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Svennberg E, Caiani EG, Bruining N, Desteghe L, Han JK, Narayan SM, Rademakers FE, Sanders P, Duncker D. The digital journey: 25 years of digital development in electrophysiology from an Europace perspective. Europace 2023; 25:euad176. [PMID: 37622574 PMCID: PMC10450797 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Over the past 25 years there has been a substantial development in the field of digital electrophysiology (EP) and in parallel a substantial increase in publications on digital cardiology.In this celebratory paper, we provide an overview of the digital field by highlighting publications from the field focusing on the EP Europace journal. RESULTS In this journey across the past quarter of a century we follow the development of digital tools commonly used in the clinic spanning from the initiation of digital clinics through the early days of telemonitoring, to wearables, mobile applications, and the use of fully virtual clinics. We then provide a chronicle of the field of artificial intelligence, a regulatory perspective, and at the end of our journey provide a future outlook for digital EP. CONCLUSION Over the past 25 years Europace has published a substantial number of papers on digital EP, with a marked expansion in digital publications in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Svennberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrico G Caiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Electronic, Information and Biomedical Engineering Department, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Bruining
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Information processing (Digital Cardiology), Erasmus Medical Center, Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lien Desteghe
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2056 Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Janet K Han
- Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv M Narayan
- Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Duncker
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ryu R, Bahjri K, Tran H. Potential Association of Holidays on Internationalized Normalized Ratio in Warfarin-Users at a Multidisciplinary Clinic. Cardiol Res 2023; 14:38-44. [PMID: 36896230 PMCID: PMC9990547 DOI: 10.14740/cr1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Warfarin is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for numerous clinical indications. The effectiveness of warfarin is highly dependent on the time-in-therapeutic range based on the international normalized ratio (INR) goal, which may be altered by changes in diet, alcohol intake, concomitant drugs, and travel, all of which are prevalent during the holidays. At this time, there are no published studies assessing the impact of holidays on INR in warfarin-users. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on all adult patients taking warfarin and managed at a multidisciplinary clinic. Patients were included if they were taking warfarin at home regardless of indication for anticoagulation. The INR pre- and post-holiday was assessed. Results Of a total of 92 patients, the mean age was 71.5 ± 14.3 years, and most patients were on warfarin with an INR goal of 2 - 3 (89%). There were significant differences in INR before and after Independence Day (2.55 vs. 2.81, P = 0.043) and Columbus Day (2.39 vs. 2.82, P < 0.001). The remaining holidays showed no significant differences in INR before and after each respective holiday. Conclusions There may be factors related to Independence and Columbus Day that are increasing the level of anticoagulation in warfarin-users. Although the mean post-holiday INR values, in essence, maintained within the typical target of 2 - 3, our study underscores the specialized care that is warranted in higher risk patients to prevent a continued increase in INR and subsequent toxicities. We hope our results would be hypothesis-generating and aid in the development of larger, prospective evaluations to validate the findings of our present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ryu
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Khaled Bahjri
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Huyentran Tran
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Almesned A, Alqwaee A, Abusiryeh B, Almeman A. Decentralization and Virtualization of INR-based Anticoagulation Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:177-182. [PMID: 37921213 DOI: 10.2174/011871529x242935231026105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of the decentralization and virtualization of anticoagulation clinics just before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We conducted a cohort study investigation at Prince Sultan Cardiac Clinics PSCC Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. To evaluate the effectiveness of the virtual coagulation clinic, we calculated the time in therapeutic range (TTR), Morisky score for adherence, and satisfaction. Demographics of the patients were analyzed to group patients based on their regions or districts to facilitate the visits. Thirteen different PHCs/Hospitals were allocated for decentralization based on patient density in that region. Intensive courses were provided for all general practitioners (GPs) regarding warfarin anticoagulation and point of care testing (POCT) using iSTAT. All appointments were scheduled by WhatsApp, with no more actual visits to the main center. RESULTS Among the included participants (n = 5616), 61.1% were females, 38.9% were males, and the mean age was 60.5 (18-85) years. The total number of clinic visits was 7303 per month, with an average of 1.3 visits per patient. Approximately 95% of the participants had a valvular indication to receive anticoagulation; of them, 55% underwent mitral valve replacement. Moreover, after the virtualization of the INR clinic, keeping INR levels within a therapeutic range was reported in 80% of patients. Regarding patient satisfaction, 90% of the total population was satisfied by the new experience. CONCLUSION Decentralization and virtualization of the INR clinic have similar TTR results if conducted properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Almesned
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alqwaee
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Abusiryeh
- Nurse, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almeman
