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Caetano-da-Silva JE, Gonçalves-Santos E, Domingues ELBC, Caldas IS, Lima GDA, Diniz LF, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. The mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol modulates inflammatory and oxidative responses in Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis in mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024; 72:107653. [PMID: 38740356 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
By uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) attenuates reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis, which are known to aggravate infectious myocarditis in Chagas disease. Thus, the impact of DNP-based chemotherapy on Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis was investigated. C56BL/6 mice uninfected and infected untreated and treated daily with 100 mg/kg benznidazole (Bz, reference drug), 5 and 10 mg/kg DNP by gavage for 11 days after confirmation of T. cruzi infection were investigated. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, the animals were euthanized and the heart was collected for microstructural, immunological and biochemical analyses. T. cruzi inoculation induced systemic inflammation (e.g., cytokines and anti-T. cruzi IgG upregulation), cardiac infection (T. cruzi DNA), oxidative stress, inflammatory infiltrate and microstructural myocardial damage in untreated mice. DNP treatment aggravated heart infection and microstructural damage, which were markedly attenuated by Bz. DNP (10 mg/kg) was also effective in attenuating ROS (total ROS, H2O2, and O2-), nitric oxide (NO), lipid (malondialdehyde - MDA) and protein (protein carbonyl - PCn) oxidation, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-10, and MCP-1/CCL2, anti-T. cruzi IgG, cardiac troponin I levels, as well as inflammatory infiltrate and cardiac damage in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings indicate that DNP aggravated heart infection and microstructural cardiomyocytes damage in infected mice. These responses were related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of DNP, which favors infection by weakening the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory protective mechanisms of the infected host. Conversely, Bz-induced cardioprotective effects combined effective anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic responses, which protect against heart infection, oxidative stress, and microstructural damage in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Edson Caetano-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisa L B C Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Graziela D A Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia F Diniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Júnior JNDS, da Silva AC, Oliveira KKDS, Moreira LR, Caires SDFFDS, da Silva AJ, Moura YAS, Marques DDAV, Bezerra RP, de Lorena VMB, Porto ALF. Green microalgae as a potential source of trypanocide compounds. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2329-2335. [PMID: 36661179 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2169688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of Chagas disease therapy, microalgae can be promising in the search of new trypanocidal compounds, since these organisms produce bioactive compounds with large pharmaceutical applications, including antiparasitic effects. In this work, trypanocidal activity of aqueous extract of Tetradesmus obliquus and, for the first time, aqueous extract of Chlorella vulgaris, were evaluated against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. In addition, cytotoxic activity in Vero cells was evaluated. Our results showed that C. vulgaris and T. obliquus present trypanocidal activity (IC50 = 32.9 µg ml-1 and 36.4 µg ml-1, respectively), however, C. vulgaris did not present cytotoxic effects in Vero cells (CC50 > 600 µg ml-1) and displayed a higher selectivity against trypomastigotes forms of T. cruzi (SI > 18). Thus, microalgae extracts, such as aqueous extract of C. vulgaris, are promising potential candidates for the development of natural antichagasic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carla da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Insituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Leyllane Rafael Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Insituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Aldeni José da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de Araújo Viana Marques
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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da Silva Júnior JN, Oliveira KKDS, Silva ACD, Lorena VMBD, Marques DDAV, Bezerra RP, Porto ALF. Microalgae extracts modulates the immune response in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected human cells. Cytokine 2024; 179:156621. [PMID: 38648682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the hemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The control of the infection depends of the innate and acquired immune response of host. Moreover, CD plays a significant role in the immune response, and, in this context, microalgae can be an interesting alternative due to its immunomodulatory and trypanocidal effects. This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, immunomodulatory potentials of the aqueous extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus obliquus. Both microalgae extracts (ME) were obtained by sonication, and the selectivity index (SI) was determined by assays of inhibitory concentration (IC50) in T. cruzi trypomastigotes cells; as well as the cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) in human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC). The immune response was evaluated in T. cruzi-infected PBMC using the IC50 value. ME led to inhibition of T. cruzi trypomastigotes after 24 h of treatment, in which the IC50 values were 112.1 µg/ml to C. vulgaris and 15.8 µg ml-1 to T. obliquus. On the other hand, C. vulgaris did not affect the viability of PBMCs in concentrations up to 1000 µg ml-1, while T. obliquus was non-toxic to PBMCs in concentrations up to 253.44 µg ml-1. In addition, T. obliquus displayed a higher SI against T. cruzi (SI = 16.8), when compared with C. vulgaris (SI = 8.9). C. vulgaris decreased the levels of IFN, indicating a reduction of the inflammatory process; while T. obliquus displayed an interesting immunomodulatory effect, since discretely increased the levels of TNF and stimulated the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This study confirms that ME are effective against T. cruzi trypomastigotes, and may able to control the parasitemia and preventing the progress of CD while regulating the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Carla da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Virginia Maria Barros de Lorena
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Instituto Keizo Asami (iLIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratório de Tecnologia de Bioativos, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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4
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Vatankhah M, Panahizadeh R, Safari A, Ziyabakhsh A, Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, Soozangar N, Jeddi F. The role of Nrf2 signaling in parasitic diseases and its therapeutic potential. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32459. [PMID: 38988513 PMCID: PMC11233909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to invading parasites, one of the principal arms of innate immunity is oxidative stress, caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, oxidative stresses play dual functions in the disease, whereby free radicals promote pathogen removal, but they can also trigger inflammation, resulting in tissue injuries. A growing body of evidence has strongly supported the notion that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF) signaling is one of the main antioxidant pathways to combat this oxidative burst against parasites. Given the important role of NRF2 in oxidative stress, in this review, we investigate the activation mechanism of the NRF2 antioxidant pathway in different parasitic diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, entamoebiasis, and trichinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Vatankhah
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Panahizadeh
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Safari
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Ziyabakhsh
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Narges Soozangar
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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5
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Rossi IV, de Souza DAS, Ramirez MI. The End Justifies the Means: Chagas Disease from a Perspective of the Host- Trypanosoma cruzi Interaction. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38672758 PMCID: PMC11050810 DOI: 10.3390/life14040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The neglected Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite CD dispersion throughout the world, it prevails in tropical areas affecting mainly poor communities, causing devastating health, social and economic consequences. Clinically, CD is marked by a mildly symptomatic acute phase, and a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and/or digestive complications. Current treatment for CD relies on medications with strong side effects and reduced effectiveness. The complex interaction between the parasite and the host outlines the etiology and progression of CD. The unique characteristics and high adaptability of T. cruzi, its mechanisms of persistence, and evasion of the immune system seem to influence the course of the disease. Despite the efforts to uncover the pathology of CD, there are many gaps in understanding how it is established and reaches chronicity. Also, the lack of effective treatments and protective vaccines constitute challenges for public health. Here, we explain the background in which CD is established, from the peculiarities of T. cruzi molecular biology to the development of the host's immune response leading to the pathophysiology of CD. We also discuss the state of the art of treatments for CD and current challenges in basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
| | - Denise Andréa Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil;
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6
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Ribeiro LR, Magalhães EP, Barroso Gomes ND, Cavalcante JW, Gomes Maia MM, Marinho MM, Dos Santos HS, Marinho ES, Sampaio TL, Costa Martins AM, Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes RR. Elongation on aliphatic chain improves selectivity of 2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl chalcone on Trypanosoma cruzi. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:11-26. [PMID: 38084595 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our objective was to investigate the trypanocidal effect of the chalcone (2E,4E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one (CPNC). Material & methods: Cytotoxicity toward LLC-MK2 host cells was assessed by MTT assay, and the effect on Trypanosoma cruzi life forms (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes) was evaluated by counting. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate interactions between CPNC and T. cruzi enzymes. Results: CPNC showed activity against epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote life forms, induced membrane damage, increased cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction on T. cruzi. Regarding molecular docking, CPNC interacted with both trypanothione reductase and TcCr enzymes. Conclusion: CPNC presented a trypanocidal effect, and its effect is related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyanna Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences & Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences & Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Theoretical & Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ramon Róseo Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Dutra Barroso Gomes N, Paula Magalhães E, Rodrigues Ribeiro L, Cavalcante JW, Morais Gomes Maia M, Cunha da Silva FR, Ali A, Machado Marinho M, Silva Marinho E, Silva Dos Santos H, Costa Martins AM, Róseo Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes R. Trypanocidal potential of synthetic p-aminochalcones: In silico and in vitro evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106931. [PMID: 37879182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease of worldwide health concern, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), endemic in Latin America and present in North America and Europe. The WHO recommended drug for CD, benznidazole has low safety profile and several limitations. Therefore, an entity with better therapeutic potential to treat CD is required. Chalcones are an important class of compounds, which have shown antichagasic potential. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of synthetic p-aminochalcones against T. cruzi. Chalcones 1 and 2 were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and characterized by both spectroscopic and theoretical methods. Initially, they were submitted to molecular docking simulations using cruzain and trypanothione reductase (TR) enzymes. It was expected to observe the possible interactions of chalcones with the catalytic site and other important regions of these main pharmacological targets of T. cruzi. Their cytotoxicity within host cells were assessed by MTT reduction assay using LLC-MK2 cells, with CC50 = 85.6 ± 9.2 µM and 1115 ± 381.7 µM for chalcones 1 and 2, respectively. These molecules were also tested against epimastigote and trypomastigote life forms of T. cruzi, causing reduction in the number of viable parasites. For the evaluation of the effect on intracellular amastigotes, infected LLC-MK2 cells were incubated with the chalcones for 24 h, causing reduction in the percentage of infected cells and the number of amastigotes/100 cells. Finally, flow cytometry assays were performed for analyzing cell death mechanisms (7-AAD/AxPE labelling), cytoplasmic ROS accumulation (DCFH-DA assay) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption (Rho123 assay). Both chalcones (1 and 2) caused membrane damage, ROS accumulation and mitochondrial depolarization. In conclusion, the synthetic p-aminochalcones presented trypanocidal effect, causing membrane damage and oxidative stress. Their mechanism of action may be related to cruzain and TR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lyanna Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Arif Ali
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- Theoretical and Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil; State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Theoretical and Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Nunes JPS, Roda VMDP, Andrieux P, Kalil J, Chevillard C, Cunha-Neto E. Inflammation and mitochondria in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2062-2071. [PMID: 38235691 PMCID: PMC10800136 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231220658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people. About 30% of CD patients develop chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC), an inflammatory cardiomyopathy that occurs decades after the initial infection, while most infected patients (60%) remain asymptomatic in the so-called indeterminate form (IF). Death results from heart failure or arrhythmia in a subset of CCC patients. Myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the arrhythmia substrate and triggering events. Survival in CCC is worse than in other cardiomyopathies, which may be linked to a Th1-T cell rich myocarditis with abundant interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, selectively lower levels of mitochondrial energy metabolism enzymes in the heart, and reduced levels of high-energy phosphate, indicating poor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. IFN-γ and TNF-α signaling, which are constitutively upregulated in CD patients, negatively affect mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes, recapitulating findings in CCC heart tissue. Genetic studies such as whole-exome sequencing (WES) in nuclear families with multiple CCC/IF cases has disclosed rare heterozygous pathogenic variants in mitochondrial and inflammatory genes segregating in CCC cases. In this minireview, we summarized studies showing how IFN-γ and TNF-α affect cell energy generation, mitochondrial health, and redox homeostasis in cardiomyocytes, in addition to human CD and mitochondria. We hypothesize that cytokine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in genetically predisposed patients may be the underlying cause of CCC severity and we believe this mechanism may have a bearing on other inflammatory cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Moraes de Paiva Roda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pauline Andrieux
