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Fu H, Chen Z, Teng W, Du Z, Zhang Y, Ye X, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Pi X. Effects of fructooligosaccharides and Saccharomyces boulardii on the compositional structure and metabolism of gut microbiota in students. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127741. [PMID: 38761487 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are a common prebiotic widely used in functional foods. Meanwhile, Saccharomyces boulardii is a fungal probiotic frequenly used in the clinical treatment of diarrhea. Compared with single use, the combination of prebiotics and probiotics as symbiotics may be more effective in regulating gut microbiota as recently reported in the literature. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of FOS, S. boulardii and their combination on the structure and metabolism of the gut microbiota in healthy primary and secondary school students using an in vitro fermentation model. The results indicated that S. boulardii alone could not effectively regulate the community structure and metabolism of the microbiota. However, both FOS and the combination of FOS and S. boulardii could effectively regulate the microbiota, significantly inhibiting the growth of Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides, and controlling the production of the gases including H2S and NH3. In addition, both FOS and the combination could significantly promote the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, lower environmental pH, and enhance several physiological functions related to synthesis and metabolism. Nevertheless, the combination had more unique benefits as it promoted the growth of Lactobacillus, significantly increased CO2 production and enhanced the functional pathways of carbon metabolism and pyruvic acid metabolism. These findings provide guidance for clinical application and a theoretical basis for the development of synbiotic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhixian Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443003, PR China; The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443003, PR China; Yi Chang Engineering and Technology Research Center of Nutrition and Health Food, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443003, PR China
| | - Weilin Teng
- Department of infectious Disease Control and Prevention, HangZhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Zhi Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443003, PR China; The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443003, PR China; Yi Chang Engineering and Technology Research Center of Nutrition and Health Food, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443003, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, PR China
| | - Zaichun Yu
- College of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yinjun Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xionge Pi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Institute of Rural Development, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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2
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Miles SL, Holt KE, Mostowy S. Recent advances in modelling Shigella infection. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00044-1. [PMID: 38423917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Shigella is an important human-adapted pathogen which contributes to a large global burden of diarrhoeal disease. Together with the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance and lack of an effective vaccine, there is great urgency to identify novel therapeutics and preventatives to combat Shigella infection. In this review, we discuss the development of innovative technologies and animal models to study mechanisms underlying Shigella infection of humans. We examine recent literature introducing (i) the organ-on-chip model, and its substantial contribution towards understanding the biomechanics of Shigella infection, (ii) the zebrafish infection model, which has delivered transformative insights into the epidemiological success of clinical isolates and the innate immune response to Shigella, (iii) a pioneering oral mouse model of shigellosis, which has helped to discover new inflammasome biology and protective mechanisms against shigellosis, and (iv) the controlled human infection model, which has been effective in translating basic research into human health impact and assessing suitability of novel vaccine candidates. We consider the recent contributions of each model and discuss where the future of modelling Shigella infection lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Miles
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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3
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Torraca V, White RJ, Sealy IM, Mazon-Moya M, Duggan G, Willis AR, Busch-Nentwich EM, Mostowy S. Transcriptional profiling of zebrafish identifies host factors controlling susceptibility to Shigella flexneri. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050431. [PMID: 38131137 PMCID: PMC10846535 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a human-adapted pathovar of Escherichia coli that can invade the intestinal epithelium, causing inflammation and bacillary dysentery. Although an important human pathogen, the host response to S. flexneri has not been fully described. Zebrafish larvae represent a valuable model for studying human infections in vivo. Here, we use a Shigella-zebrafish infection model to generate mRNA expression profiles of host response to Shigella infection at the whole-animal level. Immune response-related processes dominate the signature of early Shigella infection (6 h post-infection). Consistent with its clearance from the host, the signature of late Shigella infection (24 h post-infection) is significantly changed, and only a small set of immune-related genes remain differentially expressed, including acod1 and gpr84. Using mutant lines generated by ENU, CRISPR mutagenesis and F0 crispants, we show that acod1- and gpr84-deficient larvae are more susceptible to Shigella infection. Together, these results highlight the power of zebrafish to model infection by bacterial pathogens and reveal the mRNA expression of the early (acutely infected) and late (clearing) host response to Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Richard J. White
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ian M. Sealy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maria Mazon-Moya
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gina Duggan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexandra R. Willis
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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4
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Alphonse N, Odendall C. Animal models of shigellosis: a historical overview. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 85:102399. [PMID: 37952487 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are major causative agents of bacillary dysentery, a severe enteric disease characterized by destruction and inflammation of the colonic epithelium accompanied by acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Although antibiotics have traditionally been effective, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains is increasing, stressing the urgent need for a vaccine. The human-specific nature of shigellosis and the absence of a dependable animal model have posed significant obstacles in understanding Shigella pathogenesis and the host immune response, both of which are crucial for the development of an effective vaccine. Efforts have been made over time to develop a physiological model that mimics the pathological features of the human disease with limited success until the recent development of genetically modified mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview of Shigella pathogenesis and chronicle the historical development of various shigellosis models, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Alphonse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Charlotte Odendall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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5
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Fu B, Xiong Y, Sha Z, Xue W, Xu B, Tan S, Guo D, Lin F, Wang L, Ji J, Luo Y, Lin X, Wu H. SEPTIN2 suppresses an IFN-γ-independent, proinflammatory macrophage activation pathway. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7441. [PMID: 37978190 PMCID: PMC10656488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signaling is necessary for the proinflammatory activation of macrophages but IFN-γ-independent pathways, for which the initiating stimuli and downstream mechanisms are lesser known, also contribute. Here we identify, by high-content screening, SEPTIN2 (SEPT2) as a negative regulation of IFN-γ-independent macrophage autoactivation. Mechanistically, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces the expression of SEPT2, which balances the competition between acetylation and ubiquitination of heat shock protein 5 at position Lysine 327, thereby alleviating ER stress and constraining M1-like polarization and proinflammatory cytokine release. Disruption of this negative feedback regulation leads to the accumulation of unfolded proteins, resulting in accelerated M1-like polarization, excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Our study thus uncovers an IFN-γ-independent macrophage proinflammatory autoactivation pathway and suggests that SEPT2 may play a role in the prevention or resolution of inflammation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Binbin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Tan
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 400036, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Lin
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China.
