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An W, Lakhina S, Leong J, Rawat K, Husain M. Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape. Pathogens 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 39057788 PMCID: PMC11280125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus possesses an RNA genome of single-stranded, negative-sensed, and segmented configuration. Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory disease, commonly known as the "flu" in humans. In some individuals, flu can lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most significant because it causes recurring seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks in human populations, globally. The host innate immune response to IAV infection plays a critical role in sensing, preventing, and clearing the infection as well as in flu disease pathology. Host cells sense IAV infection through multiple receptors and mechanisms, which culminate in the induction of a concerted innate antiviral response and the creation of an antiviral state, which inhibits and clears the infection from host cells. However, IAV antagonizes and escapes many steps of the innate antiviral response by different mechanisms. Herein, we review those host and viral mechanisms. This review covers most aspects of the host innate immune response, i.e., (1) the sensing of incoming virus particles, (2) the activation of downstream innate antiviral signaling pathways, (3) the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (4) and viral antagonism and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (W.A.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (K.R.)
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Qu S, Tang W, He T, Li P, Zheng X. SP2509, a specific antagonist of LSD1, exhibits antiviral properties against Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:187. [PMID: 38730463 PMCID: PMC11084069 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a type of coronavirus, is one of the main pathogens that can infect pigs of all ages. It causes diarrhea and acute death of newborn piglets, resulting in massive economic losses to the worldwide swine industry. While vaccination remains the primary approach in combating PEDV, it often fails to address all the challenges posed by the infection, particularly in light of the emergence of evolving mutant strains. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify potent antiviral drugs that can effectively safeguard pigs against PEDV infection. RESULTS In this study, the antiviral efficacy of SP2509, a specific antagonist of Lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1), was evaluated in vitro. The RT-qPCR, Western blot, TCID50, and IFA showed that at a concentration of 1µmol/L, SP2509 significantly inhibited PEDV infection. Additionally, viral life cycle assays showed that SP2509 operates by impeding PEDV internalization and replication rather than attachment and release. Regarding mechanism, in Huh-7 cells, knockdowns LSD1 can suppress PEDV replication. This indicated that the inhibition effect of SP2509 on PEDV largely depends on the activity of its target protein, LSD1. CONCLUSION Our results in vitro show that SP2509 can inhibit PEDV infection during the internalization and replication stage and revealed a role of LSD1 as a restriction factor for PEDV. These imply that LSD1 might be a target for interfering with the viral infection, and SP2509 could be developed as an effective anti-PEDV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wuyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tianqiong He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Pishun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Elessawy SM, Shehab A, Soliman DA, Eldeeb MA, Taha SI. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-3 Rs12252-G Variant Increases COVID-19 Mortality Potential in Egyptian Population. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:186-193. [PMID: 38717821 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2024.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represented an international health risk. Variants of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) gene can increase the risk of developing severe viral infections. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between IFITM3 rs12252A>G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and COVID-19 severity and mortality in 100 Egyptian patients. All participants were subjected to serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) determination by ELISA and IFITM3 rs12252 genotyping by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of all participants, 85.0% had the IFITM3 rs12252 homozygous AA genotype, whereas 15.0% had the heterozygous AG genotype. None of our participants had the homozygous GG genotype. The IFITM3 rs12252A allele was found in 92.5% and the G allele in only 7.5%. There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between the IFITM3 rs12252 SNP and COVID-19 severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or IL-6 serum levels. The heterozygous AG genotype frequency showed a significant increase among participants who died (32.0%) compared with those who had been cured (9.3%). The mutant G allele was associated with patients' death. Its frequency among cured participants was 8.5%, whereas in those who died was 24.2% (p = 0.024) with 3.429 odds ratio [95% confidence interval: 1.1-10.4]. In conclusion, this study revealed a significant association between the G allele variant of IFITM3 rs12252 and COVID-19 mortality. However, results were unable to establish a significant link between rs12252 polymorphism, disease severity, ICU admission, or serum IL-6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Elessawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Shehab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina A Soliman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Eldeeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara I Taha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Liu X, Zhang W, Han Y, Cheng H, Liu Q, Ke S, Zhu F, Lu Y, Dai X, Wang C, Huang G, Su B, Zou Q, Li H, Zhao W, Xiao L, Lu L, Tong X, Pan F, Li H, Li B. FOXP3 + regulatory T cell perturbation mediated by the IFNγ-STAT1-IFITM3 feedback loop is essential for anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:122. [PMID: 38167862 PMCID: PMC10761945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) is an efficient way to evoke an anti-tumor immune response. However, how Tregs maintain their fragility and stability remains largely unknown. IFITM3 and STAT1 are interferon-induced genes that play a positive role in the progression of tumors. Here, we showed that IFITM3-deficient Tregs blunted tumor growth by strengthening the tumor-killing response and displayed the Th1-like Treg phenotype with higher secretion of IFNγ. Mechanistically, depletion of IFITM3 enhances the translation and phosphorylation of STAT1. On the contrary, the decreased IFITM3 expression in STAT1-deficient Tregs indicates that STAT1 conversely regulates the expression of IFITM3 to form a feedback loop. Blocking the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ or directly depleting STAT1-IFITM3 axis phenocopies the restored suppressive function of tumor-infiltrating Tregs in the tumor model. Overall, our study demonstrates that the perturbation of tumor-infiltrating Tregs through the IFNγ-IFITM3-STAT1 feedback loop is essential for anti-tumor immunity and constitutes a targetable vulnerability of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnan Liu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Center for Cancer Immunology Research, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyu Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gonghua Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Su
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Pan
- Center for Cancer Immunology Research, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Qin C, Xie T, Yeh WW, Savas AC, Feng P. Metabolic Enzymes in Viral Infection and Host Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38257735 PMCID: PMC10820379 DOI: 10.3390/v16010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes are central players for cell metabolism and cell proliferation. These enzymes perform distinct functions in various cellular processes, such as cell metabolism and immune defense. Because viral infections inevitably trigger host immune activation, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to blunt or exploit the host immune response to enable viral replication. Meanwhile, viruses hijack key cellular metabolic enzymes to reprogram metabolism, which generates the necessary biomolecules for viral replication. An emerging theme arising from the metabolic studies of viral infection is that metabolic enzymes are key players of immune response and, conversely, immune components regulate cellular metabolism, revealing unexpected communication between these two fundamental processes that are otherwise disjointed. This review aims to summarize our present comprehension of the involvement of metabolic enzymes in viral infections and host immunity and to provide insights for potential antiviral therapy targeting metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Papadopoulou G, Petroulia S, Karamichali E, Dimitriadis A, Marousis D, Ioannidou E, Papazafiri P, Koskinas J, Foka P, Georgopoulou U. The Epigenetic Controller Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Regulates the Outcome of Hepatitis C Viral Infection. Cells 2023; 12:2568. [PMID: 37947646 PMCID: PMC10648375 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) alters gene expression epigenetically to rearrange the cellular microenvironment in a beneficial way for its life cycle. The host epigenetic changes induced by HCV lead to metabolic dysfunction and malignant transformation. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an epigenetic controller of critical cellular functions that are essential for HCV propagation. We investigated the putative role of LSD1 in the establishment of HCV infection using genetic engineering and pharmacological inhibition to alter endogenous LSD1 levels. We demonstrated for the first time that HCV replication was inhibited in LSD1-overexpressing cells, while specific HCV proteins differentially fine-tuned endogenous LSD1 expression levels. Electroporation of the full-length HCV genome and subgenomic replicons in LSD1 overexpression enhanced translation and partially restored HCV replication, suggesting that HCV might be inhibited by LSD1 during the early steps of infection. Conversely, the inhibition of LSD1, followed by HCV infection in vitro, increased viral replication. LSD1 was shown to participate in an intriguing antiviral mechanism, where it activates endolysosomal interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) via demethylation, leading endocytosed HCV virions to degradation. Our study proposes that HCV-mediated LSD1 oscillations over countless viral life cycles throughout chronic HCV infection may promote epigenetic changes related to HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papadopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Petroulia
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Marousis