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christophe Chevillard
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Araújo SAD, Lima ADS, Rocha CQD, Previtalli-Silva H, Hardoim DDJ, Taniwaki NN, Calabrese KDS, Almeida-Souza F, Abreu-Silva AL. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitrypanosomal Activities of Extract and Fractions of Terminalia catappa. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:895. [PMID: 37508328 PMCID: PMC10376266 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a severe infectious and parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and considered a public health problem. Chemotherapeutics are still the main means of control and treatment of the disease, however with some limitations. As an alternative treatment, plants have been pointed out due to their proven pharmacological properties. Many studies carried out with Terminalia catappa have shown several biological activities, but its effect against T. cruzi is still unknown. The objective of this work is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of extracts and fractions obtained from T. catappa on the parasite T. cruzi, in addition to analyzing its antioxidant activity. T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction were produced and submitted the chemical characterization by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). From all T. catappa extracts and fractions evaluated, the ethyl acetate and the aqueous fraction displayed the best antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method (IC50 of 7.77 ± 1.61 and 5.26 ± 1.26 µg/mL respectively), and by ferric ion reducing (FRAP) method (687.61 ± 0.26 and 1009.32 ± 0.13 µM of Trolox equivalent/mg extract, respectively). The ethyl acetate fraction showed remarkable T. cruzi inhibitory activity with IC50 of 8.86 ± 1.13, 24.91 ± 1.15 and 85.01 ± 1.21 µg/mL against epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively, and showed no cytotoxicity for Vero cells (CC50 > 1000 µg/mL). The treatment of epimastigotes with the ethyl acetate fraction led to drastic ultrastructural changes such as the loss of cytoplasm organelles, cell disorganization, nucleus damage and the loss of integrity of the parasite. This effect could be due to secondary compounds present in this extract, such as luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, ellagic acid and derivatives. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from T. catappa leaves can be an effective alternative in the treatment and control of Chagas disease, and material for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alves de Araújo
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Aldilene da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Química dos Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
- Laboratório de Química dos Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Daiana de Jesus Hardoim
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Núcleo de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís 65055-310, MA, Brazil
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Nogueira SS, Souza MA, Santos EC, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Oxidative stress, cardiomyocytes senescence and contractile dysfunction in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2023:106950. [PMID: 37211152 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between redox imbalance and cardiovascular senescence in infectious myocarditis is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether cardiomyocytes parasitism, oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction can be correlated to senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity in Trypanosoma cruzi-infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Uninfected, T. cruzi-infected untreated and benznidazole (BZN)-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes and rats were investigated. Parasitological, prooxidant, antioxidant, microstructural, and senescence-associated markers were quantified in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS T. cruzi infection triggered intense cardiomyocytes parasitism in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upregulation, lipids, proteins and DNA oxidation in cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue. Oxidative stress was parallel to microstructural cell damage (e.g., increased cardiac toponin I levels) and contractile dysfunction in cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo, whose severity accompanied a premature cellular senescence-like phenotype revealed by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and DNA oxidation (8-OHdG). Cellular parasitism (e.g., infection rate and parasite load), myocarditis and T. cruzi-induced prooxidant responses were attenuated by early BZN administration to interrupt the progression of T. cruzi infection, protecting against SA-β-gal-based premature cellular senescence, microstructural damage and contractile deterioration in cardiomyocytes from T. cruzi-infected animals. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that cell parasitism, redox imbalance and contractile dysfunction were correlated to SA-β-Gal-based cardiomyocytes premature senescence in acute T. cruzi infection. Therefore, in addition to controlling parasitism, inflammation and oxidative stress; inhibiting cardiomyocytes premature senescence should be further investigated as an additional target of specific Chagas disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Santana Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas Gerais, Pouso Alegre, 37560-250, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Augusto Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária Cardoso Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil, 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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11
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Phongphaew W, Wongsali C, Boonyakong T, Samritwatchasai T, Chimnoi W, Kamyingkird K. Histopathology and virulence of an in vitro-adapted Trypanosoma evansi TEDC 953 strain (Thailand isolate) in mice. Vet World 2023; 16:1008-1017. [PMID: 37576763 PMCID: PMC10420718 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1008-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Trypanosoma evansi is a blood and tissue protozoan parasite affecting domestic and wild animals. The T. evansi Thai strain, namely, T. evansi from dairy cattle number 953 (TEDC 953) strain, has been successfully isolated from dairy cattle and cultivated in vitro. The in vitro-cultivated parasite is useful for biological studies, evaluation of novel chemotherapeutic agents, and production of antigens for diagnostic tests. This study aimed to observe the histopathology and virulence of an in vitro-adapted T. evansi TEDC 953 strain in vivo. Materials and Methods The histopathology and virulence of the TEDC 953 strain were clarified in mice. Six mice were infected with 1 × 105 trypomastigotes of TEDC 953 strain intraperitoneally, and four mice were in the negative control. Parasitemia was monitored daily, and the mice were euthanized on 30 days post-infection (DPI). Internal organs were collected for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results Histopathological lesions were found in the liver, lung, heart, kidney, spleen, and brain of the inoculated mice. The main histopathological feature was lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in parenchyma and perivascular areas of multiple organs, and the severity of histopathological changes was related to the presence of trypomastigotes in the regional vessels. Granulomatous inflammation was seen in meninges, pleura, renal capsule, renal pelvis, and spleen of some infected mice. Four mice died at 17, 24, 26, and 27 DPI with an average parasitemia of 4.05 × 1011 trypomastigotes/mL. The average survival time was 23.5 DPI (mice = 4). Conclusion This study confirmed that the TEDC 953 strain is infectious and pathogenic in mice after the continuously cultivated in vitro. To replace the use of experimental animals, the in vitro-cultivated parasite can be used instead in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallaya Phongphaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Charuwan Wongsali
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanisorn Boonyakong
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Research Support Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Samritwatchasai
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Research Support Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wissanuwat Chimnoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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12
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Oliveira AC, Vicentino ARR, Andrade D, Pereira IR, Saboia-Vahia L, Moreira ODC, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Mota JBD, Maciel L, Vilar-Pereira G, Pesquero JB, Lannes-Vieira J, Sirois P, Campos de Carvalho AC, Scharfstein J. Genetic Ablation and Pharmacological Blockade of Bradykinin B1 Receptor Unveiled a Detrimental Role for the Kinin System in Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082888. [PMID: 37109224 PMCID: PMC10144326 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, the parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, afflicts about 6 million people in Latin America. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that T. cruzi may fuel heart parasitism by activating B1R, a G protein-coupled (brady) kinin receptor whose expression is upregulated in inflamed tissues. Studies in WT and B1R-/- mice showed that T. cruzi DNA levels (15 days post infection-dpi) were sharply reduced in the transgenic heart. FACS analysis revealed that frequencies of proinflammatory neutrophils and monocytes were diminished in B1R-/- hearts whereas CK-MB activity (60 dpi) was exclusively detected in B1R+/+ sera. Since chronic myocarditis and heart fibrosis (90 dpi) were markedly attenuated in the transgenic mice, we sought to determine whether a pharmacological blockade of the des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK)/B1R pathway might alleviate chagasic cardiomyopathy. Using C57BL/6 mice acutely infected by a myotropic T. cruzi strain (Colombian), we found that daily treatment (15-60 dpi) with R-954 (B1R antagonist) reduced heart parasitism and blunted cardiac injury. Extending R-954 treatment to the chronic phase (120-160 dpi), we verified that B1R targeting (i) decreased mortality indexes, (ii) mitigated chronic myocarditis, and (iii) ameliorated heart conduction disturbances. Collectively, our study suggests that a pharmacological blockade of the proinflammatory KKS/DABK/B1R pathway is cardioprotective in acute and chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda Roberta Revoredo Vicentino
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Daniele Andrade
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isabela Resende Pereira
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Otacílio da Cruz Moreira
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Carla Eponina Carvalho-Pinto
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Julia Barbalho da Mota
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Programa de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias Campus, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Pierre Sirois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Antônio Carlos Campos de Carvalho
- Programa de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bio-Imagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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13
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Lameiro RF, Montanari CA. Investigating the Lack of Translation from Cruzain Inhibition to Trypanosoma cruzi Activity with Machine Learning and Chemical Space Analyses. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200434. [PMID: 36692246 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi. Cruzain, its main cysteine protease, is commonly targeted in drug discovery efforts to find new treatments for this disease. Even though the essentiality of this enzyme for the parasite has been established, many cruzain inhibitors fail as trypanocidal agents. This lack of translation from biochemical to biological assays can involve several factors, including suboptimal physicochemical properties. In this work, we aim to rationalize this phenomenon through chemical space analyses of calculated molecular descriptors. These include statistical tests, visualization of projections, scaffold analysis, and creation of machine learning models coupled with interpretability methods. Our results demonstrate a significant difference between the chemical spaces of cruzain and T. cruzi inhibitors, with compounds with more hydrogen bond donors and rotatable bonds being more likely to be good cruzain inhibitors, but less likely to be active on T. cruzi. In addition, cruzain inhibitors seem to occupy specific regions of the chemical space that cannot be easily correlated with T. cruzi activity, which means that using predictive modeling to determine whether cruzain inhibitors will be trypanocidal is not a straightforward task. We believe that the conclusions from this work might be of interest for future projects that aim to develop novel trypanocidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F Lameiro
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue 400, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue 400, São Carlos, Brazil
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14
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Impact of Laboratory-Adapted Intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi Strains on the Activity Profiles of Compounds with Anti- T. cruzi Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020476. [PMID: 36838441 PMCID: PMC9967867 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease causes ~12,000 deaths annually and is one of the world's 20 neglected tropical diseases, as defined by the World Health Organisation. The drug discovery pipeline for Chagas disease currently has few new clinical candidates, with high attrition rates an ongoing issue. To determine if the Trypanosoma cruzi strain utilised to assess in vitro compound activity impacts activity, a comparison of laboratory-adapted T. cruzi strains from differing geographical locations was undertaken for a selection of compounds with anti-T. cruzi activity. To minimise the possible effect of differences in experimental methodology, the same host cell and multiplicity of infection were utilised. To determine whether the compound exposure time influenced results, activity was determined following exposure for 48 and 72 h of incubation. To ascertain whether replication rates affected outcomes, comparative rates of replication of the T. cruzi strains were investigated, using the nucleoside analogue, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine. Minimal differences in the in vitro activity of compounds between strains were observed following 48 h incubation, whereas significant differences were observed following 72 h incubation, in particular for the cytochrome P450 inhibitors tested and the cell cycle inhibitor, camptothecin. Thus, the use of panels of laboratory adapted strains in vitro may be dependent on the speed of action that is prioritised. For the identification of fast-acting compounds, an initial shorter duration assay using a single strain may be used. A longer incubation to identify compound activity may alternatively require profiling of compounds against multiple T. cruzi strains.