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Torraca V, Brokatzky D, Miles SL, Chong CE, De Silva PM, Baker S, Jenkins C, Holt KE, Baker KS, Mostowy S. Shigella Serotypes Associated With Carriage in Humans Establish Persistent Infection in Zebrafish. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1108-1118. [PMID: 37556724 PMCID: PMC10582909 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella represents a paraphyletic group of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. More than 40 Shigella serotypes have been reported. However, most cases within the men who have sex with men (MSM) community are attributed to 3 serotypes: Shigella sonnei unique serotype and Shigella flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes. Using the zebrafish model, we demonstrate that Shigella can establish persistent infection in vivo. Bacteria are not cleared by the immune system and become antibiotic tolerant. Establishment of persistent infection depends on the O-antigen, a key constituent of the bacterial surface and a serotype determinant. Representative isolates associated with MSM transmission persist in zebrafish, while representative isolates of a serotype not associated with MSM transmission do not. Isolates of a Shigella serotype establishing persistent infections elicited significantly less macrophage death in vivo than isolates of a serotype unable to persist. We conclude that zebrafish are a valuable platform to illuminate factors underlying establishment of Shigella persistent infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sydney L Miles
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Chong
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - P Malaka De Silva
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate S Baker
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Gomes MC, Brokatzky D, Bielecka MK, Wardle FC, Mostowy S. Shigella induces epigenetic reprogramming of zebrafish neutrophils. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9706. [PMID: 37672585 PMCID: PMC10482349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a long-term memory of innate immune cells, generating an improved response upon reinfection. Shigella is an important human pathogen and inflammatory paradigm for which there is no effective vaccine. Using zebrafish larvae, we demonstrate that after Shigella training, neutrophils are more efficient at bacterial clearance. We observe that Shigella-induced protection is nonspecific and has differences with training by BCG and β-glucan. Analysis of histone ChIP-seq on trained neutrophils revealed that Shigella training deposits the active H3K4me3 mark on promoter regions of 1612 genes, dramatically changing the epigenetic landscape of neutrophils toward enhanced microbial recognition and mitochondrial ROS production. Last, we demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS plays a key role in enhanced antimicrobial activity of trained neutrophils. It is envisioned that signals and mechanisms we discover here can be used in other vertebrates, including humans, to suggest new therapeutic strategies involving neutrophils to control bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida C. Gomes
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Magdalena K. Bielecka
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona C. Wardle
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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8
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Torraca V, Bielecka MK, Gomes MC, Brokatzky D, Busch‐Nentwich EM, Mostowy S. Zebrafish null mutants of Sept6 and Sept15 are viable but more susceptible to Shigella infection. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:266-274. [PMID: 36855298 PMCID: PMC10952258 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Septins are evolutionarily conserved GTP-binding proteins known for their roles in cell division and host defence against Shigella infection. Although septin group members are viewed to function as hetero-oligomeric complexes, the role of individual septins within these complexes or in isolation is poorly understood. Decades of work using mouse models has shown that some septins (including SEPT7) are essential for animal development, while others (including SEPT6) are dispensable, suggesting that some septins may compensate for the absence of others. The zebrafish genome encodes 19 septin genes, representing the full complement of septin groups described in mice and humans. In this report, we characterise null mutants for zebrafish Sept6 (a member of the SEPT6 group) and Sept15 (a member of the SEPT7 group) and test their role in zebrafish development and host defence against Shigella infection. We show that null mutants for Sept6 and Sept15 are both viable, and that expression of other zebrafish septins are not significantly affected by their mutation. Consistent with previous reports using knockdown of Sept2, Sept7b, and Sept15, we show that Sept6 and Sept15 are required for host defence against Shigella infection. These results highlight Shigella infection of zebrafish as a powerful system to study the role of individual septins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WestminsterLondonUK
| | | | - Margarida C. Gomes
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch‐Nentwich
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and EngineeringQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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9
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Van Ngo H, Robertin S, Brokatzky D, Bielecka MK, Lobato‐Márquez D, Torraca V, Mostowy S. Septins promote caspase activity and coordinate mitochondrial apoptosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:254-265. [PMID: 35460543 PMCID: PMC10952901 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death essential for tissue homeostasis and embryonic development. Apoptosis also plays a key role during bacterial infection, yet some intracellular bacterial pathogens (such as Shigella flexneri, whose lipopolysaccharide can block apoptosis) can manipulate cell death programs as an important survival strategy. Septins are a component of the cytoskeleton essential for mitochondrial dynamics and host defense, however, the role of septins in regulated cell death is mostly unknown. Here, we discover that septins promote mitochondrial (i.e., intrinsic) apoptosis in response to treatment with staurosporine (a pan-kinase inhibitor) or etoposide (a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor). Consistent with a role for septins in mitochondrial dynamics, septins promote the release of mitochondrial protein cytochrome c in apoptotic cells and are required for the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 (core components of the apoptotic machinery). Apoptosis of HeLa cells induced in response to infection by S. flexneri ΔgalU (a lipopolysaccharide mutant unable to block apoptosis) is also septin-dependent. In vivo, zebrafish larvae are significantly more susceptible to infection with S. flexneri ΔgalU (as compared to infection with wildtype S. flexneri), yet septin deficient larvae are equally susceptible to infection with S. flexneri ΔgalU and wildtype S. flexneri. These data provide a new molecular framework to understand the complexity of mitochondrial apoptosis and its ability to combat bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan Van Ngo
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Stevens Robertin
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Magdalena K. Bielecka
