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Ren X, Kong Y, Yu H, Dong A, Wang Y, Wei L, Song Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Guo Y, Sun L. YiQi GuBen capsule alleviates OVA-induced asthma through improving mitochondrial dysfunction. J Asthma 2024; 61:725-735. [PMID: 38647486 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2024.2303755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to explore the effect of YiQi GuBen capsule on improving mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of asthma.Methods: The mice (n = 8) were divided into four groups including control (NC), ovalbumin (OVA), dexamethasone (OVA + DEX), and YiQi GuBen (OVA + YQGB) groups. Firstly, we established an OVA-induced mouse asthma model except for the NC group, which then were treated with dexamethasone and YiQi GuBen capsule. Subsequently, HE staining and Masson staining were used for pathological analysis of mice lung tissues. Next, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the effect of the Yiqi Guben capsule on the ultrastructure of mitochondria. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the ROS level, membrane potential, and the number of mitochondria in lung tissue. Moreover, we analyzed the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the expression levels of activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).Results: The results of the pathological analysis showed that after treatment with the YiQi GuBen capsule, the lung tissue damage was significantly reduced. In addition, we observed that the ultrastructural damage of mitochondria was improved. Flow cytometry proved that after treatment with the YiQi GuBen capsule, the level of ROS in the mitochondria was effectively reduced, while the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased and the number increased significantly. Moreover, we found that the copy number of mtDNA was significantly increased and the expression levels of PGC-1α and TFAM were significantly upgraded.Conclusion: This study suggests YiQi GuBen capsule can effectively improve mitochondrial dysfunction in the OVA-induced mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medical, Changchun, China
| | - Yibu Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aiai Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongji Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lina Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongfu Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medical, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongtian Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medical, Changchun, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Carroll KN. Impact of Climate Change on Dietary Nutritional Quality and Implications for Asthma and Allergy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:85-96. [PMID: 37973262 PMCID: PMC11233177 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic disorders are common in childhood with genetic and environmental determinants of disease that include prenatal nutritional exposures such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. Global climate change is implicated in asthma and allergic disorder morbidity with potential mechanisms including perturbations of ecosystems. There is support that environmental and climatic changes such as increasing global temperate and carbon dioxide levels affect aquatic and agricultural ecosystems with subsequent alterations in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid availability and nutrient quality and antioxidant capacity of certain crops, respectively. This article discusses asthma epidemiology and the influence of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecia N Carroll
- Division of General Pediatrics, Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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3
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Barreto M, Veneroni C, Caiulo M, Evangelisti M, Pompilio PP, Mazzuca MC, Raponi G, Pagani J, Parisi P. Within-breath oscillometry for identifying exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in pediatric patients reporting symptoms with exercise. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1324413. [PMID: 38274467 PMCID: PMC10808442 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1324413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluating oscillometry parameters separately for the inspiratory and expiratory breath phases and their within-breath differences can help to identify exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in pediatric outpatients disclosing exercise-induced symptoms (EIS). Aims To assess the response in impedance parameters following an exercise challenge in patients reporting EIS. Methods Sixty-eight patients reporting EIS (34 asthmatics and 34 suspected of asthma, age mean = 10.8 years, range = 6.0-16.0) underwent an incremental treadmill exercise test. Spirometry was performed at baseline and 1, 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-min post exercise. Oscillometry was performed at baseline and at 3- and 18-min post exercise. Bronchodilator response to 200 µg albuterol was then assessed. EIB was defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) fall ≥10% from baseline. Expiratory and inspiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs), their z-score (Ducharme et al. 2022), and their mean within-breath differences (ΔRrs = Rrsexp-Rrsinsp, ΔXrs = Xrsexp-Xrsinsp) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and their areas (AUCs) were used to evaluate impedance parameters' performances in classifying EIB. Results Asthmatic patients developed EIB more frequently than those suspected of asthma [18/34 (52.9%) vs. 2/34 (5.9%), p < 0.001]. In the 20 subjects with EIB, Rrsinsp, Rrsexp, Xrsinsp, and Xrsexp peaked early (3'), and remained steady except for Xrsinsp, which recovered faster afterward. ΔXrs widened 18 min following the exercise and reversed sharply after bronchodilation (BD) (-1.81 ± 1.60 vs. -0.52 ± 0.80 cmH2O × s/L, p < 0.001). Cutoffs for EIB leading to the highest AUCs were a rise of 0.41 in z-score Rrsinsp (Se: 90.0%, Sp: 66.7%), and a fall of -0.64 in z-score Xrsinsp (Se: 90.0%, Sp: 75.0%). Accepting as having "positive" postexercise oscillometry changes those subjects who had both z-scores beyond respective cutoffs, sensitivity for EIB was 90.0% (18/20) and specificity, 83.3% (40/48). Conclusion Oscillometry parameters and their within-breath differences changed markedly in pediatric patients presenting EIB and were restored after the bronchodilator. Strong agreement between z-scores of inspiratory oscillometry parameters and spirometry supports their clinical utility, though larger studies are required to validate these findings in a broader population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barreto
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Veneroni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano University, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariaclaudia Caiulo
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Evangelisti
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Mazzuca
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Raponi
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Pagani
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
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Thiruvengadam R, Venkidasamy B, Samynathan R, Govindasamy R, Thiruvengadam M, Kim JH. Association of nanoparticles and Nrf2 with various oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110535. [PMID: 37187268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regultes the cellular antioxidant defense system at the posttranscriptional level. During oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) to transcribe antioxidative metabolizing/detoxifying genes. Various transcription factors like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and epigenetic modification including DNA methylation and histone methylation might also regulate the expression of Nrf2. Despite its protective role, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling is considered as a pharmacological target due to its involvement in various pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, hepatotoxicity and kidney disorders. Recently, nanomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their unique physiochemical properties and are also used in various biological applications, for example, biosensors, drug delivery systems, cancer therapy, etc. In this review, we will be discussing the functions of nanoparticles and Nrf2 as a combined therapy or sensitizing agent and their significance in various diseases such as diabetes, cancer and oxidative stress-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thiruvengadam
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Ramkumar Samynathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Rajakumar Govindasamy
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Albano GD, Gagliardo RP, Montalbano AM, Profita M. Overview of the Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress: Impact in Inflammation of the Airway Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2237. [PMID: 36421423 PMCID: PMC9687037 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the human lung is mediated in response to different stimuli (e.g., physical, radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic or toxic) such as cigarette smoke and environmental pollutants. They often promote an increase in inflammatory activities in the airways that manifest themselves as chronic diseases (e.g., allergic airway diseases, asthma, chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or even lung cancer). Increased levels of oxidative stress (OS) reduce the antioxidant defenses, affect the autophagy/mitophagy processes, and the regulatory mechanisms of cell survival, promoting inflammation in the lung. In fact, OS potentiate the inflammatory activities in the lung, favoring the progression of chronic airway diseases. OS increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anions (O2-), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), by the transformation of oxygen through enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. In this manner, OS reduces endogenous antioxidant defenses in both nucleated and non-nucleated cells. The production of ROS in the lung can derive from both exogenous insults (cigarette smoke or environmental pollution) and endogenous sources such as cell injury and/or activated inflammatory and structural cells. In this review, we describe the most relevant knowledge concerning the functional interrelation between the mechanisms of OS and inflammation in airway diseases.
