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Peng NYG, Sng JDJ, Setoh YX, Khromykh AA. Residue K28 of Zika Virus NS5 Protein Is Implicated in Virus Replication and Antagonism of STAT2. Microorganisms 2024; 12:660. [PMID: 38674605 PMCID: PMC11052099 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of four potential nonstructural 5 (NS5) residues-K28, K45, V335, and S749-that share the same amino acid preference in STAT2-interacting flaviviruses [Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV)], but not in STAT2-non-interacting flaviviruses [West Nile virus (WNV) and/or Yellow fever virus (YFV)] from an alignment of multiple flavivirus NS5 sequences, implied a possible association with the efficiency of ZIKV to antagonize the human signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 2 (STAT2). Through site-directed mutagenesis and reverse genetics, mutational impacts of these residues on ZIKV growth in vitro and STAT2 antagonism were assessed using virus growth kinetics assays and STAT2 immunoblotting. The results showed that mutations at the residue K28 significantly reduced the efficiency of ZIKV to antagonize STAT2. Further investigation involving residue K28 demonstrated its additional effects on the phenotypes of ZIKV-NS5 nuclear bodies. These findings demonstrate that K28, identified from sequence alignment, is an important determinant of replication and STAT2 antagonism by ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nias Y. G. Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.J.S.); (Y.X.S.)
| | - Julian D. J. Sng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.J.S.); (Y.X.S.)
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.J.S.); (Y.X.S.)
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.J.S.); (Y.X.S.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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2
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Bartosh UI, Dome AS, Zhukova NV, Karitskaya PE, Stepanov GA. CRISPR/Cas9 as a New Antiviral Strategy for Treating Hepatitis Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:334. [PMID: 38203503 PMCID: PMC10779197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily caused by hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) viruses. The chronic forms of hepatitis resulting from HBV and HCV infections can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while acute hepatitis can lead to acute liver failure, sometimes resulting in fatality. Viral hepatitis was responsible for over 1 million reported deaths annually. The treatment of hepatitis caused by viral infections currently involves the use of interferon-α (IFN-α), nucleoside inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (for HBV). However, these methods do not always lead to a complete cure for viral infections, and chronic forms of the disease pose significant treatment challenges. These facts underscore the urgent need to explore novel drug developments for the treatment of viral hepatitis. The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the subsequent development of various modifications of this system have represented a groundbreaking advance in the quest for innovative strategies in the treatment of viral infections. This technology enables the targeted disruption of specific regions of the genome of infectious agents or the direct manipulation of cellular factors involved in viral replication by introducing a double-strand DNA break, which is targeted by guide RNA (spacer). This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in the regulation of viral infections caused by HAV, HBV, and HCV. It also highlights new strategies for drug development aimed at addressing both acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grigory A. Stepanov
- The Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (U.I.B.); (A.S.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.E.K.)
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3
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Blake ME, Kleinpeter AB, Jureka AS, Petit CM. Structural Investigations of Interactions between the Influenza a Virus NS1 and Host Cellular Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:2063. [PMID: 37896840 PMCID: PMC10612106 DOI: 10.3390/v15102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus is a continuous threat to public health that causes yearly epidemics with the ever-present threat of the virus becoming the next pandemic. Due to increasing levels of resistance, several of our previously used antivirals have been rendered useless. There is a strong need for new antivirals that are less likely to be susceptible to mutations. One strategy to achieve this goal is structure-based drug development. By understanding the minute details of protein structure, we can develop antivirals that target the most conserved, crucial regions to yield the highest chances of long-lasting success. One promising IAV target is the virulence protein non-structural protein 1 (NS1). NS1 contributes to pathogenicity through interactions with numerous host proteins, and many of the resulting complexes have been shown to be crucial for virulence. In this review, we cover the NS1-host protein complexes that have been structurally characterized to date. By bringing these structures together in one place, we aim to highlight the strength of this field for drug discovery along with the gaps that remain to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chad M. Petit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.B.)