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Damián Lobato‐Márquez
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WestminsterLondonUK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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10
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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Viana F, Boucontet L, Laghi V, Schator D, Ibranosyan M, Jarraud S, Colucci-Guyon E, Buchrieser C. Hiding in the yolk: A unique feature of Legionella pneumophila infection of zebrafish. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011375. [PMID: 37155695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a powerful model organism to study host-pathogen interactions. Here, we developed a zebrafish model to dissect the innate immune response to Legionella pneumophila during infection. We show that L. pneumophila cause zebrafish larvae death in a dose dependent manner. Additionally, we show that macrophages are the first line of defence and cooperate with neutrophils to clear the infection. Immunocompromised humans have an increased propensity to develop pneumonia, when either macrophages or neutrophils are depleted, these "immunocompromised" larvae become lethally sensitive to L. pneumophila. Also, as observed in human infections, the adaptor signalling molecule Myd88 is not required to control disease in the larvae. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine genes il1β and tnf-α were upregulated during infection, recapitulating key immune responses seen in human infection. Strikingly, we uncovered a previously undescribed infection phenotype in zebrafish larvae, whereby bloodborne, wild type L. pneumophila invade and grow in the larval yolk region, a phenotype not observed with a type IV secretion system deficient mutant that cannot translocate effectors into its host cell. Thus, zebrafish larva represents an innovative L. pneumophila infection model that mimics important aspects of the human immune response to L. pneumophila infection and will allow the elucidation of mechanisms by which type IV secretion effectors allow L. pneumophila to cross host cell membranes and obtain nutrients from nutrient rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Boucontet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité and CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Valerio Laghi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité and CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Schator
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Marine Ibranosyan
- National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute of Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute of Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5308, Inserm U1111, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité and CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, Paris, France
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12
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Leiba J, Özbilgiç R, Hernández L, Demou M, Lutfalla G, Yatime L, Nguyen-Chi M. Molecular Actors of Inflammation and Their Signaling Pathways: Mechanistic Insights from Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020153. [PMID: 36829432 PMCID: PMC9952950 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of the physiological response to aggressions. It is orchestrated by a plethora of molecules that detect the danger, signal intracellularly, and activate immune mechanisms to fight the threat. Understanding these processes at a level that allows to modulate their fate in a pathological context strongly relies on in vivo studies, as these can capture the complexity of the whole process and integrate the intricate interplay between the cellular and molecular actors of inflammation. Over the years, zebrafish has proven to be a well-recognized model to study immune responses linked to human physiopathology. We here provide a systematic review of the molecular effectors of inflammation known in this vertebrate and recapitulate their modes of action, as inferred from sterile or infection-based inflammatory models. We present a comprehensive analysis of their sequence, expression, and tissue distribution and summarize the tools that have been developed to study their function. We further highlight how these tools helped gain insights into the mechanisms of immune cell activation, induction, or resolution of inflammation, by uncovering downstream receptors and signaling pathways. These progresses pave the way for more refined models of inflammation, mimicking human diseases and enabling drug development using zebrafish models.
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13
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Abstract
Pyroptosis, a regulated form of pro-inflammatory cell death, is characterised by cell lysis and by the release of cytokines, damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. It plays an important role during bacterial infection, where it can promote an inflammatory response and eliminate the replicative niche of intracellular pathogens. Recent work, using a variety of bacterial pathogens, has illuminated the versatility of pyroptosis, revealing unexpected and important concepts underlying host defence. In this Review, we overview the molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and discuss their role in host defence, from the single cell to the whole organism. We focus on recent studies using three cellular microbiology paradigms - Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri - that have transformed the field of pyroptosis. We compare insights discovered in tissue culture, zebrafish and mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using these complementary infection models to investigate pyroptosis and for modelling human infection. Moving forward, we propose that in-depth knowledge of pyroptosis obtained from complementary infection models can better inform future studies using higher vertebrates, including humans, and help develop innovative host-directed therapies to combat bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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14
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Stream A, Madigan CA. Zebrafish: an underutilized tool for discovery in host-microbe interactions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:426-437. [PMID: 35527182 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are relatively new to the field of host-pathogen interactions, although they have been a valuable vertebrate model for decades in developmental biology and neuroscience. Transparent zebrafish larvae have most components of the human innate immune system, and adult zebrafish also produce cells of the adaptive immune system. Recent discoveries using zebrafish infection models include mechanisms of pathogen survival and host cell sensing of microbes. These discoveries were enabled by zebrafish technology, which is constantly evolving and providing new opportunities for immunobiology research. Recent tools include CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, in vivo biotinylation, and genetically encoded biosensors. We argue that the zebrafish model - which remains underutilized in immunology - provides fertile ground for a new understanding of host-microbe interactions in a transparent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stream
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cressida A Madigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA.
