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Li S, Wang M, Van Sciver N, Szymula A, Tumuluri VS, George A, Ramachandran A, Raina K, Costa CN, Zhao B, Kazemian M, Simas JP, Kaye KM. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen broadly regulates viral gene expression and is essential for lytic infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011907. [PMID: 38232124 PMCID: PMC10793894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is a leading cause of malignancy in AIDS and current therapies are limited. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV infection can be latent or lytic. KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is essential for viral genome persistence during latent infection. LANA also maintains latency by antagonizing expression and function of the KSHV lytic switch protein, RTA. Here, we find LANA null KSHV is not capable of lytic replication, indicating a requirement for LANA. While LANA promoted both lytic and latent gene expression in cells partially permissive for lytic infection, it repressed expression in non-permissive cells. Importantly, forced RTA expression in non-permissive cells led to induction of lytic infection and LANA switched to promote, rather than repress, most lytic viral gene expression. When basal viral gene expression levels were high, LANA promoted expression, but repressed expression at low basal levels unless RTA expression was forcibly induced. LANA's effects were broad, but virus gene specific, extending to an engineered, recombinant viral GFP under control of host EF1α promoter, but not to host EF1α. Together, these results demonstrate that, in addition to its essential role in genome maintenance, LANA broadly regulates viral gene expression, and is required for high levels of lytic gene expression during lytic infection. Strategies that target LANA are expected to abolish KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mengbo Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nicholas Van Sciver
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vinayak Sadasivam Tumuluri
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Athira George
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akshaya Ramachandran
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Komal Raina
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catarina N. Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research, Palma de Cima, Portugal
| | - Bo Zhao
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J. Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research, Palma de Cima, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M. Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Spires LM, Wind E, Papp B, Toth Z. KSHV RTA utilizes the host E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40 to drive lytic reactivation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0138923. [PMID: 37888983 PMCID: PMC10688343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01389-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-causing human herpesvirus that establishes a persistent infection in humans. The lytic viral cycle plays a crucial part in lifelong infection as it is involved in the viral dissemination. The master regulator of the KSHV lytic replication cycle is the viral replication and transcription activator (RTA) protein, which is necessary and sufficient to push the virus from latency into the lytic phase. Thus, the identification of host factors utilized by RTA for controlling the lytic cycle can help to find novel targets that could be used for the development of antiviral therapies against KSHV. Using a proteomics approach, we have identified a novel interaction between RTA and the cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40, which we have shown to be necessary for promoting RTA-induced KSHV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McKenzie Spires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eleanor Wind
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bernadett Papp
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Informatics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Srivastava A, Srivastava A, Singh RK. Insight into the Epigenetics of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14955. [PMID: 37834404 PMCID: PMC10573522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming represents a series of essential events during many cellular processes including oncogenesis. The genome of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an oncogenic herpesvirus, is predetermined for a well-orchestrated epigenetic reprogramming once it enters into the host cell. The initial epigenetic reprogramming of the KSHV genome allows restricted expression of encoded genes and helps to hide from host immune recognition. Infection with KSHV is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome, and primary effusion lymphoma. The major epigenetic modifications associated with KSHV can be labeled under three broad categories: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the role of noncoding RNAs. These epigenetic modifications significantly contribute toward the latent-lytic switch of the KSHV lifecycle. This review gives a brief account of the major epigenetic modifications affiliated with the KSHV genome in infected cells and their impact on pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Srivastava
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Singh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
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4
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Schulz TF, Freise A, Stein SC. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen: more than a key mediator of viral persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101336. [PMID: 37331160 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus-8, is an oncogenic herpesvirus. Its latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is essential for the persistence of KSHV in latently infected cells. LANA mediates replication of the latent viral genome during the S phase of a dividing cell and partitions episomes to daughter cells by attaching them to mitotic chromosomes. It also mediates the establishment of latency in newly infected cells through epigenetic mechanisms and suppresses the activation of the productive replication cycle. Furthermore, LANA promotes the proliferation of infected cell by acting as a transcriptional regulator and by modulating the cellular proteome through the recruitment of several cellular ubiquitin ligases. Finally, LANA interferes with the innate and adaptive immune system to facilitate the immune escape of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany.