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Alhmoud EN, Abd El Samad OB, Elewa H, Alkhozondar O, Soaly E, El Anany R. Drive-up INR testing and phone-based consultations service during COVID-19 pandemic in a pharmacist-lead anticoagulation clinic in Qatar: Monitoring, clinical, resource utilization, and patient- oriented outcomes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY : JACCP 2021; 4:1117-1125. [PMID: 34226887 PMCID: PMC8242871 DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems and led to widespread utilization of telemedicine or telehealth services. Combined with teleclinics, using drive‐up fingerstick International normalized ratio (INR) testing was recommended to decrease exposure risk of anticoagulation patients. Objective To evaluate the impact of transitioning from clinic‐based anticoagulation management services to drive‐up and phone‐based services during COVID‐19 pandemic in Qatar. Methods The study comprised of two components: a retrospective cohort study of all eligible patients who attended anticoagulation clinic over 1‐year period (6 months before and 6 months after service transition) and a cross‐sectional survey of eligible patients who agreed to provide data about their satisfaction with the new service. Monitoring parameters, clinical outcomes, and resource utilization related to warfarin therapy were compared before and after service transition. Patients' experience was explored through a structured survey. Results There was no statistically significant difference between clinic‐based and phone‐based anticoagulation services in mean time and number of visits within therapeutic range (P = .67; P = .06 respectively); mean number of extreme subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic INR values (P = .32 and P = .34, respectively); incidence of thromboembolic complications and warfarin related hospitalization. There was one reported bleeding and one emergency visit (0.9%) in the phone‐based group vs none in the clinic‐based group. Frequency of INR testing and compliance to attending clinics appointments declined significantly (P = .002; P = .001, respectively). Overall, patients were highly satisfied with the new service. The majority of patients found it better (51.6%) or just as good as the traditional service (44.5%). Patients who preferred the new service were significantly younger than their counterparts (P = .005). Conclusion The service of drive‐up INR testing and phone‐based consultations was shown to be comparable to traditional anticoagulation service, a finding that supports maintaining such services as part of the new normal after the pandemic is over.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hazem Elewa
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health Qatar University Doha- Qatar
| | | | - Ezeldin Soaly
- Al Wakra Hospital Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
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Tran RJC, Yamzon J, Stewart TL, Hernandez EA, Cao DX. Effectiveness of Telepharmacy Versus Face-to-Face Anticoagulation Services in the Ambulatory Care Setting: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 55:1084-1095. [PMID: 33384017 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020983539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effectiveness of anticoagulation services managed via telepharmacy (TP) has not been clearly demonstrated. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis compares the effectiveness of TP anticoagulation services to face-to-face (FTF) anticoagulation services in the ambulatory care setting. METHODS A literature search for studies assessing the effectiveness of TP services was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central databases, from inception through November 18, 2020. Studies that compared TP with FTF anticoagulation services in the ambulatory care setting were included. Outcomes of interest included thromboembolic events, major bleeding, minor bleeding, any bleeding, warfarin international normalized ratio (INR) time in therapeutic range (TTR), frequency of extreme INR, anticoagulation-related emergency department visits, anticoagulation-related hospitalization, any hospitalization, and mortality. Relative risk (RR) and weighted mean difference were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. RESULTS Overall, 11 studies involving 8395 patients were included in the systematic review, and 9 studies were included in the pooled meta-analysis. Compared with FTF service, TP was associated with a lower risk of any bleeding and any hospitalization, with RRs of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.90; P = 0.01) and 0.59 (95% CI = 0.39 to 0.87; P = 0.01), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in TTR or the risk of extreme supratherapeutic INR, major bleeding, minor bleeding, or thromboembolic events between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS TP appears to be at least as effective as FTF anticoagulation services. Findings from this study support the utilization of TP practice models in ambulatory care anticoagulation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J C Tran
- Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Joycelyn Yamzon
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Tania L Stewart
- Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Elvin A Hernandez
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Diana X Cao
- Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Saw Y, Yap SY, Tan YH. Evaluation of the clinical and safety outcomes of
face‐to‐face
vs a telephonic model of a
pharmacist‐led
outpatient anticoagulation service. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashi Saw
- National University Hospital Singapore Singapore
| | - Shi Yin Yap
- National University Hospital Singapore Singapore
| | - Yu Heng Tan
- National Healthcare Group Woodlands Health Campus Yishun Singapore
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Dhippayom T, Rattanachaisit N, Jhunsom S, Dilokthornsakul P, Chaiyakunapruk N, Devine B. Comparative effects of telemedicine and face-to-face warfarin management: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:880-891.e9. [PMID: 32703667 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the comparative effects of different types of telemedicine on anticoagulation control and adverse outcomes in patients taking warfarin. DATA SOURCES A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane library, EMBASE, CINAHL, OpenGrey, and DART-Europe from inception to September 2019. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental and cohort studies were included if they evaluated the effect of telemedicine in patients using warfarin for 3 months or more. METHODS Two reviewers extracted and assessed the quality of studies by means of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group. Network meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) methods were used to rank different telemedicine types. RESULTS Of the 14,673 articles retrieved, 12 studies involving 11,478 patients met the inclusion criteria. The 5 types of telemedicine categorized were 1) laboratory draw with individual telephonic follow-up by health care (HC) providers (Lab/Tel/HC); 2) laboratory draw with individual telephonic follow-up with periodic, routine routine face-to-face (F2F) visit (Lab/Tel+F2F/HC); 3) laboratory draw with individual and group follow-up via online access (Lab/Online/HC); 4) patient self-test (PST) with telephonic or Web-based follow-up by automated management system (PST/Tel-Online/Auto); and 5) PST with telephonic follow-up by HC provider (PST/Tel/HC). PST/Tel-Online/Auto appears to be superior to F2F for TTR (mean difference 8.78%; 95% CI 0.06%-17.50%) and Lab/Online/HC for in-range INR (odds ratio 2.59; 95% CI 1.04-6.46). The SUCRAs suggested that PST/Tel-Online/Auto was preferred for both TTR and INR, at 84.2% and 93.9%, respectively, whereas Lab/Tel/HC was preferred to prevent major bleeding (74.1%) or thromboembolic event (70.7%). CONCLUSION According to the current evidence of uncertain quality, the best effects on anticoagulation control and adverse outcomes were achieved from different types of telemedicine. Variations in the effects of telemedicine on diverse outcomes should be considered before implementing telemedicine interventions in patients taking warfarin.