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4
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Li YH, Peng JL, Xu ZS, Xiong MG, Wu HN, Wang SY, Li D, Zhu GQ, Ran Y, Wang YY. African Swine Fever Virus Cysteine Protease pS273R Inhibits Type I Interferon Signaling by Mediating STAT2 Degradation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0194222. [PMID: 36856422 PMCID: PMC10062137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01942-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large DNA virus that causes African swine fever (ASF), an acute and hemorrhagic disease in pigs with lethality rates of up to 100%. To date, how ASFV efficiently suppress the innate immune response remains enigmatic. In this study, we identified ASFV cysteine protease pS273R as an antagonist of type I interferon (IFN). Overexpression of pS273R inhibited JAK-STAT signaling triggered by type I IFNs. Mechanistically, pS273R interacted with STAT2 and recruited the E3 ubiquitin ligase DCST1, resulting in K48-linked polyubiquitination at K55 of STAT2 and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT2. Furthermore, such a function of pS273R in JAK-STAT signaling is not dependent on its protease activity. These findings suggest that ASFV pS273R is important to evade host innate immunity. IMPORTANCE ASF is an acute disease in domestic pigs caused by infection with ASFV. ASF has become a global threat with devastating economic and ecological consequences. To date, there are no commercially available, safe, and efficacious vaccines to prevent ASFV infection. ASFV has evolved a series of strategies to evade host immune responses, facilitating its replication and transmission. Therefore, understanding the immune evasion mechanism of ASFV is helpful for the development of prevention and control measures for ASF. Here, we identified ASFV cysteine protease pS273R as an antagonist of type I IFNs. ASFV pS273R interacted with STAT2 and mediated degradation of STAT2, a transcription factor downstream of type I IFNs that is responsible for induction of various IFN-stimulated genes. pS273R recruited the E3 ubiquitin ligase DCST1 to enhance K48-linked polyubiquitination of STAT2 at K55 in a manner independent of its protease activity. These findings suggest that pS273R is important for ASFV to escape host innate immunity, which sheds new light on the mechanisms of ASFV immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Ling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Guang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huang-Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Boghdeh NA, McGraw B, Barrera MD, Anderson C, Baha H, Risner KH, Ogungbe IV, Alem F, Narayanan A. Inhibitors of the Ubiquitin-Mediated Signaling Pathway Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activities against New World Alphaviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030655. [PMID: 36992362 PMCID: PMC10059822 DOI: 10.3390/v15030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New World alphaviruses including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) are mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause disease in humans and equines. There are currently no FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines to treat or prevent exposure-associated encephalitic disease. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS)-associated signaling events are known to play an important role in the establishment of a productive infection for several acutely infectious viruses. The critical engagement of the UPS-associated signaling mechanisms by many viruses as host–pathogen interaction hubs led us to hypothesize that small molecule inhibitors that interfere with these signaling pathways will exert broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against alphaviruses. We queried eight inhibitors of the UPS signaling pathway for antiviral outcomes against VEEV. Three of the tested inhibitors, namely NSC697923 (NSC), bardoxolone methyl (BARM) and omaveloxolone (OMA) demonstrated broad-spectrum antiviral activity against VEEV and EEEV. Dose dependency and time of addition studies suggest that BARM and OMA exhibit intracellular and post-entry viral inhibition. Cumulatively, our studies indicate that inhibitors of the UPS-associated signaling pathways exert broad-spectrum antiviral outcomes in the context of VEEV and EEEV infection, supporting their translational application as therapeutic candidates to treat alphavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar A. Boghdeh
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Brittany McGraw
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Michael D. Barrera
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Carol Anderson
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Risner
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Ifedayo V. Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Farhang Alem
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Correspondence:
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Fisher LAB, Schöck F. The unexpected versatility of ALP/Enigma family proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:963608. [PMID: 36531944 PMCID: PMC9751615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.963608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of multicellular animals is their ability to move. On a cellular level, this is accomplished by the rearrangement and reorganization of the cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of filamentous proteins which provides stability and structure in a stationary context, but also facilitates directed movement by contracting. The ALP/Enigma family proteins are a diverse group of docking proteins found in numerous cellular milieus and facilitate these processes among others. In vertebrates, they are characterized by having a PDZ domain in combination with one or three LIM domains. The family is comprised of CLP-36 (PDLIM1), Mystique (PDLIM2), ALP (PDLIM3), RIL (PDLIM4), ENH (PDLIM5), ZASP (PDLIM6), and Enigma (PDLIM7). In this review, we will outline the evolution and function of their protein domains which confers their versatility. Additionally, we highlight their role in different cellular environments, focusing specifically on recent advances in muscle research using Drosophila as a model organism. Finally, we show the relevance of this protein family to human myopathies and the development of muscle-related diseases.