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Michaeloudes C, Abubakar-Waziri H, Lakhdar R, Raby K, Dixey P, Adcock IM, Mumby S, Bhavsar PK, Chung KF. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:101026. [PMID: 34625291 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are exposed to reactive oxygen species oxygen (ROS) produced as a result of inhalation of oxygen, as well as smoke and other air pollutants. Cell metabolism and the NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate low levels of intracellular ROS that act as signal transduction mediators by inducing oxidative modifications of histones, enzymes and transcription factors. Redox signalling is also regulated by localised production and sensing of ROS in mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and inside the nucleus. Intracellular ROS are maintained at low levels through the action of a battery of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Asthma is a heterogeneous airway inflammatory disease with different immune endotypes; these include atopic or non-atopic Th2 type immune response associated with eosinophilia, or a non-Th2 response associated with neutrophilia. Airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness accompany the inflammatory response in asthma. Over-production of ROS resulting from infiltrating immune cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils, and a concomitant impairment of antioxidant responses lead to development of oxidative stress in asthma. Oxidative stress is augmented in severe asthma and during exacerbations, as well as by air pollution and obesity, and causes oxidative damage of tissues promoting airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, deregulated Nox activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and/or oxidative DNA damage, resulting from exposure to irritants, inflammatory mediators or obesity, may lead to redox-dependent changes in cell signalling. ROS play a central role in airway epithelium-mediated sensing, development of innate and adaptive immune responses, and airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. Nonetheless, antioxidant compounds have proven clinically ineffective as therapeutic agents for asthma, partly due to issues with stability and in vivo metabolism of these compounds. The compartmentalised nature of ROS production and sensing, and the role of ROS in homeostatic responses and in the action of corticosteroids and β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, adds another layer of complexity to antioxidant therapy development. Nox inhibitors and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants are in clinical development for a number of diseases but they have not yet been investigated in asthma. A better understanding of the complex role of ROS in the pathogenesis of asthma will highlight new opportunities for more targeted and effective redox therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom.
| | - Hisham Abubakar-Waziri
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Raby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piers Dixey
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hamilton D, Lehman H. Asthma Phenotypes as a Guide for Current and Future Biologic Therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 59:160-174. [PMID: 31359247 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma has been increasingly recognized as being a heterogeneous disease with multiple distinct mechanisms and pathophysiologies. Evidence continues to build regarding the existence of different cell types, environmental exposures, pathogens, and other factors that produce a similar set of symptoms known collectively as asthma. This has led to a movement from a "one size fits all" symptom-based methodology to a more patient-centered, individualized approach to asthma treatment targeting the underlying disease process. A significant contributor to this shift to more personalized asthma therapy has been the increasing availability of numerous biologic therapies in recent years, providing the opportunity for more targeted treatments. When targeted biologics began to be developed for treatment of asthma, the hope was that distinct biomarkers would become available, allowing the clinician to determine which biologic therapy was best suited for which patients. Presence of certain biomarkers, like eosinophilia or antigen-specific IgE, is important features of specific asthma phenotypes. Currently available biomarkers can help with decision making about biologics, but are generally too broad and non-specific to clearly identify an asthma phenotype or the single biologic best suited to an asthmatic. Identification of further biomarkers is the subject of intense research. Yet, identifying a patient's asthma phenotype can help in predicting disease course, response to treatment, and biologic therapies to consider. In this review, major asthma phenotypes are reviewed, and the evidence for the utility of various biologics, both those currently on the market and those in the development process, in each of these phenotypes is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hamilton
- SUNY Upstate Medical University College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Heather Lehman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite or endurance athletes:: Pathogenesis and diagnostic considerations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:47-54. [PMID: 32035936 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pathogenesis and evaluation of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction pertaining to the elite or endurance athlete, as well as propose a diagnostic algorithm based on the current literature. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified using Ovid MEDLINE and reference lists of key articles. STUDY SELECTIONS Randomized controlled trials were selected when available. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of peer-reviewed literature were included, as were retrospective studies and observational studies of clinical interest. RESULTS Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is the physiologic entity in which exercise induces acute narrowing of the airways and occurs in patients both with and without asthma. It may present with or without respiratory symptoms, and the underlying cause is likely attributable to environment stressors to the airway encountered during exercise. These include the osmotic effects of inhaled dry air, temperature variations, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, sensory nerve reactivity, and airway epithelial injury. Deposition of allergens, particulate matter, and gaseous pollutants into the airway also contribute. Elite and endurance athletes are exposed to these stressors more frequently and in greater duration than the general population. CONCLUSION A greater awareness of EIB among elite and endurance athletes is needed, and a thorough evaluation should be performed if EIB is suspected in this population. We propose an algorithm to aid in this evaluation. Symptoms should not be solely relied on for diagnosis but should be taken into the context of bronchoprovocative challenges, which should replicate the competitive environment as closely as possible. Further research is needed to validate these tests' predictive values.
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Barreto M, Capi M, Lionetto L, Caiazzo I, Salerno G, Cardelli P, Simmaco M, Villa MP. Urinary and exhaled biomarkers of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in atopic asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:1447-1456. [PMID: 31218848 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) reflects poor asthma control. Assessing noninvasive biomarkers associated with EIB could help to monitor patients in the pediatric age. AIMS To test exhaled and urinary biomarkers for assessing EIB in atopic asthmatic children. METHODS In 45 atopic patients (11.1 ± 1.8 years, 25 males) we measured the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO ), its alveolar (CaNO), and bronchial (J'awNO) components corrected for the trumpet shape of the airways and axial NO diffusion (TMAD), concentrations of urinary adenosine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OxodG), blood eosinophils count, total immunoglobulin E , skin prick tests, and baseline spirometry before a treadmill exercise challenge. Forty healthy control subjects participated solely to baseline measurements. RESULTS Patients yielded higher FENO and urinary adenosine concentrations than healthy controls. After the challenge, 18 patients (40%) had EIB; these patients had higher levels of CaNO, CaNO TMAD, and urinary adenosine than patients without EIB. Baseline spirometry, FE NO , JawNO, JawNO TMAD, urinary 8-OxodG, allergy, and blood eosinophil counts were found similar in both groups. In multiple linear regression, the fall in FEV 1 was explained by CaNO TMAD, urinary adenosine and blood eosinophil count, whereas the fall in FEF 25-75 was explained by CaNO TMAD and blood eosinophil count. Both CaNO TMAD ≥10.5 ppb and urinary adenosine ≥406 nmol/mmol Cr predicted a fall in FEV 1 ≥10%, while only CaNO TMAD ≥10.5 ppb predicted a fall in FEF 25-75 ≥26%. CONCLUSION Concentrations of peripheral airway NO are complementary with urinary adenosine for assessing EIB and promising tools of asthma control in pediatric patients with the atopic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barreto
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Matilde Capi
- Analytical Laboratory - Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - Luana Lionetto
- Analytical Laboratory - Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caiazzo
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Salerno
- Analytical Laboratory - Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cardelli
- Analytical Laboratory - Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Simmaco
- Analytical Laboratory - Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Villa
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Kippelen P, Anderson SD, Hallstrand TS. Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 38:165-182. [PMID: 29631728 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a common trigger of bronchoconstriction. In recent years, there has been increased understanding of the pathophysiology of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Although evaporative water loss and thermal changes have been recognized stimuli for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, accumulating evidence points toward a pivotal role for the airway epithelium in orchestrating the inflammatory response linked to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Overproduction of inflammatory mediators, underproduction of protective lipid mediators, and infiltration of the airways with eosinophils and mast cells are all established contributors to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Sensory nerve activation and release of neuropeptides maybe important in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, but further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Kippelen
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Sandra D Anderson
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Parramatta Road, Sydney New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Box 358052, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA
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Abstract
An association between airway dysfunction and airborne pollutant inhalation exists. Volatilized airborne fluorocarbons in ski wax rooms, particulate matter, and trichloromines in indoor environments are suspect to high prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and new-onset asthma in athletes competing in cross-country skiing, ice rink sports, and swimming. Ozone is implicated in acute decreases in lung function and the development of new-onset asthma from exposure during exercise. Mechanisms and genetic links are proposed for pollution-related new-onset asthma. Oxidative stress from airborne pollutant inhalation is a common thread to progression of airway damage. Key pollutants and mechanisms for each are discussed.