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15
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Sousa Oliveira CV, Moreno-Loaiza O, Figueiredo-Vanzan D, Peroba Ramos I, Mata-Santos H, Torres Bozza M, Neto Paiva C, Medei E. IL-1β is not critical to chronic heart dysfunction in mice with Chagas disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010257. [PMID: 36341442 PMCID: PMC9627615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long after Trypanosoma cruzi infection, 40% of individuals develop a progressive chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC), with systolic dysfunction and arrhythmias. Since we previously showed IL-1β mediates the development of systolic dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias in diabetes mellitus and cardiorenal syndrome, and IL-1β remains elevated in Chagas disease patients, here we tested the role of IL-1β in CCC using a mouse model. Mice deficient in IL-1R expression (Il-1r−/−) survived acute T. cruzi infection with greater parasitemia than controls but did not lose weight as wild-type (WT) did. At the chronic stage, WT presented prolonged ventricular repolarization intervals (QJ), while Il-1r−/− presented intervals like noninfected controls. Infected Il-1r−/− and WT did not differ in stroke volume (SV), the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias on electrocardiography (EKG), whole heart action potential duration (APD), or the incidence of triggered activity after S1–S2 protocol, which is a measure of susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias. We also treated chronically infected WT mice with an IL-1R antagonist, anakinra. Treatment shortened the QJ interval but did not improve the SV or the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias on EKG. Anakinra failed to reduce triggered activity following the electrical extra-stimulation protocol. In conclusion, the absence of functional IL-1β/IL-1R signaling did not prevent or reverse the decrease of SV or the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias induced by chronic T. cruzi infection, implying this is not a critical mechanism in generating or maintaining CCC. Since similar cardiac abnormalities were previously credited to IL-1β signaling, ruling out this mechanism is important to discourage further attempts of IL-1β blockade as a therapeutical measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Victória Sousa Oliveira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oscar Moreno-Loaiza
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Isalira Peroba Ramos
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimage (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hilton Mata-Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Torres Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Neto Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Emiliano Medei, ; Claudia Neto Paiva,
| | - Emiliano Medei
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimage (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Emiliano Medei, ; Claudia Neto Paiva,
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16
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Choudhuri S, Garg NJ. Platelets, Macrophages, and Thromboinflammation in Chagas Disease. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5689-5706. [PMID: 36217453 PMCID: PMC9547606 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s380896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a major health problem in the Americas and an emerging health problem in Europe and other nonendemic countries. Several studies have documented persistence of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and oxidative and inflammatory stress are major pathogenic factor. Mural and cardiac thrombi, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy are major clinical features of CD. During T. cruzi infection, parasite-released factors induce endothelial dysfunction along with platelet (PLT) and immune-cell activation. PLTs have a fundamental role in maintaining hemostasis and preventing bleeding after vascular injury. Excessive activation of PLTs and coagulation cascade can result in thrombosis and thromboembolic events, which are recognized to occur in seropositive individuals in early stages of CD when clinically symptomatic heart disease is not apparent. Several host and parasite factors have been identified to signal hypercoagulability and increase the risk of ischemic stroke in early phases of CD. Further, PLT interaction with immune cells and their role in host defense against pathogens and inflammatory processes have only recently been recognized and evolving. In the context of parasitic diseases, PLTs function in directly responding to T. cruzi infection, and PLT interactions with immune cells in shaping the proinflammatory or immunoregulatory function of monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils remains elusive. How T. cruzi infection alters systemic microenvironment conditions to influence PLT and immune-cell interactions is not understood. In this review, we discuss the current literature, and extrapolate the mechanistic situations to explain how PLT and innate immune cell (especially monocytes and macrophages) interactions might be sustaining hypercoagulability and thromboinflammation in chronic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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17
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Groth M, Skrzydlewska E, Dobrzyńska M, Pancewicz S, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Redox Imbalance and Its Metabolic Consequences in Tick-Borne Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:870398. [PMID: 35937690 PMCID: PMC9353526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.870398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the growing global health problems are vector-borne diseases, including tick-borne diseases. The most common tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. Taking into account the metabolic effects in the patient's body, tick-borne diseases are a significant problem from an epidemiological and clinical point of view. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key elements in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including tick-borne diseases. In consequence, this leads to oxidative modifications of the structure and function of phospholipids and proteins and results in qualitative and quantitative changes at the level of lipid mediators arising in both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS enzyme-dependent reactions. These types of metabolic modifications affect the functioning of the cells and the host organism. Therefore, links between the severity of the disease state and redox imbalance and the level of phospholipid metabolites are being searched, hoping to find unambiguous diagnostic biomarkers. Assessment of molecular effects of oxidative stress may also enable the monitoring of the disease process and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Groth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Fonseca KCB, Pessoa FG, Ribeiro ODN, Hotta VT, Ianni BM, Fernandes F, Ferreira Rivero DHR, Saldiva PHN, Mady C, Ramires FJA. Air Pollution’s Impact on Cardiac Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Chagas Cardiomyopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:830761. [PMID: 35928208 PMCID: PMC9343625 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.830761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is characterized by intense myocardial fibrosis stimulated by the exacerbated production of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Air pollution is a serious public health problem and also follows this same path. Therefore, air pollution might amplify the inflammatory response of Chagas disease and increase myocardial fibrosis. Methods We studied groups of Trypanosoma cruzi infected Sirius hamsters (Chagas=CH and Chagas exposed to pollution=CH+P) and 2 control groups (control healthy animals=CT and control exposed to pollution=CT+P). We evaluated acute phase (60 days post infection) and chronic phase (10 months). Echocardiograms were performed to assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameter, in addition to ejection fraction. Interstitial collagen was measured by morphometry in picrosirius red staining tissue. The evaluation of inflammation was performed by gene and protein expression of cytokines IL10, IFN-γ, and TNF; oxidative stress was quantified by gene expression of NOX1, MnSOD, and iNOS and by analysis of reactive oxygen species; and apoptosis was performed by gene expression of BCL2 and Capsase3, in addition to TUNEL analysis. Results Chagas groups had increased collagen deposition mainly in the acute phase, but air pollution did not increase this deposition. Also, Chagas groups had lower ejection fraction in the acute phase (p = 0.002) and again air pollution did not worsen ventricular function or dilation. The analysis of the inflammation and oxidative stress pathways were also not amplified by air pollution. Apoptosis analysis showed increased expression of BCL2 and Caspase3 genes in chagasic groups in the acute phase, with a marginal p of 0.054 in BCL2 expression among infected groups, and TUNEL technique showed amplified of apoptotic cells by pollution among infected groups. Conclusions A possible modulation of the apoptotic pathway was observed, inferring interference from air pollution in this pathway. However, it was not enough to promote a greater collagen deposition, or worsening ventricular function or dilation caused by air pollution in this model of Chagas cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Cardoso Barbosa Fonseca
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gallinaro Pessoa
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orlando do Nascimento Ribeiro
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Tiemi Hotta
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maria Ianni
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Fernandes
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dolores Helena Rodriguez Ferreira Rivero
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Laboratório de Investigação Médica 05 (LIM 05) - School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Laboratório de Investigação Médica 05 (LIM 05) - School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mady
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix José Alvarez Ramires
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Felix José Alvarez Ramires,
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Cellular Stress and Senescence Induction during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7070129. [PMID: 35878141 PMCID: PMC9323233 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7070129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection that, despite being discovered over a century ago, remains a public health problem, mainly in developing countries. Since T. cruzi can infect a wide range of mammalian host cells, parasite–host interactions may be critical to infection outcome. The intense immune stimulation that helps the control of the parasite’s replication and dissemination may also be linked with the pathogenesis and symptomatology worsening. Here, we discuss the findings that support the notion that excessive immune system stimulation driven by parasite persistence might elicit a progressive loss and collapse of immune functions. In this context, cellular stress and inflammatory responses elicited by T. cruzi induce fibroblast and other immune cell senescence phenotypes that may compromise the host’s capacity to control the magnitude of T. cruzi-induced inflammation, contributing to parasite persistence and CD progression. A better understanding of the steps involved in the induction of this chronic inflammatory status, which disables host defense capacity, providing an extra advantage to the parasite and predisposing infected hosts prematurely to immunosenescence, may provide insights to designing and developing novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat Chagas disease.