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Ioannidou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Marziali F, Song Y, Nguyen XN, Belmudes L, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Roingeard P, Couté Y, Cimarelli A. A Proteomics-Based Approach Identifies the NEDD4 Adaptor NDFIP2 as an Important Regulator of Ifitm3 Levels. Viruses 2023; 15:1993. [PMID: 37896772 PMCID: PMC10611234 DOI: 10.3390/v15101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IFITMs are a family of highly related interferon-induced transmembrane proteins that interfere with the processes of fusion between viral and cellular membranes and are thus endowed with broad antiviral properties. A number of studies have shown how the antiviral potency of IFITMs is highly dependent on their steady-state levels, their intracellular distribution and a complex pattern of post-translational modifications, parameters that are overall tributary of a number of cellular partners. In an effort to identify additional protein partners involved in the biology of IFITMs, we devised a proteomics-based approach based on the piggyback incorporation of IFITM3 partners into extracellular vesicles. MS analysis of the proteome of vesicles bearing or not bearing IFITM3 identified the NDFIP2 protein adaptor protein as an important regulator of IFITM3 levels. NDFIP2 is a membrane-anchored adaptor protein of the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the NEDD4 family that have already been found to be involved in IFITM3 regulation. We show here that NDFIP2 acts as a recruitment factor for both IFITM3 and NEDD4 and mediates their distribution in lysosomal vesicles. The genetic inactivation and overexpression of NDFIP2 drive, respectively, lower and higher levels of IFITM3 accumulation in the cell, overall suggesting that NDFIP2 locally competes with IFITM3 for NEDD4 binding. Given that NDFIP2 is itself tightly regulated and highly responsive to external cues, our study sheds light on a novel and likely dynamic layer of regulation of IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
| | - Yuxin Song
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France; (L.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.-G.); (P.R.)
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.-G.); (P.R.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France; (L.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France (X.-N.N.)
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9
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Jiménez-Munguía I, Beaven AH, Blank PS, Sodt AJ, Zimmerberg J. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and its antiviral activity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102467. [PMID: 36306674 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by enveloped viruses require fusion with cellular membranes for viral genome entry. Viral entry occurs following an interaction of viral and cellular membranes allowing the formation of fusion pores, by which the virus accesses the cytoplasm. Here, we focus on interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and its antiviral activity. IFITM3 is predicted to block or stall viral fusion at an intermediate state, causing viral propagation to fail. After introducing IFITM3, we describe the generalized lipid membrane fusion pathway and how it can be stalled, particularly with respect to IFITM3, and current questions regarding IFITM3's topology, with specific emphasis on IFITM3's amphipathic α-helix (AAH) 59V-68M, which is necessary for the antiviral activity. We report new hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment calculations for this peptide and a variety of active site peptides from known membrane-remodeling proteins. Finally, we discuss the effects of posttranslational modifications and localization, how IFITM3's AAH may block viral fusion, and possible ramifications of membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jiménez-Munguía
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - A H Beaven
- Unit on Membrane Chemical Physics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD, USA; Postdoctoral Research Associate Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - A J Sodt
- Unit on Membrane Chemical Physics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD, USA.
| | - J Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA.
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10
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Tiwari V, Viswanath S. Identification of potential modulators of IFITM3 by in-silico modeling and virtual screening. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15952. [PMID: 36153346 PMCID: PMC9509314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIFITM3 is a transmembrane protein that confers innate immunity. It has been established to restrict entry of multiple viruses. Overexpression of IFITM3 has been shown to be associated with multiple cancers, implying IFITM3 to be good therapeutic target. The regulation of IFITM3 activity is mediated by multiple post-translational modifications (PTM). In this study, we have modelled the structure of IFITM3, consistent with experimental predictions on its membrane topology. MD simulation in membrane-aqueous environment revealed the stability of the model. Ligand binding sites on the IFITM3 surface were predicted and it was observed that the best site includes important residues involved in PTM and has good druggable score. Molecular docking was performed using FDA approved ligands and natural ligands from Super Natural II database. The ligands were re-ranked by calculating binding free energy. Select docking complexes were simulated again to substantiate the binding between ligand and IFITM3. We observed that known drugs like Eluxadoline and natural products like SN00224572 and Parishin A have good binding affinity against IFITM3. These ligands form persistent interactions with key lysine residues (Lys83, Lys104) and hence can potentially alter the activity of IFITM3. The results of this computational study can provide a starting point for experimental investigations on IFITM3 modulators.