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Hallstrand TS, Leuppi JD, Joos G, Hall GL, Carlsen KH, Kaminsky DA, Coates AL, Cockcroft DW, Culver BH, Diamant Z, Gauvreau GM, Horvath I, de Jongh FHC, Laube BL, Sterk PJ, Wanger J. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: pathophysiology and methodology of indirect airway challenge testing. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.01033-2018. [PMID: 30361249 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01033-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, this international task force reported the general considerations for bronchial challenge testing and the performance of the methacholine challenge test, a "direct" airway challenge test. Here, the task force provides an updated description of the pathophysiology and the methods to conduct indirect challenge tests. Because indirect challenge tests trigger airway narrowing through the activation of endogenous pathways that are involved in asthma, indirect challenge tests tend to be specific for asthma and reveal much about the biology of asthma, but may be less sensitive than direct tests for the detection of airway hyperresponsiveness. We provide recommendations for the conduct and interpretation of hyperpnoea challenge tests such as dry air exercise challenge and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea that provide a single strong stimulus for airway narrowing. This technical standard expands the recommendations to additional indirect tests such as hypertonic saline, mannitol and adenosine challenge that are incremental tests, but still retain characteristics of other indirect challenges. Assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness, with direct and indirect tests, are valuable tools to understand and to monitor airway function and to characterise the underlying asthma phenotype to guide therapy. The tests should be interpreted within the context of the clinical features of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teal S Hallstrand
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joerg D Leuppi
- University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, and Medical Faculty University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Joos
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Graham L Hall
- Children's Lung Health, Telethon Kids Institute, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, and Centre for Child Health Research University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kai-Håkon Carlsen
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Oslo University Hospital, Division of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - David A Kaminsky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Allan L Coates
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Translational Medicine, Research Institute-Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald W Cockcroft
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bruce H Culver
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Dept of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology and QPS-Netherlands, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ildiko Horvath
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frans H C de Jongh
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Beth L Laube
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Wanger
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Clinical Trials Consultant, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Peterová E, Chládek J, Kohoutová D, Knoblochová V, Morávková P, Vávrová J, Řezáčová M, Bureš J. Exhaled Breath Condensate: Pilot Study of the Method and Initial Experience in Healthy Subjects. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018; 61:8-16. [PMID: 30012244 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a re-discovered approach to monitoring the course of the disease and reduce invasive methods of patient investigation. However, the major disadvantage and shortcoming of the EBC is lack of reliable and reproducible standardization of the method. Despite many articles published on EBC, until now there is no clear consensus on whether the analysis of EBC can provide a clue to diagnosis of the diseases. The purpose of this paper is to investigate our own method, to search for possible standardization and to obtain our own initial experience. Thirty healthy volunteers provided the EBC, in which we monitored the density, pH, protein, chloride and urea concentration. Our results show that EBC pH is influenced by smoking, and urea concentrations are affected by the gender of subjects. Age of subjects does not play a role. The smallest coefficient of variation between individual volunteers is for density determination. Current limitations of EBC measurements are the low concentration of many biomarkers. Standardization needs to be specific for each individual biomarker, with focusing on optimal condensate collection. EBC analysis has a potential become diagnostic test, not only for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Peterová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Chládek
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Kohoutová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Knoblochová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Paula Morávková
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Vávrová
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Řezáčová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bureš
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Barreto M, Montuschi P, Evangelisti M, Bonafoni S, Cecili M, Shohreh R, Santini G, Villa MP. Comparison of two exhaled biomarkers in children with and without sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Med 2018; 45:83-88. [PMID: 29680435 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airway oxidative stress and inflammation are likely to be involved in sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children. We aimed to measure concentrations of 8-isoprostane (8-IsoP) in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in patients with SBD and healthy children, in order to assess the relationship between these two biomarkers, disease severity, and overnight changes. METHODS Patients with SDB (n = 46) and healthy controls (n = 20) aged 4.5-15.1 years (M/F: 36/30) underwent exhaled measurements. Patients with SDB underwent standard polysomnography to define primary snoring (PS: AHI < 1) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Upon awakening the following morning, FENO was measured and EBC was collected for the measurement of EBC 8-IsoP. RESULTS OSA patients yielded higher awakening levels of 8-IsoP in EBC than PS patients and control subjects. The 8-IsoP levels, though not FENO, correlated with AHI (r = 0.40, p = 0.003) and SaO2 (r = -0.50, p = 0.001). Cut-off levels of 8-IsoP predicted OSA with a high AUC value (0.84, p = 0.000). Sensitivity and specificity for 8-IsoP levels above the percentile 50 (33.3 pg/mL) were 76.5% and 78.1%, respectively. 8-IsoP levels did not change from the evening to morning session, whereas morning FENO levels rose significantly only in patients with mild OSA (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Levels of 8-IsoP, though not FENO, distinguish children with OSA from those with PS or healthy, correlate with disease severity and closely predict OSA in the whole sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barreto
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Evangelisti
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Bonafoni
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Cecili
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rugia Shohreh
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Chieti G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Villa
- Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Kurti SP, Emerson SR, Smith JR, Rosenkranz SK, Alexander SA, Lovoy GM, Harms CA. Older women exhibit greater airway 8-isoprostane responses to strenuous exercise compared with older men and younger controls. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:497-503. [PMID: 29241018 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of late-onset respiratory diseases is associated with elevated 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, in the airways. However, sex differences exist in development of these diseases. Using an exhaustive exercise bout as a physiological stressor may elucidate whether there is a sex difference with aging in pre- to postexercise airway 8-isoprostane generation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether older women exhibit a greater airway 8-isoprostane response to exhaustive exercise compared with older men and younger controls. Thirty-six individuals completed the study (12 postmenopausal older women (OW) and 12 age-matched older men (OM), 65 ± 4 years of age; and 12 younger controls (YC), 21 ± 2 years of age). Baseline measurements included exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for assessment of airway 8-isoprostane and standard pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to assess forced expiratory volume in 1-s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% of FVC. Subjects then performed a peak oxygen uptake test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Immediately postexercise, PFTs and EBC were performed. The generation of airway 8-isoprostane from pre- to postexercise was greater in OW compared with OM and YC (p < 0.01), increasing ∼74% ± 77% in OW, while decreasing in OM (∼12% ± 50%) and YC (∼20.9% ± 30%). The OW exhibited a greater airway 8-isoprostane response to exhaustive exercise compared with OM and YC, which may suggest that sex differences in oxidative stress generation following exhaustive exercise may provide a mechanistic rationale for sex differences in late-onset respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P Kurti
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,c Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Sam R Emerson
- b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,d Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,e Departmental of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Joshua R Smith
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,f Mayo Clinic-Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,d Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Garrett M Lovoy
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Craig A Harms
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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16
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Rogers LK, Cismowski MJ. Oxidative Stress in the Lung - The Essential Paradox. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 7:37-43. [PMID: 29308441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As eukaryotic life evolved, so too did the need for a source of energy that meets the requirements of complex organisms. Oxygen provides this vast potential energy source, but the same chemical reactivity which provides this potential also can have detrimental effects. The lung evolved as an organ that can efficiently promote gas exchange for the entire organism but as such, the lung is highly susceptible to its external environment. Oxygen can be transformed through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes into reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can lead to protein, lipid, and DNA damage. Under normal conditions ROS/RNS concentrations are minimized through the activity of antioxidants located both intracellularly and in the epithelial lining fluid of the lung. Oxidative stress in the lung results when the antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed or depleted through external exposures, such as altered oxygen tension or air pollution, or internally. Internal sources of oxidative stress include systemic disease and the activation of resident cells and inflammatory cells recruited in response to an exposure or systemic response. Pulmonary responses to oxidative stress include activation of oxidases, lipid peroxidation, increases in nitric oxide, and autophagy. These internal and external exposures with the subsequent pulmonary responses contribute to development of diseases directly linked to oxidative stress. These include asthma, COPD, and lung cancers. While the vulnerability of the lung to oxidative stress is acknowledged, few effective preventative strategies or therapeutics are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette K Rogers
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio
| | - Mary J Cismowski
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio
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17
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Jesenak M, Zelieskova M, Babusikova E. Oxidative Stress and Bronchial Asthma in Children-Causes or Consequences? Front Pediatr 2017; 5:162. [PMID: 28791280 PMCID: PMC5523023 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways. In the pathogenesis of this disease, the interplay among the genes, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors are crucial. Various combinations of the involved factors determine and modify the final clinical phenotype/endotype of asthma. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and the capacity of antioxidant defense mechanisms. It was shown that oxidative damage of biomolecules is strongly involved in the asthmatic inflammation. It is evident that asthma is accompanied by oxidative stress in the airways and in the systemic circulation. The oxidative stress is more pronounced during the acute exacerbation or allergen challenge. On the other hand, the genetic variations in the genes for anti-oxidative and pro-oxidative enzymes are variably associated with various asthmatic subtypes. Whether oxidative stress is the consequence of, or the cause for, chronic changes in asthmatic airways is still being discussed. Contribution of oxidative stress to asthma pathology remains at least partially controversial, since antioxidant interventions have proven rather unsuccessful. According to current knowledge, the relationship between oxidative stress and asthmatic inflammation is bidirectional, and genetic predisposition could modify the balance between these two positions-oxidative stress as a cause for or consequence of asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Jesenak
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Maria Zelieskova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Babusikova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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18
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Pathophysiology of bronchoconstriction: role of oxidatively damaged DNA repair. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:59-67. [PMID: 26694039 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview on the present understanding of roles of oxidative DNA damage repair in cell signaling underlying bronchoconstriction common to, but not restricted to various forms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RECENT FINDINGS Bronchoconstriction is a tightening of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles with consequent wheezing and shortness of breath. Key stimuli include air pollutants, viral infections, allergens, thermal and osmotic changes, and shear stress of mucosal epithelium, triggering a wide range of cellular, vascular, and neural events. Although activation of nerve fibers, the role of G-proteins, protein kinases and Ca++, and molecular interaction within contracting filaments of muscle are well defined, the overarching mechanisms by which a wide range of stimuli initiate these events are not fully understood. Many, if not all, stimuli increase levels of reactive oxygen species, which are signaling and oxidatively modifying macromolecules, including DNA. The primary reactive oxygen species target in DNA is guanine, and 8-oxoguanine is one of the most abundant base lesions. It is repaired by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 during base excision repair processes. The product, free 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine base, is bound by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 with high affinity, and the complex then functions as an activator of small guanosine triphosphatases, triggering pathways for inducing gene expression and contraction of intracellular filaments in mast and smooth muscle cells. SUMMARY Oxidative DNA damage repair-mediated cell activation signaling result in gene expression that 'primes' the mucosal epithelium and submucosal tissues to generate mediators of airway smooth muscle contractions.