| | - Anika Freise
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Saskia C Stein
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 2155 RESIST, Germany
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5
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Tian H, Yu K, He L, Xu H, Han C, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Gao G, Deng H. RNF213 modulates γ-herpesvirus infection and reactivation via targeting the viral Replication and Transcription Activator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218825120. [PMID: 36917666 PMCID: PMC10041092 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218825120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) and the products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) play crucial roles in host defense against virus infections. Although many ISGs have been characterized with respect to their antiviral activity, their target specificities and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a gammaherpesvirus that is linked to several human malignancies. Here, we used the genetically and biologically related virus, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) and screened for ISGs with anti-gammaherpesvirus activities. We found that overexpression of RNF213 dramatically inhibited MHV-68 infection, whereas knockdown of endogenous RNF213 significantly promoted MHV-68 proliferation. Importantly, RNF213 also inhibited KSHV de novo infection, and depletion of RNF213 in the latently KSHV-infected iSLK-219 cell line significantly enhanced lytic reactivation. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that RNF213 targeted the Replication and Transcription Activator (RTA) of both KSHV and MHV-68, and promoted the degradation of RTA protein through the proteasome-dependent pathway. RNF213 directly interacted with RTA and functioned as an E3 ligase to ubiquitinate RTA via K48 linkage. Taken together, we conclude that RNF213 serves as an E3 ligase and inhibits the de novo infection and lytic reactivation of gammaherpesviruses by degrading RTA through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Kuai Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Liang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhui Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Xuyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
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6
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Kawasaki T, Takeda Y, Edahiro R, Shirai Y, Nogami-Itoh M, Matsuki T, Kida H, Enomoto T, Hara R, Noda Y, Adachi Y, Niitsu T, Amiya S, Yamaguchi Y, Murakami T, Kato Y, Morita T, Yoshimura H, Yamamoto M, Nakatsubo D, Miyake K, Shiroyama T, Hirata H, Adachi J, Okada Y, Kumanogoh A. Next-generation proteomics of serum extracellular vesicles combined with single-cell RNA sequencing identifies MACROH2A1 associated with refractory COVID-19. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:53. [PMID: 36451245 PMCID: PMC9709739 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is widespread; however, accurate predictors of refractory cases have not yet been established. Circulating extracellular vesicles, involved in many pathological processes, are ideal resources for biomarker exploration. METHODS To identify potential serum biomarkers and examine the proteins associated with the pathogenesis of refractory COVID-19, we conducted high-coverage proteomics on serum extracellular vesicles collected from 12 patients with COVID-19 at different disease severity levels and 4 healthy controls. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 10 patients with COVID-19 and 5 healthy controls was performed. RESULTS Among the 3046 extracellular vesicle proteins that were identified, expression of MACROH2A1 was significantly elevated in refractory cases compared to non-refractory cases; moreover, its expression was increased according to disease severity. In single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the expression of MACROH2A1 was localized to monocytes and elevated in critical cases. Consistently, single-nucleus RNA sequencing of lung tissues revealed that MACROH2A1 was highly expressed in monocytes and macrophages and was significantly elevated in fatal COVID-19. Moreover, molecular network analysis showed that pathways such as "estrogen signaling pathway," "p160 steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) signaling pathway," and "transcriptional regulation by STAT" were enriched in the transcriptome of monocytes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lungs, and they were also commonly enriched in extracellular vesicle proteomics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that MACROH2A1 in extracellular vesicles is a potential biomarker of refractory COVID-19 and may reflect the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshito Takeda
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryuya Edahiro
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuya Shirai
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Mari Nogami-Itoh
- grid.482562.fLaboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuki
- grid.416803.80000 0004 0377 7966Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8552 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- grid.416803.80000 0004 0377 7966Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8552 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Enomoto
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Reina Hara
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Noda
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuichi Adachi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takayuki Niitsu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Saori Amiya
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuta Yamaguchi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Teruaki Murakami
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kato
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Morita
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hanako Yoshimura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Makoto Yamamoto
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakatsubo
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kotaro Miyake
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takayuki Shiroyama
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Hirata
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- grid.482562.fLaboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085 Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.480536.c0000 0004 5373 4593Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Scholl A, De S. Epigenetic Regulation by Polycomb Complexes from Drosophila to Human and Its Relation to Communicable Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012285. [PMID: 36293135 PMCID: PMC9603650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all cells in the human body are made of the same DNA, these cells undergo differentiation and behave differently during development, through integration of external and internal stimuli via 'specific mechanisms.' Epigenetics is one such mechanism that comprises DNA/RNA, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs that regulate transcription without changing the genetic code. The discovery of the first Polycomb mutant phenotype in Drosophila started the study of epigenetics more than 80 years ago. Since then, a considerable number of Polycomb Group (PcG) genes in Drosophila have been discovered to be preserved in mammals, including humans. PcG proteins exert their influence through gene repression by acting in complexes, modifying histones, and compacting the chromatin within the nucleus. In this article, we discuss how our knowledge of the PcG repression mechanism in Drosophila translates to human communicable disease research.