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7
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Su YT, Chang ML, Chien RN, Liaw YF. Hepatitis C Virus Reactivation in Anti-HCV Antibody-Positive Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Following Anti-HBV Therapies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091858. [PMID: 36146665 PMCID: PMC9502903 DOI: 10.3390/v14091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) reactivation occurs and how the viral load evolves in anti-HCV antibody-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who underwent nucleos(t)ide analogue (Nuc) therapies remain unsolved. Methods: A cohort of 66 such patients was studied. Results: At the start of Nuc treatment (baseline), all patients had detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels (6.05 ± 1.88 log IU/mL), while HCV RNA levels (3.79 ± 1.43 log IU/mL) were detected (i.e., chronic hepatitis C (CHC)) in only 13 patients (19.7%). Following Nuc therapies, HBV DNA levels reached the nadirs at end of therapy (EOT) (6.05 ± 1.88 vs. 0.25 ± 0.99 log IU/mL, p < 0.0001) and relapsed at 6 months after EOT (6mEOT) at a level of 3.45 ± 2.64 log IU/mL compared with EOT (p < 0.0001). Among the 13 CHC patients, a non-significant decrease in HCV RNA was noted at EOT (3.52 ± 1.71 vs. 2.77 ± 2.63 log IU/mL, p = 0.166) but tended to decrease further at 6mEOT (2.77 ± 2.63 vs. 1.89 ± 2.06 log IU/mL, p = 0.063). Two of the thirteen CHC patients showed an increase in HCV-RNA ≥ 1 log10 IU/mL at EOT, and one of the fifty-three patients with undetectable HCV RNA at baseline (i.e., resolved past HCV infection) showed detectable HCV RNA at year 1 (3200 IU/mL) and year 2 (1240 IU/mL) following entecavir therapy. Conclusions: HCV reactivation did occur during HBV suppression, and the rate was 4.5% (3/66), 15.4% (2/13), and 1.9% (1/53), for all patients, CHC patients, and patients with resolved past HCV infection, respectively. The reverse HBV and HCV viral evolutions at 6mEOT indicate that HBV relapse may suppress HCV replication again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tse Su
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-L.C.); (Y.-F.L.); Tel.: +886-3-3281200-8107 (M.-L.C.); Fax: +886-3-3272-236 (M.-L.C.); +886-3-3282-824 (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fan Liaw
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-L.C.); (Y.-F.L.); Tel.: +886-3-3281200-8107 (M.-L.C.); Fax: +886-3-3272-236 (M.-L.C.); +886-3-3282-824 (Y.-F.L.)
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Ezeonwumelu IJ, Garcia-Vidal E, Ballana E. JAK-STAT Pathway: A Novel Target to Tackle Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122379. [PMID: 34960648 PMCID: PMC8704679 DOI: 10.3390/v13122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the antiviral innate immune response has been proposed as a putative cellular target for the development of novel pan-viral therapeutic strategies. The Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is especially relevant due to its essential role in the regulation of local and systemic inflammation in response to viral infections, being, therefore, a putative therapeutic target. Here, we review the extraordinary diversity of strategies that viruses have evolved to interfere with JAK-STAT signaling, stressing the relevance of this pathway as a putative antiviral target. Moreover, due to the recent remarkable progress on the development of novel JAK inhibitors (JAKi), the current knowledge on its efficacy against distinct viral infections is also discussed. JAKi have a proven efficacy against a broad spectrum of disorders and exhibit safety profiles comparable to biologics, therefore representing good candidates for drug repurposing strategies, including viral infections.