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Zhong L, Song Y, Marziali F, Uzbekov R, Nguyen XN, Journo C, Roingeard P, Cimarelli A. A novel domain within the CIL regulates egress of IFITM3 from the Golgi and reveals a regulatory role of IFITM3 on the secretory pathway. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101174. [PMID: 35396335 PMCID: PMC8994042 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The InterFeron-Induced TransMembrane proteins (IFITMs) are members of the dispanin/CD225 family that act as broad viral inhibitors by preventing viral-to-cellular membrane fusion. In this study, we uncover egress from the Golgi as an important step in the biology of IFITM3 by identifying the domain that regulates this process and that similarly controls the egress of the dispanins IFITM1 and PRRT2, protein linked to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. In the case of IFITM3, high levels of expression of wild-type, or mutations in the Golgi egress domain, lead to accumulation of IFITM3 in the Golgi and drive generalized glycoprotein trafficking defects. These defects can be relieved upon incubation with Amphotericin B, compound known to relieve IFITM-driven membrane fusion defects, as well as by v-SNARE overexpression, suggesting that IFITM3 interferes with membrane fusion processes important for Golgi functionalities. The comparison of glycoprotein trafficking in WT versus IFITMs-KO cells indicates that the modulation of the secretory pathway is a novel feature of IFITM proteins. Overall, our study defines a novel domain that regulates the egress of several dispanin/CD225 members from the Golgi and identifies a novel modulatory function for IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuxin Song
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France,INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France,Correspondence:
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Wang G, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Liang L, Kong F, Yan Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Wen X, Zeng X, Tian G, Deng G, Shi J, Liu L, Chen H, Li C. PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of influenza A virus PB2 restricts viral replication and virulence. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010446. [PMID: 35377920 PMCID: PMC9009768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense systems employ posttranslational modifications to protect against invading pathogens. Here, we found that protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) interacts with the nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) of influenza A virus (IAV). Lentiviral-mediated stable overexpression of PIAS1 dramatically suppressed the replication of IAV, whereas siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of PIAS1 expression significantly increased virus growth. The expression of PIAS1 was significantly induced upon IAV infection in both cell culture and mice, and PIAS1 was involved in the overall increase in cellular SUMOylation induced by IAV infection. We found that PIAS1 inhibited the activity of the viral RNP complex, whereas the C351S or W372A mutant of PIAS1, which lacks the SUMO E3 ligase activity, lost the ability to suppress the activity of the viral RNP complex. Notably, the SUMO E3 ligase activity of PIAS1 catalyzed robust SUMOylation of PB2, but had no role in PB1 SUMOylation and a minimal role in NP SUMOylation. Moreover, PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation remarkably reduced the stability of IAV PB2. When tested in vivo, we found that the downregulation of Pias1 expression in mice enhanced the growth and virulence of IAV. Together, our findings define PIAS1 as a restriction factor for the replication and pathogenesis of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Libin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Fandi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
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Tang X, Liu T, Li X, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. Protein phosphorylation in hemocytes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis in response to white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:106-114. [PMID: 35092807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are the most common and important regulatory mechanisms in signal transduction, which play a vital role in immune defense response. Our previous study has found the level of tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly changed in the hemocytes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis upon white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. In order to explore the relationship between protein phosphorylation and WSSV infection, the quantitative phosphoproteomics was employed to identify differential phosphorylated proteins in hemocytes of F. chinensis before and after WSSV infection, and elucidate the role of key differential phosphorylated proteins in WSSV infection process. The results showed that a total of 147 differential phosphorylated proteins were identified in the hemocytes, including 64 phosphorylated proteins and 83 dephosphorylated proteins, which were mostly enriched in pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, and