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Oliveira TGM, Venturini G, Alvim JM, Feijó LL, Dinardo CL, Sabino EC, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Krieger JE, Pereira AC. Different Transcriptomic Response to T. cruzi Infection in hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes From Chagas Disease Patients With and Without Chronic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:904747. [PMID: 35873155 PMCID: PMC9301326 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.904747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a tropical zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. After infection, the host present an acute phase, usually asymptomatic, in which an extensive parasite proliferation and intense innate immune activity occurs, followed by a chronic phase, characterized by low parasitemia and development of specific immunity. Most individuals in the chronic phase remain without symptoms or organ damage, a state called indeterminate IND form. However, 20 to 40% of individuals develop cardiac or gastrointestinal complications at any time in life. Cardiomyocytes have an important role in the development of Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) due to transcriptional and metabolic alterations that are crucial for the parasite survival and replication. However, it still not clear why some infected individuals progress to a cardiomyopathy phase, while others remain asymptomatic. In this work, we used hiPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) to investigate patterns of infection, proliferation and transcriptional response in IND and CCC patients. Our data show that T. cruzi infection and proliferation efficiency do not differ significantly in PBMCs and hiPSC-CM from both groups. However, RNA-seq analysis in hiPSC-CM infected for 24 hours showed a significantly different transcriptional response to the parasite in cells from IND or CCC patients. Cardiomyocytes from IND showed significant differences in the expression of genes related to antigen processing and presentation, as well as, immune co-stimulatory molecules. Furthermore, the downregulation of collagen production genes and extracellular matrix components was significantly different in these cells. Cardiomyocytes from CCC, in turn, showed increased expression of mTORC1 pathway and unfolded protein response genes, both associated to increased intracellular ROS production. These data point to a differential pattern of response, determined by baseline genetic differences between groups, which may have an impact on the development of a chronic outcome with or without the presentation of cardiac symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G. M. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo, Divisão de Pesquisa – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Theo G. M. Oliveira,
| | - Gabriela Venturini
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, MA, United States
| | - Juliana M. Alvim
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa L. Feijó
- Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo, Divisão de Pesquisa – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla L. Dinardo
- Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo, Divisão de Pesquisa – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto do Medicina Tropical (IMT), Universidade de São Paulo – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Christine E. Seidman
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, MA, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Jose E. Krieger
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C. Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, MA, United States
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Oliveira DSD, Leite ALJ, Pedrosa TCF, Mota LWR, Costa GDP, Souza DMSD, Perucci LO, Talvani A. Insights into IL-33 on inflammatory response during in vitro infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152243. [PMID: 35839730 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and regulatory cytokines play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines whose expression/production is upregulated following pro-inflammatory stimulation to alert the immune system in response to tissue stress or damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory profile induced in cultured J774 cells stimulated or not with IL-33 (10 ng/mL), with live parasites (1 × 106 metacyclic trypomastigote forms) and/or total antigen, TcAg (100 µg/mL) and with both, IL-33 and TcAg/T. cruzi. The cultures were evaluated at 24 h and 48 h after addition of the stimuli. For this, the supernatants were collected for the measurement of TNF, IL-17, CCL2, and IL-10 by ELISA and of nitrite by the Griess method. TNF, IL-17, and CCL2 concentrations were elevated in the presence of TcAg or live T. cruzi parasites at 24 h, and the addition of IL-33 potentiated these effects at 48 h. In addition, the T. cruzi-amastigote forms reduced in those infected J774 cells stimulated with IL-33 at 48 h. In conclusion, the IL-33 elevated the production of the TNF, IL-17, and CCL2 in cultured J774 cells stimulated with T. cruzi and/or its antigen and reduced the intracellular parasites, providing impetus to new investigations on its potential actions on the parasite-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Biological Science Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Junqueira Leite
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Biological Science Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamiles Caroline Fernandes Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Biological Science Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Walter Reis Mota
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Nucleus of Research on Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Débora Maria Soares de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiza Oliveira Perucci
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Nucleus of Research on Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil.
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, DECBI, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Health Sciences, Infectology and Tropical Medicine Post-Graduate Program Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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22
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Skariah S, Sultan AA, Mordue DG. IFN-induced cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in the control of intracellular protozoa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1559-1571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lannes-Vieira J. Multi-therapeutic strategy targeting parasite and inflammation-related alterations to improve prognosis of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a hypothesis-based approach. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220019. [PMID: 35320825 PMCID: PMC8944190 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by infection by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, presents as main clinical manifestation the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). CCC afflicts millions of people, mostly in Latin America, and vaccine and effective therapy are still lacking. Comprehension of the host/parasite interplay in the chronic phase of T. cruzi infection may unveil targets for rational trait-based therapies to improve CCC prognosis. In the present viewpoint, I critically summarise a collection of data, obtained by our network of collaborators and other groups on CCC and preclinical studies on pathogenesis, targeting identification for intervention and the use of drugs with immunomodulatory properties to improve CCC. In the last two decades, models combining mouse lineages and T. cruzi strains allowed replication of crucial clinical, histopathological, and immunological traits of CCC. This condition includes conduction changes (heart rate changes, arrhythmias, atrioventricular blocks, prolongation of the QRS complex and PR and corrected QT intervals), ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, CD8-enriched myocarditis, tissue remodeling and progressive fibrosis, and systemic inflammatory profile, resembling "cytokine storm". Studies on Chagas' heart disease pathogenesis begins to unveil the molecular mechanisms underpinning the inflammation-related cardiac tissue damage, placing IFNγ, TNF and NFκB signaling as upstream regulators of miRNAs and mRNAs associated with critical biological pathways as cell migration, inflammation, tissue remodeling and fibrosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Further, data on preclinical trials using hypothesis-based tools, targeting parasite and inflammation-related alterations, opened paths for multi-therapeutic approaches in CCC. Despite the long path taken using experimental CD models replicating relevant aspects of CCC and testing new therapies and therapeutic schemes, these findings may get lost in translation, as conceptual and economical challenges, underpinning the valley of death across preclinical and clinical trials. It is hoped that such difficulties will be overcome in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Nagai K, Goto Y. Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders? Front Immunol 2022; 13:824695. [PMID: 35386686 PMCID: PMC8977410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because our immune system has ability to expel microorganisms invading our body, parasites need evolution to maintain their symbiosis with the hosts. One such strategy of the parasites is to manipulate host immunity by producing immunomodulatory molecules and the ability of parasites to regulate host immunity has long been a target of research. Parasites can not only manipulate host immune response specific to them, but also influence the host's entire immune system. Such ability of the parasites may sometimes bring benefit to the hosts as many studies have indicated the "hygiene hypothesis" that a decreased opportunity of parasitic infections is associated with an increased incidence of allergy and autoimmune diseases. In other words, elucidating the mechanisms of parasites to regulate host immunity could be applied not only to resolution of parasitic infections but also to treatment of non-parasitic immunological disorders. In this review, we show how much progress has been made in the research on immunomodulation of host immunity by parasites. Here, we define the word 'parasitomimetics' as emulation of parasites' immunomodulatory systems to solve immunological problems in humans and discuss potential applications of parasite-derived molecules to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Li JY, Huang HB, Wang N, Shi CW, Pan TX, Zhang B, Yang GL, Wang CF. Sanguinarine induces apoptosis in Eimeria tenella sporozoites via the generation of reactive oxygen species. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101771. [PMID: 35272108 PMCID: PMC8913342 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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26
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Vellasco L, Svensjö E, Bulant CA, Blanco PJ, Nogueira F, Domont G, de Almeida NP, Nascimento CR, Silva-dos-Santos D, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Medei EH, Almeida IC, Scharfstein J. Sheltered in Stromal Tissue Cells, Trypanosoma cruzi Orchestrates Inflammatory Neovascularization via Activation of the Mast Cell Chymase Pathway. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020187. [PMID: 35215131 PMCID: PMC8878313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microangiopathy may worsen the clinical outcome of Chagas disease. Given the obstacles to investigating the dynamics of inflammation and angiogenesis in heart tissues parasitized by Trypanosoma cruzi, here we used intravital microscopy (IVM) to investigate microcirculatory alterations in the hamster cheek pouch (HCP) infected by green fluorescent protein-expressing T. cruzi (GFP-T. cruzi). IVM performed 3 days post-infection (3 dpi) consistently showed increased baseline levels of plasma extravasation. Illustrating the reciprocal benefits that microvascular leakage brings to the host-parasite relationship, these findings suggest that intracellular amastigotes, acting from inside out, stimulate angiogenesis while enhancing the delivery of plasma-borne nutrients and prosurvival factors to the infection foci. Using a computer-based analysis of images (3 dpi), we found that proangiogenic indexes were positively correlated with transcriptional levels of proinflammatory cytokines (pro-IL1β and IFN-γ). Intracellular GFP-parasites were targeted by delaying for 24 h the oral administration of the trypanocidal drug benznidazole. A classification algorithm showed that benznidazole (>24 h) blunted angiogenesis (7 dpi) in the HCP. Unbiased proteomics (3 dpi) combined to pharmacological targeting of chymase with two inhibitors (chymostatin and TY-51469) linked T. cruzi-induced neovascularization (7 dpi) to the proangiogenic activity of chymase, a serine protease stored in secretory granules from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vellasco
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Erik Svensjö
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Bulant
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Methods, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil; (C.A.B.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Pablo Javier Blanco
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Methods, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil; (C.A.B.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Fábio Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (F.N.); (G.D.); (N.P.d.A.)