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Sakunrag I, Danwilai K, Dilokthornsakul P, Chaiyakunapruk N, Dhippayom T. Clinical Outcomes of Telephone Service for Patients on Warfarin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Telemed J E Health 2020; 26:1507-1521. [PMID: 32213010 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2019.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate clinical outcomes of telephone-based service for patients on warfarin. Methods: Five bibliographic databases and gray literature were searched for articles that reported the effects of telephone interventions provided to patients using warfarin compared with those receiving usual clinic-based care. Mean difference (MD) and relative risk (RR) were used to calculate the effects of telephone intervention on time in therapeutic range (TTR) and visit in range (VIR), respectively. Adverse events (AEs) were pooled and reported as incidence rate ratios. Results: A total of 1,840 articles were examined. Eight articles involving 8,087 subjects were included in the quantitative synthesis. The pooled estimates from seven studies showed no difference on TTR between the telephone service group and the usual care group (MD 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.56 to 8.16). In addition, VIR in the telephone service group was not different from the usual care group (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.87-1.71). Moreover, patients in telephone service groups appeared to have a lower incidence of AEs compared with usual care groups. Discussion: Telephone-based service could be considered as an alternative anticoagulant management. However, owing to a lack of evidence from well-designed studies, further high-quality randomized control trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsarawan Sakunrag
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kwanjit Danwilai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Piyameth Dilokthornsakul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research (CPOR), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research (CPOR), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Teerapon Dhippayom
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Liang JB, Lao CK, Tian L, Yang YY, Wu HM, Tong HHY, Chan A. Impact of a pharmacist-led education and follow-up service on anticoagulation control and safety outcomes at a tertiary hospital in China: a randomised controlled trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2019; 28:97-106. [PMID: 31576625 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led anticoagulation service on international normalised ratio (INR) control and other outcomes among patients receiving warfarin therapy at a tertiary hospital in Zhuhai, China. METHODS In this randomised controlled trial, adult patients who were newly initiated on warfarin with intended treatment duration of at least 3 months were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to receive the pharmacist-led education and follow-up service (PEFS) or usual care (UC). Anticoagulation control was calculated as the proportions of time within the target INR range (TTR) and time within the expanded target range (TER). KEY FINDINGS A total of 152 participants (77 in the PEFS group and 75 in the UC group) were included. Within 180 days after hospital discharge, the PEFS group spent more TER than the UC group (54.4% versus 42.0%; P = 0.024), whereas the difference in TTR did not reach statistical significance (35.9% versus 29.5%; P = 0.203). No major bleeding events were observed, and the cumulative incidences of major thromboembolic events (6.5% versus 9.3%) and mortality (1.3% versus 1.3%) were similar between the two groups (P> 0.05). At 30 days postdischarge, the PEFS group had better warfarin knowledge by answering 57.5% of questions correctly, compared with the UC group (43.0%) (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The PEFS markedly enhanced anticoagulation control and warfarin knowledge but there was room for improvement. The expansion of pharmacists' clinical role and the development of more effective education and follow-up strategies are warranted to optimise anticoagulation management services in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bi Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Kin Lao
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao S.A.R., China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Henry Hoi-Yee Tong
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao S.A.R., China
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Yiu A, Bajorek B. Patient-focused interventions to support vulnerable people using oral anticoagulants: a narrative review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2019; 10:2042098619847423. [PMID: 31205676 PMCID: PMC6535713 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619847423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to identify patient-focused interventions that have been trialed to support vulnerable patient populations taking oral anticoagulants (warfarin and the direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs)) such as older persons (65 years and over), those with limited health literacy, and those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This review also aimed to report on the effects of these interventions on outcomes relevant to the use of anticoagulant therapy. Original articles published between 1 January 1995 and 30 June 2017 were identified using several electronic databases such as Medline, Ovid, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The following terms were used for the three-tiered search: Tier 1, elderly, aged, older adult, geriatrics; Tier 2, health literacy, literacy, low health literacy, low English proficiency, patient literacy; and Tier 3, ethnicity, ethnic, ethnic groups, CALD, culturally and linguistically diverse, NESB, non-English speaking background, race, racial groups, religion, religious groups, and minority groups. The terms for each tier were combined with the following terms: anticoagulants, anticoagulation, warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, DOACS, new oral anticoagulants, novel oral anticoagulants, patient care, patient knowledge, comprehension, patient education, patient participation, and communication. A total of 41 studies were identified. Most of the interventions identified included older persons taking warfarin who were monitored using the international normalized ratio (INR) and who received patient education. Many interventions reported a significant positive impact on patients' knowledge, reduction in the number of adverse events caused by hemorrhage, and better INR control. More research on patient-focused interventions is needed that includes patients with limited health literacy, those from CALD backgrounds, and family members and caregivers of patients taking oral anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yiu