ribosomal biosynthesis. Functional analysis of differential phosphorylated proteins showed that they were involved in cell apoptosis, cell phagocytosis, cell metabolism and antiviral infection. A total of 236 differential phosphorylation sites were found, including 91 modified sites in the phosphorylation proteins and 145 modified sites in the dephosphorylation proteins. Motif analysis showed that these phosphorylation sites could activate mitogen-activated protein kinase, P70 S6 kinase and other kinases in hemocytes. Moveover, the phosphorylation levels of eukaryotic protein initiation factor 4E binding proteins and histone H3 were further determined by ELISA and Western blotting, which both exhibited a significant increase post WSSV infection and reach their peak levels at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Moreover, we found that lactate, a metabolite closely related to pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle and glycolysis, was significantly increased in the hemocytes after WSSV infection. This study revealed the protein phosphorylation response in hemocytes of F. chinensis to WSSV infection, which help to clarify the response characteristics and virus resistance mechanism of hemocytes in F. chinensis, and also facilitate further understanding of the interaction between WSSV and shrimp hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoai Li
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Murphy SA, Mapes NJ, Dua D, Kaur B. Histone modifiers at the crossroads of oncolytic and oncogenic viruses. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2153-2162. [PMID: 35143960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease caused by loss of regulatory processes that control cell cycle, resulting in increased proliferation. The loss of control can deregulate both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Apart from cell intrinsic gene mutations and environmental factors, infection by cancer-causing viruses also induces changes that lead to malignant transformation. This can be caused by both expression of oncogenic viral proteins and also by changes in cellular genes and proteins that affect the epigenome. Thus, these epigenetic modifiers are good therapeutic targets, and several epigenetic inhibitors are approved for the treatment of different cancers. In addition to small molecule drugs, biological therapies such as antibodies and viral therapies are also increasingly being used to treat cancer. An HSV-1 derived oncolytic virus is currently approved by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency. Similarly, an adenovirus-based therapeutic is approved for use in China for some cancer types. Since viruses can affect cellular epigenetics, the interaction of epigenome-targeting drugs with oncogenic and oncolytic viruses is a highly significant area of investigation. Here we will review the current knowledge about the impact of using epigenetic drugs in tumors positive for oncogenic viruses or as therapeutic combinations with oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Murphy
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Norman John Mapes
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71270
| | | | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;.
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15
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Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112197. [PMID: 34835003 PMCID: PMC8618861 DOI: 10.3390/v13112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.
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Hu QX, Wang HY, Jiang L, Wang CY, Ju LG, Zhu Y, Zhong B, Wu M, Wang Z, Li LY. Histone demethylase LSD1 promotes RIG-I poly-ubiquitination and anti-viral gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009918. [PMID: 34529741 PMCID: PMC8445485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under RNA virus infection, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) in host cells recognizes viral RNA and activates the expression of type I IFN. To investigate the roles of protein methyltransferases and demethylases in RIG-I antiviral signaling pathway, we screened all the known related enzymes with a siRNA library and identified LSD1 as a positive regulator for RIG-I signaling. Exogenous expression of LSD1 enhances RIG-I signaling activated by virus stimulation, whereas its deficiency restricts it. LSD1 interacts with RIG-I, promotes its K63-linked polyubiquitination and interaction with VISA/MAVS. Interestingly, LSD1 exerts its function in antiviral response not dependent on its demethylase activity but through enhancing the interaction between RIG-I with E3 ligases, especially TRIM25. Furthermore, we provide in vivo evidence that LSD1 increases antiviral gene expression and inhibits viral replication. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that LSD1 is a positive regulator of signaling pathway triggered by RNA-virus through mediating RIG-I polyubiquitination. RIG-I signaling pathway is critical for human cells to defend from RNA virus infection, such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). LSD1 is a histone demethylase regulating transcription. The current study reveals a novel function of LSD1 in regulating the activation of RIG-I signaling pathway. LSD1 interacts with RIG-I and promotes RIG-I poly-ubiquitination independent of its demethylase activity. LSD1 facilitates the interaction between RIG-I and its ubiquitin E3 ligase TRIM25, which is crucial for recruitment of downstream proteins. The mice with LSD1 deficiency are susceptible to virus infection and have lower survival rate. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism for regulating the anti-viral RIG-I signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Hu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui-Yi Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin-Gao Ju