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Guo ZS, Qu Z. PDLIM2: Signaling pathways and functions in cancer suppression and host immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188630. [PMID: 34571051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PDZ and LIM domains-containing proteins play pivotal functions in cell cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization and differentiation. As a key member of the family, PDLIM2 regulates stability and activity of transcription factors such as NF-κB, STATs and β-catenin, and thus exert it functions in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. PDLIM2 functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple tissues and it is often genetically mutated or epigenetically silenced in human cancers derived from lung, breast, ovarian and other histologies. However, in certain types of cancers, PDLIM2 may promote cancer cell proliferation and metastases. Therefore, PDLIM2 is added to a long list of genes that can function as tumor suppressor or oncogenic protein. During tumorigenesis induced by oncogenic viruses, PDLIM2 is a key target. Through promotion of NF-κB/RelA and STAT3 degradation, PDLIM2 enhances expression of proteins involved in antigen presentation and promotes T-cell activation while repressing multidrug resistance genes, thereby rendering mutated cells susceptible to immune surveillance and cytotoxicity mediated by immune cells and chemotherapeutic drugs. Intriguingly, PDLIM2 in alveolar macrophages (AMs) plays key roles in monitoring lung tumorigenesis, as its selective genetic deletion leads to constitutive activation of STAT3, driving monocyte differentiation to AMs with pro-tumorigenic polarization and activation. PDLIM2 has also been explored as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. At the end of this review, we provide perspectives on this important molecule and discuss the future directions of both basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Mahajan S, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116356. [PMID: 34416512 PMCID: PMC8349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, periodic recurrence of viral infections, and the emergence of challenging variants has created an urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches to combat the spread of viral infections, failing to which may pose a greater risk to mankind in future. Resilience against antiviral drugs or fast evolutionary rate of viruses is stressing the scientific community to identify new therapeutic approaches for timely control of disease. Host metabolic pathways are exquisite reservoir of energy to viruses and contribute a diverse array of functions for successful replication and pathogenesis of virus. Targeting the host factors rather than viral enzymes to cease viral infection, has emerged as an alternative antiviral strategy. This approach offers advantage in terms of increased threshold to viral resistance and can provide broad-spectrum antiviral action against different viruses. The article here provides substantial review of literature illuminating the host factors and molecular mechanisms involved in innate/adaptive responses to viral infection, hijacking of signalling pathways by viruses and the intracellular metabolic pathways required for viral replication. Host-targeted drugs acting on the pathways usurped by viruses are also addressed in this study. Host-directed antiviral therapeutics might prove to be a rewarding approach in controlling the unprecedented spread of viral infection, however the probability of cellular side effects or cytotoxicity on host cell should not be ignored at the time of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Duncan CJA, Hambleton S. Human Disease Phenotypes Associated with Loss and Gain of Function Mutations in STAT2: Viral Susceptibility and Type I Interferonopathy. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1446-1456. [PMID: 34448086 PMCID: PMC8390117 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
STAT2 is distinguished from other STAT family members by its exclusive involvement in type I and III interferon (IFN-I/III) signaling pathways, and its unique behavior as both positive and negative regulator of IFN-I signaling. The clinical relevance of these opposing STAT2 functions is exemplified by monogenic diseases of STAT2. Autosomal recessive STAT2 deficiency results in heightened susceptibility to severe and/or recurrent viral disease, whereas homozygous missense substitution of the STAT2-R148 residue is associated with severe type I interferonopathy due to loss of STAT2 negative regulation. Here we review the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management of these disorders of STAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher James Arthur Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NE1 4LP, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NE1 4LP, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Suppression of JAK-STAT signaling by Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BGLF2 through recruitment of SHP1 phosphatase and promotion of STAT2 degradation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0102721. [PMID: 34319780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01027-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some lytic proteins encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) suppress host interferon (IFN) signaling to facilitate viral replication. In this study we sought to identify and characterize EBV proteins antagonizing IFN signaling. The induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by IFN-β was effectively suppressed by EBV. A functional screen was therefore performed to identify IFN-antagonizing proteins encoded by EBV. EBV tegument protein BGLF2 was identified as a potent suppressor of JAK-STAT signaling. This activity was found to be independent of its stimulatory effect on p38 and JNK pathways. Association of BGLF2 with STAT2 resulted in more pronounced K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the latter. Mechanistically, BGLF2 promoted the recruitment of SHP1 phosphatase to STAT1 to inhibit its tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, BGLF2 associated with cullin 1 E3 ubiquitin ligase to facilitate its recruitment to STAT2. Consequently, BGLF2 suppressed ISG induction by IFN-β. Furthermore, BGLF2 also suppressed type II and type III IFN signaling, although the suppressive effect on type II IFN response was milder. When pre-treated with IFN-β, host cells became less susceptible to primary infection of EBV. This phenotype was reversed when expression of BGLF2 was enforced. Finally, genetic disruption of BGLF2 in EBV led to more pronounced induction of ISGs. Taken together, our study unveils the roles of BGLF2 not only in the subversion of innate IFN response but also in lytic infection and reactivation of EBV. Importance Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV has to subvert interferon-mediated host antiviral response to replicate and cause diseases. It is therefore of great interest to identify and characterize interferon-antagonizing proteins produced by EBV. In this study we perform a screen to search for EBV proteins that suppress the action of interferons. We further show that BGLF2 protein of EBV is particularly strong in this suppression. This is achieved by inhibiting two key proteins STAT1 and STAT2 that mediate the antiviral activity of interferons. BGLF2 recruits a host enzyme to remove the phosphate group from STAT1 thereby inactivating its activity. BGLF2 also redirects STAT2 for degradation. A recombinant virus in which BGLF2 gene has been disrupted can activate host interferon response more robustly. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which EBV BGLF2 protein suppresses interferon signaling.