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Belanger KK, Ameredes BT, Boldogh I, Aguilera-Aguirre L. The Potential Role of 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase-Driven DNA Base Excision Repair in Exercise-Induced Asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3762561. [PMID: 27524866 PMCID: PMC4976190 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3762561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by reversible airway narrowing, shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and other symptoms driven by chronic inflammatory processes, commonly triggered by allergens. In 90% of asthmatics, most of these symptoms can also be triggered by intense physical activities and severely exacerbated by environmental factors. This condition is known as exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Current theories explaining EIA pathogenesis involve osmotic and/or thermal alterations in the airways caused by changes in respiratory airflow during exercise. These changes, along with existing airway inflammatory conditions, are associated with increased cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting important biomolecules including DNA, although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. One of the most abundant oxidative DNA lesions is 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which is repaired by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) during the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Whole-genome expression analyses suggest a cellular response to OGG1-BER, involving genes that may have a role in the pathophysiology of EIA leading to mast cell degranulation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and bronchoconstriction. Accordingly, this review discusses a potential new hypothesis in which OGG1-BER-induced gene expression is associated with EIA symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- KarryAnne K. Belanger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bill T. Ameredes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Leopoldo Aguilera-Aguirre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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20
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Brito AF, Silva AS, Souza ILL, Pereira JC, Martins IRR, Silva BA. Intensity of swimming exercise influences tracheal reactivity in rats. J Smooth Muscle Res 2016; 51:70-81. [PMID: 26497013 PMCID: PMC5137269 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.51.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies that evaluate the mechanisms for increased airway responsiveness are very sparse,
although there are reports of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Therefore, we have evaluated
the tracheal reactivity and the rate of lipid peroxidation after different intensities of
swimming exercise in rats. Thus, male Wistar rats (age 8 weeks; 250–300 g) underwent a
forced swimming exercise for 1 h whilst carrying attached loads of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8% of
their body weight (groups G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8, respectively; n=5 each).
Immediately after the test, the trachea of each rat was removed and suspended in an organ
bath to evaluate contractile and relaxant responses. The rate of lipid peroxidation was
estimated by measuring malondialdehyde levels. According to a one-way ANOVA, all trained
groups showed a significant decrease in the relaxation induced by aminophylline
(10−12–10−1 M) (pD2=3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.3 and 3.2, respectively for
G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8) compared to the control group (pD2=4.6) and the Emax
values of G5, G6, G8 groups were reduced by 94.2, 88.0 and 77.0%, respectively.
Additionally, all trained groups showed a significant increase in contraction induced by
carbachol (10−9–10−3 M) (pD2=6.0, 6.5, 6.5, 7.2 and 7.3,
respectively for G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8) compared to the control group (pD2=5.7). Lipid
peroxidation levels of G3, G4 and G5 were similar in both the trachea and lung, however G6
and G8 presented an increased peroxidation in the trachea. In conclusion, a single bout of
swimming exercise acutely altered tracheal responsiveness in an intensity-related manner
and the elevation in lipid peroxidation indicates a degree of oxidative stress
involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brasil
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van Mastrigt E, de Jongste JC, Pijnenburg MW. The analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath and biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate in children - clinical tools or scientific toys? Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1170-88. [PMID: 25394891 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current monitoring strategies for respiratory diseases are mainly based on clinical features, lung function and imaging. As airway inflammation is the hallmark of many respiratory diseases in childhood, noninvasive methods to assess the presence and severity of airway inflammation might be helpful in both diagnosing and monitoring paediatric respiratory diseases. At present, the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide is the only noninvasive method available to assess eosinophilic airway inflammation in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate whether the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath (EB) and biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is helpful in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases in children. An extensive literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PubMed on the analysis and applications of VOCs in EB and EBC in children. We retrieved 1165 papers, of which nine contained original data on VOCs in EB and 84 on biomarkers in EBC. These were included in this review. We give an overview of the clinical applications in childhood and summarize the methodological issues. Several VOCs in EB and biomarkers in EBC have the potential to distinguish patients from healthy controls and to monitor treatment responses. Lack of standardization of collection methods and analysis techniques hampers the introduction in clinical practice. The measurement of metabolomic profiles may have important advantages over detecting single markers. There is a lack of longitudinal studies and external validation to reveal whether EB and EBC analysis have added value in the diagnostic process and follow-up of children with respiratory diseases. In conclusion, the use of VOCs in EB and biomarkers in EBC as markers of inflammatory airway diseases in children is still a research tool and not validated for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Mastrigt
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C de Jongste
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W Pijnenburg
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tripodi S, Barreto M, Di Rienzo-Businco A, Grossi O, Sfika I, Ragusa G, Campisano M, Miceli-Sopo S. Asthma Control Test and Bronchial Challenge with Exercise in Pediatric Asthma. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:16. [PMID: 27014666 PMCID: PMC4782564 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor asthma control can lead to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), but the relationship between subjective disease control and EIB is unclear. No studies have compared asthma control test (ACT) scores of children with those of their parents regarding EIB. We assessed whether ACT scores predict the occurrence of EIB in two age groups. We also evaluated ACT scores and objective measures as explanatory variables for airway response to exercise. METHODS Patients (71, aged <12 years; 93, aged ≥12 years) and their parents completed an ACT questionnaire separately. Current therapy, skin prick testing, and spirometry at baseline and after exercise were assessed. EIB was defined as a fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of at least 12% from baseline. Sensitivity and specificity for cut-off values of ACT scores predictive of EIB were plotted, and the area under curve (AUC) was described. RESULTS Atopy and current therapy were similarly frequent. EIB was observed in 23.9% of children aged <12 years and in 33.3% of children aged ≥12 years. EIB occurrence in subjects previously scored as having full control (25), partial control (20-24), and no control (<20) varied according to the age group and responders. Percentages of EIB cases increased as ACT scores decreased in children aged ≥12 years alone (child ACT scores, 25: 21.9%, 20-24: 31.1%, <20: 62.5%, p = 0.017). Plots for ACT scores as predictors of EIB yielded low non-significant AUC values in children aged <12 years; in contrast, moderate AUC values emerged in children aged ≥12 years (child: 0.67, p = 0.007; parent: 0.69, p = 0.002). Sensitivity of ACT scores below 20 as a predictor of EIB was low in older children (child: 32.3%, parent: 22.6%), whereas specificity was high (child: 90.3%, parent: 93.5%). Multiple regression analysis with percent fall in FEV1 as dependent variable included FEV1/FVC%, ACT child score, and gender in the prediction model (r = 0.42, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION ACT scores are a more effective means of excluding than confirming EIB in asthmatic patients aged ≥12 years; their predictive value decreases in younger patients. ACT scores together with lung function may help to predict airway response to exercise. New tools for pediatric asthma assessment may optimize this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Tripodi
- Allergy Pediatric Unit, Pediatrics Department, Sandro Pertini Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - Mario Barreto
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Oriano Grossi
- Allergy Pediatric Unit, Pediatrics Department, Sandro Pertini Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - Ifigenia Sfika
- Allergy Pediatric Unit, Pediatrics Department, Sandro Pertini Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Ragusa
- Allergy Pediatric Unit, Pediatrics Department, Sandro Pertini Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - Martina Campisano
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Pediatric Unit Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
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23
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Moschino L, Zanconato S, Bozzetto S, Baraldi E, Carraro S. Childhood asthma biomarkers: present knowledge and future steps. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:205-12. [PMID: 26100359 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma represents the most common chronic respiratory disease of childhood. Its current standard diagnosis relies on patient history of symptoms and confirmed expiratory airflow limitation. Nevertheless, the spectrum of asthma in clinical presentation is broad, and both symptoms and lung function may not always reflect the underlying airway inflammation, which can be determined by different pathogenetic mechanisms. For these reasons, the identification of objective biomarkers of asthma, which may guide diagnosis, phenotyping, management and treatment is of great clinical utility and might have a role in the development of personalized therapy. The availability of non-invasive methods to study and monitor disease inflammation is of relevance especially in childhood asthma. In this sense, a promising role might be played by the measurement of exhaled biomarkers, such as exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) and molecules in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Furthermore, recent studies have shown encouraging results with the application of the novel metabolomic approach to the study of exhaled biomarkers. In this paper the existing knowledge in the field of asthma biomarkers, with a special focus on exhaled biomarkers, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moschino
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Stefania Zanconato
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Sara Bozzetto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Silvia Carraro
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy.