- Graduate School of Health – Pharmacy, University Technology of Sydney, Level 4, Building 7, 67 Thomas Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Beata Bajorek
- Graduate School of Health – Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney and Pharmacy Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia
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11
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Xia X, Wu J, Zhang J. The effect of online versus hospital warfarin management on patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:1420-1429. [PMID: 30367374 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Patients using oral anticoagulants are prone both to thrombus from insufficient anticoagulant therapy and to bleeding by overmedication, so there is a need for further exploring. Aim of the review To assess the effect of online management (using electronic communication such as smartphone), and hospital management on the outcome of patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy, and to explore an appropriate anticoagulation management model. Method Studies published in English prior to July 2017 were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Two researchers screened the literature independently, extracted the data and evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. The publication bias analysis was evaluated. Results A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria, covering 16,915 patients. Of these, 8260 cases formed the online anticoagulation management group, and the other 8655 cases the hospital anticoagulant management group. There were no significant differences between the management models for time in therapeutic range, incidence of major or minor bleeding events, thromboembolic events, or warfarin-related emergency department visits. However, online management was associated with fewer warfarin-related hospital admissions than hospital management (odds ratio: 0.47, 95% confidence interval [0.30, 0.73]; P = 0.0009). Conclusion The online management of anticoagulant therapy was not inferior to hospital management, and may provide more convenient, higher quality anticoagulant therapy services for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xia
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jianmei Wu
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
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Tan CSY, Fong AYY, Jong YH, Ong TK. INR Control of Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve on Long-Term Warfarin Therapy. Glob Heart 2018; 13:241-244. [PMID: 30213574 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warfarin is an anticoagulant indicated for patients who had undergone mechanical heart valve(s) replacement (MHVR). In these patients, time in therapeutic range (TTR) is important in predicting the bleeding and thrombotic risks. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the anticoagulation control of warfarin using TTR in patients with MHVR in a tertiary health care referral Center. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively by reviewing clinical notes of outpatients who attended international normalized ratio (INR) clinics in November 2015. Patients who had MHVR and who took warfarin were included. The data collected were demographics, relevant laboratory investigations, and patients' prior medical history. TTR was calculated using Rosendaal and traditional methods. RESULTS A total of 103 patients with MHVR were recruited. The mean age was 51.72 ± 13.97 years and 46.6% were male. A total of 54.4% had mitral valve replacement (MVR), whereas 26.2% had aortic valve replacement (AVR). The mean TTR calculated using the Rosendaal method was 57.1%. There was no significant difference among patients with AVR, MVR, and both valves (AMVR) in terms of TTR (AVR vs. MVR vs. AMVR, 62.94 ± 23.08, 54.12 ± 21.62, 57.63 ± 17.47; p = 0.213). The average dose of warfarin for all groups was approximately 3 mg/day. Moreover, MVR, AVR, and AMVR patients who had TTR (Rosendaal method) ≤60% were 58.9%, 37.0%, and 45.0%, respectively. Only 4.8% had minor bleeding, whereas none had stroke in the period of TTR determination. CONCLUSIONS Despite a majority of patients having <60% TTR, there were low incidences of bleeding and stroke events in this center. There were no factors found to be associated with INR control in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Sing Yee Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia; Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Alan Yean Yip Fong
- Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia; Department of Cardiology, Sarawak Heart Centre, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Hsun Jong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sarawak Heart Centre, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Tiong Kiam Ong
- Department of Cardiology, Sarawak Heart Centre, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
