1
|
Leitão TDMJS, Rodrigues NBS, Farias LABG, Henn GADL, Mota RS, Costa RDS, Damasceno LS. Histoplasmosis in non-immunosuppressed patients from an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae059. [PMID: 38970370 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Differently from immunocompromised patients, very little information is available in the literature regarding the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and outcomes of histoplasmosis in non-immunosuppressed individuals living in endemic areas. This retrospective case series study was carried out by reviewing the medical records of non-immunocompromised patients with histoplasmosis, residents in a hyperendemic area in northeastern Brazil, between 2011 and 2022. Thirty HIV-negative patients were identified with histoplasmosis, and 19 cases met the inclusion criteria: three had acute, five subacute and one chronic pulmonary forms; two with mediastinal picture and eight had disseminated disease (two with severe symptoms). The median age of our sample was 32.7 years old [interquartile range: 24-45]. Most of the patients were male (male-to-female ratio = 15:4) and resided in the state capital (n = 9). The majority had a previous history of exposure to well-known risk factors for Histoplasma infection. Pulmonary nodules were observed in all subacute form, two patients (acute and subacute forms) were initially treated empirically for pulmonary tuberculosis; one death was registered in the subacute form. The chronic pulmonary form of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in one patient only after the symptoms persisted despite specific treatment. The primary clinical manifestations of the moderate form of DH were enlarged lymph nodes, with histopathology being the main diagnostic method. The cases were detected as isolated occurrences and not as an outbreak, suggesting that exposure to Histoplasma can be more widespread than presumed. Despite the self-limiting nature of the disease, death can occur even in previously heathy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva Leitão
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Postal code 60441-750, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Postal code 60455-610, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Postal code 60441-750, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Postal code 60455-610, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Salani Mota
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Postal code 60441-750, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Sousa Costa
- Fundação de Ciência e Pesquisa Maria Ione Xerez Vasconcelos - FUNCIPE, Postal code 60040-430, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Serra Damasceno
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Postal code 60441-750, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Postal code 60455-610, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dao A, Kim HY, Halliday CL, Oladele R, Rickerts V, Govender MMed NP, Shin JH, Heim J, Ford NP, Nahrgang SA, Gigante V, Beardsley J, Sati H, Morrissey CO, Alffenaar JW, Alastruey-Izquierdo A. Histoplasmosis: A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization of a fungal priority pathogens list. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae039. [PMID: 38935903 PMCID: PMC11210611 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis, a significant mycosis primarily prevalent in Africa, North and South America, with emerging reports globally, poses notable health challenges, particularly in immunocompromised individuals such as people living with HIV/AIDS and organ transplant recipients. This systematic review, aimed at informing the World Health Organization's Fungal Priority Pathogens List, critically examines literature from 2011 to 2021 using PubMed and Web of Science, focusing on the incidence, mortality, morbidity, antifungal resistance, preventability, and distribution of Histoplasma. We also found a high prevalence (22%-44%) in people living with HIV, with mortality rates ranging from 21% to 53%. Despite limited data, the prevalence of histoplasmosis seems stable, with lower estimates in Europe. Complications such as central nervous system disease, pulmonary issues, and lymphoedema due to granuloma or sclerosis are noted, though their burden remains uncertain. Antifungal susceptibility varies, particularly against fluconazole (MIC: ≥32 mg/l) and caspofungin (MICs: 4-32 mg/l), while resistance to amphotericin B (MIC: 0.125-0.16 mg/l), itraconazole (MICs: 0.004-0.125 mg/l), and voriconazole (MICs: 0.004-0.125 mg/l) remains low. This review identifies critical knowledge gaps, underlining the need for robust, globally representative surveillance systems to better understand and combat this fungal threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiken Dao
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah Yejin Kim
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rita Oladele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Nelesh P Govender MMed
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jong-Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jutta Heim
- Scientific Advisory Committee, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nathan Paul Ford
- Department of HIV, Viral Hepatitis and STIs, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Saskia Andrea Nahrgang
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme, World Health Organization European Office, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valeria Gigante
- AMR Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justin Beardsley
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hatim Sati
- AMR Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Orla Morrissey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan-Willem Alffenaar