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8
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PRC1-independent binding and activity of RYBP on the KSHV genome during de novo infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010801. [PMID: 36026503 PMCID: PMC9455864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus that causes lifelong infection in humans by establishing latency after primary infection. Latent infection is a prerequisite for both persistent infection and the development of KSHV-associated cancers. While viral lytic genes are transiently expressed after primary infection, their expression is significantly restricted and concomitant with the binding of host epigenetic repressors Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2) to lytic genes. PRC1 and PRC2 mediate the repressive histone marks H2AK119ub and H3K27me3, respectively, and maintain heterochromatin structure on KSHV lytic genes to inhibit their expression. In contrast to PRC2, little is known about the recruitment and role of PRC1 factors on the KSHV genome following de novo infection. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the function of PRC1 factors in the establishment of KSHV latency. To address this question, we performed an shRNA screen targeting 7 different components of the canonical and non-canonical PRC1 complexes during primary KSHV infection. We found that RYBP, a main subunit of the non-canonical PRC1 complexes, is a potent repressor of KSHV lytic genes that can bind to the viral genome and inhibit lytic genes as early as 4 hours post infection. Surprisingly, our ChIP analyses showed that RYBP binds to lytic viral gene promoters in a PRC1-independent manner, does not affect PRC1 activity on the KSHV genome, and can reduce the level of histone marks associated with transcription elongation. Our data also suggest that RYBP can repress the viral lytic cycle after primary infection by inhibiting the transcription elongation of the lytic cycle inducer KSHV gene RTA. Based on our results we propose that RYBP uses a PRC1-independent mechanism to block KSHV RTA expression thereby promoting the establishment of KSHV latency following de novo infection.
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9
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Kumar A, Lyu Y, Yanagihashi Y, Chantarasrivong C, Majerciak V, Salemi M, Wang KH, Inagaki T, Chuang F, Davis RR, Tepper CG, Nakano K, Izumiya C, Shimoda M, Nakajima KI, Merleev A, Zheng ZM, Campbell M, Izumiya Y. KSHV episome tethering sites on host chromosomes and regulation of latency-lytic switch by CHD4. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110788. [PMID: 35545047 PMCID: PMC9153692 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes a latent infection in the cell nucleus, but where KSHV episomal genomes are tethered and the mechanisms underlying KSHV lytic reactivation are unclear. Here, we study the nuclear microenvironment of KSHV episomes and show that the KSHV latency-lytic replication switch is regulated via viral long non-coding (lnc)RNA-CHD4 (chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4) interaction. KSHV episomes localize with CHD4 and ADNP proteins, components of the cellular ChAHP complex. The CHD4 and ADNP proteins occupy the 5'-region of the highly inducible lncRNAs and terminal repeats of the KSHV genome together with latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Viral lncRNA binding competes with CHD4 DNA binding, and KSHV reactivation sequesters CHD4 from the KSHV genome, which is also accompanied by detachment of KSHV episomes from host chromosome docking sites. We propose a model in which robust KSHV lncRNA expression determines the latency-lytic decision by regulating LANA/CHD4 binding to KSHV episomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tomoki Inagaki
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Frank Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ryan R Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Viral Oncology and Pathogen-Associated Malignancies Initiative, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kazushi Nakano
- Lifescience Division, Lifematics, Osaka, Osaka 541-0046, Japan
| | - Chie Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Viral Oncology and Pathogen-Associated Malignancies Initiative, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Alexander Merleev
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mel Campbell
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Viral Oncology and Pathogen-Associated Malignancies Initiative, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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10