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Morissette MC, Murray N, Turmel J, Milot J, Boulet LP, Bougault V. Increased exhaled breath condensate 8-isoprostane after a swimming session in competitive swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:569-76. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1063702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vidal G A. [Use of inflammatory markers for monitoring paediatric asthma]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 86:206-13. [PMID: 26363862 DOI: 10.1016/j.rchipe.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of asthma control takes into account the symptoms, quality of life, lung function, and inflammatory markers. In the last few years, there has been a large increase in the number of publications related to the study of biomarkers in the management of paediatric asthma. Despite the large variety of inflammatory markers described in research studies, only a small group has shown to be useful in monitoring the disease. Induced sputum eosinophils offer the most solid evidence in assessing asthma control. Exhaled breath condensate and urinary leucotrienes could be useful in the future if there is standardisation in their procedures and interpretation of the results. Nitric oxide, basic eosinophil cationic protein, and bronchial biopsy with bronchoalveolar lavage, only appeared to be useful in a reduced group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vidal G
- Pediatra, Broncopulmonar, Departamento de Pediatría, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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Radulovic M, Bauman WA, Wecht JM, LaFountaine M, Kahn N, Hobson J, Singh K, Renzi C, Yen C, Schilero GJ. Biomarkers of inflammation in persons with chronic tetraplegia. J Breath Res 2015; 9:036001. [PMID: 25971935 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/3/036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to lung volume restriction, individuals with chronic tetraplegia exhibit reduced airway caliber and bronchodilator responsiveness similar to persons with asthma. In asthma, airflow obstruction is closely linked to airway inflammation. Conversely, little is known regarding the airway inflammatory response in tetraplegia. To compare levels of biomarkers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and serum in subjects with chronic tetraplegia, mild asthma, and able-bodied controls.Prospective, observational pilot study. Thirty-four subjects participated: tetraplegia (n = 12), asthma (n = 12), controls (n = 10). Biomarkers in EBC [8-isoprostane (8-IP), leukotriene B4 (LT-B4), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6)] and serum (8-IP, LT-B4, TNF-α, IL-6) were determined using commercially available EIA kits (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI). Separate, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post-hoc analyses were performed to determine group differences in demographic and dependent variables [EBC and serum biomarkers, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), pulmonary function parameters, and specific airway conductance (sGaw)]. The tetraplegia group had significantly elevated 8-IP levels in EBC compared to the asthma (68 ± 38 versus 21 ± 13 pg ml(-1); p < 0.001) and control groups (22 ± 13 pg ml(-1); p < 0.01), respectively. FeNO levels were significantly elevated in the asthma compared to the control group (26 ± 18 versus 11 ± 4 ppb; p < 0.05), and trended higher than levels in the tetraplegia group (15 ± 6; p = 0.08). Levels of serum biomarkers did not differ significantly among groups. Through analysis of EBC, levels of 8-IP were significantly elevated compared to levels found in individuals with mild asthma and healthy controls. Further studies are needed to extend upon these preliminary findings that suggest the presence of airway inflammation in subjects with chronic tetraplegia, and how this relates to pulmonary dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Radulovic
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA. Medical Service, The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA. Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Barreto M, Zambardi R, Villa MP. Exhaled nitric oxide and other exhaled biomarkers in bronchial challenge with exercise in asthmatic children: current knowledge. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:68-74. [PMID: 24368252 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), a known marker of atopic-eosinophilic inflammation, may be used as a surrogate to assess exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in asthmatic children. The predictive value of baseline FENO for EIB appears to be influenced by several factors, including age, atopy, current therapy with corticosteroids and measurement technique. Nonetheless, FENO cut-off values appear to be able to rule out EIB. FENO levels decrease during EIB, apparently through neural mechanisms rather than by decreased airway-epithelial surface. Partition of FENO into proximal and peripheral contributions of the respiratory tract may improve our understanding on NO exchange during exercise and help to screen subjects prone to EIB. Other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress contained in exhaled gases and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may shed light on the pathophysiology of EIB. Exhaled breath temperature is a promising real-time measurement whose routine use for assessing EIB warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barreto
- Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Zambardi
- Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Villa
- Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Ghanim H, Green K, Abuaysheh S, Batra M, Kuhadiya ND, Patel R, Makdissi A, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Suppressive effect of insulin on the gene expression and plasma concentrations of mediators of asthmatic inflammation. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:202406. [PMID: 25642424 PMCID: PMC4302348 DOI: 10.1155/2015/202406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Following our recent demonstration that the chronic inflammatory and insulin resistant state of obesity is associated with an increase in the expression of mediators known to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and that weight loss after gastric bypass surgery results in the reduction of these genes, we have now hypothesized that insulin suppresses the cellular expression and plasma concentrations of these mediators. METHODS The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, ADAM-33, and TSLP in MNC and plasma concentrations of LIGHT, TGF-β1, MMP-9, MCP-1, TSLP, and NOM in obese patients with T2DM were measured before, during, and after the infusion of a low dose (2 U/h) infusion of insulin for 4 hours. The patients were also infused with dextrose or saline for 4 hours on two separate visits and served as controls. Results. Following insulin infusion, the mRNA expression of IL-4, ADAM-33, LIGHT, and LTBR mRNA expression fell significantly (P < 0.05 for all). There was also a concomitant reduction in plasma NOM, LIGHT, TGF-β1, MCP-1, and MMP-9 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Insulin suppresses the expression of these genes and mediators related to asthma and may, therefore, have a potential role in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Kelly Green
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Sanaa Abuaysheh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Manav Batra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Nitesh D. Kuhadiya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Reema Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Antoine Makdissi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Sandeep Dhindsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 701 W 5th Street, Odessa, TX 79763, USA
| | - Ajay Chaudhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
- *Paresh Dandona:
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Krenke K, Peradzyńska J, Lange J, Banaszkiewicz A, Łazowska-Przeorek I, Grzela K, Radzikowski A, Kulus M. Inflammatory cytokines in exhaled breath condensate in children with inflammatory bowel diseases. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:1190-5. [PMID: 24339443 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect mainly the gastrointestinal tract, the extra-intestinal manifestations are not uncommon. Different diagnostic methods have been applied to assess pulmonary involvement in patients with IBD, but majority of these methods show significant limitations in children. The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) measurements of pro-inflammatory cytokines in children with IBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-two children with Crohn's disease (CD) (mean age 13.8 ± 3.3 years), 25 with ulcerative colitis (UC) (mean age 14.1 ± 3.3 years) and 37 healthy volunteers (mean age 13.9 ± 3.6 years) were studied. IBD activity was assessed using appropriate scoring systems. None of the patients had signs or symptoms of pulmonary disease. Exhaled breath condensate was collected and EBC concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was measured. RESULTS The concentrations of all the assessed cytokines were significantly higher in the study group as compared to controls. A negative correlation between IL-1β and CD activity index was found. There were no significant relationships between TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-8 level and CD activity index as well as between IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and UC activity index. No significant correlation between the concentration of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IBD duration or treatment duration was found. CONCLUSIONS Elevated concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in EBC in children with IBD may suggest the presence of asymptomatic inflammation in the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krenke
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Sauvain JJ, Hohl MSS, Wild P, Pralong JA, Riediker M. Exhaled Breath Condensate as a Matrix for Combustion-Based Nanoparticle Exposure and Health Effect Evaluation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014; 27:449-58. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2013.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Wild
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), CH-1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Research and Safety Institute (INRS), FR-54519 Vandoeuvre, France
| | | | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), CH-1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hemilä H. The effect of vitamin C on bronchoconstriction and respiratory symptoms caused by exercise: a review and statistical analysis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 10:58. [PMID: 25788952 PMCID: PMC4363347 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity increases oxidative stress and therefore the antioxidant effects of vitamin C administration might become evident in people undertaking vigorous exercise. Vitamin C is involved in the metabolism of histamine, prostaglandins, and cysteinyl leukotrienes, all of which appear to be mediators in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Three studies assessing the effect of vitamin C on patients with EIB were subjected to a meta-analysis and revealed that vitamin C reduced postexercise FEV1 decline by 48% (95% CI: 33% to 64%). The correlation between postexercise FEV1 decline and respiratory symptoms associated with exercise is poor, yet symptoms are the most relevant to patients. Five other studies examined subjects who were under short-term, heavy physical stress and revealed that vitamin C reduced the incidence of respiratory symptoms by 52% (95% CI: 36% to 65%). Another trial reported that vitamin C halved the duration of the respiratory symptoms in male adolescent competitive swimmers. Although FEV1 is the standard outcome for assessing EIB, other outcomes may provide additional information. In particular, the mean postexercise decline of FEF50 is twice the decline of FEV1. Schachter and Schlesinger (1982) reported the effect of vitamin C on exercise-induced FEF60 levels in 12 patients suffering from EIB and their data are analyzed in this paper. The postexercise FEF60 decline was greater than 60% for five participants and such a dramatic decline indicates that the absolute postexercise FEF60 level becomes an important outcome in its own right. Vitamin C increased postexercise FEF60 levels by 50% to 150% in those five participants, but had no significant effect in the other seven participants. Thus, future research on the effects of vitamin C on EIB should not be restricted to measuring only FEV1. Vitamin C is inexpensive and safe, and further study on those people who have EIB or respiratory symptoms associated with exercise is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Hemilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, POB 41, Mannerheimintie 172, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Berkelhamer SK, Farrow KN. Developmental regulation of antioxidant enzymes and their impact on neonatal lung disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1837-48. [PMID: 24295375 PMCID: PMC4203145 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Deficient antioxidant defenses and compromised ability to respond to oxidative stress burden the immature lung. Routine neonatal therapies can cause increased oxidative stress with subsequent injury to the premature lung. Novel therapeutic approaches to protect the premature lung are greatly needed. RECENT ADVANCES Live cell imaging with targeted redox probes allows for the measurement of subcellular oxidative stress and for comparisons of oxidative stress across development. Comprehension of subcellular and cell-type-specific responses to oxidative stress may influence the targeting of future antioxidant therapies. CRITICAL ISSUES Challenges remain in identifying the optimal cellular targets, degree of enzyme activity, and appropriate antioxidant therapy. Further, the efficacy of delivering exogenous antioxidants to specific cell types or subcellular compartments remains under investigation. Treatment with a nonselective antioxidant could unintentionally compromise cellular function or impact cellular defense mechanisms and homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Genetic and/or biomarker screening may identify infants at the greatest risk for oxidative lung injury and guide the use of more selective antioxidant therapies. Novel approaches to the delivery of antioxidant enzymes may allow cell type- or cellular organelle-specific therapy. Improved comprehension of the antioxidant enzyme regulation across cell type, cell compartment, gender, and developmental stage is critical to the design and optimization of therapy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breath analysis and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection are simple and noninvasive processes whereby inflammatory mediators and other biomarkers can be assessed in diseases that affect the lung. It was hypothesised that markers of epithelial dysfunction and secretion, such as a low pH, 8-isoprostane, and release of epithelial factors such as trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) and mucin, would be elevated in the breath of those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim was to compare the levels of these biomarkers in EBC and the fraction of expired nitric oxide (FENO) in children with Crohn disease (CD), in those with asthma, and in normal individuals in a pilot study. METHODS EBC was collected from patients in the 3 groups mentioned above in a cross-sectional design. pH, 8-isoprostane, TFF2, and mucin levels were measured in the EBC. Spirometry was performed in asthmatic patients and patients with IBD, whereas FENO and skin prick tests were performed in patients with IBD. RESULTS Breath samples including EBC were collected from 80 patients (30 CD, 30 asthma, 20 controls). Compared with controls, EBC pH was lower in children with IBD (P < 0.0001) or asthma (P = 0.0041). 8-Isoprostane levels differed between the 3 groups (P < 0.05). EBC TFF2 was mainly less than the limit of detection, whereas mucin levels did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. FENO was measurable in children with IBD, but did not correlate with disease activity or serum markers of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS A lower EBC pH may reflect inflammatory events either in the lung or systemically. 8-Isoprostane, FENO, and mucin were detected for the first time in the EBC of children with IBD. Further studies are required to assess the value of these assessments.
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Nadeem A, Siddiqui N, Alharbi NO, Alharbi MM. Airway and systemic oxidant-antioxidant dysregulation in asthma: A possible scenario of oxidants spill over from lung into blood. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Multimarker screening of oxidative stress in aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:562860. [PMID: 25147595 PMCID: PMC4124763 DOI: 10.1155/2014/562860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process of organism decline in physiological functions. There is no clear theory explaining this phenomenon, but the most accepted one is the oxidative stress theory of aging. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, substances, which are formed during oxidative damage of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are present in body fluids of diseased people as well as the healthy ones (in a physiological concentration). 8-iso prostaglandin F2α is the most prominent biomarker of phospholipid oxidative damage, o-tyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine are biomarkers of protein oxidative damage, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine are biomarkers of oxidative damage of nucleic acids. It is thought that the concentration of biomarkers increases as the age of people increases. However, the concentration of biomarkers in body fluids is very low and, therefore, it is necessary to use a sensitive analytical method. A combination of HPLC and MS was chosen to determine biomarker concentration in three groups of healthy people of a different age (twenty, forty, and sixty years) in order to find a difference among the groups.
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Parameters of lung inflammation in asthmatic as compared to healthy children in a contaminated city. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:111. [PMID: 25000942 PMCID: PMC4107934 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of air pollution on the respiratory system has been estimated on the basis of respiratory symptoms and lung function. However; few studies have compared lung inflammation in healthy and asthmatics children exposed to high levels of air pollution. The aim of the study was to elucidate the modulatory effect of air pollution on Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) among healthy and asthmatic children. Methods We performed a cross-sectional comparative study. Children between 7–12 years of age, asthmatics and non-asthmatics, residents of a city with high levels of PM10 were included. In all cases, forced spirometry, Cys-LTs levels in EBC, and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire were evaluated. We also obtained average of PM10, CO, SO2 and O3 levels during the period of the study by the State Institute of Ecology. Results We studied 103 children (51 asthmatics and 52 non-asthmatics). Cys-LTs levels were higher in asthmatics than in non-asthmatics (77.3 ± 21.6 versus 60.3 ± 26.8 pg/ml; p = 0.0005). Also, Cys-LTs levels in children with intermittent asthma were lower than in children with persistent asthma (60.4 ± 20.4 versus 84.7 ± 19.2 pg/ml; p = 0.0001). In the multiple regression model, factors associated with levels of Cys-LTs were passive smoking (β = 13.1, p 0.04) and to be asthmatic (β = 11.5, p 0.03). Conclusions Cys-LTs levels are higher in asthmatic children than in healthy children in a contaminated city and its levels are also associated with passive smoking.
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Britt RD, Velten M, Locy ML, Rogers LK, Tipple TE. The thioredoxin reductase-1 inhibitor aurothioglucose attenuates lung injury and improves survival in a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2681-91. [PMID: 24295151 PMCID: PMC4026403 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammation and oxygen toxicity increase free radical production and contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care patients. We have previously reported increased glutathione (GSH) levels in lung epithelial cells in vitro and attenuated adult murine hyperoxic lung injury in vivo after pharmacological thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) inhibition. Using a murine ARDS model, we tested the hypothesis that aurothioglucose (ATG) treatment increases pulmonary GSH levels, attenuates lung injury, and decreases mortality in a GSH-dependent manner. RESULTS Adult mice received a single intratracheal dose of 0.375 μg/g lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 12 h before a single intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg ATG. Control mice received intratracheal and/or intraperitoneal saline. Mice were then exposed to room air or hyperoxia (>95% O2). Lung injury was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentrations. Expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), GSH, cytokines, and chemokines was determined. Exposure to LPS/hyperoxia induced inflammation and lung injury. ATG treatment significantly attenuated lung injury, increased lung GCLM expression and GSH levels, and decreased mortality. GSH depletion completely prevented the protective effects of ATG in LPS/hyperoxia-exposed mice. INNOVATION ATG treatment significantly attenuates lung injury and enhances survival in a clinically relevant murine model of ARDS. The protective effects of ATG are GSH dependent. CONCLUSION Augmentation of GSH systems by TrxR1 inhibition could represent a promising therapeutic approach to attenuate oxidant-mediated lung injury and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Britt
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
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Martin-Venegas R, Jáuregui O, Moreno JJ. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of eicosanoids and related compounds in cell models. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:41-9. [PMID: 24932539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme- and free radical-catalyzed oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) produces the eicosanoids, docosanoids and octadecanoids. This large family of potent bioactive lipids is involved in many biochemical and signaling pathways which are implicated in physiological and pathophysiological processes and can be viable therapeutic targets. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) offers selectivity, sensitivity, robustness and high resolution and is able to analyze a large number of eicosanoids in biological samples in a short time. The present article reviews and discusses reported LC-MS/MS methods and the results obtained from their application in cell models. Reliable analytical outcomes are critically important for understanding physiological and pathophysiological cellular processes, such as inflammation, diseases with inflammatory components (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome), as well as cancer. Reported findings obtained by using the LC-MS/MS methodology in cell systems may have important predictive as well as nutritional and pharmacological implications. We conclude that the LC-MS/MS methodology is a versatile and reliable analytical tool for the simultaneous analysis of multiple PUFA-derived metabolites including the eicosanoids in cell culture samples at concentrations on the pM/nM threshold, i.e. at baseline and after stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martin-Venegas
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Jáuregui
- Centres Cientifics i Tecnologics (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Moreno
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain.