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Menezes MLP, Cruz KS, Ogusku MM, da Silva BKNI, Alves MJ, Grisolia ME, Gonçalves MJF, de Souza JVB, Jackisch-Matsuura AB. Histoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients in Amazonas, Northern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1331-1337. [PMID: 38368282 PMCID: PMC11153426 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is commonly observed in AIDS patients as a neglected opportunistic disease that has an important relationship with environmental factors. The present study described the clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis in a tertiary healthcare facility in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and evaluated the patients' homes and urban environmental samples as a source of exposure to Histoplasma capsulatum. A review of medical records from 2017 to 2019 of patients with HIV/AIDS associated with histoplasmosis was carried out, as well as the collection of environmental samples in the homes of these patients. These samples were subjected to DNA extraction and then subjected to qPCR. A total of 62 patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and histoplasmosis were identified, which corresponds to 4.5% (n = 62/1372) of the HIV/AIDS cases detected in the period. Of these, 68% (n = 42/62) were male, with a mean age of 36 years and low education. In 47% (n = 29/62) of the cases, the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and histoplasmosis occurred simultaneously. Mortality was 45% (n = 28/62), and 68% (n = 42/62) of these patients did not regularly use highly active antiretroviral therapy. The main symptoms found were respiratory, gastrointestinal, and weight loss, and in 81% (n = 50/62), the place of residence was in an urban area. A total of 57 environmental samples were analyzed, and the presence of Histoplasma capsulatum was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. There was a high mortality rate in the studied group of patients with AIDS and histoplasmosis. Most patients reported residing in urban areas of Manaus, with no history of travel to other areas previously known as being high risk for histoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Larissa Pereira de Menezes
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia Com Importância Para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Condições de Vida E Situações de Saúde Na Amazônia (PPGVIDA) - ILMD/FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Katia Santana Cruz
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Morishi Ogusku
- Laboratório de Micobacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Marla Jalene Alves
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia Com Importância Para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Grisolia
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia Com Importância Para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ani Beatriz Jackisch-Matsuura
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia Com Importância Para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aissaoui H, Bourne-Watrin M, Lemarie B, Guillot G, Aboikoni A, Chhorn P, Gaudard D, Hadj-Amara G, Manasse R, Ouedraogo M, Salloum C, Demar M, Epelboin L, Kallel H, Adenis A, Nacher M, Drak Alsibai K, Louvel D. Histoplasmosis in Non-HIV Infected Patients: Another Neglected Infection in French Guiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:400. [PMID: 38921386 PMCID: PMC11205039 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Only a few studies on histoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients have been reported in French Guiana. Therefore, we conducted a detailed clinical description of hospitalized patients suffering with histoplasmosis among non-HIV patients. (2) Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study conducted at Cayenne Hospital Center between 2008 and 2022. (3) Results: Our cohort was composed of 31 (91%) adults (>18 years of age) and 3 (9%) children, with a sex ratio, M:F, of 1:2. The median age was higher among the women than among the men (70 versus 54 years). The collection of respiratory samples constituted the majority of the performed examinations (38%). Fever (>37 °C) was found in 56% of patients. Surprisingly, the histoplasmosis was disseminated in 82% of patients with an overall case fatality rate of 14.7%. However, immunosuppressive conditions were found in 52% (16/31) of the adult patients, including lymphoid hemopathies, diabetes and immunosuppressive drugs. Conclusions: This disease, though rare and usually considered a mostly benign disease in non-HIV patients, presented a relatively high mortality rate in our cohort. Thus, histoplasmosis should be suspected, screened and investigated as a first line of defense in highly endemic areas, even in immunocompetent and non-HIV patients, especially those with fever or chronic respiratory symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houari Aissaoui
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Morgane Bourne-Watrin
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (UMIT), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.B.-W.); (L.E.)
| | - Benoit Lemarie
- Pneumology Department, Cochin University Hospital AP-HP, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Genevieve Guillot
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Alolia Aboikoni
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Dana Gaudard
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Ghazi Hadj-Amara
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (G.H.-A.); (R.M.)
| | - Ricardo Manasse
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (G.H.-A.); (R.M.)
| | - Mahamado Ouedraogo
- Laboratory of Mycology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Charles Salloum
- Department of Orthopidic Surgery and Neurosurgery, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana;
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory of Mycology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (UMIT), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (M.B.-W.); (L.E.)
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensif Care Unit, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Amazin PopHealth, Departement of Research and Innovation in Public Health (DRISP), Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (A.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Amazin PopHealth, Departement of Research and Innovation in Public Health (DRISP), Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (A.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (G.H.-A.); (R.M.)