| | - Gilberto Domont
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (F.N.); (G.D.); (N.P.d.A.)
| | - Natália Pinto de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (F.N.); (G.D.); (N.P.d.A.)
| | - Clarissa Rodrigues Nascimento
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Danielle Silva-dos-Santos
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | | | - Emiliano Horácio Medei
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1748-1752. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Teixeira PC, Ducret A, Langen H, Nogoceke E, Santos RHB, Silva Nunes JP, Benvenuti L, Levy D, Bydlowski SP, Bocchi EA, Kuramoto Takara A, Fiorelli AI, Stolf NA, Pomeranzeff P, Chevillard C, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Impairment of Multiple Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Pathways in the Heart of Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:755782. [PMID: 34867990 PMCID: PMC8633876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is an inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy occurring in 30% of the 6 million infected with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi in Latin America. Survival is significantly lower in CCC than ischemic (IC) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Previous studies disclosed a selective decrease in mitochondrial ATP synthase alpha expression and creatine kinase activity in CCC myocardium as compared to IDC and IC, as well as decreased in vivo myocardial ATP production. Aiming to identify additional constraints in energy metabolism specific to CCC, we performed a proteomic study in myocardial tissue samples from CCC, IC and DCM obtained at transplantation, in comparison with control myocardial tissue samples from organ donors. Left ventricle free wall myocardial samples were subject to two-dimensional electrophoresis with fluorescent labeling (2D-DIGE) and protein identification by mass spectrometry. We found altered expression of proteins related to mitochondrial energy metabolism, cardiac remodeling, and oxidative stress in the 3 patient groups. Pathways analysis of proteins differentially expressed in CCC disclosed mitochondrial dysfunction, fatty acid metabolism and transmembrane potential of mitochondria. CCC patients’ myocardium displayed reduced expression of 22 mitochondrial proteins belonging to energy metabolism pathways, as compared to 17 in DCM and 3 in IC. Significantly, 6 beta-oxidation enzymes were reduced in CCC, while only 2 of them were down-regulated in DCM and 1 in IC. We also observed that the cytokine IFN-gamma, previously described with increased levels in CCC, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in cardiomyocytes. Results suggest a major reduction of mitochondrial energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in CCC myocardium which may be in part linked to IFN-gamma. This may partially explain the worse prognosis of CCC as compared to DCM or IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanno Langen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - João Paulo Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, iii- Institute for Investigation in Immunology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Benvenuti
- Anatomical Pathology Division, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edimar Alcides Bocchi
- Heart Failure Team, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréia Kuramoto Takara
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Inácio Fiorelli
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noedir Antonio Stolf
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pomeranzeff
- Division of Surgery, Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christophe Chevillard
- INSERM, UMR_1090, Aix Marseille Université, TAGC Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, Institut MarMaRa, Marseille, France
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, iii- Institute for Investigation in Immunology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (Incor) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, iii- Institute for Investigation in Immunology, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Lima ÂCDO, Conceição RS, Freitas LS, de Carvalho CAL, Conceição ALDS, Freitas HF, Pita SSDR, Ifa DR, Pinheiro AM, Branco A. Hydroxycinnamic acid-spermidine amides from Tetragonisca angustula honey as anti-Neospora caninum: In vitro and in silico studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:1104-1115. [PMID: 34614302 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetragonisca angustula honey was fractioned in a SiO2 column to furnish three fractions (A-C) in which four hydroxycinnamic acid-Spermidine amides (HCAAs), known as N', N″, N‴-tris-p-coumaroyl spermidine, N', N″-dicaffeoyl, N‴-coumaroyl spermidine, N', N″, N‴-tris-caffeoyl spermidine and N', N″-dicaffeoyl and N‴-feruloyl spermidine were identified in the fractions B and C by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A primary culture model previously infected with Neospora caninum (72 h) was used to evaluate the honey fractions (A-C) for two-time intervals: 24 and 72 h. Parasitic reduction ranged from 38% on fraction C (12.5 µg/ml), after 24 h, to 54% and 41% with fractions B and C (25 µg/ml) after 72 h of treatment, respectively. Additionally, HCAAs did not show any cell toxicity for 24 and 72 h. For infected cultures (72 h), the active fractions B (12.5 µg/ml) and C (25 µg/ml) decreased their NO content. In silico studies suggest that HCAAs may affect the parasite's redox pathway and improve the oxidative effect of NO released from infected cells. Here, we presented for the first time, that HCAAs from T. angustula honey have the potential to inhibit the growth of N. caninum protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela C de O Lima
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Veterinary, Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Conceição
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Freitas
- Veterinary, Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A L de Carvalho
- Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Antônio L da S Conceição
- Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Humberto F Freitas
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling (LaBiMM), Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Samuel S da R Pita
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling (LaBiMM), Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Demian R Ifa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre M Pinheiro
- Veterinary, Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Branco
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
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30
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Pedra-Rezende Y, Barbosa JMC, Bombaça ACS, Dantas-Pereira L, Gibaldi D, Vilar-Pereira G, Dos Santos HAM, Ramos IP, Silva-Gomes NL, Moreira OC, Lannes-Vieira J, Menna-Barreto RFS. Physical Exercise Promotes a Reduction in Cardiac Fibrosis in the Chronic Indeterminate Form of Experimental Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712034. [PMID: 34804007 PMCID: PMC8599157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical disease and a health problem in Latin America. Etiological treatment has limited effectiveness in chronic CD; thus, new therapeutic strategies are required. The practice of physical exercises has been widely advocated to improve the quality of life of CD patients. The most frequent clinical CD manifestation is the chronic indeterminate form (CIF), and the effect of physical exercises on disease progression remains unknown. Here, in a CIF model, we aimed to evaluate the effect of physical exercises on cardiac histological, parasitological, mitochondrial, and oxidative metabolism, electro and echocardiographic profiles, and immunological features. To establish a CIF model, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected with 100 and 500 trypomastigotes of the Y T. cruzi strain. At 120 days postinfection (dpi), all mouse groups showed normal PR and corrected QT intervals and QRS complexes. Compared to BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice showed a lower parasitemia peak, mortality rate, and less intense myocarditis. Thus, C57BL/6 mice infected with 500 parasites were used for subsequent analyses. At 120 dpi, a decrease in cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected. When we increased the number of analyzed mice, a reduced heart rate and slightly prolonged corrected QT intervals were detected, at 120 and 150 dpi, which were then normalized at 180 dpi, thus characterizing the CIF. Y-infected mice were subjected to an exercise program on a treadmill for 4 weeks (from 150 to 180 dpi), five times per week in a 30–60-min daily training session. At 180 dpi, no alterations were detected in cardiac mitochondrial and oxidative metabolism, which were not affected by physical exercises, although ROS production increased. At 120 and 180 dpi, comparing infected and non-infected mice, no differences were observed in the levels of plasma cytokines, indicating that a crucial biomarker of the systemic inflammatory profile was absent and not affected by exercise. Compared with sedentary mice, trained Y-infected mice showed similar parasite loads and inflammatory cells but reduced cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, our data show that physical exercises promote beneficial changes that may prevent CD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pedra-Rezende
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M C Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dantas-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gibaldi
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hílton Antônio Mata Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Análise e Desenvolvimento de Inibidores Enzimáticos e Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises por RMN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isalira Peroba Ramos
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Lins Silva-Gomes
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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Espinel-Mesa DX, González Rugeles CI, Mantilla Hernández JC, Stashenko EE, Villegas-Lanau CA, Quimbaya Ramírez JJ, García Sánchez LT. Immunomodulation and Antioxidant Activities as Possible Trypanocidal and Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Major Terpenes from Lippia alba Essential Oils in an Experimental Model of Chronic Chagas Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111851. [PMID: 34829722 PMCID: PMC8614928 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the late phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, parasite persistence and an exaggerated immune response accompanied by oxidative stress play a crucial role in the genesis of Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC). Current treatments (Benznidazole (BNZ) and Nifurtimox) can effect only the elimination of the parasite, but are ineffective for late stage treatment and for preventing heart damage and disease progression. In vivo trypanocidal and cardioprotective activity has been reported for Lippia alba essential oils (EOs), ascribed to their two major terpenes, limonene and caryophyllene oxide. To investigate the role of antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms behind these properties, chronic-T. cruzi-infected rats were treated with oral synergistic mixtures of the aforementioned EOs. For this purpose, the EOs were optimized through limonene-enrichment fractioning and by the addition of exogenous caryophyllene oxide (LIMOX) and used alone or in combined therapy with subtherapeutic doses of BNZ (LIMOXBNZ). Clinical, toxicity, inflammatory, oxidative, and parasitological (qPCR) parameters were assessed in cardiac tissue. These therapies demonstrated meaningful antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity on markers involved in CCC pathogenesis (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, and iNOS), which could explain their significant trypanocidal properties and their noteworthy role in preventing, and even reversing, the progression of cardiac damage in chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denerieth Ximena Espinel-Mesa
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Investigación Masira, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Santander, Colombia; (D.X.E.-M.); (J.J.Q.R.)
| | - Clara Isabel González Rugeles
- Immunology and Molecular Epidemiology Group, School of Microbiology, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Santander, Colombia;
| | | | - Elena E. Stashenko
- National Research Center for the Agroindustrialization of Tropical Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Species—CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Santander, Colombia;
| | | | - John Jaime Quimbaya Ramírez
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Investigación Masira, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Santander, Colombia; (D.X.E.-M.); (J.J.Q.R.)