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Félix PM, Almeida SM, Franco C, Almeida AB, Lopes C, Claro MI, Fragoso E, Teles C, Wolterbeek HT, Pinheiro T. The suitability of EBC-Pb as a new biomarker to assess occupational exposure to lead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2014; 25:67-80. [PMID: 24670229 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2014.893569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to lead (Pb) requires continuous surveillance to assure, as much as possible, safe and healthful working conditions. This study addresses the suitability of assessing Pb exposure in relevant workers using their exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This study enrolled workers of two different Pb processing industries characterized by moderate and high Pb exposure levels in the work environment, and a group of non-exposed individuals working in offices who served as baseline for Pb exposure. The EBC-Pb of workers reflected the Pb levels in the work environment of all three settings, although the relationship with B-Pb was not clear. The lack of correlation between EBC-Pb and B-Pb most probably indicates the time lag for Pb to enter in the two body pools. The EBC-Pb seems to reflect immediate exposure, providing a prompt signature of Pb in the environmental that may interact directly with the organ. By delivering short-term evaluation of exposure, EBC-Pb represents a clear advantage in biomonitoring and may become an interesting tool for estimating organ burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Félix
- a Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Dpt Física, Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade Técnica de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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Di Natale C, Paolesse R, Martinelli E, Capuano R. Solid-state gas sensors for breath analysis: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 824:1-17. [PMID: 24759744 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile compounds is an efficient method to appraise information about the chemical composition of liquids and solids. This principle is applied to several practical applications, such as food analysis where many important features (e.g. freshness) can be directly inferred from the analysis of volatile compounds. The same approach can also be applied to a human body where the volatile compounds, collected from the skin, the breath or in the headspace of fluids, might contain information that could be used to diagnose several kinds of diseases. In particular, breath is widely studied and many diseases can be potentially detected from breath analysis. The most fascinating property of breath analysis is the non-invasiveness of the sample collection. Solid-state sensors are considered the natural complement to breath analysis, matching the non-invasiveness with typical sensor features such as low-cost, easiness of use, portability, and the integration with the information networks. Sensors based breath analysis is then expected to dramatically extend the diagnostic capabilities enabling the screening of large populations for the early diagnosis of pathologies. In the last years there has been an increased attention to the development of sensors specifically aimed to this purpose. These investigations involve both specific sensors designed to detect individual compounds and non-specific sensors, operated in array configurations, aimed at clustering subjects according to their health conditions. In this paper, the recent significant applications of these sensors to breath analysis are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, Roma 00133, Italy.
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, Roma 00133, Italy
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Warwick G, Thomas PS, Yates DH. Non-invasive biomarkers in exacerbations of obstructive lung disease. Respirology 2014; 18:874-84. [PMID: 23521049 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Current methods of diagnosing exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) shed little light on their aetiology or pathophysiology. This study aimed to define the inflammatory biomarker profile of subjects with obstructive lung disease and to compare these with control subjects also with respiratory infections, using exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and induced sputum biomarker analysis. METHODS EBC, induced sputum and C-reactive protein were collected from subjects with exacerbations of asthma (n = 28), exacerbations of COPD (n = 29) and otherwise healthy controls with symptoms of respiratory tract infection (n = 28). Subjects were tested again after recovery. EBC and induced sputum were analysed for protein, hydrogen peroxide, interferon gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10), neopterin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, leukotriene B4 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Sputum cell counts and EBC pH were also analysed. RESULTS EBC pH was significantly lower in exacerbation compared with recovery (5.54 0.07 vs 6.04 ± 0.08; P < 0.001). The novel markers IP-10 and neopterin were significantly increased in induced sputum supernatant (pooled groups pre and post exacerbation: IP-10: 188.6 ± 102.1 vs 5.40 ± 1.28 pg/mL, P = 0.006; neopterin: 15.81 ± 2.50 vs 5.38 ± 0.45 nmol/L, P < 0.0001), as was TNF-α (137.8 ± 49.64 vs 71.56 ± 45.03 pg/mL, P = 0.018). Few other biomarkers proved significantly different in exacerbation, although C-reactive protein was raised. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive biomarker assessment may provide useful information in exacerbation of obstructive lung diseases, particularly sputum IP-10 and neopterin and EBC pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Warwick
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Dandona P, Ghanim H, Monte SV, Caruana JA, Green K, Abuaysheh S, Lohano T, Schentag J, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A. Increase in the mediators of asthma in obesity and obesity with type 2 diabetes: reduction with weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:356-62. [PMID: 23804543 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the expression of key asthma related genes, IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, MMP-9, CCR-2, and ADAM-33 in mononuclear cells and the plasma concentration of nitric oxide metabolites (NOM) and MMP-9 are increased in the obese, obese type 2 diabetics (T2DM) and in morbidly obese patients prior to and after gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). DESIGN AND METHODS The expression of these genes in MNC and plasma concentrations of these indices was measured in healthy lean and in obese with and without T2DM and following RYGB in obese T2DM. RESULTS The expression of IL-4, MMP-9, LIGHT and CCR-2 and plasma NOM concentrations was significantly higher in the obese subjects and in obese T2DM patients than in normal subjects. The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, MMP-9, and CCR-2 expression was related to BMI and HOMA-IR. The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, ADAM-33, MMP-9, and CCR-2 fell after RYGB surgery as did plasma concentrations of MMP-9 and NOM. CONCLUSIONS Obesity with and without T2DM is associated with an increase in the expression of IL-4, LIGHT, MMP-9 and CCR-2; plasma NOM and MMP-9 concentrations are also increased. Following RYGB surgery and weight loss, the expression of these factors in MNC and plasma concentrations falls significantly.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Asthma/complications
- Asthma/prevention & control
- Body Mass Index
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gastric Bypass
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/blood
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nitric Oxide/blood
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/complications
- Obesity, Morbid/immunology
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/metabolism
- Weight Loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, New York, USA
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43
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Svensson H, Bjermer L, Tufvesson E. Exhaled breath temperature in asthmatics and controls after eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation and a methacholine challenge test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 87:149-57. [PMID: 24335100 DOI: 10.1159/000355088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that exhaled breath temperature (EBT) is increased in asthmatic subjects. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate EBT in asthmatics compared to healthy controls before and after eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) and a methacholine challenge test (MCT). METHODS A total of 26 asthmatics and 29 healthy controls were included. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), EBT and oral, axillary and auricular temperatures were measured before and after EVH and MCT. RESULTS FEV1 % predicted (%p) was significantly lower in asthmatic subjects compared to healthy controls at all time points. EBT was significantly increased in all subjects 15-30 min after EVH and 5-45 min after MCT. Oral temperature displayed a similar pattern of increase, in contrast to axillary and auricular temperature, and correlated with EBT before and after both of the challenge tests. EBT after 5 min correlated with the largest drop in FEV1%p after EVH in asthmatic subjects. No significant differences or changes in EBT were found when comparing asthmatics to healthy controls before or after any of the tests. CONCLUSIONS EBT is increased after both EVH and MCT, possibly reflecting a vascular response. This is related to both the fall in FEV1 and to oral temperature, suggesting an effect on the whole respiratory tract including the oral cavity. No differences in EBT are seen between asthmatics and healthy controls, indicating that the increase in EBT is mainly physiological rather than pathophysiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Svensson
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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44