- Amazin PopHealth, Departement of Research and Innovation in Public Health (DRISP), Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (A.A.); (M.N.)
- Center of Biological Resources (CRB Amazonie), Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97306, French Guiana
| | - Dominique Louvel
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology and Gastroenterology Units, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana; (H.A.); (G.G.); (A.A.); (D.G.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woittiez L, Vestjens S, Mawie T, IJzerman E, Haas PJ, Hagen F, Roosblad J, Leopold S, van Schagen MD, van Vugt M, Vreden S. Improving disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosis in HIV/AIDS patients in Suriname: The role of a urine lateral flow assay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012272. [PMID: 38941354 PMCID: PMC11239104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a frequent cause of infections in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study introduces the application of a Histoplasma capsulatum urine antigen lateral flow assay (LFA) for diagnosing disseminated histoplasmosis in PLWHA in Suriname. The LFA's diagnostic accuracy was compared with the current diagnostic approach, aiming to assess whether this test resulted in improved early detection and management. Additionally, the prevalence of histoplasmosis among advanced stage HIV patients without clinical suspicion of infection was evaluated using the same LFA. In total, 98 patients were included in the study, of which 58 were classified as "possible disseminated histoplasmosis (DH)" based on clinical criteria and 40 as "controls". Of these possible DH cases, only 19 (32.7%) had a positive LFA. During the study, decisions for treatment were made without the treating physician being aware of the LFA result. Only 55% of the patients who started treatment for histoplasmosis based on clinical criteria had a positive LFA, and 21% of untreated patients had a positive LFA. This study shows that combining clinical signs with LFA results enhances diagnostic accuracy and is cost effective, resulting in better treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lycke Woittiez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vestjens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Terrence Mawie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Ed IJzerman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Roosblad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Stije Leopold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michèle van Vugt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Vreden
- Foundation for the advancement of Scientific Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nacher M, Lucarelli A, Van-Melle A, Basurko C, Rabier S, Chroum M, Santana T, Verin K, Bienvenu K, El Guedj M, Vaz T, Cisse H, Epelboin L, Le Turnier P, Abboud P, Djossou F, Pradinaud R, Adenis A, Couppié P. Forty Years of HIV Research in French Guiana: Comprehend to Combat. Pathogens 2024; 13:459. [PMID: 38921756 PMCID: PMC11206598 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The drivers of the HIV epidemic, the viruses, the opportunistic infections, the attitudes and the resources allocated to the fight against HIV/AIDS, vary substantially across countries. French Guiana, at the crossroads between Amazonian South America and the Caribbean, constitutes a singular context with poor populations and rich country health funding, which has allowed researchers to gather lots of information on the particulars of our epidemic. We aimed to focus on the little known story of forty years of HIV research in French Guiana and emphasize how local research intertwined with public health action has yielded continuous progress, despite the difficult social conditions of the affected population. We searched Web of Science and associated local experts who worked through much of the epidemic in selecting the most meaningful products of local research for clinical and public health outcomes in French Guiana. Research tools and facilities included, from 1991 onwards, the HIV hospital cohort and the HIV-histoplasmosis cohort. Ad hoc studies funded by the ANRS or the European Regional Development fund shed light on vulnerable groups. The cumulative impact of prospective routine collection and focused efforts has yielded a breadth of knowledge, allowing for informed decisions and the adaptation of prevention, testing and care in French Guiana. After this overview, we emphasize that the close integration of research and public health was crucial in adapting interventions to the singular context of French Guiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
- Département Formation Recherche en Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aude Lucarelli
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Astrid Van-Melle
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
| | - Célia Basurko
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
| | - Sébastien Rabier
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Malorie Chroum
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Thiago Santana
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Karine Verin
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Ketty Bienvenu
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Myriam El Guedj
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Tania Vaz
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Hawa Cisse
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Paul Le Turnier
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Philippe Abboud
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Félix Djossou
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Roger Pradinaud
- Service de Dermatologie Vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
- Département Formation Recherche en Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Département Formation Recherche en Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Service de Dermatologie Vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nacher M, Françoise U, Adenis A. ChatGPT neglects a neglected disease. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e76. [PMID: 38211603 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- CIC Inserm 1424, Amazonian Institute of Population Health, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Ugo Françoise
- CIC Inserm 1424, Amazonian Institute of Population Health, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Adenis