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15
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Chen X, Chen W, Ci W, Zheng Y, Han X, Huang J, Zhu J. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Barrier Are Associated with Its Modulation of Gut Metabolites and Microbiota in Late-Phase Laying Hens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022:10.1007/s12602-022-09923-7. [PMID: 35138584 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on the intestinal immune response, intestinal barrier function, cecal microbiota profile, and metabolite profile in late-phase laying hens. Hens were divided into three groups and fed with the basal diet (NC group), basal diet supplementation with 250 mg/kg B. subtilis and L. acidophilus mixture powder (LD group), and basal diet supplementation with 500 mg/kg B. subtilis and L. acidophilus mixture powder (HD group), respectively. The results indicated that the dietary supplementation with L. acidophilus and B. subtilis increased the integrity of the intestinal barrier as evidenced by the significant increase in the number of ileal goblet cells and improve the expression of occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 genes in the HD group. Moreover, the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly decreased in the LD and HD groups. The levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) increased in the LD and HD group, and the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) increased with the HD treatment. Furthermore, 16 s rRNA sequencing revealed L. acidophilus in combination with B. subtilis increased the diversity of gut microbiota. The metabolomic analysis revealed beneficial changes in the amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism (decrease in LysoPC and LysoPE levels). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with L. acidophilus and B. subtilis could improve intestinal barrier function and maintain immune homeostasis. These beneficial effects may be associated with the modulation of the intestinal microbiome and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Centre for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Centre for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wenjia Ci
- Centre for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Centre for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Food Processing Technology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jianjin Zhu
- Centre for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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16
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Comparison of gene expression responses of zebrafish larvae to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection by static immersion and caudal vein microinjection. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Robertin S, Mostowy S. The history of septin biology and bacterial infection. Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13173. [PMID: 32185906 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of cytoskeleton during bacterial infection has significantly contributed to both cell and infection biology. Bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri are widely recognised as paradigms for investigation of the cytoskeleton during bacterial entry, actin-based motility, and cell-autonomous immunity. At the turn of the century, septins were a poorly understood component of the cytoskeleton mostly studied in the context of yeast cell division and human cancer. In 2002, a screen performed in the laboratory of Pascale Cossart identified septin family member MSF (MLL septin-like fusion, now called SEPT9) associated with L. monocytogenes entry into human epithelial cells. These findings inspired the investigation of septins during L. monocytogenes and S. flexneri infection at the Institut Pasteur, illuminating important roles for septins in host-microbe interactions. In this review, we revisit the history of septin biology and bacterial infection, and discuss how the comparative study of L. monocytogenes and S. flexneri has been instrumental to understand septin roles in cellular homeostasis and host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevens Robertin
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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18
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Prajsnar TK, Serba JJ, Dekker BM, Gibson JF, Masud S, Fleming A, Johnston SA, Renshaw SA, Meijer AH. The autophagic response to Staphylococcus aureus provides an intracellular niche in neutrophils. Autophagy 2021; 17:888-902. [PMID: 32174246 PMCID: PMC8078660 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen causing multiple pathologies, from cutaneous lesions to life-threatening sepsis. Although neutrophils contribute to immunity against S. aureus, multiple lines of evidence suggest that these phagocytes can provide an intracellular niche for staphylococcal dissemination. However, the mechanism of neutrophil subversion by intracellular S. aureus remains unknown. Targeting of intracellular pathogens by macroautophagy/autophagy is recognized as an important component of host innate immunity, but whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental to S. aureus-infected hosts remains controversial. Here, using larval zebrafish, we showed that the autophagy marker Lc3 rapidly decorates S. aureus following engulfment by macrophages and neutrophils. Upon phagocytosis by neutrophils, Lc3-positive, non-acidified spacious phagosomes are formed. This response is dependent on phagocyte NADPH oxidase as both cyba/p22phox knockdown and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) treatment inhibited Lc3 decoration of phagosomes. Importantly, NADPH oxidase inhibition diverted neutrophil S. aureus processing into tight acidified vesicles, which resulted in increased host resistance to the infection. Some intracellular bacteria within neutrophils were also tagged by Sqstm1/p62-GFP fusion protein and loss of Sqstm1 impaired host defense. Together, we have shown that intracellular handling of S. aureus by neutrophils is best explained by Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which appears to provide an intracellular niche for bacterial pathogenesis, while the selective autophagy receptor Sqstm1 is host-protective. The antagonistic roles of LAP and Sqstm1-mediated pathways in S. aureus-infected neutrophils may explain the conflicting reports relating to anti-staphylococcal autophagy and provide new insights for therapeutic strategies against antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococci.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; CFU: colony-forming units; CMV: cytomegalovirus; Cyba/P22phox: cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpf: hours post-fertilization; hpi: hours post-infection; Irf8: interferon regulatory factor 8; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; lyz: lysozyme; LWT: london wild type; Map1lc3/Lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; Sqstm1/p62: sequestosome 1; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna J. Serba
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bernice M. Dekker
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josie F. Gibson
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Krebs Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon A. Johnston