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Koskela HO, Purokivi MK. Airway oxidative stress in chronic cough. COUGH 2013; 9:26. [PMID: 24294924 PMCID: PMC4176500 DOI: 10.1186/1745-9974-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of chronic cough are unclear. Many reactive oxygen species affect airway sensory C-fibres which are capable to induce cough. Several chronic lung diseases are characterised by cough and oxidative stress. In asthma, an association between the cough severity and airway oxidative stress has been demonstrated. The present study was conducted to investigate whether airway oxidative stress is associated with chronic cough in subjects without chronic lung diseases. METHODS Exhaled breath condensate samples were obtained in 43 non-smoking patients with chronic cough and 15 healthy subjects. Exclusion criteria included a doctor's diagnosis of any lung disorders and any abnormality in lung x-ray. The concentration of 8-isoprostane was measured. In addition, the patients filled in Leicester Cough Questionnaire and underwent hypertonic saline cough provocation test, spirometry, ambulatory peak flow monitoring, nitric oxide measurement, and histamine airway challenge. In a subgroup of patients the measurements were repeated during 12 weeks' treatment with inhaled budesonide, 800 ug/day. RESULTS The 8-isoprostane concentrations were higher in the cough patients than in the healthy subjects (24.6 ± 1.2 pg/ml vs. 10.1 ± 1.7 pg/ml, p = 0.045). The 8-isoprostane concentration was associated with the Leicester Cough Questionnaire total score (p = 0.044) but not with the cough sensitivity to saline or other tests. Budesonide treatment did not affect the 8-isoprostane concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Chronic cough seems to be associated with airway oxidative stress in subjects with chronic cough but without chronic lung diseases. This finding may help to develop novel antitussive drugs. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov database (KUH5801112), identifier NCT00859274.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki O Koskela
- Unit for Medicine and Clinical Research, Pulmonary Division, Kuopio University Hospital, PL 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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45
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Kubáň P, Foret F. Exhaled breath condensate: Determination of non-volatile compounds and their potential for clinical diagnosis and monitoring. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mickleborough TD, Vaughn CL, Shei RJ, Davis EM, Wilhite DP. Marine lipid fraction PCSO-524 (lyprinol/omega XL) of the New Zealand green lipped mussel attenuates hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Respir Med 2013; 107:1152-63. [PMID: 23660397 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the effect of the marine lipid fraction of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) PCSO-524 (Lyprinol/Omega XL), rich in omega-3 fatty acids, on airway inflammation and the bronchoconstrictor response to eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) in asthmatics. METHODS Twenty asthmatic subjects, with documented HIB, participated in a placebo controlled double-blind randomized crossover trial. Subjects entered the study on their usual diet and were then placed on 3 weeks of PCSO-524 or placebo supplementation, followed by a 2 week washout period, before crossing over to the alternative diet. Pre- and post-eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) pulmonary function, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), asthma symptom scores, medication use, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, cysteinyl leukotrienes (cyst-LT), 8-isoprostane and urinary 9α, 11β-prostaglandin (PG)F2 and Clara (CC16) protein concentrations were assessed at the beginning of the trial and at the end of each treatment period. RESULTS The PCSO-524 diet significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the maximum fall in post-EVH FEV1 (-8.4 ± 3.2%) compared to usual (-19.3 ± 5.4%) and placebo diet (-22.5 ± 13.7%). Pre- and post- EVH EBC cyst-LT and 8-isoprostane, and urinary 9α, 11β-PGF2 and CC16 concentrations were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on the PCSO-524 diet compared to the usual and placebo diet. EBC pH and asthma symptom scores were significantly improved (p < 0.05) and rescue medication use significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on the PCSO-524 diet compared to the usual and placebo diet. CONCLUSION PCSO-524 (Lyprinol)/Omega XL) may have beneficial effects in HIB and asthma by serving as a pro-resolving agonist and/or inflammatory antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Mickleborough
- School of Public Health-Bloomington, Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, 1025 E. 7th St. SPH 112, Bloomington, IN 47404, USA.
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47
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Syslová K, Böhmová A, Demirbağ E, Šimková K, Kuzma M, Pelclová D, Sedlák V, Čáp P, Martásek P, Kačer P. Immunomagnetic molecular probe with UHPLC-MS/MS: a promising way for reliable bronchial asthma diagnostics based on quantification of cysteinyl leukotrienes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:108-17. [PMID: 23644905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and precise method for simultaneous quantification of cysteinyl leukotrienes (=cys LTs) - leukotriene C4 (=LTC4), leukotriene D4 (=LTD4) and leukotriene E4 (=LTE4) - essential biomarkers of bronchial asthma present in exhaled breath condensate (=EBC) was developed. An immunomagnetic molecular probe was prepared by anchoring cysteinyl leukotrienes antibody on the surface of functionalized monodispersed magnetic particles and used to selectively isolate cys LTs from biological matrices - EBC, plasma and urine. Immobilization and the immunoaffinity capture procedures were optimized to maximize the amount of separated cys LTs, which were detected "off-beads" after acidic elution by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS operated in a multiple reaction monitoring mode. The developed method was characterized with high precision ≤13.6% (intra-day precision determined as RSD) and ≤14.5% (inter-day precision determined as RSD), acceptable accuracy ≤18.5% (determined as RE), and high recovery of immunoseparation (≥93.1%) in aforementioned biological matrices. The applicability of the method was demonstrated on EBC, plasma and urine clinical samples of patients with various subtypes of bronchial asthma (occupational, steroid-resistant, moderate with and without corticosteroids therapy) and healthy subjects where reasonable differences in cys LTs concentration levels were found. Combining extremely selective immunomagnetic separation with highly sensitive and precise detection step, the developed method was used to aid diagnosis, predict the most effective therapy, and monitor the response to treatment. The detection of elevated inflammatory mediators (cys LTs) in EBC of subjects with relatively asymptomatic asthma and normal pulmonary function tests could offer a novel way for monitoring the lung inflammation and perhaps initiating treatment in an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Syslová
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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48
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Kippelen P, Anderson SD. Pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2013; 33:299-312, vii. [PMID: 23830126 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the various potential mechanisms responsible for the development of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Although the etiology of EIB is multifactorial, and the physiologic processes involved may vary between individuals (especially between those with and without asthma), drying of the small airways with an associated inflammatory response seems prerequisite for EIB. Dysregulated repair processes following exercise-induced airway epithelial injury may also serve as basis for EIB development/progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Kippelen
- Centre for Sports Medicine & Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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49
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Role of cells and mediators in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2013; 33:313-28, vii. [PMID: 23830127 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A susceptible group of subjects with asthma develops airflow obstruction in response to the transfer of water out of the airways during exercise. The transfer of water or the challenge with a hypertonic solution serves as a strong stimulus to the airway epithelium. Susceptible subjects have epithelial shedding into the airway lumen, and airway inflammation that leads to the overproduction of leukotrienes and other eicosanoids following exercise challenge. The sensory nerves of the airways may serve as a critical link that mediates the effect of eicosanoids, leading to bronchoconstriction and mucus production in response to exercise challenge.
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Wanrooij VHM, Willeboordse M, Dompeling E, van de Kant KDG. Exercise training in children with asthma: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:1024-31. [PMID: 23525551 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can provoke asthma symptoms, such as dyspnoea, in children with asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is prevalent in 40-90% of children with asthma. Conversely, exercise can improve physical fitness. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the literature regarding the effects of exercise training in children with asthma, particularly in relation to: EIB, asthma control, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory parameters and parameters of underlying pathophysiology. A systematic search in several databases was performed. Controlled trials that undertook a physical training programme in children with asthma (aged 6-18 years) were selected. Twenty-nine studies were included. Training had positive effects on several cardiorespiratory fitness parameters. A few studies demonstrated that training could improve EIB, especially in cases where there was sufficient room for improvement. Peak expiratory flow was the only lung function parameter that could be improved substantially by training. The effects of training on asthma control, airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were barely studied. Owing to the overall beneficial effects of training and the lack of negative effects, it can be concluded that physical exercise is safe and can be recommended in children with asthma. A training programme should have a minimum duration of 3 months, with at least two 60 min training sessions per week, and a training intensity set at the (personalised) ventilatory threshold. Further research is recommended regarding the effects of exercise on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and asthma control in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera H M Wanrooij
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Willeboordse
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim D G van de Kant
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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