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Lee M, Wang M, Liu J, Holbrook A. Do telehealth interventions improve oral anticoagulation management? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018; 45:325-336. [PMID: 29350322 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-018-1609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The benefits and harms of telehealth interventions compared to usual care for oral anticoagulation management are unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess their impact on clinically important outcomes. A search was conducted through MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases, and the retrieved citations were independently screened and extracted by two review authors. Cochrane Collaboration-recommended tools were used to assess for risk of bias. Co-primary outcomes were major bleeding and major thromboembolic events. Of 2145 retrieved citations, 7 were included for qualitative synthesis (1 randomized controlled trial, 1 prospective cohort and 5 retrospective cohorts). None addressed direct oral anticoagulants. Telehealth interventions were mainly consisted of telephone visits by clinicians, pharmacists and specialists. Meta-analysis of 3 studies (n = 6955) showed significant improvements in the telehealth group for major thromboembolic events (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.74, p = 0.002), but no significant difference for major bleeding events (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.52-1.33, p = 0.44). There was no significant difference in any of the secondary outcomes. The overall GRADE quality of evidence was rated very low due to high risk of bias and low precision. Based on very low quality evidence, telehealth interventions may lower the risk of major thromboembolic events, but not other clinically important outcomes. A high quality study is likely to strongly influence these results. High quality randomized trials are recommended to better assess the benefits and harms of telehealth interventions for anticoagulation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munil Lee
- Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Holbrook
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, c/o SJHH G623, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada. .,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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14
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Sudas Na Ayutthaya N, Sakunrak I, Dhippayom T. Clinical Outcomes of Telemonitoring for Patients on Warfarin after Discharge from Hospital. Int J Telemed Appl 2018; 2018:7503421. [PMID: 30158972 PMCID: PMC6109538 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7503421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of telephone follow-up service on clinical outcomes in patients on warfarin when discharged from hospital. METHODS This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a general hospital in Thailand. Patients aged ≥20 years who were prescribed warfarin when discharged were eligible to participate in this study. They were randomly allocated, using a computer generated random number, to receive either telephone follow-up intervention or usual care. Participants in the intervention group received telephone follow-up by hospital pharmacists for three months. During each telephone call, pharmacists performed medicine use reviews and addressed any problems identified. KEY FINDINGS A total of 50 patients participated in this study. The proportion of international normalized ratio (INR) values in the target range for the telephone follow-up group (36/79, 45.6%) was higher than that in the usual care group (19/79, 24.1%), p=0.005. The mean time in the therapeutic range (TTR) in the telephone follow-up group was also higher than that in the usual care group (49.8±34.3 versus 28.0±27.5, p=0.017). All patients in the usual care group experienced one or more out-of-range INR values (25/25, 100%) compared to 21 out of 25 (84%) in the telephone follow-up group, p=0.037. There was no difference between the two groups in the incidence of complications or adverse events associated with warfarin. CONCLUSIONS The telephone follow-up service in recently discharged patients helps them achieve and maintain their INR target. This anticoagulant supportive service should be promoted to patients receiving warfarin therapy after discharge. This trial is registered with TCTR20180614006 (Thai Clinical Trials Registry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaporn Sudas Na Ayutthaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Kamphaeng Phet Hospital, Mueang Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Itsarawan Sakunrak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Teerapon Dhippayom
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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15
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Outcomes of warfarin therapy managed by pharmacists via hospital anticoagulation clinic versus online anticoagulation clinic. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:1072-1077. [PMID: 29956134 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background In response to the recognized difficulty in the management of patients on anticoagulation therapy, anticoagulation management services were developed in both hospital anticoagulation clinics (HACs) and an online anticoagulation clinic (OAC) by a pharmacist. Objective To compare monitoring outcomes and complications of warfarin therapy managed by pharmacists via hospital or on-line. Setting The anticoagulation clinic of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, China. Method A retrospective, observational cohort study was used to compare patients managed via hospital to those managed o-line between December 2015 and 2016. The primary outcome was the percentage of time in the therapeutic range (TTR). The secondary outcomes were the incidence rates of hemorrhagic events, thrombotic events and extreme international normalized ratio (INR) values. Results A total of 152 patients were evaluated; 70 patients managed in a HAC were compared to 82 patients managed via an OAC. There were no significant differences in the TTR (78.9 vs. 74.0%, P = 0.393) and adverse events [major bleeding events (0 vs. 1.2%, P = 1.000), minor bleeding events (10.0 vs. 9.8%, P = 0.960), thromboembolic events (0 vs. 0%, P = 1.000), warfarin-related emergency visits (2.9 vs. 3.7%, P = 1.000)], warfarin-related hospital admissions (0 vs. 1.2%, P = 1.000), and the incidence of subtherapeutic (3.0 vs. 3.8%, P = 0.148), and extreme total (8.4 vs. 5.8%, P = 0.135), between the groups managed via HAC and OAC. Patients managed in the HAC were more stable on warfarin, with a higher percentage of INR values within the target therapeutic range (80.2 vs. 71.9%, P = 0.005) and a lower incidence of supratherapeutic INR values (8.4 vs. 18.5%, P = 0.001) compared to patients managed via OAC. Conclusion The management of oral anticoagulation therapy on-line yielded similar clinical outcomes compared to that achieved by management via the hospital, although the incidence of supra-therapeutic INR values was increased.