- CIC Inserm 1424, Amazonian Institute of Population Health, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bourne-Watrin M, Adenis A, Doppelt G, Zappa M, Epelboin L, Nacher M, Bigot J, Drak Alsibai K, Blaizot R, Blanchet D, Demar M, Guillot G, Djossou F, Couppié P. Pulmonary Histoplasmosis in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in French Guiana: Clinical Epidemiology, Medical Imaging and Prognostic. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1065-1078. [PMID: 37839020 PMCID: PMC10687118 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histoplasmosis is mainly described as a disseminated disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Compared to historical descriptions in immunocompetent individuals, knowledge is lacking on the detailed clinical and radiological findings and outcomes of pulmonary histoplasmosis (PH). Overlooked or misdiagnosed with other AIDS-defining condition, prognostic of PLHIV may be at risk because of inappropriate care. METHODS A retrospective multicentric study was conducted in PLHIV from French Guiana between January 1988 and October 2019. Proven PH were documented through mycological direct examination, culture, or histology. Patients with concomitant respiratory infections were excluded. RESULTS Among 65 patients, sex ratio M:F was 2.4 with a median age of 39 years [IQR 25-75%: 34-44]. Median CD4 count was 24 cells/mm3 [11-71], with histoplasmosis as the AIDS-defining condition in 88% and concomitant AIDS-defining conditions in 29%. Clinical findings were fever (89%), cough (58%), dyspnea (35%), expectoration (14%), and hemoptysis (5%). Sixty-one X-rays and 24 CT-scans were performed. On X-rays, an interstitial lung disease was mainly found (77%). On CT-scans, a nodular pattern was predominant (83%): mostly miliary disease (63%), but also excavated nodules (35%). Consolidations were present in 46%, associated with miliary disease in 21%. Thoracic lymphadenopathies were found in 58%, mainly hilar and symmetric (33%). Despite antifungal treatment, case-fatality rate at one month was 22%. CONCLUSION When faced with an interstitial lung disease on X-rays or a miliary pattern on CT-scans in advanced PLHIV, physicians in endemic areas, apart from tuberculosis or pneumocystosis, should include histoplasmosis as part of their differential diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bourne-Watrin
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénérologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France.
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Gary Doppelt
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Magaly Zappa
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Jeanne Bigot
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Saint Antoine APHP, Paris, France
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénérologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Geneviève Guillot
- Service de Médecine B, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Félix Djossou
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénérologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pasqualotto AC, Lana DD, Godoy CSM, Leitão TDMJS, Bay MB, Damasceno LS, Soares RBA, Kist R, Silva LR, Wiltgen D, Melo M, Guimarães TF, Guimarães MR, Vechi HT, de Mesquita JRL, Monteiro GRDG, Adenis A, Bahr NC, Spec A, Boulware DR, Israelski D, Chiller T, Falci DR. Single High Dose of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS-Related Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1126-1132. [PMID: 37232940 PMCID: PMC10573726 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histoplasmosis is a major AIDS-defining illness in Latin America. Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is the drug of choice for treatment, but access is restricted due to the high drug and hospitalization costs of the conventional long regimens. METHODS Prospective randomized multicenter open-label trial of 1- or 2-dose induction therapy with L-AmB versus control for disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS, followed by oral itraconazole therapy. We randomized subjects to: (i) single dose 10 mg/kg of L-AmB; (ii) 10 mg/kg of L-AmB on D1, and 5 mg/kg of L-AmB on D3; (iii) 3 mg/kg of L-AmB daily for 2 weeks (control). The primary outcome was clinical response (resolution of fever and signs/symptoms attributable to histoplasmosis) at day 14. RESULTS A total of 118 subjects were randomized, and median CD4+ counts, and clinical presentations were similar between arms. Infusion-related toxicity, kidney toxicity at multiple time-points, and frequency of anemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and liver toxicity were similar. Day 14 clinical response was 84% for single-dose L-AmB, 69% 2-dose L-AmB, and 74% for control arm (P = .69). Overall survival on D14 was 89.0% (34/38) for single-dose L-AmB, 78.0% (29/37) for 2-dose L-AmB, and 92.1% (35/38) for control arm (P = .82). CONCLUSIONS One day induction therapy with 10 mg/kg of L-AmB in AIDS-related histoplasmosis was safe. Although clinical response may be non-inferior to standard L-AmB therapy, a confirmatory phase III clinical trial is needed. A single induction dose would markedly reduce drug-acquisition costs (>4-fold) and markedly shorten and simplify treatment, which are key points in terms of increased access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro C Pasqualotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Services, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiane Dalla Lana
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cassia S M Godoy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Doenças Tropicais, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva Leitão
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Monica B Bay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases Service, Giselda Trigueiro Hospital and Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Serra Damasceno
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Renata B A Soares
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Doenças Tropicais, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Roger Kist
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Services, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa R Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denusa Wiltgen
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Services, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marineide Melo
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hareton T Vechi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jacó R L de Mesquita