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (ZW); (L-YL)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (ZW); (L-YL)
| | - Lian-Yun Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (ZW); (L-YL)
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Salazar C, Galaz M, Ojeda N, Marshall SH. Expression of ssa-miR-155 during ISAV infection in vitro: Putative role as a modulator of the immune response in Salmo salar. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104109. [PMID: 33930457 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in pathogen-host interaction during viral infection; in this context, the role of miRNAs have become highly relevant. We assessed the expression of selected miRNAs during an in vitro infection of a Salmo salar cell line with Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV), the causative agent of a severe disease by the same name. Salmon orthologs for miRNAs that regulate antiviral responses were measured using RT-qPCR in an in vitro time-course assay. We observed a modulation of specific miRNAs expression, where ssa-miR-155-5p was differentially over-expressed. Using in silico analysis, we identified the putative mRNA targets for ssa-miR-155-5p, finding a high prevalence of hosts immune response-related genes; moreover, several mRNAs involved in the viral infective process were also identified as targets for this miRNA. Our results suggest a relevant role for miR-155-5p in Salmo salar during an ISAV infection as a regulator of the immune response to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salazar
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Martín Galaz
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ojeda
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Sergio H Marshall
- Instituto de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile.
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Shan J, Zhao B, Shan Z, Nie J, Deng R, Xiong R, Tsun A, Pan W, Zhao H, Chen L, Jin Y, Qian Z, Lui K, Liang R, Li D, Sun B, Lavillette D, Xu K, Li B. Correction: Histone demethylase LSD1 restricts influenza A virus infection by erasing IFITM3-K88 monomethylation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009359. [PMID: 33617599 PMCID: PMC7899315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Li M, Li YP, Deng HL, Wang MQ, Chen Y, Zhang YF, Wang J, Dang SS. DNA methylation and SNP in IFITM3 are correlated with hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:199-208. [PMID: 33596480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the mechanisms of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) in response to enterovirus-71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease (EV71-HFMD), in terms of DNA methylation, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype and gene expression. METHODS In total, 120 patients with EV71-HFMD (60 with mild EV71-HFMD and 60 with severe EV71-HFMD) and 60 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. SNP genotype, IFITM3 promoter methylation and mRNA expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined using the improved multi-temperature ligase detection reaction, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and MiSeq, respectively. RESULTS The distribution of methylation in patients with EV71-HFMD was significantly lower compared with healthy controls, and the severe EV71-HFMD group showed the lowest frequency of IFITM3 promoter methylation. The average level of IFITM3 promoter CpG methylation was negatively correlated with IFITM3 mRNA expression, and hypermethylation of several specific CpG units contributed to IFITM3 downregulation. IFITM3 expression and promoter methylation correlated with EV71 infection progression, especially in the severe EV71-HFMD group. Compared with mild cases, genotype GG and the G allele of rs12252 were over-represented in patients with severe EV71-HFMD. CONCLUSIONS IFITM3 methylation status and SNP genotyping may help clinicians to choose the correct treatment strategy for patients with EV71-HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China; Department of Paediatrics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Mu-Qi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Suo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, China
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Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
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21