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Sandhu PK, Damania B. The regulation of KSHV lytic reactivation by viral and cellular factors. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:39-47. [PMID: 34872030 PMCID: PMC8844089 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that exhibits two distinct phases of infection in the host-latent and lytic. The quiescent latent phase is defined by limited expression of a subset of viral proteins and microRNAs, and an absence of virus production. KSHV periodically reactivates from latency to undergo active lytic replication, leading to production of new infectious virions. This switch from the latent to the lytic phase requires the viral protein regulator of transcription activator (RTA). RTA, along with other virally encoded proteins, is aided by host factors to facilitate this transition. Herein, we highlight the key host proteins that are involved in mediating RTA activation and KSHV lytic replication and discuss the cellular processes in which they function. We will also focus on the modulation of viral reactivation by the innate immune system, and how KSHV influences key immune signaling pathways to aid its own lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneet Kaur Sandhu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Tan M, Li S, Juillard F, Chitas R, Custódio TF, Xue H, Szymula A, Sun Q, Liu B, Álvarez ÁL, Chen S, Huang J, Simas JP, McVey CE, Kaye KM. MLL1 is regulated by KSHV LANA and is important for virus latency. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12895-12911. [PMID: 34850113 PMCID: PMC8682764 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone methyltransferase. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a leading cause of malignancy in AIDS. KSHV latently infects tumor cells and its genome is decorated with epigenetic marks. Here, we show that KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) recruits MLL1 to viral DNA where it establishes H3K4me3 modifications at the extensive KSHV terminal repeat elements during primary infection. LANA interacts with MLL1 complex members, including WDR5, integrates into the MLL1 complex, and regulates MLL1 activity. We describe the 1.5-Å crystal structure of N-terminal LANA peptide complexed with MLL1 complex member WDR5, which reveals a potential regulatory mechanism. Disruption of MLL1 expression rendered KSHV latency establishment highly deficient. This deficiency was rescued by MLL1 but not by catalytically inactive MLL1. Therefore, MLL1 is LANA regulable and exerts a central role in virus infection. These results suggest broad potential for MLL1 regulation, including by non-host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rute Chitas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Tânia F Custódio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Han Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiming Sun
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ángel L Álvarez
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 200125 Shanghai, China
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.,Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Colin E McVey
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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De Novo Polycomb Recruitment: Lessons from Latent Herpesviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081470. [PMID: 34452335 PMCID: PMC8402699 DOI: 10.3390/v13081470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Herpesviruses persist in the form of a latent infection in specialized cell types. During latency, the herpesvirus genomes associate with cellular histone proteins and the viral lytic genes assemble into transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin. Although there is divergence in the nature of heterochromatin on latent herpesvirus genomes, in general, the genomes assemble into forms of heterochromatin that can convert to euchromatin to permit gene expression and therefore reactivation. This reversible form of heterochromatin is known as facultative heterochromatin and is most commonly characterized by polycomb silencing. Polycomb silencing is prevalent on the cellular genome and plays a role in developmentally regulated and imprinted genes, as well as X chromosome inactivation. As herpesviruses initially enter the cell in an un-chromatinized state, they provide an optimal system to study how de novo facultative heterochromatin is targeted to regions of DNA and how it contributes to silencing. Here, we describe how polycomb-mediated silencing potentially assembles onto herpesvirus genomes, synergizing what is known about herpesvirus latency with facultative heterochromatin targeting to the cellular genome. A greater understanding of polycomb silencing of herpesviruses will inform on the mechanism of persistence and reactivation of these pathogenic human viruses and provide clues regarding how de novo facultative heterochromatin forms on the cellular genome.