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16
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Bernaitis N, Badrick T, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Dedicated warfarin care programme results in superior warfarin control in Queensland, Australia. Int J Clin Pract 2018; 72:e13051. [PMID: 29316055 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warfarin is used to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Ongoing monitoring of International normalised ratio (INR) and time in therapeutic range (TTR) commonly used to assess the quality of warfarin management are required. Anticoagulant clinics have demonstrated improved TTRs, particularly in countries with poorer control in primary care settings. Reported TTR in Australia has been relatively high; so, it is unknown if benefit would be seen from dedicated warfarin clinics in Australia. The aim of this study was to compare the level of warfarin control in patients managed by their general practitioner (GP) and a warfarin care programme (WCP) by Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology. METHOD Retrospective data were collected for AF patients enrolled in the warfarin care programme at WCP, and included patients with INR tests available while managed by their GP. INR tests were used to calculate TTR and frequency of testing for the time managed by GP and WCP, with mean data used for analysis and comparison. RESULTS The eligible 200 warfarin patients had a TTR of 69% with GP management and 82% with WCP management (<.0001). Significant differences were also found between GP and WCP management in the percentage of tests in range, total number of tests and frequency of testing. WCP had a reduced time to repeat test at extremes of INR results. CONCLUSION Australian warfarin control was good when managed by either GP or WCP, but WCP management increased TTR by 13%. Dedicated warfarin programmes can improve warfarin control and optimise therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijole Bernaitis
- Menzies Health Institute and Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Badrick
- The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA) Quality Assurance Programs, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Menzies Health Institute and Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Lee JC, Horner KE, Krummel ML, McDanel DL. Clinical and Financial Outcomes Evaluation of Multimodal Pharmacist Warfarin Management of a Statewide Urban and Rural Population. J Pharm Pract 2017; 31:150-156. [PMID: 28441899 DOI: 10.1177/0897190017703506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and indirect financial outcomes of pharmacist face-to-face warfarin management with telephone-based distance management utilizing local laboratories or patient self-testing (PST). METHODS A retrospective analysis of a clinic population of 336 patients on established warfarin therapy distributed statewide in rural and urban settings over a 6-month period was conducted. Participants were stratified into face-to-face management, telephone-based management utilizing local laboratory testing, and telephone-based management utilizing PST. RESULTS The primary outcome of international normalized ratio (INR) time in therapeutic range (TTR) for face-to-face management was significantly greater than distance management utilizing local laboratory testing (69.0% vs 60.5%, P = .0032). No difference was observed between face-to-face management and PST (69.0% vs 68.0%, P = .25). No significant difference in bleeding or thromboses was observed. Although increased clinician time was utilized during face-to-face encounters compared to telephone encounters (8.7-minute face-to-face, 5.5-minute local laboratory, and 5.4-minute PST), face-to-face encounters tended to be billable at lower levels, whereas telephone-based encounters were billable at higher levels. CONCLUSION A multimodal approach to pharmacist warfarin management of a patient population distributed statewide in rural and urban locations is effective despite TTR differences associated with INR testing used in distance management. PST may improve warfarin treatment outcomes and adherence in distance management, particularly when the use of alternative oral anticoagulants is inappropriate. Although time and billing differences between face-to-face and distance management exist, clinical and safety outcomes remain acceptable despite encounter complexity and support reimbursement of pharmacist anticoagulation management in all settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Lee
- 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice/Ambulatory Pharmacy Services, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen E Horner
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Care, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michelle L Krummel
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Care, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Deanna L McDanel
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Care, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,3 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
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18
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Cryder BT, Felczak MA, Darkwa A, Patel H, Janociak JD, Rihani R. Transition of stable patients from traditional anticoagulation clinic services to telephonic management. Int J Clin Pharm 2017; 39:569-572. [PMID: 28361456 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Outpatient warfarin dosing and monitoring with telephonic anticoagulation management (TAM) could be an effective alternative to other more labor intensive management models. Objectives To evaluate the time in therapeutic range (TTR) and number of extreme INR values (<1.5 or >4.5) of a telephonic system of warfarin management for stable patients who currently utilized traditional anticoagulation management services (AMSs). Method A retrospective, observational cohort with three groups (1) patients transitioned from an office-based anticoagulation clinic to TAM, (2) patients continuously enrolled in office-based AMS, (3) patients continuously managed by usual physician care without specialized anticoagulation services (UPC). Data was collected for six months before and six months after transition. Results All groups demonstrated decreased TTR from baseline to active phase, with the TAM and AMS groups showing similar magnitude of reduction (-10.61 and -12.66% respectively) but UPC group producing a greater drop (-20.08%). The TAM and AMS groups had similar rates of extreme INR levels; UPC had higher numbers of extreme INRs in three of the four measurements. Conclusion Stable patients transitioned from office-based anticoagulation clinic to a telephonic model of management performed equally as well as those who continued traditional enrollment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Cryder