| | - Liliana Torcoroma García Sánchez
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Investigación Masira, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga 680006, Santander, Colombia; (D.X.E.-M.); (J.J.Q.R.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Gonçalves MD, Bortoleti BTDS, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Concato VM, de Matos RLN, Silva TF, Rodrigues ACJ, Carloto ACM, Costa IN, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR, Arakawa NS, Conchon-Costa I. Grandiflorenic acid isolated from Sphagneticola trilobata against Trypanosoma cruzi: Toxicity, mechanisms of action and immunomodulation. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105267. [PMID: 34688839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grandiflorenic acid (GFA) is one of the main kaurane diterpenes found in different parts of Sphagneticola trilobata. It has several biological activities, especially antiprotozoal action. In turn, Chagas disease is a complex systemic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and the drugs available to treat it involve significant side effects and impose an urgent need to search for therapeutic alternatives. In this context, our goal was to determine the effect of GFA on trypomastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. Our results showed that GFA treatment led to significantly less viability of trypomastigote forms, with morphological and ultrastructural changes in the parasites treated with IC50 of GFA (24.60 nM), and larger levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial depolarization, lipid droplets accumulation, presence of autophagic vacuoles, phosphatidylserine exposure, and plasma membrane damage. In addition, the GFA treatment was able to reduce the percentage of infected cells and the number of amastigotes per macrophage (J774A.1) without showing cytotoxicity in mammalian cell lines (J774A.1, LLCMK2, THP-1, AMJ2-C11), in addition to increasing TNF-α and reducing IL-6 levels in infected macrophages. In conclusion, the GFA treatment exerted influence on trypomastigote forms through an apoptosis-like mechanism and by eliminating intracellular parasites via TNF-α/ROS pathway, without generating cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC/Fiocruz/PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC/Fiocruz/PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Virginia Marcia Concato
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC/Fiocruz/PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Nilton Syogo Arakawa
- Department of Chemical, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
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33
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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111338. [PMID: 34768767 PMCID: PMC8583510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell’s needs. They are also at the center of the proinflammatory response and have essential roles in the response against pathogenic infections. Mitochondria are a major site for production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which are essential to fight infection. However, excessive and uncontrolled production can become deleterious to the cell, leading to mitochondrial and tissue damage. Pathogens exploit the role of mitochondria during infection by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), mitochondrial network and disrupting the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in these biological processes makes these organelle good targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented a summary of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogen response, as well as the potential promising mitochondrial targets for the fight against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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34
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Choudhuri S, Rios L, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Garg NJ. Oxidative stress implications for therapeutic vaccine development against Chagas disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1395-1406. [PMID: 34406892 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1969230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathogenesis of Chagas disease (CD) caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) involves chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress. In this review, we discuss the research efforts in therapeutic vaccine development to date and the potential challenges imposed by oxidative stress in achieving an efficient therapeutic vaccine against CD. AREAS COVERED This review covers the immune and nonimmune mechanisms of reactive oxygen species production and immune response patterns during T. cruzi infection in CD. A discussion on immunotherapy development efforts, the efficacy of antigen-based immune therapies against T. cruzi, and the role of antioxidants as adjuvants is discussed to provide promising insights to developing future treatment strategies against CD. EXPERT OPINION Administration of therapeutic vaccines can be a good option to confront persistent parasitemia in CD by achieving a rapid, short-lived stimulation of type 1 cell-mediated immunity. At the same time, adjunct therapies could play a critical role in the preservation of mitochondrial metabolism and cardiac muscle contractility in CD. We propose combined therapy with antigen-based vaccine and small molecules to control the pathological oxidative insult would be effective in the conservation of cardiac structure and function in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lizette Rios
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados En Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tx, USA
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35
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Providello MV, Portapilla GB, Oliveira PAS, da Silva CBP, Anchieta NF, Tirapelli CR, de Albuquerque S. Melatonin decreases circulating Trypanosoma cruzi load with no effect on tissue parasite replication. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:795-802. [PMID: 33296274 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac damage during the acute phase of Chagas disease (CD) is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. Melatonin (MEL) has emerged as a promising therapy for CD due to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties; however, the protective action of MEL in the cardiac tissue, as well as its direct action on the parasite cycle, is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of MEL on heart parasitism in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and also its effects on the parasitic proliferation in vitro. Our in vivo study showed that MEL reduced circulating parasitemia load, but did not control tissue (heart, liver, and spleen) parasitism in mice. MEL did not prevent the redox imbalance in the left ventricle of infected mice. Our in vitro findings showed that MEL did not inhibit parasites replication within cells, but rather increased their release from cells. MEL did not control parasitism load in the heart or prevent the cardiac redox imbalance induced by acute T. cruzi infection. The hormone controlled the circulating parasitic load, but within cells MEL accelerated parasitic release, a response that can be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Voltarelli Providello
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Bulhões Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alexandre Sampaio Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Brigagão Pacheco da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira Ferreira Anchieta
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Tirapelli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, DACTB, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Gamba JC, Roldán C, Prochetto E, Lupi G, Bontempi I, Poncini CV, Vermeulen M, Pérez AR, Marcipar I, Cabrera G. Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Enhance a Trans-Sialidase-Based Vaccine Against Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671104. [PMID: 34295832 PMCID: PMC8290872 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 6 million people around the world, mostly in Latin America. Despite intensive research, there is no vaccine available; therefore, new approaches are needed to further improve vaccine efficacy. It is well established that experimental T. cruzi infection induces a marked immunosuppressed state, which includes notably increases of CD11b+ GR-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the spleen, liver and heart of infected mice. We previously showed that a trans-sialidase based vaccine (TSf-ISPA) is able to confer protection against a virulent T. cruzi strain, stimulating the effector immune response and decreasing CD11b+ GR-1+ splenocytes significantly. Here, we show that even in the immunological context elicited by the TSf-ISPA vaccine, the remaining MDSCs are still able to influence several immune populations. Depletion of MDSCs with 5 fluorouracil (5FU) at day 15 post-infection notably reshaped the immune response, as evidenced by flow cytometry of spleen cells obtained from mice after 21 days post-infection. After infection, TSf-ISPA-vaccinated and 5FU-treated mice showed a marked increase of the CD8 response, which included an increased expression of CD107a and CD44 markers in CD8+ cultured splenocytes. In addition, vaccinated and MDSC depleted mice showed an increase in the percentage and number of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as in the expression of Foxp3+ in CD4+ splenocytes. Furthermore, depletion of MDSCs also caused changes in the percentage and number of CD11chigh CD8α+ dendritic cells as well as in activation/maturation markers such as CD80, CD40 and MHCII. Thus, the obtained results suggest that MDSCs not only play a role suppressing the effector response during T. cruzi infection, but also strongly modulate the immune response in vaccinated mice, even when the vaccine formulation has a significant protective capacity. Although MDSC depletion at day 15 post-infection did not ameliorated survival or parasitemia levels, depletion of MDSCs during the first week of infection caused a beneficial trend in parasitemia and mice survival of vaccinated mice, supporting the possibility to target MDSCs from different approaches to enhance vaccine efficacy. Finally, since we previously showed that TSf-ISPA immunization causes a slight but significant increase of CD11b+ GR-1+ splenocytes, here we also targeted those cells at the stage of immunization, prior to T. cruzi challenge. Notably, 5FU administration before each dose of TSf-ISPA vaccine was able to significantly ameliorate survival and decrease parasitemia levels of TSf-ISPA-vaccinated and infected mice. Overall, this work supports that targeting MDSCs may be a valuable tool during vaccine design against T. cruzi, and likely for other pathologies that are characterized by the subversion of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cruz Gamba
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Roldán
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Prochetto
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Lupi
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Iván Bontempi
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Verónica Poncini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX-CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- IDICER-CONICET and Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Iván Marcipar
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Cabrera
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Quintero WL, Moreno EM, Pinto SML, Sanabria SM, Stashenko E, García LT. Immunomodulatory, trypanocide, and antioxidant properties of essential oil fractions of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae). BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:187. [PMID: 34215249 PMCID: PMC8254251 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasite persistence, exacerbated and sustained immune response, and continuous oxidative stress have been described to contribute to the development of the cardiac manifestations in Chronic Chagas Disease. Nevertheless, there are no efficient therapies to resolve the Trypanosoma cruzi infection and prevent the disease progression. Interestingly, trypanocide, antioxidant, and immunodulatory properties have been reported separately for some major terpenes, as citral (neral plus geranial), limonene, and caryophyllene oxide, presents in essential oils (EO) extracted from two chemotypes (Citral and Carvone) of Lippia alba. The aim of this study was to obtain L. alba essential oil fractions enriched with the aforementioned bioactive terpenes and to evaluate the impact of these therapies on trypanocide, oxidative stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, genotoxicity, and inflammatory markers on T. cruzi-infected macrophages. METHODS T. cruzi-infected J774A.1 macrophage were treated with limonene-enriched (ACT1) and citral/caryophyllene oxide-enriched (ACT2) essential oils fractions derived from Carvone and Citral-L. alba chemotypes, respectively. RESULTS ACT1 (IC50 = 45 ± 1.7 μg/mL) and ACT2 (IC50 = 80 ± 1.9 μg/mL) exhibit similar trypanocidal effects to Benznidazole (BZN) (IC50 = 48 ± 2.5 μg/mL), against amastigotes. Synergistic antiparasitic activity was observed when ACT1 was combined with BZN (∑FIC = 0.52 ± 0.13 μg/mL) or ACT2 (∑FIC = 0.46 ± 1.7 μg/mL). ACT1 also decreased the oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, and genotoxicity of the therapies. The ACT1 + ACT2 and ACT1 + BZN experimental treatments reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). CONCLUSION Due to its highly trypanocidal and immunomodulatory properties, ACT1 (whether alone or in combination with BZN or ACT2) represents a promising L. alba essential oil fraction for further studies in drug development towards the Chagas disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lorena Quintero
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander Colombia 680006