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina de G Monteiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases Service, Giselda Trigueiro Hospital and Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane Inserm CIC1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Andrej Spec
- Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dennis Israelski
- International Medical Affairs, Global Patient Solutions, Gilead Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Diego R Falci
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cornell TR, Thomas LF, Cook EAJ, Pinchbeck G, Bettridge J, Gordon L, Kivali V, Kiyong’a A, Fèvre EM, Scantlebury CE. Evidence of Histoplasma capsulatum seropositivity and exploration of risk factors for exposure in Busia county, western Kenya: Analysis of the PAZ dataset. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011295. [PMID: 37172015 PMCID: PMC10180684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recognition of histoplasmosis as a disease of national public health concern in Kenya, the burden of Histoplasma capsulatum in the general population remains unknown. This study examined the human seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody and explored associations between seropositivity and demographic and environmental variables, in Busia county, western Kenya. METHODOLOGY Biobanked serum samples and associated data, from a previous cross-sectional survey, were examined. Latex agglutination tests to detect the presence of anti-Histoplasma antibody were performed on serum samples from 670 survey respondents, representing 178 households within 102 sub-locations. Potential epidemiologic risk factors for H. capsulatum exposure were explored using multi-level multivariable logistic regression analysis with household and sub-location included as random effects. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The apparent sample seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody was 15.5% (n = 104/670, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 12.9-18.5%). A multivariable logistic regression model identified increased odds of H. capsulatum seropositivity in respondents reporting rats within the household within the previous 12 months (OR = 2.99 90% CI 1.04-8.55, p = 0.04). Compared to respondents aged 25-34 years, the odds of seropositivity were higher in respondents aged 15-24 years (OR = 2.70 90% CI 1.04-6.97, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence result provides a baseline for sample size approximations for future epidemiologic studies of the burden of H. capsulatum exposure in Busia county. The final model explored theoretically plausible risk factors for H. capsulatum exposure in the region. A number of factors may contribute to the complex epidemiological picture impacting H. capsulatum exposure status at the human-animal-environment interface in western Kenya. Focussed H. capsulatum research is warranted to determine the contextual significance of identified associations, and in representative sample populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Rose Cornell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Francesca Thomas
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Bettridge
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lauren Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Maurice Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claire Elizabeth Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Santos AS, Borges Dos Anjos LR, Costa VAF, Freitas VAQ, Zara ALDSA, Costa CR, Neves BJ, Silva MDRR. In silico-chemogenomic repurposing of new chemical scaffolds for histoplasmosis treatment. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101363. [PMID: 36842411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histoplasmosis is a systemic form of endemic mycosis to the American continent and may be lethal to people living with HIV/AIDS. The drugs available for treating histoplasmosis are limited, costly, and highly toxic. New drug development is time-consuming and costly; hence, drug repositioning is an advantageous strategy for discovering new therapeutic options. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to identify drugs that can be repositioned for treating histoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. METHODS Homologous proteins among Histoplasma capsulatum strains were selected and used to search for homologous targets in the DrugBank and Therapeutic Target Database. Essential genes were selected using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, and functional regions of the therapeutic targets were analyzed. The antifungal activity of the selected drugs was verified, and homology modeling and molecular docking were performed to verify the interactions between the drugs with low inhibitory concentration values and their corresponding targets. RESULTS We selected 149 approved drugs with potential activity against histoplasmosis, among which eight were selected for evaluating their in vitro activity. For drugs with low minimum inhibitory concentration values, such as mebendazole, everolimus, butenafine, and bifonazole, molecular docking studies were performed. A chemogenomic framework revealed lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, squalene monooxygenase, serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR, and the β-4B tubulin chain of H. capsulatum, respectively, as the protein targets of the drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our strategy can be used to identify promising antifungal targets, and drugs with repositioning potential for treating H. capsulatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Santana Santos
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Rodrigues Costa
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics (LabChem), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Establishing the proportion of severe/moderately severe vs mild cases of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with HIV. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010856. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis remains a major but neglected cause of death among patients with advanced HIV. Recently, aiming to reduce avoidable deaths, the Pan American Health Organization issued the first diagnosis and treatment guidelines for HIV-associated histoplasmosis. But what proportion of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients is severe is currently not known. Because this proportion influences treatment needs, we aimed to estimate this in a cohort of 416 patients in French Guiana.