- Advocate Medical Group, 9831 S. Western Ave, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
| | - Margaret A Felczak
- Advocate Medical Group, 9831 S. Western Ave, Chicago, IL, USA.,Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Adwoa Darkwa
- Advocate Medical Group, 9831 S. Western Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hiral Patel
- Advocate Medical Group, 9831 S. Western Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rami Rihani
- Advocate Medical Group, 9831 S. Western Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Fleisher LA, Jneid H, Mack MJ, McLeod CJ, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM, Thompson A. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2017; 135:e1159-e1195. [PMID: 28298458 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1398] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert O Bonow
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Blase A Carabello
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - John P Erwin
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Lee A Fleisher
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Hani Jneid
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Michael J Mack
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Christopher J McLeod
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Patrick T O'Gara
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Vera H Rigolin
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Thoralf M Sundt
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
| | - Annemarie Thompson
- Focused Update writing group members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. ACC/AHA Representative. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. SCAI Representative. STS Representative. ASE Representative. AATS Representative. SCA Representative
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20
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Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Fleisher LA, Jneid H, Mack MJ, McLeod CJ, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM, Thompson A. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:252-289. [PMID: 28315732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1830] [Impact Index Per Article: 261.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Bernaitis N, Badrick T, Davey AK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Quality of warfarin control in atrial fibrillation patients in South East Queensland, Australia. Intern Med J 2016; 46:925-31. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bernaitis
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Pharmacy; Griffith University; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - T. Badrick
- RCPA Quality Assurance Programs; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - A. K. Davey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Pharmacy; Griffith University; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - S. Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Pharmacy; Griffith University; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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22
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Blissit KT, Mullenix ML, Brittain KG. Evaluation of Time in Therapeutic Range on Warfarin Therapy Between Face-to-Face and Telephone Follow-Up in a VA Medical Center. J Pharm Technol 2015; 31:78-83. [PMID: 34860994 DOI: 10.1177/8755122514552497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies have evaluated percent time in therapeutic range (TTR) for warfarin managed via face-to-face (FF) to telephone (TELE) visits-all finding no difference between groups. Objective: Compare and evaluate TTR for warfarin in patients who received pharmacist-managed care via FF or TELE. Methods: Single-center, retrospective study. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old, on indefinite warfarin therapy, followed by clinical pharmacists via FF or TELE from 2010 to 2012. Primary outcome (TTR) calculated via Rosendaal method. Event data included rates of any bleeding, significant bleeding, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, hospitalizations, and death. Clinics were also compared by location. Results: Two hundred subjects (90 FF and 110 TELE) were included. Mean TTR was 68.17% and 69.57% in FF and TELE groups, respectively. The FF group had statistically significant higher rates of any bleeding (48.9% vs 30.9%). Rates of significant bleeding in FF versus TELE were not significantly different (6.67% vs 2.73%). The majority followed FF with significant bleeding were at a higher bleeding risk than those followed via TELE. There were low rates of venous thromboembolism (1.1% and 1.8%). Conclusions: TTR was ≥65% for most subjects with minimal variability in TTR between clinics. Mean TTR results for each group were greater and above the threshold that has been commonly described in the literature as quality control, suggesting a progression in implementation of telephone-based anticoagulation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie T Blissit
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Kevin G Brittain
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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Abstract
Warfarin is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant. The management of warfarin is challenging, and current guidelines fail to include a model to assist practitioners in optimizing therapeutic dosing. The traditional model and the anticoagulation clinic (AC) model of warfarin management were compared and results found the AC model optimum.
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Pelegrino FM, Bolela F, Corbi ISDA, Carvalho ARDS, Dantas RAS. Educational protocol for patients on oral anticoagulant therapy: construction and validation. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-07072014001440013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a report of experience on the construction and validation of an educational protocol for patients on oral anticoagulation therapy. Based on Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, three phases were identified to construct the educational protocol. The literature review on oral anticoagulants was used to prepare the content of each phase of the protocol. As a result, verbal and written orientation in the phases of attention and retention were developed. In the reproduction and motivation phase, support through contact by telephone was provided. And finally, an improvement in the evaluation of the outcomes related to oral anticoagulant is expected in the performance phase. Once the educational protocol was defined, we proceeded with the face and content validity process, which allowed adaptations to the final version of the educational protocol constructed.