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13
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KDM2B Overexpression Facilitates Lytic De Novo KSHV Infection by Inducing AP-1 Activity Through Interaction with the SCF E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00331-21. [PMID: 33692209 PMCID: PMC8139688 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00331-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still largely unknown what host factors are involved in controlling the expression of the lytic viral gene RTA during primary infection, which determines if Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes latent or lytic infection. We have recently identified the histone demethylase KDM2B as a repressor of RTA expression during both de novo KSHV infection and latency based on an epigenetic factor siRNA screen. Here, we report that surprisingly, KDM2B overexpression can promote lytic de novo infection by using a mechanism that differs from what is needed for its repressor function. Our study revealed that while the DNA-binding and demethylase activities of KDM2B linked to its transcription repressive function are dispensable, its C-terminal F-box and LRR domains are required for the lytic infection-inducing function of KDM2B. We found that overexpressed KDM2B increases the half-life of the AP-1 subunit c-Jun protein and induces the AP-1 signaling pathway. This effect is dependent upon the binding of KDM2B to the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex via its F-box domain. Importantly, the inhibition of AP-1 reduces KDM2B-mediated lytic de novo KSHV infection. Overall, our findings indicate that KDM2B may induce the degradation of some host factors by using the SCF complex resulting in the enrichment of c-Jun. This leads to increased AP-1 transcriptional activity, which facilitates lytic gene expression following de novo infection interfering with the establishment of viral latency.SignificanceThe expression of epigenetic factors is often dysregulated in cancers or upon specific stress signals, which often results in a display of non-canonical functions of the epigenetic factors that are independent from their chromatin-modifying roles. We have previously demonstrated that KDM2B normally inhibits KSHV lytic cycle using its histone demethylase activity. Surprisingly, we found that KDM2B overexpression can promote lytic de novo infection, which does not require its histone demethylase or DNA-binding functions. Instead, KDM2B uses the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to induce AP-1 transcriptional activity, which promotes lytic gene expression. This is the first report that demonstrates a functional link between SFCKDM2B and AP-1 in the regulation of KSHV lytic cycle.
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14
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Brackett K, Mungale A, Lopez-Isidro M, Proctor DA, Najarro G, Arias C. CRISPR Interference Efficiently Silences Latent and Lytic Viral Genes in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:783. [PMID: 33924938 PMCID: PMC8146339 DOI: 10.3390/v13050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering viral gene functions requires the modulation of gene expression through overexpression or loss-of-function. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), a modification of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, allows specific and efficient transcriptional silencing without genetic ablation. CRISPRi has been used to silence eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes at the single-gene and genome-wide levels. Here, we report the use of CRISPRi to silence latent and lytic viral genes, with an efficiency of ~80-90%, in epithelial and B-cells carrying multiple copies of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome. Our results validate CRISPRi for the analysis of KSHV viral elements, providing a functional genomics tool for studying virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brackett
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Ameera Mungale
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Mary Lopez-Isidro
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Duncan A. Proctor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Guillermo Najarro
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Carolina Arias
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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15
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Clinical Manifestations and Epigenetic Regulation of Oral Herpesvirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040681. [PMID: 33920978 PMCID: PMC8071331 DOI: 10.3390/v13040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is often the first site where viruses interact with the human body. The oral epithelium is a major site of viral entry, replication and spread to other cell types, where chronic infection can be established. In addition, saliva has been shown as a primary route of person-to-person transmission for many viruses. From a clinical perspective, viral infection can lead to several oral manifestations, ranging from common intraoral lesions to tumors. Despite the clinical and biological relevance of initial oral infection, little is known about the mechanism of regulation of the viral life cycle in the oral cavity. Several viruses utilize host epigenetic machinery to promote their own life cycle. Importantly, viral hijacking of host chromatin-modifying enzymes can also lead to the dysregulation of host factors and in the case of oncogenic viruses may ultimately play a role in promoting tumorigenesis. Given the known roles of epigenetic regulation of viral infection, epigenetic-targeted antiviral therapy has been recently explored as a therapeutic option for chronic viral infection. In this review, we highlight three herpesviruses with known roles in oral infection, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We focus on the respective oral clinical manifestations of these viruses and their epigenetic regulation, with a specific emphasis on the viral life cycle in the oral epithelium.