Methods
We used the definition in the recent PAHO/WHO guidelines for severity. We used regression modelling to predict the impact of CD4 count on the proportion of severe cases. In a territory where treatment cost is not a limiting factor and where histoplasmosis is well known, we assumed that clinicians’ initial treatment reflected their perception about the severity of the case and therefore, the needs for different treatments.
Results
Using these definitions, since the beginning, there were 274 (65.9%) severe/moderately severe cases and 142 (34.1%) mild cases. In practice 186 cases were treated with deoxycholate or liposomal amphotericin B (44.7%) and 230 (55.3%) cases treated with itraconazole as first line treatment. The Kappa concordance measure between the guideline definition and the actual treatment given was 0.22. There was a 9% risk difference for death within 30 days of antifungal treatment initiation between severe/moderately severe and mild cases. Over threequarters (77%) of early deaths were attributed to severe/moderately severe cases.
Conclusions
This is the only rigorous estimate of the proportion of severe/moderately severe cases of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in symptomatic HIV patients on the largest published cohort. These numbers may help defend budget needs for rapid diagnostic tests and liposomal amphotericin B.
Collapse
|
13
|
Almeida-Paes R, Bernardes-Engemann AR, da Silva Motta B, Pizzini CV, de Abreu Almeida M, de Medeiros Muniz M, Dias RAB, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Immunologic Diagnosis of Endemic Mycoses. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8100993. [PMID: 36294558 PMCID: PMC9605100 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, sporotrichosis, talaromycosis, adiaspiromycosis, and emergomycosis are mostly caused by geographically limited thermally dimorphic fungi (except for cryptococcosis), and their diagnoses can be challenging. Usual laboratory methods involved in endemic mycoses diagnosis include microscopic examination and culture of biological samples; however, serologic, histopathologic, and molecular techniques have been implemented in the last few years for the diagnosis of these mycoses since the recovery and identification of their etiologic agents is time-consuming and lacks in sensitivity. In this review, we focus on the immunologic diagnostic methods related to antibody and antigen detection since their evidence is presumptive diagnosis, and in some mycoses, such as cryptococcosis, it is definitive diagnosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Osaigbovo II, Bongomin F. Point of care tests for invasive fungal infections: a blueprint for increasing availability in Africa. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211034266. [PMID: 34422265 PMCID: PMC8371725 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211034266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) such as cryptococcosis, disseminated histoplasmosis, and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in Africa. Lack of laboratory infrastructure and laboratory personnel trained in diagnostic mycology hamper prompt detection and management of IFIs on the continent. Point-of-care tests (POCT) obviate the need for complex infrastructure, skilled technicians, and stable electricity and have had major impacts on the diagnosis of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections in low- and middle-income countries. Over the last 10 years, POCTs for IFIs have become increasingly available and they have the potential to revolutionize the management of these infections if scaled up in Africa. At the beginning of 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Diagnostic List (EDL) included a cryptococcal antigen test for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis, Histoplasma antigen test for the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis, and Aspergillus-specific test for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. All of these are available in formats that may be used as POCTs and it is hoped that this will improve the diagnosis of these life-threatening IFIs, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This perspective review discusses commercially available POCTs and outlines strategies of a blueprint to achieve their roll-out in Africa. The strategies include raising awareness, conducting research that uncovers the exact burden of IFIs, increasing advocacy, integrating diagnosis of IFIs into existing public health programs, adoption of the WHO EDL at country levels, and improving logistics and supply chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iriagbonse Iyabo Osaigbovo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hoyos Pulgarin JA, Alzate Piedrahita JA, Moreno Gómez GA, Sierra Palacio JF, Ordoñez KM, Arias Ramos D. Closing gaps in histoplasmosis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with probable/histoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS hospitalized patients, a retrospective cross-sectional study in two tertiary centers in Pereira, Colombia. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:51. [PMID: 34384448 PMCID: PMC8358261 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV pandemic continues to cause a high burden of morbidity and mortality due to delayed diagnosis. Histoplasmosis is prevalent in Latin America and Colombia, is difficult to diagnose and has a high mortality. Here we determined the clinical characteristics and risk factors of histoplasmosis in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Pereira, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study (2014-2019) involving two tertiary medical centers in Pereira, Colombia. People hospitalized with HIV were included. Histoplasma antigen detection was performed in urine samples. Probable histoplasmosis was defined according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group criteria. RESULTS 172 HIV-infected patients were analyzed. Histoplasmosis was confirmed in 29% (n = 50/172) of patients. The logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for histoplasmosis were pancytopenia (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.6-10.3, P = 0.002), < 50 CD4 + cells/μL (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.3, P = 0.006) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels > 46 IU/L (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-8, P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Histoplasmosis is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients with HIV in Pereira, Colombia. The clinical findings are nonspecific, but there are some clinical abnormalities that can lead to suspicion of the disease, early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Urine antigen detection is useful for diagnosis, but is not widely available. An algorithmic approach is proposed for low-resource clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Andrés Hoyos Pulgarin
- Infectious Diseases, Pereira, Colombia.