| | - Erika Marcela Moreno
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander Colombia 680006
| | - Sandra Milena Leal Pinto
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander Colombia 680006
| | | | - Elena Stashenko
- National Research Center for the Agroindustrialization of Aromatic and Medicinal Tropical Species (CENIVAM), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia 680002
| | - Liliana Torcoroma García
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander Colombia 680006
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Solari A. The Use of Antioxidants as Potential Co-Adjuvants to Treat Chronic Chagas Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071022. [PMID: 34202043 PMCID: PMC8300663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellated protozoa Trypanosome cruzi. This illness affects to almost 8–12 million people worldwide, however, is endemic to Latin American countries. It is mainly vectorially transmitted by insects of the Triatominae family, although other transmission routes also exist. T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes at the chronic stage of the disease display severe mitochondrial dysfunction and high ROS production, leading to chronic myocardial inflammation and heart failure. Under cellular stress, cells usually can launch mitochondrial biogenesis in order to restore energy loss. Key players to begin mitochondrial biogenesis are the PGC-1 (PPARγ coactivator 1) family of transcriptional coactivators, which are activated in response to several stimuli, either by deacetylation or dephosphorylation, and in turn can serve as coactivators for the NRF (nuclear respiratory factor) family of transcription factors. The NRF family of transcriptional activators, namely NRF1 and NRF2, can activate gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) components, mitochondrial transcriptional factor (Tfam) and nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins, leading to mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NRF2 can activate gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in response to antioxidants, oxidants, electrophile compounds, pharmaceutical and dietary compounds in a mechanism dependent on KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1). Since a definitive cure to treat Chagas disease has not been found yet; the use of antioxidants a co-adjuvant therapy has been proposed in an effort to improve mitochondrial functions, biogenesis, and the antioxidant defenses response. Those antioxidants could activate different pathways to begin mitochondrial biogenesis and/or cytoprotective antioxidant defenses. In this review we discuss the main mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis and the NRF2-KEAP1 activation pathway. We also reviewed the antioxidants used as co-adjuvant therapy to treat experimental Chagas disease and their action mechanisms and finish with the discussion of antioxidant therapy used in Chagas disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
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39
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Florentino PTV, Mendes D, Vitorino FNL, Martins DJ, Cunha JPC, Mortara RA, Menck CFM. DNA damage and oxidative stress in human cells infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009502. [PMID: 33826673 PMCID: PMC8087042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. Infected cells with T. cruzi activate several responses that promote unbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may cause DNA damage that activate cellular responses including DNA repair processes. In this work, HeLa cells and AC16 human cardiomyocyte cell line were infected with T. cruzi to investigate host cell responses at genome level during parasites intracellular life cycle. In fact, alkaline sensitive sites and oxidized DNA bases were detected in the host cell genetic material particularly in early stages of infection. These DNA lesions were accompanied by phosphorylation of the histone H2Ax, inducing γH2Ax, a marker of genotoxic stress. Moreover, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1 (PARP1) and 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) are recruited to host cell nuclei, indicating activation of the DNA repair process. In infected cells, chromatin-associated proteins are carbonylated, as a possible consequence of oxidative stress and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is induced early after infection, suggesting that the host cell antioxidant defenses are activated. However, at late stages of infection, NRF2 is downregulated. Interestingly, host cells treated with glutathione precursor, N-acetyl cysteine, NRF2 activator (Sulforaphane), and also Benznidonazol (BNZ) reduce parasite burst significantly, and DNA damage. These data indicate that the balance of oxidative stress and DNA damage induction in host cells may play a role during the process of infection itself, and interference in these processes may hamper T. cruzi infection, revealing potential target pathways for the therapy support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar T. V. Florentino
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Mendes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Davi J. Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia P. C. Cunha
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato A. Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Imunology & Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos F. M. Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Salgado F, Moncada-Basualto M, Pozo-Martinez J, Liempi A, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Jaque P, Borges F, Uriarte E, Matos MJ, Olea-Azar C. Chemical and biological analysis of 4-acyloxy-3-nitrocoumarins as trypanocidal agents. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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41
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Morales S, Miralles V, Solari A. Dual and Opposite Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Chagas Disease: Beneficial on the Pathogen and Harmful on the Host. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8867701. [PMID: 33376582 PMCID: PMC7746463 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8867701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease, which affects an estimate of 6-7 million people worldwide. Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is a eukaryotic flagellate unicellular organism. At the primary infection sites, these parasites are phagocytized by macrophages, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the infection with T. cruzi. The ROS produce damage to the host tissues; however, macrophage-produced ROS is also used as a signal for T. cruzi proliferation. At the later stages of infection, mitochondrial ROS is produced by the infected cardiomyocytes that contribute to the oxidative damage, which persists at the chronic stage of the disease. The oxidative damage leads to a functional impairment of the heart. In this review article, we will discuss the mechanisms by which T. cruzi is able to deal with the oxidative stress and how this helps the parasite growth at the acute phase of infection and how the oxidative stress affects the cardiomyopathy at the chronic stage of the Chagas disease. We will describe the mechanisms used by the parasite to deal with ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) through the trypanothione and the mechanisms used to repair the damaged DNA. Also, a description of the events produced by ROS at the acute and chronic stages of the disease is presented. Lastly, we discuss the benefits of ROS for T. cruzi growth and proliferation and the possible mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Hypothesis is put forward to explain the molecular mechanisms by which ROS triggers parasite growth and proliferation and how ROS is able to produce a long persisting damage on cardiomyocytes even in the absence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Morales
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente Miralles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Dos Santos GP, Abukawa FM, Souza-Melo N, Alcântara LM, Bittencourt-Cunha P, Moraes CB, Jha BK, McGwire BS, Moretti NS, Schenkman S. Cyclophilin 19 secreted in the host cell cytosol by Trypanosoma cruzi promotes ROS production required for parasite growth. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13295. [PMID: 33222354 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been described to induce parasite proliferation in mammalian host cells. It is unknown how the parasite manages to increase host ROS levels. Here, we found that intracellular T. cruzi forms release in the host cytosol its major cyclophilin of 19 kDa (TcCyp19). Parasites depleted of TcCyp19 by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene replacement proliferate inefficiently and fail to increase ROS, compared to wild type parasites or parasites with restored TcCyp19 gene expression. Expression of TcCyp19 in L6 rat myoblast increased ROS levels and restored the proliferation of TcCyp19 depleted parasites. These events could also be inhibited by cyclosporin A, (a cyclophilin inhibitor), and by polyethylene glycol-linked to antioxidant enzymes. TcCyp19 was found more concentrated in the membrane leading edges of the host cells in regions that also accumulate phosphorylated p47phox , as observed to the endogenous cyclophilin A, suggesting some mechanisms involved with the translocation process of the regulatory subunit p47phox in the activation of the NADPH oxidase enzymatic complex. We concluded that cyclophilin released in the host cell cytosol by T. cruzi mediates the increase of ROS, required to boost parasite proliferation in mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pedroso Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Midori Abukawa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Normanda Souza-Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Maria Alcântara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Bittencourt-Cunha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Borsoi Moraes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Urquiza J, Cevallos C, Elizalde MM, Delpino MV, Quarleri J. Priming Astrocytes With HIV-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Enhances Their Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:563320. [PMID: 33193149 PMCID: PMC7604310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.563320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoa and etiological agent that causes Chagas disease. Its presence among the immunocompromised HIV-infected individuals is relevant worldwide because of its impact on the central nervous system (CNS) causing severe meningoencephalitis. The HIV infection of astrocytes – the most abundant cells in the brain, where the parasite can also be hosted – being able to modify reactive oxygen species (ROS) could influence the parasite growth. In such interaction, extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed from trypomastigotes may alter the surrounding environment including its pro-oxidant status. Methods: We evaluated the interplay between both pathogens in human astrocytes and its consequences on the host cell pro-oxidant condition self-propitiated by the parasite – using its EVs – or by HIV infection. For this goal, we challenged cultured human primary astrocytes with both pathogens and the efficiency of infection and multiplication were measured by microscopy and flow cytometry and parasite DNA quantification. Mitochondrial and cellular ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry in the presence or not of scavengers with a concomitant evaluation of the cellular apoptosis level. Results: We observed that increased mitochondrial and cellular ROS production boosted significantly T. cruzi infection and multiplication in astrocytes. Such oxidative condition was promoted by free trypomastigotes-derived EVs as well as by HIV infection. Conclusions: The pathogenesis of the HIV-T. cruzi coinfection in astrocytes leads to an oxidative misbalance as a key mechanism, which exacerbates ROS generation and promotes positive feedback to parasite growth in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Urquiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Cevallos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Elizalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Poveda C, Herreros-Cabello A, Callejas-Hernández F, Osuna-Pérez J, Maza MC, Chillón-Marinas C, Calderón J, Stamatakis K, Fresno M, Gironès N. Interaction of Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family 1 (SLAMF1) receptor with Trypanosoma cruzi is strain-dependent and affects NADPH oxidase expression and activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008608. [PMID: 32925918 PMCID: PMC7515593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor Signaling Lymphocyte-Activation Molecule Family 1 (SLAMF1) controls susceptibility to Infection by the lethal Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain. To elucidate whether genetic diversity of the parasite was related with disease susceptibility, we further analyzed the role of SLAMF1 using 6 different Trypanosoma cruzi strains including Y. The interaction of SLAMF1 receptor with T. cruzi was evidenced by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. All the strains, except VFRA, showed a decrease in parasite load in infected macrophages in Slamf1-/- compared to BALB/c. In macrophages gene expression NADPH oxidase (NOX2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased in Slamf1-/- compared to BALB/c in 5 out of 6 strains. However, Slamf1-/-macrophages infected with VFRA strain exhibited a divergent behavior, with higher parasite load, lower NOX2 expression and ROS production compared to BALB/c. Parasitological and immunological studies in vivo with Y strain showed that in the absence of SLAMF1 the immune response protected mice from the otherwise lethal Y infection favoring a proinflammatory response likely involving CD4, CD8, dendritic cells and classically activated macrophages. In the case of VFRA, no major changes were observed in the absence of SLAMF1. Thus, the results suggest that the T. cruzi affects SLAMF1-dependent ROS production, controlling parasite replication in macrophages and affecting survival in mice in a strain-dependent manner. Further studies will focus in the identification of parasite molecules involved in SLAMF1 interaction to explain the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Poveda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Herreros-Cabello
