Salmonella from the invasion stage to intracellular survival.IMPORTANCE Salmonella is one of the most important food-borne pathogens, infecting over one million people in the United States every year. These bacteria use a needle-like device to interact with intestinal epithelial cells, leading to invasion of the cells and induction of inflammatory diarrhea. A complex regulatory network controls expression of the invasion system in response to numerous environmental signals. Here we explore the molecular mechanisms by which the small RNA PinT contributes to this regulation, facilitating inactivation of the system after invasion. PinT controls several important virulence systems in Salmonella, tuning the transition between different stages of infection.
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41
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Zhang H, Song X, Wang P, Lv R, Ma S, Jiang L. YaeB, Expressed in Response to the Acidic pH in Macrophages, Promotes Intracellular Replication and Virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184339. [PMID: 31487966 PMCID: PMC6770890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects humans and animals. Survival and growth in host macrophages represents a crucial step for S. Typhimurium virulence. Many genes that are essential for S. Typhimurium proliferation in macrophages and associated with virulence are highly expressed during the intracellular lifecycle. yaeB, which encodes an RNA methyltransferase, is also upregulated during S. Typhimurium growth in macrophages. However, the involvement of YaeB in S. Typhimurium pathogenicity is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of YaeB in S. Typhimurium virulence. Deletion of yaeB significantly impaired S. Typhimurium growth in macrophages and virulence in mice. The effect of yaeB on pathogenicity was related to its activation of pstSCAB, a phosphate (Pi)-specific transport system that is verified here to be important for bacterial replication and virulence. Moreover, qRT-PCR data showed YaeB was induced by the acidic pH inside macrophages, and the acidic pH passed to YeaB through inhibiting global regulator histone-like nucleoid structuring (H-NS) which confirmed in this study can repress the expression of yaeB. Overall, these findings identified a new virulence regulatory network involving yaeB and provided valuable insights to the mechanisms through which acidic pH and low Pi regulate virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peisheng Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.
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42
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Antibiofilm activity of coenzyme Q0 against Salmonella Typhimurium and its effect on adhesion-invasion and survival-replication. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8545-8557. [PMID: 31468089 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium, a common Gram-negative foodborne pathogen, threatens public health and hinders the development of the food industry. In this study, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) against S. Typhimurium. Besides, the inhibition of the S. Typhimurium's adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2 cells and its survival and replication in RAW 264.7 cells by CoQ0 were also explored. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of CoQ0 against Salmonella were both 100-400 μg/mL. Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm formation was effectively inhibited by subinhibitory concentrations (SICs) of CoQ0. The CoQ0-affected biofilm morphology was observed with light microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. CoQ0 at SICs reduced the swimming motility and quorum sensing of S. Typhimurium and repressed the transcription of critical virulence-related genes. CoQ0 at SICs also clearly reduced the adhesion of S. Typhimurium to and its invasion of Caco-2 cells and reduced its survival and replication within RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. These findings suggest that CoQ0 has strong antibiofilm activity and can be used as an anti-infectious agent against Salmonella.
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Jiang L, Feng L, Yang B, Zhang W, Wang P, Jiang X, Wang L. Correction: Signal transduction pathway mediated by the novel regulator LoiA for low oxygen tension induced Salmonella Typhimurium invasion. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007997. [PMID: 31404119 PMCID: PMC6690506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Song X, Zhang H, Ma S, Song Y, Lv R, Liu X, Yang B, Huang D, Liu B, Jiang L. Transcriptome analysis of virulence gene regulation by the ATP-dependent Lon protease in Salmonella Typhimurium. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1109-1122. [PMID: 31370702 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determination of the virulence regulatory network controlled by the ATP-dependent Lon protease in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Materials & methods: The effect of Lon on S. Typhimurium virulence genes expression was investigated by RNA sequencing, and virulence-associated phenotypes between the wild-type and lon mutant were compared. Results: SPI-1, SPI-4, SPI-9 and flagellar genes were activated, while SPI-2 genes were repressed in the lon mutant. Accordingly, the lon mutant exhibited increased adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells, increased motility and decreased replication in macrophages. The activation of SPI-2 genes by Lon partially accounts for the replication defect of the mutant. Conclusion: A wide range of virulence regulatory functions are governed by Lon in S. enterica ser. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yajun Song
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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Lou L, Zhang P, Piao R, Wang Y. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 31428589 PMCID: PMC6689963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species can infect a diverse range of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. The T3SS is regarded as the most important virulence factor of Salmonella. SPI-1 encodes transcription factors that regulate the expression of some virulence factors of Salmonella, while other transcription factors encoded outside SPI-1 participate in the expression of SPI-1-encoded genes. SPI-1 genes are responsible for the invasion of host cells, regulation of the host immune response, e.g., the host inflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and apoptosis, and biofilm formation. The regulatory network of SPI-1 is very complex and crucial. Here, we review the function, effectors, and regulation of SPI-1 genes and their contribution to the pathogenicity of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rongli Piao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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PhoP-Mediated Repression of the SPI1 Type 3 Secretion System in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00264-19. [PMID: 31182495 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00264-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella must rapidly adapt to various niches in the host during infection. Relevant virulence factors must be appropriately induced, and systems that are detrimental in a particular environment must be turned off. Salmonella infects intestinal epithelial cells using a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). The system is controlled by three AraC-like regulators, HilD, HilC, and RtsA, which form a complex feed-forward loop to activate expression of hilA, encoding the main transcriptional regulator of T3SS structural genes. This system is tightly regulated, with many of the activating signals acting at the level of hilD translation or HilD protein activity. Once inside the phagosomes of epithelial cells, or in macrophages during systemic stages of disease, the SPI1 T3SS is no longer required or expressed. Here, we show that the PhoPQ two-component system, critical for intracellular survival, appears to be the primary mechanism by which Salmonella shuts down the SPI1 T3SS. PhoP negatively regulates hilA through multiple distinct mechanisms: direct transcriptional repression of the hilA promoter, indirect transcriptional repression of both the hilD and rtsA promoters, and activation of the small RNA (sRNA) PinT. Genetic analyses and electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that PhoP specifically binds the hilA promoter to block binding of activators HilD, HilC, and RtsA as a mechanism of repression.IMPORTANCE Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens, causing an estimated 1.2 million illnesses per year in the United States. A key step in infection is the activation of the bacterial invasion machinery, which induces uptake of the bacterium into epithelial cells and leads to induction of inflammatory diarrhea. Upon entering the vacuolar compartments of host cells, Salmonella senses an environmental transition and represses the invasion machinery with a two-component system relevant for survival within the vacuole. This adaptation to specific host niches is an important example of how signals are integrated for survival of the pathogen.
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LoiA directly represses lon gene expression to activate the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 genes. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B isolated from vegetables and processing environment in Malaysia. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:180-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kim K, Golubeva YA, Vanderpool CK, Slauch JM. Oxygen-dependent regulation of SPI1 type three secretion system by small RNAs in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 2018; 111:570-587. [PMID: 30484918 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium induces inflammatory diarrhea and uptake into intestinal epithelial cells using the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) type III secretion system (T3SS). Three AraC-like regulators, HilD, HilC and RtsA, form a feed-forward regulatory loop that activates transcription of hilA, encoding the activator of the T3SS structural genes. Many environmental signals and regulatory systems are integrated into this circuit to precisely regulate SPI1 expression. A subset of these regulatory factors affects translation of hilD, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identified two sRNAs, FnrS and ArcZ, which repress hilD translation, leading to decreased production of HilA. FnrS and ArcZ are oppositely regulated in response to oxygen, one of the key environmental signals affecting expression of SPI1. Mutational analysis demonstrates that FnrS and ArcZ bind to the hilD mRNA 5' UTR, resulting in translational repression. Deletion of fnrS led to increased HilD production under low-aeration conditions, whereas deletion of arcZ abolished the regulatory effect on hilD translation aerobically. The fnrS arcZ double mutant has phenotypes in a mouse oral infection model consistent with increased expression of SPI1. Together, these results suggest that coordinated regulation by these two sRNAs maximizes HilD production at an intermediate level of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsub Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yekaterina A Golubeva
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Carin K Vanderpool
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - James M Slauch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Li H, Li X, Lv R, Jiang X, Cao H, Du Y, Jiang L, Liu B. Global regulatory function of the low oxygen-induced transcriptional regulator LoiA in Salmonella Typhimurium revealed by RNA sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2022-2027. [PMID: 30077369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major intestinal pathogen that can infect both humans and a variety of animals. LoiA, a novel virulence-regulating protein encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-14, has been shown to be induced under low oxygen conditions and contribute to S. Typhimurium invasion into intestinal epithetical cells by activating the SPI-1 invasion genes. However, the global regulatory network of LoiA remains unknown. Here, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology to investigate the regulatory function of LoiA in S. Typhimurium under low oxygen conditions. A total of 1250 genes were differentially expressed between the loiA mutant and the wild-type strain; 413 genes were up-regulated and 837 were down-regulated. SPI-1 gene expression was down-regulated in the loiA mutant, consistent with previous results. SPI-2 gene expression was not affected by deletion of loiA; the expression of most genes involved in flagellar basal body and hook biosynthesis was up-regulated in the loiA mutant, while the expression of genes associated with flagellin, motility, and chemotaxis was down-regulated; the expression of lon, encoding an ATP-dependent protease, was up-regulated in the mutant. This study indicates that LoiA regulates a variety of virulence-associated genes in S. Typhimurium. The negative regulation of Lon protease by LoiA indicates that LoiA can regulates several virulence-associated genes in S. Typhimurium via the Lon protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuhui Du
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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