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annemarie H. Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Loes AN, Hinman MN, Farnsworth DR, Miller AC, Guillemin K, Harms MJ. Identification and Characterization of Zebrafish Tlr4 Coreceptor Md-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1046-1057. [PMID: 33472906 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism for studies of the innate immune system. One apparent difference between human and zebrafish innate immunity is the cellular machinery for LPS sensing. In amniotes, the protein complex formed by TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (Tlr4/Md-2) recognizes the bacterial molecule LPS and triggers an inflammatory response. It is believed that zebrafish have neither Md-2 nor Tlr4; Md-2 has not been identified outside of amniotes, whereas the zebrafish tlr4 genes appear to be paralogs, not orthologs, of amniote TLR4s We revisited these conclusions. We identified a zebrafish gene encoding Md-2, ly96 Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that ly96 is transcribed in cells that also transcribe genes diagnostic for innate immune cells, including the zebrafish tlr4-like genes. In larval zebrafish, ly96 is expressed in a small number of macrophage-like cells. In a functional assay, zebrafish Md-2 and Tlr4ba form a complex that activates NF-κB signaling in response to LPS. In larval zebrafish ly96 loss-of-function mutations perturbed LPS-induced cytokine production but gave little protection against LPS toxicity. Finally, by analyzing the genomic context of tlr4 genes in 11 jawed vertebrates, we found that tlr4 arose prior to the divergence of teleosts and tetrapods. Thus, an LPS-sensitive Tlr4/Md-2 complex is likely an ancestral feature shared by mammals and zebrafish, rather than a de novo invention on the tetrapod lineage. We hypothesize that zebrafish retain an ancestral, low-sensitivity Tlr4/Md-2 complex that confers LPS responsiveness to a specific subset of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Loes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Melissa N Hinman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.,Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Dylan R Farnsworth
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; and
| | - Adam C Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; and
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.,Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.,Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Michael J Harms
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
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20
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Pak B, Schmitt CE, Oh S, Kim JD, Choi W, Han O, Kim M, Kim MJ, Ham HJ, Kim S, Huh TL, Kim JI, Jin SW. Pax9 is essential for granulopoiesis but dispensable for erythropoiesis in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:359-366. [PMID: 33256983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paired Box (Pax) gene family, a group of transcription regulators have been implicated in diverse physiological processes. However, their role during hematopoiesis which generate a plethora of blood cells remains largely unknown. Using a previously reported single cell transcriptomics data, we analyzed the expression of individual Pax family members in hematopoietic cells in zebrafish. We have identified that Pax9, which is an essential regulator for odontogenesis and palatogenesis, is selectively localized within a single cluster of the hematopoietic lineage. To further analyze the function of Pax9 in hematopoiesis, we generated two independent pax9 knock-out mutants using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique. We found that Pax9 appears to be an essential regulator for granulopoiesis but dispensable for erythropoiesis during development, as lack of pax9 selectively decreased the number of neutrophils with a concomitant decrease in the expression level of neutrophil markers. In addition, embryos, where pax9 was functionally disrupted by injecting morpholinos, failed to increase the number of neutrophils in response to pathogenic bacteria, suggesting that Pax9 is not only essential for developmental granulopoiesis but also emergency granulopoiesis. Due to the inability to initiate emergency granulopoiesis, innate immune responses were severely compromised in pax9 morpholino-mediated embryos, increasing their susceptibility and mortality. Taken together, our data indicate that Pax9 is essential for granulopoiesis and promotes innate immunity in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryeong Pak
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chris E Schmitt
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sera Oh
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Dae Kim
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX, USA
| | - Woosoung Choi
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Orjin Han
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Ham
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanghyeon Kim
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lin Huh
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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21
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Novel Functions of the Septin Cytoskeleton: Shaping Up Tissue Inflammation and Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:40-51. [PMID: 33039354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases cause profound alterations in tissue homeostasis, including unchecked activation of immune and nonimmune cells leading to disease complications such as aberrant tissue repair and fibrosis. Current anti-inflammatory therapies are often insufficient in preventing or reversing these complications. Remodeling of the intracellular cytoskeleton is critical for cell activation in inflamed and fibrotic tissues; however, the cytoskeleton has not been adequately explored as a therapeutic target in inflammation. Septins are GTP-binding proteins that self-assemble into higher order cytoskeletal structures. The septin cytoskeleton exhibits a number of critical cellular functions, including regulation of cell shape and polarity, cytokinesis, cell migration, vesicle trafficking, and receptor signaling. Surprisingly, little is known about the role of the septin cytoskeleton in inflammation. This article reviews emerging evidence implicating different septins in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions, immune cell functions, and tissue fibrosis. Targeting of the septin cytoskeleton as a potential future therapeutic intervention in human inflammatory and fibrotic diseases is also discussed.
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22
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Yoshida N, Domart MC, Peddie CJ, Yakimovich A, Mazon-Moya MJ, Hawkins TA, Collinson L, Mercer J, Frickel EM, Mostowy S. The zebrafish as a novel model for the in vivo study of Toxoplasma gondii replication and interaction with macrophages. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm043091. [PMID: 32461265 PMCID: PMC7390642 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite capable of invading any nucleated cell. Three main clonal lineages (type I, II, III) exist and murine models have driven the understanding of general and strain-specific immune mechanisms underlying Toxoplasma infection. However, murine models are limited for studying parasite-leukocyte interactions in vivo, and discrepancies exist between cellular immune responses observed in mouse versus human cells. Here, we developed a zebrafish infection model to study the innate immune response to Toxoplasma in vivo By infecting the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle, and using high-resolution microscopy techniques coupled with computer vision-driven automated image analysis, we reveal that Toxoplasma invades brain cells and replicates inside a parasitophorous vacuole to which type I and III parasites recruit host cell mitochondria. We also show that type II and III strains maintain a higher infectious burden than type I strains. To understand how parasites are cleared in vivo, we further analyzed Toxoplasma-macrophage interactions using time-lapse microscopy and three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy (3D CLEM). Time-lapse microscopy revealed that macrophages are recruited to the infection site and play a key role in Toxoplasma control. High-resolution 3D CLEM revealed parasitophorous vacuole breakage in brain cells and macrophages in vivo, suggesting that cell-intrinsic mechanisms may be used to destroy the intracellular niche of tachyzoites. Together, our results demonstrate in vivo control of Toxoplasma by macrophages, and highlight the possibility that zebrafish may be further exploited as a novel model system for discoveries within the field of parasite immunity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/parasitology
- Macrophages/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Video
- Parasite Load
- Rhombencephalon/immunology
- Rhombencephalon/microbiology
- Rhombencephalon/ultrastructure
- Time Factors