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Hu J, Zhang L, Liu X. Role of Post-translational Modifications in Influenza A Virus Life Cycle and Host Innate Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:517461. [PMID: 33013775 PMCID: PMC7498822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.517461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout various stages of its life cycle, influenza A virus relies heavily on host cellular machinery, including the post-translational modifications (PTMs) system. During infection, influenza virus interacts extensively with the cellular PTMs system to aid in its successful infection and dissemination. The complex interplay between viruses and the PTMs system induces global changes in PTMs of the host proteome as well as modifications of specific host or viral proteins. The most common PTMs include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, methylation, NEDDylation, and glycosylation. Many PTMs directly support influenza virus infection, whereas others contribute to modulating antiviral responses. In this review, we describe current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs in different stages of the influenza virus replication cycle. We also discuss the concerted role of PTMs in antagonizing host antiviral responses, with an emphasis on their impact on viral pathogenicity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Mehndiratta S, Liou JP. Histone lysine specific demethylase 1 inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:969-981. [PMID: 33479691 PMCID: PMC7513387 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD1 plays a pivotal role in numerous biological functions. The overexpression of LSD1 is reported to be associated with different malignancies. Over the last decade, LSD1 has emerged as an interesting target for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Numerous researchers have designed, synthesized, and evaluated various LSD1 inhibitors with diverse chemical architectures. Some of these inhibitors have entered clinical trials and are currently at different phases of clinical evaluation. This comprehensive review enlists recent research developments in LSD1 targeting pharmacophores reported over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mehndiratta
- School of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , Taiwan . ; Tel: +886 2 2736 1661 ext 6130
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , Taiwan . ; Tel: +886 2 2736 1661 ext 6130
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23
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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Marayati BF, Tucker JF, De La Cerda DA, Hou TC, Chen R, Sugiyama T, Pease JB, Zhang K. The Catalytic-Dependent and -Independent Roles of Lsd1 and Lsd2 Lysine Demethylases in Heterochromatin Formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cells 2020; 9:E955. [PMID: 32295063 PMCID: PMC7226997 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, heterochromatin plays a critical role in organismal development and cell fate acquisition, through regulating gene expression. The evolutionarily conserved lysine-specific demethylases, Lsd1 and Lsd2, remove mono- and dimethylation on histone H3, serving complex roles in gene expression. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, null mutations of Lsd1 and Lsd2 result in either severe growth defects or inviability, while catalytic inactivation causes minimal defects, indicating that Lsd1 and Lsd2 have essential functions beyond their known demethylase activity. Here, we show that catalytic mutants of Lsd1 or Lsd2 partially assemble functional heterochromatin at centromeres in RNAi-deficient cells, while the C-terminal truncated alleles of Lsd1 or Lsd2 exacerbate heterochromatin formation at all major heterochromatic regions, suggesting that Lsd1 and Lsd2 repress heterochromatic transcripts through mechanisms both dependent on and independent of their catalytic activities. Lsd1 and Lsd2 are also involved in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin. At constitutive heterochromatic regions, Lsd1 and Lsd2 regulate one another and cooperate with other histone modifiers, including the class II HDAC Clr3 and the Sirtuin family protein Sir2 for gene silencing, but not with the class I HDAC Clr6. Our findings explore the roles of lysine-specific demethylases in epigenetic gene silencing at heterochromatic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat F. Marayati
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.F.M.); (J.F.T.); (D.A.D.L.C.); (T.-C.H.); (J.B.P.)
| | - James F. Tucker
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.F.M.); (J.F.T.); (D.A.D.L.C.); (T.-C.H.); (J.B.P.)
| | - David A. De La Cerda
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.F.M.); (J.F.T.); (D.A.D.L.C.); (T.-C.H.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Tien-Chi Hou
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.F.M.); (J.F.T.); (D.A.D.L.C.); (T.-C.H.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Rong Chen
- Physiology and pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Tomoyasu Sugiyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - James B. Pease
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.F.M.); (J.F.T.); (D.A.D.L.C.); (T.-C.H.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.F.M.); (J.F.T.); (D.A.D.L.C.); (T.-C.H.); (J.B.P.)