- Internal Medicine Physician, Pereira, Colombia.
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.
| | - John Alexander Alzate Piedrahita
- Internal Medicine Physician, Pereira, Colombia
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- San Jorge University Hospital, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - German Alberto Moreno Gómez
- Public Health Doctor, Pereira, Colombia
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- San Jorge University Hospital, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Juan Felipe Sierra Palacio
- General Physician, Pereira, Colombia
- San Jorge University Hospital, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Karen Melissa Ordoñez
- Infectious Diseases, Pereira, Colombia
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- San Jorge University Hospital, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Deving Arias Ramos
- Internal Medicine Physician, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is one of the commonest endemic mycoses in the Americas yet is often underdiagnosed and neglected as a public health priority. This review outlines the evolving understanding of its epidemiology and the clinical syndromes of histoplasmosis, in addition to up-to-date diagnostic and treatment guidelines. A focus on histoplasmosis in advanced HIV is included. The challenges pertinent to histoplasmosis management in Latin America, with recommendations made through international expert consensus are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Araúz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Suite, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, London, UB1 3HW, UK; Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Santo Tomas, Avenida Balboa, Panama City, Panama
| | - Padmasayee Papineni
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Santo Tomas, Avenida Balboa, Panama City, Panama.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cachera L, Adenis A, Guarmit B, Rabier S, Couppié P, Djossou F, Epelboin L, Melzani A, Abboud P, Blanchet D, Demar M, Alsibai KD, Nacher M. Invasive Fungal Infections in Persons Living with HIV in an Amazonian Context: French Guiana, 2009-2019. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060421. [PMID: 34072190 PMCID: PMC8228128 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the burden of histoplasmosis in patients with advanced HIV has been the focus of detailed estimations, knowledge about invasive fungal infections in patients living with HIV in an Amazonian context is somewhat scattered. Our goal was thus to adopt a broader view integrating all invasive fungal infections diagnosed over a decade in French Guiana. All patients hospitalized at Cayenne hospital from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018 with a proven diagnosis of invasive fungal infection were included (N = 227). Histoplasmosis was the most common (48.2%), followed by Cryptococcus infection (26.3%), and pneumocystosis (12.5%). For cryptococcal infection, there was a discordance between the actual diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis n = (26) and the isolated presence of antigen in the serum (n = 46). Among the latter when the information was available (n = 34), 21(65.6%) were treated with antifungals but not coded as cryptococcocosis. Most fungal infections were simultaneous to the discovery of HIV (38%) and were the AIDS-defining event (66%). The proportion of major invasive fungal infections appeared to remain stable over the course of the study, with a clear predominance of documented H. capsulatum infections. Until now, the focus of attention has been histoplasmosis, but such attention should not overshadow other less-studied invasive fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Cachera
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France;
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.A.); (L.E.)
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.A.); (L.E.)
- Département Formation Recherche, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.C.); (F.D.); (M.D.)
- Corevih Guyane, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (B.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Basma Guarmit
- Corevih Guyane, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (B.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sébastien Rabier
- Corevih Guyane, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (B.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Département Formation Recherche, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.C.); (F.D.); (M.D.)