- Toxoplasma/growth & development
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasma/ultrastructure
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
- Zebrafish/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Yoshida
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, 40 Gowers Walk, London, E1 8BH, UK
| | - Maria J Mazon-Moya
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas A Hawkins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1BF, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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23
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Torraca V, Kaforou M, Watson J, Duggan GM, Guerrero-Gutierrez H, Krokowski S, Hollinshead M, Clarke TB, Mostowy RJ, Tomlinson GS, Sancho-Shimizu V, Clements A, Mostowy S. Shigella sonnei infection of zebrafish reveals that O-antigen mediates neutrophil tolerance and dysentery incidence. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008006. [PMID: 31830135 PMCID: PMC6980646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is historically regarded as the primary agent of bacillary dysentery, yet the closely-related Shigella sonnei is replacing S. flexneri, especially in developing countries. The underlying reasons for this dramatic shift are mostly unknown. Using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of Shigella infection, we discover that S. sonnei is more virulent than S. flexneri in vivo. Whole animal dual-RNAseq and testing of bacterial mutants suggest that S. sonnei virulence depends on its O-antigen oligosaccharide (which is unique among Shigella species). We show in vivo using zebrafish and ex vivo using human neutrophils that S. sonnei O-antigen can mediate neutrophil tolerance. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that O-antigen enables S. sonnei to resist phagolysosome acidification and promotes neutrophil cell death. Chemical inhibition or promotion of phagolysosome maturation respectively decreases and increases neutrophil control of S. sonnei and zebrafish survival. Strikingly, larvae primed with a sublethal dose of S. sonnei are protected against a secondary lethal dose of S. sonnei in an O-antigen-dependent manner, indicating that exposure to O-antigen can train the innate immune system against S. sonnei. Collectively, these findings reveal O-antigen as an important therapeutic target against bacillary dysentery, and may explain the rapidly increasing S. sonnei burden in developing countries. Shigella sonnei is predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries, and is replacing Shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality. Using Shigella infection of zebrafish (in vivo) and human neutrophils (in vitro), we discover that S. sonnei is more virulent than S. flexneri because of neutrophil tolerance mediated by its O-antigen oligosaccharide acquired from the environmental bacteria Plesiomonas shigelloides. To inspire new approaches for S. sonnei control, we show that increased phagolysosomal acidification or innate immune training can promote S. sonnei clearance by neutrophils in vivo. These findings have major implications for our evolutionary understanding of Shigella, and may explain why exposure to P. shigelloides in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) can protect against dysentery incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Watson
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gina M. Duggan
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Guerrero-Gutierrez
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sina Krokowski
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hollinshead
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B. Clarke
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal J. Mostowy
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian S. Tomlinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Virology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Clements
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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The Case for Modeling Human Infection in Zebrafish. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:10-18. [PMID: 31604611 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae are widely recognized for studying host-pathogen interactions in vivo because of their optical transparency, genetic manipulability, and translational potential. The development of the zebrafish immune system is well understood, thereby use of larvae enables investigation solely in the context of innate immunity. As a result, infection of zebrafish with natural fish pathogens including Mycobacterium marinum has significantly advanced our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and vertebrate host defense. However, new work using a variety of human pathogens (bacterial, viral, and fungal) has illuminated the versatility of the zebrafish infection model, revealing unexpected and important concepts underlying infectious disease. We propose that this knowledge can inform studies in higher animal models and help to develop treatments to combat human infection.
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25
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Torraca V, Gomes MC, Sarris M, Mostowy S. Meeting report: Zebrafish Infection and Immunity 2019. Lab Anim (NY) 2019; 48:284-287. [PMID: 31537936 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-019-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Margarida C Gomes
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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26
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Hu W, Chan H, Lu L, Wong KT, Wong SH, Li MX, Xiao ZG, Cho CH, Gin T, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Zhang L. Autophagy in intracellular bacterial infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:41-50. [PMID: 31408699 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation process enclosing the bulk of cytosolic components for lysosomal degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidences showed that a specialized form of autophagy, known as xenophagy, could serve as an innate immune response to defend against pathogens invading inside the host cells. Correspondingly, infectious pathogens have developed a variety of strategies to disarm xenophagy, leading to a prolonged and persistent intracellular colonization. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge about the general mechanisms of intracellular bacterial infections and xenophagy. We then focus on the ongoing battle between these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lan Lu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kam Tak Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming X Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhan G Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chi H Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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27
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Zebrafish in Inflammasome Research. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080901. [PMID: 31443239 PMCID: PMC6721725 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that regulate inflammatory responses to danger stimuli and infection, and their dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of autoinflammatory diseases. In recent years, zebrafish models of human pathologies to study inflammasome function in vivo have started to emerge. Here, we discuss inflammasome research in zebrafish in light of current knowledge about mammalian inflammasomes. We summarize the evolutionary conservation of inflammasome components between zebrafish and mammals, highlighting the similarities and possible divergence in functions of these components. We present new insights into the evolution of the caspase-1 family in the teleost lineage, and how its evolutionary origin may help contextualize its functions. We also review existing infectious and non-infectious models in zebrafish in which inflammasomes have been directly implicated. Finally, we discuss the advantages of zebrafish larvae for intravital imaging of inflammasome activation and summarize available tools that will help to advance inflammasome research.