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Callejas-Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osuna-Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Maza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Chillón-Marinas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jossela Calderón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Leite ALJ, Oliveira DSD, Mota LWR, Carvalho LCF, Zimmermann FF, Paiva NCND, Vieira PMDA, de Lana M, Afonso LCC, Talvani A. Ectonucleotidases from trypomastigotes from different sources and various genetic backgrounds of Trypanosoma cruzi potentiate their infectivity and host inflammation. Cytokine 2020; 136:155255. [PMID: 32866897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Distinct populations of Trypanosoma cruzi interact with mammalian cardiac muscle cells causing different inflammation patterns and low heart functionality. During T. cruzi infection, the extracellular ATP is hydrolyzed to tri- and/or diphosphate nucleotides, based on the infectivity, virulence, and regulation of the inflammatory response. T. cruzi carries out this hydrolysis through the T. cruzi ectonucleotidase, NTPDase-1 (TcNTPDase-1). This study aimed to evaluate the role of TcNTPDase-1 in culture rich in metacyclic trypomastigote forms (MT) and cell culture-derived trypomastigote forms (CT) from Colombiana (discrete typing unit - DTU I), VL-10 (DTU II), and CL (DTU VI) strains of T. cruzi. For this, we measured TcNTPDase-1 activity in suramin-treated and untreated parasites and infected J774 cells and C57BL/6 mice with suramin pre-treated parasites to assess parasitic and inflammatory cardiac profile in the acute phase of infection. Our data indicated a higher TcNTPDase-1 activity for ATP in culture rich in metacyclic trypomastigote forms from Colombiana strain in comparison to those from VL-10 and CL strains. The cell culture-derived trypomastigote forms from CL strain presented higher capacity to hydrolyze ATP than those from Colombiana and VL-10 strains. Suramin inhibited ATP hydrolysis in all studied parasite forms and strains. Suramin pre-treated parasites reduced J774 cell infection and increased nitrite production in vitro. In vivo studies showed a reduction of inflammatory infiltrate in the cardiac tissues of animals infected with cell culture-derived trypomastigote forms from suramin pre-treated Colombiana strain. In conclusion, TcNTPDase-1 activity in trypomastigotes forms drives part of the biological characteristics observed in distinct DTUs and may induce cardiac pathogenesis during T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Junqueira Leite
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of the Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of the Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Walter Reis Mota
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of the Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Chagas Disease, NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Francine Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratory of Morphopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Laboratory of Chagas Disease, NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of the Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Caballero EP, Mariz-Ponte N, Rigazio CS, Santamaría MH, Corral RS. Honokiol attenuates oxidative stress-dependent heart dysfunction in chronic Chagas disease by targeting AMPK / NFE2L2 / SIRT3 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:113-124. [PMID: 32540353 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Pérez Caballero
- Laboratorio de Biología Experimental, Centro de Estudios Metabólicos, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Nilo Mariz-Ponte
- Instituto de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004517, Portugal
| | - Cristina S Rigazio
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP, CONICET-GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología-Chagas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
| | - Miguel H Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Biología Experimental, Centro de Estudios Metabólicos, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Ricardo S Corral
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP, CONICET-GCBA), Servicio de Parasitología-Chagas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina.
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Peirasmaki D, Ma'ayeh SY, Xu F, Ferella M, Campos S, Liu J, Svärd SG. High Cysteine Membrane Proteins (HCMPs) Are Up-Regulated During Giardia-Host Cell Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:913. [PMID: 33014015 PMCID: PMC7461913 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis colonizes the upper small intestine of humans and animals, causing the diarrheal disease giardiasis. This unicellular eukaryotic parasite is not invasive but it attaches to the surface of small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), disrupting the epithelial barrier. Here, we used an in vitro model of the parasite’s interaction with host IECs (differentiated Caco-2 cells) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Giardia, which might relate to the establishment of infection and disease induction. Giardia trophozoites interacted with differentiated Caco-2 cells for 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h and at each time point, 61, 89, and 148 parasite genes were up-regulated more than twofold, whereas 209, 265, and 313 parasite genes were down-regulated more than twofold. The most abundant DEGs encode hypothetical proteins and members of the High Cysteine Membrane Protein (HCMP) family. Among the up-regulated genes we also observed proteins associated with proteolysis, cellular redox balance, as well as lipid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways. In contrast, genes encoding kinases, regulators of the cell cycle and arginine metabolism and cytoskeletal proteins were down-regulated. Immunofluorescence imaging of selected, up-regulated HCMPs, using C-terminal HA-tagging, showed localization to the plasma membrane and peripheral vesicles (PVs). The expression of the HCMPs was affected by histone acetylation and free iron-levels. In fact, the latter was shown to regulate the expression of many putative giardial virulence factors in subsequent RNAseq experiments. We suggest that the plasma membrane localized and differentially expressed HCMPs play important roles during Giardia-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Showgy Y Ma'ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcela Ferella
- Eukaryotic Single Cell Genomics Platform, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Solna, Sweden
| | - Sara Campos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Alcolea V, Pérez-Silanes S. Selenium as an interesting option for the treatment of Chagas disease: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112673. [PMID: 32810750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most prevalent tropical neglected diseases and causes high mortality and morbidity in endemic countries. Current treatments for this disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole, are ineffective in the chronic phase of the disease and produce severe adverse effects. Therefore, novel therapies are urgently required. The trace element selenium has an important role in human health, due to its antioxidant, antiinflammatory and pro-immune properties. Actually, its deficiency has been related to several diseases and supplementation with this element has been proven to be beneficial for multiple pathologies. Furthermore, the usefulness of organic-selenium compounds has been studied in many disorders, showing promising results. The aim of this review is to analyse the available literature regarding the role of selenium in Chagas disease in order to determine whether its use could be beneficial for the management of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Alcolea
- Universidad de Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Universidad de Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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49
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Hossain E, Khanam S, Dean DA, Wu C, Lostracco-Johnson S, Thomas D, Kane SS, Parab AR, Flores K, Katemauswa M, Gosmanov C, Hayes SE, Zhang Y, Li D, Woelfel-Monsivais C, Sankaranarayanan K, McCall LI. Mapping of host-parasite-microbiome interactions reveals metabolic determinants of tropism and tolerance in Chagas disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2015. [PMID: 32766448 PMCID: PMC7385396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa, presenting with cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, and/or megacolon. To determine the mechanisms of gastrointestinal (GI) CD tissue tropism, we systematically characterized the spatial localization of infection-induced metabolic and microbiome alterations, in a mouse model of CD. Notably, the impact of the transition between acute and persistent infection differed between tissue sites, with sustained large-scale effects of infection in the esophagus and large intestine, providing a potential mechanism for the tropism of CD within the GI tract. Infection affected acylcarnitine metabolism; carnitine supplementation prevented acute-stage CD mortality without affecting parasite burden by mitigating infection-induced metabolic disturbances and reducing cardiac strain. Overall, results identified a previously-unknown mechanism of disease tolerance in CD, with potential for new therapeutic regimen development. More broadly, results highlight the potential of spatially resolved metabolomics to provide insight into disease pathogenesis and infectious disease drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - S. Khanam
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - D. A. Dean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - C. Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - S. Lostracco-Johnson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - D. Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - S. S. Kane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - A. R. Parab
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - K. Flores
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - M. Katemauswa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - C. Gosmanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - S. E. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - D. Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - C. Woelfel-Monsivais
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - K. Sankaranarayanan
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - L.-I. McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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50
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Mendonça AAS, Gonçalves-Santos E, Souza-Silva TG, González-Lozano KJ, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Diniz LF, Novaes RD. Could phenothiazine-benznidazole combined chemotherapy be effective in controlling heart parasitism and acute infectious myocarditis? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104907. [PMID: 32416214 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazines inhibit major antioxidant defense mechanisms in trypanosomatids and exhibit potent cytotoxic effects in vitro. However, the relevance of these drugs in the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis is poorly explored, especially in combination with reference trypanocidal drugs. Thus, we compared the antiparasitic and cardioprotective potential of thioridazine (TDZ) and benznidazole (Bz) administered in monotherapy and combined in a murine model of T. cruzi-induced acute myocarditis. Female mice were randomized into six groups: (i) uninfected untreated, (ii) infected untreated, or infected treated with (iii) Bz (100 mg/kg), (iv) TDZ (80 mg/kg), (v) Bz (100 mg/kg) + TDZ (80 mg/kg), or (vi) Bz (50 mg/kg) + TDZ (80 mg/kg). Infected animals were inoculated with 2000 T. cruzi trypomastigotes and treated by gavage for 20 days. Animals that received TDZ alone presented the highest levels of parasitemia, parasitic load and anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin G titers; cardiac upregulation of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17); as well as microstructural damage compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). These parameters were reduced in groups receiving Bz monotherapy compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The combination of TDZ and Bz attenuated the response to treatment, worsening parasitological control, oxidative heart damage and myocarditis compared to the group treated with Bz alone (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that when administered alone, TDZ potentiated the pathological outcomes in animals infected with T. cruzi. Moreover, TDZ attenuated the antiparasitic effect of Bz when administered together, impairing parasitological control, potentiating inflammation, molecular oxidation and pathological microstructural remodeling of the heart. Thus, our findings indicate that TDZ acts as a pharmacological risk factor and Bz-based monotherapy remains a better cardioprotective drug against Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa A S Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaiany G Souza-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelly J González-Lozano
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia F Diniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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