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Felix Djossou
- Département Formation Recherche, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.C.); (F.D.); (M.D.)
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.A.); (L.E.)
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Alessia Melzani
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Philippe Abboud
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Magalie Demar
- Département Formation Recherche, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.C.); (F.D.); (M.D.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Tropical Biome and Immuno Pathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Service d’Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.A.); (L.E.)
- Département Formation Recherche, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.C.); (F.D.); (M.D.)
- Corevih Guyane, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (B.G.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuate MPN, Nyasa R, Mandengue C, Tendongfor N, Bongomin F, Denning DW. Screening for acute disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV disease using urinary antigen detection enzyme immunoassay: A pilot study in Cameroon. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 185:106226. [PMID: 33878445 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute disseminated histoplasmosis (ADH) is an AIDS-defining illness and reported in Cameroon, but there are few data about its incidence. Between June and August 2019, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to screen for histoplasmosis in a population of adults with HIV infection, irrespective of their CD4 T-cell counts, using Histoplasma urine antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and histoplasmin skin test. Of the 138 participants screened, 36 (26%) had detectable antigen in urine, using an OD cut off of 0.045. Skin lesions were present in two (6%) cases. Of 39 patients tested for histoplasmin skin test positivity, one was positive. Histoplasma antigenuria was associated with a positive history of chest infection (Odds ratio: 3.632, 95% confidence interval: 1.635-8.071, p= 0.001). As 30 (21.7%) of titres were between 0.045 (the current cut off) and 0.25, the cut off may need adjustment in Cameroon, using disease confirmation with alternative, highly sensitive diagnostic approaches such as PCR and bone marrow examination. H. capsulatum infection appears to be common among HIV-infected patients attending outpatient clinics at the Buea Regional Hospital. There is an acute need to improve awareness and management of HIV patients with respect to H. capsulatum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Nyasa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Christine Mandengue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Université des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon
| | - Nicholas Tendongfor
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - David W Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; The Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, Genève, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rakislova N, Hurtado JC, Palhares AEM, Ferreira L, Freire M, Lacerda M, Monteiro W, Navarro M, Casas I, Teixeira MDM, Castillo P, Rodrigo-Calvo MT, Marimon L, Guerrero J, Varo R, Delgado V, Quintó L, Marco F, Letang E, Vila J, Bassat Q, Menéndez C, Ordi J, Martínez MJ. High prevalence and mortality due to Histoplasma capsulatum in the Brazilian Amazon: An autopsy study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009286. [PMID: 33819269 PMCID: PMC8049479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histoplasmosis is acquired by inhalation of spores of the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma spp. Although this pathogen is distributed worldwide, it is more prevalent in the Americas. However, the real burden of histoplasmosis remains undefined in many endemic regions. METHODOLOGY We conducted a series of 61 autopsies to individuals who died in a hospital in the Brazilian Amazon focused on infectious diseases. We performed a detailed histological and microbiological evaluation with genetic characterization of Histoplasma strains with the aim to evaluate the contribution of histoplasmosis to morbidity and mortality. Additionally, we assessed the clinicopathological correlation. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Evidence of Histoplasma infection was detected in 21 patients (34%). Eight cases were disseminated infections, all of them occurred in HIV-positive patients. Six cases were localized histoplasmosis, limited to the lungs. In seven patients Histoplasma DNA was detected by PCR in patients with no histological lesions. Histoplasma infection was detected in 38% of HIV-positive patients and was a major contributor to death in 22% of them. Lungs, liver and spleen were affected in all cases of disseminated histoplasmosis. Phylogenetic analysis of the strains suggested a high diversity of Histoplasma species circulating in the Brazilian Amazon. Histoplasmosis was clinically missed in 75% of the disseminated infections. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of histoplasmosis, the low index of clinical suspicion, and the severity of the disseminated disease highlight the need of proactively implementing sensitive routine screening methods for this pathogen in endemic areas. Antifungal prophylaxis against Histoplasma should be encouraged in the severely immunocompromised HIV patients in these areas. In conclusion, substantial mortality is associated with disseminated histoplasmosis among HIV-positive patients in the Brazilian Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rakislova
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Hurtado
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luiz Ferreira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Monique Freire
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mireia Navarro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Casas
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Paola Castillo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lorena Marimon
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Guerrero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vima Delgado
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llorenç Quintó
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Marco
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Letang
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Menéndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Ordi
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel J. Martínez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|