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28
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Masud S, Prajsnar TK, Torraca V, Lamers GE, Benning M, Van Der Vaart M, Meijer AH. Macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis in a systemic infection model. Autophagy 2019; 15:796-812. [PMID: 30676840 PMCID: PMC6526873 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune defense against intracellular pathogens, like Salmonella, relies heavily on the autophagy machinery of the host. This response is studied intensively in epithelial cells, the target of Salmonella during gastrointestinal infections. However, little is known of the role that autophagy plays in macrophages, the predominant carriers of this pathogen during systemic disease. Here we utilize a zebrafish embryo model to study the interaction of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium with the macroautophagy/autophagy machinery of macrophages in vivo. We show that phagocytosis of live but not heat-killed Salmonella triggers recruitment of the autophagy marker GFP-Lc3 in a variety of patterns labeling tight or spacious bacteria-containing compartments, also revealed by electron microscopy. Neutrophils display similar GFP-Lc3 associations, but genetic modulation of the neutrophil/macrophage balance and ablation experiments show that macrophages are critical for the defense response. Deficiency of atg5 reduces GFP-Lc3 recruitment and impairs host resistance, in contrast to atg13 deficiency, indicating that Lc3-Salmonella association at this stage is independent of the autophagy preinitiation complex and that macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). In agreement, GFP-Lc3 recruitment and host resistance are impaired by deficiency of Rubcn/Rubicon, known as a negative regulator of canonical autophagy and an inducer of LAP. We also found strict dependency on NADPH oxidase, another essential factor for LAP. Both Rubcn and NADPH oxidase are required to activate a Salmonella biosensor for reactive oxygen species inside infected macrophages. These results identify LAP as the major host protective autophagy-related pathway responsible for macrophage defense against Salmonella during systemic infection. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related gene; BECN1: Beclin 1; CFU: colony forming units; CYBA/P22PHOX: cytochrome b-245, alpha chain; CYBB/NOX2: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; dpf: days post fertilization; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hfp: hours post fertilization; hpi: hours post infection; IRF8: interferon regulatory factor 8; Lcp1/L-plastin: lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; mCherry: red fluorescent protein; mpeg1: macrophage expressed gene 1; mpx: myeloid specific peroxidase; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; NCF4/P40PHOX: neutrophil cytosolic factor 4; NTR-mCherry: nitroreductase-mCherry fusion; PTU: phenylthiourea; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB-1 inducible coiled coin 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RUBCN/RUBICON: RUN and cysteine rich domain containing BECN1-interacting protein; SCV: Salmonella-containing vacuole; S. Typhimurium/S.T: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification; ULK1/2: unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1/2; UVRAG: UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; wt: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda E.M. Lamers
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Benning
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Wen Y, Chen S, Jiang Z, Wang Z, Tan J, Hu T, Wang Q, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yang D. Dysregulated haemolysin promotes bacterial outer membrane vesicles-induced pyroptotic-like cell death in zebrafish. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13010. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Jinchao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Tianjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines; Shanghai China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines; Shanghai China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines; Shanghai China
| | - Dahai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines; Shanghai China
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30
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Garner K, Goddard GK, Johnston M, Moruzzi M, Woolner S. Meeting report - Dynamic Cell III. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/16/jcs222927. [PMID: 30154086 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Cell III, a meeting jointly organized by the British Society of Cell Biology (BSCB) and the Biochemical Society, took place at the Manchester Conference Centre, Manchester, UK in March 2018. It brought together a diverse group of scientists from around the world, all with a shared interest in understanding how dynamic functions of the cell are fulfilled. A particular focus was the regulation of the cytoskeleton: in cell division, cell migration and cell-cell interactions. Moreover, a key theme that ran through all presented work was the development of new and exciting technologies to study dynamic cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Garner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georgina K Goddard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Johnston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Megan Moruzzi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sarah Woolner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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31
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Abstract
Emergency granulopoiesis is a hematopoietic program of stem cell-driven neutrophil production used to counteract immune cell exhaustion following infection. Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative enteroinvasive pathogen controlled by neutrophils. In this study, we use a Shigella-zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model to investigate emergency granulopoiesis in vivo. We show that stem cell-driven neutrophil production occurs in response to Shigella infection and requires macrophage-independent signaling by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Gcsf). To test whether emergency granulopoiesis can function beyond homoeostasis to enhance innate immunity, we developed a reinfection assay using zebrafish larvae that have not yet developed an adaptive immune system. Strikingly, larvae primed with a sublethal dose of Shigella are protected against a secondary lethal dose of Shigella in a type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent manner. Collectively, these results highlight a new role for emergency granulopoiesis in boosting host defense and demonstrate that zebrafish larvae can be a valuable in vivo model to investigate innate immune memory. Shigella is an important human pathogen of the gut. Emergency granulopoiesis is the enhanced production of neutrophils by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) upon infection and is widely considered a homoeostatic mechanism for replacing exhausted leukocytes. In this study, we developed a Shigella-zebrafish infection model to investigate stem cell-driven emergency granulopoiesis. We discovered that zebrafish initiate granulopoiesis in response to Shigella infection, via macrophage-independent signaling of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Gcsf). Strikingly, larvae primed with a sublethal dose of Shigella are protected against a secondary lethal dose of Shigella in a type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent manner. Taken together, we show that zebrafish infection can be used to capture Shigella-mediated stem cell-driven granulopoiesis and provide a new model system to study stem cell biology in vivo. Our results also highlight the potential of manipulating stem cell-driven granulopoiesis to boost innate immunity and combat infectious disease.