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Zhou P, Ma L, Rao Z, Li Y, Zheng H, He Q, Luo R. Duck Tembusu Virus Infection Promotes the Expression of Duck Interferon-Induced Protein 35 to Counteract RIG-I Antiviral Signaling in Duck Embryo Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711517. [PMID: 34335626 PMCID: PMC8320746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused a substantial drop in egg production and severe neurological disorders in domestic waterfowl. Several studies have revealed that viral proteins encoded by DTMUV antagonize host IFN-mediated antiviral responses to facilitate virus replication. However, the role of host gene expression regulated by DTMUV in innate immune evasion remains largely unknown. Here, we utilized a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics analysis of DTMUV-infected duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) to comprehensively investigate host proteins involved in DTMUV replication and innate immune response. A total of 250 differentially expressed proteins were identified from 2697 quantified cellular proteins, among which duck interferon-induced protein 35 (duIFI35) was dramatically up-regulated due to DTMUV infection in DEFs. Next, we demonstrated that duIFI35 expression promoted DTMUV replication and impaired Sendai virus-induced IFN-β production. Moreover, duIFI35 was able to impede duck RIG-I (duRIG-I)-induced IFN-β promoter activity, rather than IFN-β transcription mediated by MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, IKKϵ, and IRF7. Importantly, we found that because of the specific interaction with duIFI35, the capacity of duRIG-I to recognize double-stranded RNA was significantly impaired, resulting in the decline of duRIG-I-induced IFN-β production. Taken together, our data revealed that duIFI35 expression stimulated by DTMUV infection disrupted duRIG-I-mediated host antiviral response, elucidating a distinct function of duIFI35 from human IFI35, by which DTMUV escapes host innate immune response, and providing information for the design of antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaixiao Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation Controls Virus Protein Homeostasis, Which Is Required for Flavivirus Propagation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0223420. [PMID: 33980593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02234-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many positive-stranded RNA viruses encode polyproteins from which viral proteins are generated by processing the polyproteins. This system produces an equal amount of each viral protein, though the required amounts for each protein are not the same. In this study, we found the extra membrane-anchored nonstructural (NS) proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus are rapidly and selectively degraded by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Our gene targeting study revealed that ERAD involving Derlin2 and SEL1L, but not Derlin1, is required for the viral genome replication. Derlin2 is predominantly localized in the convoluted membrane (CM) of the viral replication organelle, and viral NS proteins are degraded in the CM. Hence, these results suggest that viral protein homeostasis is regulated by Derlin2-mediated ERAD in the CM, and this process is critical for the propagation of these viruses. IMPORTANCE The results of this study reveal the cellular ERAD system controls the amount of each viral protein in virus-infected cells and that this "viral protein homeostasis" is critical for viral propagation. Furthermore, we clarified that the "convoluted membrane (CM)," which was previously considered a structure with unknown function, serves as a kind of waste dump where viral protein degradation occurs. We also found that the Derlin2/SEL1L/HRD1-specific pathway is involved in this process, whereas the Derlin1-mediated pathway is not. This novel ERAD-mediated fine-tuning system for the stoichiometries of polyprotein-derived viral proteins may represent a common feature among polyprotein-encoding viruses.