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16
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Kamalakar A, McKinney JM, Salinas Duron D, Amanso AM, Ballestas SA, Drissi H, Willett NJ, Bhattaram P, García AJ, Wood LB, Goudy SL. JAGGED1 stimulates cranial neural crest cell osteoblast commitment pathways and bone regeneration independent of canonical NOTCH signaling. Bone 2021; 143:115657. [PMID: 32980561 PMCID: PMC9035226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial bone loss is a complex clinical problem with limited regenerative solutions. Currently, BMP2 is used as a bone-regenerative therapy in adults, but in pediatric cases of bone loss, it is not FDA-approved due to concerns of life-threatening inflammation and cancer. Development of a bone-regenerative therapy for children will transform our ability to reduce the morbidity associated with current autologous bone grafting techniques. We discovered that JAGGED1 (JAG1) induces cranial neural crest (CNC) cell osteoblast commitment during craniofacial intramembranous ossification, suggesting that exogenous JAG1 delivery is a potential craniofacial bone-regenerative approach. In this study, we found that JAG1 delivery using synthetic hydrogels containing O9-1 cells, a CNC cell line, into critical-sized calvarial defects in C57BL/6 mice provided robust bone-regeneration. Since JAG1 signals through canonical (Hes1/Hey1) and non-canonical (JAK2) NOTCH pathways in CNC cells, we used RNAseq to analyze transcriptional pathways activated in CNC cells treated with JAG1 ± DAPT, a NOTCH-canonical pathway inhibitor. JAG1 upregulated expression of multiple NOTCH canonical pathway genes (Hes1), which were downregulated in the presence of DAPT. JAG1 also induced bone chemokines (Cxcl1), regulators of cytoskeletal organization and cell migration (Rhou), signaling targets (STAT5), promoters of early osteoblast cell proliferation (Prl2c2, Smurf1 and Esrra), and, inhibitors of osteoclasts (Id1). In the presence of DAPT, expression levels of Hes1 and Cxcl1 were decreased, whereas, Prl2c2, Smurf1, Esrra, Rhou and Id1 remain elevated, suggesting that JAG1 induces osteoblast proliferation through these non-canonical genes. Pathway analysis of JAG1 + DAPT-treated CNC cells revealed significant upregulation of multiple non-canonical pathways, including the cell cycle, tubulin pathway, regulators of Runx2 initiation and phosphorylation of STAT5 pathway. In total, our data show that JAG1 upregulates multiple pathways involved in osteogenesis, independent of the NOTCH canonical pathway. Moreover, our findings suggest that JAG1 delivery using a synthetic hydrogel, is a bone-regenerative approach with powerful translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay M McKinney
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Cell Biology, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nick J Willett
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Cell Biology, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Andrés J García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, USA; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Levi B Wood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Steven L Goudy
- Department of Otolaryngology, USA; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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17
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Campbell M, Yang WS, Yeh WW, Kao CH, Chang PC. Epigenetic Regulation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32508765 PMCID: PMC7248258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that infects humans and exhibits a biphasic life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Following entry into host cells, the KSHV genome undergoes circularization and chromatinization into an extrachromosomal episome ultimately leading to the establishment of latency. The KSHV episome is organized into distinct chromatin domains marked by variations in repressive or activating epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation. Thus, the development of KSHV latency is believed to be governed by epigenetic regulation. In the past decade, interrogation of the KSHV epitome by genome-wide approaches has revealed a complex epigenetic mark landscape across KSHV genome and has uncovered the important regulatory roles of epigenetic modifications in governing the development of KSHV latency. Here, we highlight many of the findings regarding the role of DNA methylation, histone modification, post-translational modification (PTM) of chromatin remodeling proteins, the contribution of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating KSHV latency development, and the role of higher-order episomal chromatin architecture in the maintenance of latency and the latent-to-lytic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Campbell
- UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wan-Shan Yang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayne W Yeh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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