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32
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Boucontet L, Passoni G, Thiry V, Maggi L, Herbomel P, Levraud JP, Colucci-Guyon E. A Model of Superinfection of Virus-Infected Zebrafish Larvae: Increased Susceptibility to Bacteria Associated With Neutrophil Death. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1084. [PMID: 29881380 PMCID: PMC5976802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection in the days following an acute virus infection such as flu is a major clinical problem. Mouse models have provided major advances in understanding viral-bacterial superinfections, yet interactions of the anti-viral and anti-bacterial responses remain elusive. Here, we have exploited the transparency of zebrafish to study how viral infections can pave the way for bacterial co-infections. We have set up a zebrafish model of sequential viral and bacterial infection, using sublethal doses of Sindbis virus and Shigella flexneri bacteria. This virus induces a strong type I interferons (IFN) response, while the bacterium induces a strong IL1β and TNFα-mediated inflammatory response. We found that virus-infected zebrafish larvae showed an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. This resulted in the death with concomitant higher bacterial burden of the co-infected fish compared to the ones infected with bacteria only. By contrast, infecting with bacteria first and virus second did not lead to increased mortality or microbial burden. By high-resolution live imaging, we showed that neutrophil survival was impaired in Sindbis-then-Shigella co-infected fish. The two types of cytokine responses were strongly induced in co-infected fish. In addition to type I IFN, expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was induced by viral infection before bacterial superinfection. Collectively, these observations suggest the zebrafish larva as a useful animal model to address mechanisms underlying increased bacterial susceptibility upon viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Boucontet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Passoni
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Valéry Thiry
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Ludovico Maggi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Herbomel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
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33
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Abstract
Shigella is a leading cause of dysentery worldwide, responsible for up to 165 million cases of shigellosis each year. Shigella is also recognised as an exceptional model pathogen to study key issues in cell biology and innate immunity. Several infection models have been useful to explore Shigella biology; however, we still lack information regarding the events taking place during the Shigella infection process in vivo Here, we discuss a selection of mechanistic insights recently gained from studying Shigella infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio), with a focus on cytoskeleton rearrangements and cellular immunity. We also discuss how infection of zebrafish can be used to investigate new concepts underlying infection control, including emergency granulopoiesis and the use of predatory bacteria to combat antimicrobial resistance. Collectively, these insights illustrate how Shigella infection of zebrafish can provide fundamental advances in our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and vertebrate host defence. This information should also provide vital clues for the discovery of new therapeutic strategies against infectious disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Duggan
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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34
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Torraca V, Mostowy S. Zebrafish Infection: From Pathogenesis to Cell Biology. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:143-156. [PMID: 29173800 PMCID: PMC5777827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of host-pathogen interactions has illuminated fundamental research avenues in both infection and cell biology. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae are genetically tractable, optically accessible, and present a fully functional innate immune system with macrophages and neutrophils that mimic their mammalian counterparts. A wide variety of pathogenic bacteria have been investigated using zebrafish models, providing unprecedented resolution of the cellular response to infection in vivo. In this review, we illustrate how zebrafish models have contributed to our understanding of cellular microbiology by providing an in vivo platform to study host-pathogen interactions from the single cell to whole animal level. We also highlight discoveries made from zebrafish infection that hold great promise for translation into novel therapies for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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35
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Abstract
Septins are enigmatic proteins; they bind GTP and assemble together like molecular Lego blocks to form intracellular structures of varied shapes such as filaments, rings and gauzes. To shine light on the biological mysteries of septin proteins, leading experts in the field came together for the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) workshop held from 8-11 October 2017 in Berlin. Organized by Helge Ewers (Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany) and Serge Mostowy (Imperial College, London, UK), the workshop convened at the Harnack-Haus, a historic hub of scientific discourse run by the Max Planck Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Caudron
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK
| | - Smita Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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36
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Yoshida N, Frickel EM, Mostowy S. Macrophage-Microbe Interactions: Lessons from the Zebrafish Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1703. [PMID: 29250076 PMCID: PMC5717010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages provide front line defense against infections. The study of macrophage-microbe interplay is thus crucial for understanding pathogenesis and infection control. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae provide a unique platform to study macrophage-microbe interactions in vivo, from the level of the single cell to the whole organism. Studies using zebrafish allow non-invasive, real-time visualization of macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis. Furthermore, the chemical and genetic tractability of zebrafish has been central to decipher the complex role of macrophages during infection. Here, we discuss the latest developments using zebrafish models of bacterial and fungal infection. We also review novel aspects of macrophage biology revealed by zebrafish, which can potentiate development of new therapeutic strategies for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Yoshida
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Hsu AY, Wang D, Gurol T, Zhou W, Zhu X, Lu HY, Deng Q. Overexpression of microRNA-722 fine-tunes neutrophilic inflammation by inhibiting Rac2 in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1323-1332. [PMID: 28954734 PMCID: PMC5719257 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is essential for defending against invading pathogens, but can also be detrimental in many clinical settings. The hematopoietic-specific small Rho-GTPase Rac2 regulates multiple pathways that are essential for neutrophil activation, including adhesion, migration, degranulation and production of reactive oxygen species. This study tested the hypothesis that partially suppressing rac2 in zebrafish neutrophils by using a microRNA (miRNA) would inhibit neutrophil migration and activation, which would reduce the immunological damage caused by systemic inflammation. We have generated a transgenic zebrafish line that overexpresses microRNA-722 (miR-722) in neutrophils. Neutrophil motility and chemotaxis to tissue injury or infection are significantly reduced in this line. miR-722 downregulates the transcript level of rac2 through binding to seed-matching sequence in the rac2 3′UTR. Furthermore, miR-722-overexpressing larvae display improved outcomes in both sterile and bacterial systemic models, which correlates with a robust upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the whole larvae and isolated neutrophils. Finally, an miR-722 mimic protects zebrafish from lethal lipopolysaccharide challenge. Together, these results provide evidence for and the mechanism of an anti-inflammatory miRNA that restrains detrimental systemic inflammation. Summary: Identification of a microRNA that suppresses Rac2 expression and regulates neutrophil migration and systemic inflammation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper as part of the supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Decheng Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Theodore Gurol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA .,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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