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CNS-infecting pathogens Escherichia coli and Cryptococcus neoformans exploit the host Pdlim2 for intracellular traversal and exocytosis in the blood-brain barrier. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0012821. [PMID: 34228504 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00128-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial penetration of the blood-brain barrier, a prerequisite for development of the central nervous system (CNS) infection, involves microbial invasion, intracellular traversal and exocytosis. Microbial invasion of the blood-brain barrier has been investigated, but the molecular basis for microbial traversal and exit from the blood-brain barrier remains unknown. We performed transcriptome analysis of the human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) infected with Escherichia coli and Cryptococcus neoformans, representative bacterial and fungal pathogens common in CNS infection. Among the upregulated targets in response to E. coli and C. neoformans infection, PDLIM2 was knocked down by shRNA in HBMEC for further investigation. We demonstrated that Pdlim2 specifically regulated the microbial traversal and exit from HBMEC by assessing microbial invasion, transcytosis, intracellular multiplication and egression. Additionally, the defective exocytosis of internalized E. coli from the PDLIM2 shRNA knockdown cell was restored by treatment with a calcium ionophore (ionomycin). Moreover, we performed the proximity-dependent biotin labeling with the biotin ligase BioID2 and identified 210 potential Pdlim2-interactors. Among the nine enriched Pdlim2-interactors in response to both E. coli and C. neoformans infection, we selected MPRIP and showed that HBMEC with knockdown of MPRIP mimicked the phenotype of PDLIM2 knockdown cell. These results suggest that the CNS-infecting microbes hijack Pdlim2 and Mprip for intracellular traversal and exocytosis in the blood-brain barrier.
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Rai KR, Shrestha P, Yang B, Chen Y, Liu S, Maarouf M, Chen JL. Acute Infection of Viral Pathogens and Their Innate Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672026. [PMID: 34239508 PMCID: PMC8258165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can cause rampant disease in human beings, ranging from mild to acute, that can often be fatal unless resolved. An acute viral infection is characterized by sudden or rapid onset of disease, which can be resolved quickly by robust innate immune responses exerted by the host or, instead, may kill the host. Immediately after viral infection, elements of innate immunity, such as physical barriers, various phagocytic cells, group of cytokines, interferons (IFNs), and IFN-stimulated genes, provide the first line of defense for viral clearance. Innate immunity not only plays a critical role in rapid viral clearance but can also lead to disease progression through immune-mediated host tissue injury. Although elements of antiviral innate immunity are armed to counter the viral invasion, viruses have evolved various strategies to escape host immune surveillance to establish successful infections. Understanding complex mechanisms underlying the interaction between viruses and host’s innate immune system would help develop rational treatment strategies for acute viral infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of acute infections caused by viral pathogens and highlight broad immune escape strategies exhibited by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kul Raj Rai
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Prasha Shrestha
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bincai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Maarouf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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Hay-McCullough E, Morrison J. Contributions of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitination to Flaviviral Antagonism of Type I IFN. Viruses 2021; 13:763. [PMID: 33925296 PMCID: PMC8145522 DOI: 10.3390/v13050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses implement a broad range of antagonism strategies against the host antiviral response. A pivotal component of the early host response is production and signaling of type I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin, a prevalent cellular protein-modifying molecule, is heavily involved in the cellular regulation of this and other immune response pathways. Viruses use ubiquitin and ubiquitin machinery to antagonize various steps of these pathways through diverse mechanisms. Here, we highlight ways in which flaviviruses use or inhibit ubiquitin to antagonize the antiviral IFN-I response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
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Guo Q, Xu J, Shi Q, Wu S. PDLIM2 protects articular chondrocytes from lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis, degeneration and inflammatory injury through down-regulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106883. [PMID: 32805696 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory response-induced apoptosis and the degeneration of articular chondrocytes contribute to the development and progression of osteoarthritis. PDZ and LIM domain containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) has emerged as one of the pivotal regulators in orchestrating an inflammatory response through regulating the activity of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. However, whether PDLIM2 participates in the articular chondrocyte-associated inflammatory response in osteoarthritis remains unknown. In the current study, we aimed to explore the biological function of PDLIM2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated articular chondrocytes, an in vitro model of osteoarthritis. Herein, we found that PDLIM2 expression was significantly down-regulated in chondrocytes in response to LPS exposure. Functional experiments revealed that PDLIM2 overexpression increased the viability and decreased the apoptosis of chondrocytes following LPS treatment. Moreover, PDLIM2 overexpression attenuated LPS-induced degeneration of chondrocytes via the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 and the up-regulation of COL2A1 and ACAN. In addition, the overexpression of PDLIM2 decreased LPS-induced production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In contrast, depletion of PDLIM2 exhibited the opposite effect. Mechanism research elucidated that PDLIM2 repressed the activation of NF-κB signaling associated with the down-regulation of NF-κB p65 protein expression. PDLIM2 depletion-exacerbated LPS-induced injury was significantly reversed by NF-κB inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PDLIM2 overexpression attenuates LPS-induced injury of articular chondrocytes through the inactivation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qindong Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Zhang M, Fu M, Li M, Hu H, Gong S, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Inhibits Type I IFN Signaling Mediated by the Novel E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Activity of Viral Protein ICP22. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1281-1292. [PMID: 32699158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs play an important role in innate immunity against viral infections by inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which encode effectors with various antiviral functions. We and others previously reported that HSV type 2 (HSV-2) inhibits the synthesis of type I IFNs, but how HSV-2 suppresses IFN-mediated signaling is less understood. In the current study, after the demonstration of HSV-2 replication resistance to IFN-β treatment in human epithelial cells, we reveal that HSV-2 and the viral protein ICP22 significantly decrease the expression of ISG54 at both mRNA and protein levels. Likewise, us1 del HSV-2 (ICP22-deficient HSV-2) replication is more sensitive to IFN-β treatment, indicating that ICP22 is a vital viral protein responsible for the inhibition of type I IFN-mediated signaling. In addition, overexpression of HSV-2 ICP22 inhibits the expression of STAT1, STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), resulting in the blockade of ISG factor 3 (ISGF3) nuclear translocation, and mechanistically, this is due to ICP22-induced ubiquitination of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. HSV-2 ICP22 appears to interact with STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and several other ubiquitinated proteins. Following further biochemical study, we show that HSV-2 ICP22 functions as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to induce the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Taken together, we demonstrate that HSV-2 interferes with type I IFN-mediated signaling by degrading the proteins of ISGF3, and we identify HSV-2 ICP22 as a novel E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to induce the degradation of ISGF3. Findings in this study highlight a new mechanism by which HSV-2 circumvents the host antiviral responses through a viral E3 ubiquitin protein ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Zhang
- The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.,The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 440106, China; and
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; .,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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20
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Shi H, Ji Y, Li W, Zhong Y, Ming Z. PDLIM2 acts as a cancer suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer via the down regulation of NF-κB signaling. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101628. [PMID: 32621848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PDZ and LIM domain containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) has been identified as a vital tumor-associated gene that is aberrantly expressed in various types of tumors. Yet, the involvement of PDLIM2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is currently undetermined. The design of the current study was to evaluate whether PDLIM2 plays a role in NSCLC. We found that PDLIM2 expression was commonly decreased in NSCLC tissues. Moreover, low expression of PDLIM2 was also detected in NSCLC cell lines and demethylation treatment restored PDLIM2 expression. The re-expression of PDLIM2 impeded the proliferative, colony-forming, and invasive capabilities of NCLCL cells. In contrast, depletion of PDLIM2 markedly enhanced the malignant behaviors of NSCLC cells. Notably, PDLIM2 overexpression downregulated the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit and repressed NF-κB transcription reporter activity in NSCLC cells. The overexpression of p65 significantly reversed PDLIM2-mediated antitumor effects in NSCLC cells. Additionally, the Xenograft tumor formation assay revealed that the overexpression of PDLIM2 markedly restricted the tumor growth of NSCLC in vivo. Overall, our study confirms that PDLIM2 acts as a tumor-inhibitor in NSCLC through the inactivation of NF-κB, suggesting PDLIM2 as a candidate therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yuqiang Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zongjuan Ming
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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Evasion of Innate and Intrinsic Antiviral Pathways by the Zika Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100970. [PMID: 31652496 PMCID: PMC6833475 DOI: 10.3390/v11100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a recently emerged mosquito-borne flavivirus that, while typically asymptomatic, can cause neurological symptoms in adults and birth defects in babies born to infected mothers. The interactions of ZIKV with many different pathways in the human host ultimately determine successful virus replication and ZIKV-induced pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms of such host-ZIKV interactions have just begun to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the recent advances that defined the mechanisms by which ZIKV antagonizes antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, with a particular focus on evasion of the type I interferon response in the human host. Furthermore, we describe emerging evidence that indicated the contribution of several cell-intrinsic mechanisms to an effective restriction of ZIKV infection, such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, stress granule formation, and "reticulophagy", a type of selective autophagy. Finally, we summarize the recent work that identified strategies by which ZIKV modulated these intrinsic antiviral responses.
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