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Zhao X, Li J, Winkler CA, An P, Guo JT. IFITM Genes, Variants, and Their Roles in the Control and Pathogenesis of Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3228. [PMID: 30687247 PMCID: PMC6338058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of small proteins that localize in the plasma and endolysosomal membranes. IFITMs not only inhibit viral entry into host cells by interrupting the membrane fusion between viral envelope and cellular membranes, but also reduce the production of infectious virions or infectivity of progeny virions. Not surprisingly, some viruses can evade the restriction of IFITMs and even hijack the antiviral proteins to facilitate their infectious entry into host cells or promote the assembly of virions, presumably by modulating membrane fusion. Similar to many other host defense genes that evolve under the selective pressure of microorganism infection, IFITM genes evolved in an accelerated speed in vertebrates and many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the human population, some of which have been associated with severity and prognosis of viral infection (e.g., influenza A virus). Here, we review the function and potential impact of genetic variation for IFITM restriction of viral infections. Continuing research efforts are required to decipher the molecular mechanism underlying the complicated interaction among IFITMs and viruses in an effort to determine their pathobiological roles in the context of viral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, United States
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Functional Mapping of Regions Involved in the Negative Imprinting of Virion Particle Infectivity and in Target Cell Protection by Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 against HIV-1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01716-18. [PMID: 30355696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01716-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of highly related antiviral factors that affect numerous viruses at two steps: in target cells by sequestering incoming viruses in endosomes and in producing cells by leading to the production of virions that package IFITMs and exhibit decreased infectivity. While most studies have focused on the former, little is known about the regulation of the negative imprinting of virion particle infectivity by IFITMs and about its relationship with target cell protection. Using a panel of IFITM3 mutants against HIV-1, we have explored these issues as well as others related to the biology of IFITM3, in particular virion packaging, stability, the relation to CD63/multivesicular bodies (MVBs), the modulation of cholesterol levels, and the relationship between negative imprinting of virions and target cell protection. The results that we have obtained exclude a role for cholesterol and indicate that CD63 accumulation does not directly relate to an antiviral behavior. We have defined regions that modulate the two antiviral properties of IFITM3 as well as novel domains that modulate protein stability and that, in so doing, influence the extent of its packaging into virions. The results that we have obtained, however, indicate that, even in the context of an IFITM-susceptible virus, IFITM3 packaging is not sufficient for negative imprinting. Finally, while most mutations concomitantly affect target cell protection and negative imprinting, a region in the C-terminal domain (CTD) exhibits a differential behavior, potentially highlighting the regulatory role that this domain may play in the two antiviral activities of IFITM3.IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins have been associated with the sequestration of incoming virions in endosomes (target cell protection) and with the production of virion particles that incorporate IFITMs and exhibit decreased infectivity (negative imprinting of virion infectivity). How the latter is regulated and whether these two antiviral properties are related remain unknown. By examining the behavior of a large panel of IFITM3 mutants against HIV-1, we determined that IFITM3 mutants are essentially packaged into virions proportionally to their intracellular levels of expression. However, even in the context of an IFITM-susceptible virus, IFITM3 packaging is not sufficient for the antiviral effects. Most mutations were found to concomitantly affect both antiviral properties of IFITM3, but one CTD mutant exhibited a divergent behavior, possibly highlighting a novel regulatory role for this domain. These findings thus advance our comprehension of how this class of broad antiviral restriction factors acts.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular restriction factor that blocks fusion between virus and host membranes. Here, we provide an introduction to IFITM3 and the biochemical regulation underlying its antiviral activity. Further, we analyze and summarize the published literature examining phenotypes of IFITM3 knockout mice upon infections with viral pathogens and discuss the controversial association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human IFITM3 gene and severe virus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications show that IFITM3 knockout mice experience more severe pathologies than wild-type mice in diverse virus infections, including infections with influenza A virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and cytomegalovirus. Likewise, numerous studies of humans of Chinese ancestry have associated the IFITM3 SNP rs12252-C with severe influenza virus infections, though examinations of other populations, such as Europeans, in which this SNP is rare, have largely failed to identify an association with severe infections. A second SNP, rs34481144-A, found in the human IFITM3 promoter has also recently been reported to be a risk allele for severe influenza virus infections. SUMMARY There is significant evidence for a protective role of IFITM3 against virus infections in both mice and humans, though additional work is required to identify the range of pathogens restricted by IFITM3 and the mechanisms by which human SNPs affect IFITM3 levels or functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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28
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Zhao B, Shan J, Xiong R, Xu K, Li B. H1N1 Virus Production and Infection. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e3062. [PMID: 34532527 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a member of orthomyxoviridae family causing wide-spread infections in human respiratory tract. Mouse infection model is widely used in antiviral research and pathogenesis study against influenza A virus. Here, we report a protocol in infected mice with different virus doses and strains to explore how an inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1) impacts disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoyu Shan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Human Parasitology Department of Basic Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Correction: Histone demethylase LSD1 restricts influenza A virus infection by erasing IFITM3-K88 monomethylation. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007037. [PMID: 29709037 PMCID: PMC5927401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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