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Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA, O’Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM, Thomas JD, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Creager MA, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Stevenson WG, Yancy CW. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:e1-e132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Telephone versus office-based management of warfarin: impact on international normalized ratios and outcomes. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:119-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA, O'Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM, Thomas JD. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014; 129:e521-643. [PMID: 24589853 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 867] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hassan S, Naboush A, Radbel J, Asaad R, Alkaied H, Demissie S, Terjanian T. Telephone-based anticoagulation management in the homebound setting: a retrospective observational study. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:869-75. [PMID: 24348065 PMCID: PMC3857151 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s50057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anticoagulation management is currently performed through anticoagulation clinics or self-managed with or without the help of medical services. Homebound patients are a unique population that cannot utilize anticoagulation clinics or self-testing. Telephone-based anticoagulation management could be an alternative to the traditional methods of monitoring warfarin in this subgroup. The objective of this retrospective, observational study is to investigate the feasibility of warfarin management in homebound patients. Methods This study was performed through the use of telephone-based adjustments of warfarin dose based on an international normalized ratio (INR) result. Four hundred forty-eight homebound patients referred to the anticoagulation clinic at Staten Island University Hospital were visited at home by a phlebotomist; a blood sample was drawn for initial laboratory testing. A nurse practitioner then called the patient or designated person to relay the INR result and to direct dosage adjustment. INR results and dosage changes were entered into an electronic medical record and analyzed statistically. Results The mean percentage of INR values in range was 58.39%. The mean time when the INR was in the therapeutic range was 62.75%. The percent of patients who were therapeutically controlled decreased as the number of medications increased. The complication rate was 4% per patient year, with an equal distribution between bleeding and clotting. These values compared favorably to other studies in which monitoring was performed through anticoagulation clinics or self-monitoring. The cost per visit at our anticoagulation clinic was found to be approximately $300 compared with $82 when utilizing our homebound service. Conclusion Telephone-based management of warfarin therapy in the homebound setting is feasible. It can lower the cost of health care expenditures compared to other modalities of anticoagulation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Hassan
- Division of Internal Medicine; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Ali Naboush
- Division of Internal Medicine; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Jared Radbel
- Division of Internal Medicine; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Razan Asaad
- Division of Internal Medicine; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Homam Alkaied
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Seleshi Demissie
- Division of Statistics; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Terenig Terjanian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
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Lee PY, Han SY, Miyahara RK. Adherence and outcomes of patients treated with dabigatran: pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic versus usual care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:1154-61. [PMID: 23784163 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The results of a study to determine whether pharmacist monitoring in the crucial first months of dabigatran therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter can help optimize adherence and stroke-prevention outcomes are presented. METHODS A retrospective preimplementation-postimplementation study was conducted at a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital to evaluate dabigatran adherence and treatment outcomes in a group of patients whose therapy was monitored by anticoagulation clinic (ACC) pharmacists (n = 20) and a historical comparison group (n = 48) that received usual care (UC). The primary endpoint was the medication possession ratio (MPR) averaged across each group over three months (acceptable adherence was defined as an MPR of ≥80%); three secondary endpoints (dabigatran-related bleeding and incident stroke and venous thromboembolism) were evaluated. RESULTS Relative to the UC group, ACC-monitored patients were significantly more likely to have undergone recommended baseline laboratory tests before dabigatran initiation (p = 0.02). ACC patients were also more likely to have MPR values of ≥80% at the end of the three-month follow-up period (25% of patients versus 10% of patients), although the difference was not statistically significant; the mean MPR values in the ACC-monitored and UC groups were 93.1% and 88.3%, respectively. Aside from one episode of major gastrointestinal bleeding, none of the evaluated adverse outcomes occurred in either group. CONCLUSION VA patients treated with dabigatran for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter and followed by a pharmacist-managed ACC did not differ significantly from similar patients receiving UC in the proportion adherent with dabigatran therapy or in the frequency of minor or major bleeding episodes. Thromboembolic events and strokes were absent in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Lee
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue (119), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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30
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Duran-Parrondo C, Vazquez-Lago JM, Campos-Lopez AM, Figueiras A. Impact of a Pharmacotherapeutic Programme on Control and Safety of Long-Term Anticoagulation Treatment. Drug Saf 2011; 34:489-500. [DOI: 10.2165/11588520-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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31
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Higgins L, Brown M, Murphy JE, Malone DC, Armstrong EP, Woosley RL. Community pharmacy and pharmacist staff call center: Assessment of medication safety and effectiveness. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2011; 51:82-9. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2011.09108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Geyer A, Ford MA, Rindone JP. The use of letter communication for patients enrolled in a pharmacist managed anticoagulation clinic. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 36:553-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Streiff MB, Kraus PS, Pronovost P. Penny-wise, pound-foolish? Highmark Medicare Services' proposal for anticoagulation clinic reimbursement. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:733-6. [PMID: 20332336 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Warfarin is prescribed to millions of Americans for the management of thromboembolism and is a common cause of adverse events. Optimizing warfarin therapy has been the focus of national quality improvement initiatives. Anticoagulation clinics have been demonstrated to result in better outcomes than usual care. Nevertheless, Highmark Medicare Services recently issued a provider bulletin on anticoagulation clinic visit reimbursement that we believe will adversely affect the care for patients on anticoagulation. In this commentary, we review the potential unintended consequences of this proposal and offer alternatives that we believe will increase the efficiency and quality of anticoagulation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Streiff
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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34
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Fabbio KL, Bradley M, Chrymko M. Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Managed Telephone Lipid Clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:50-6. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the US, with dyslipidemia being a significant risk factor. Pharmacist-managed lipid clinics have been shown to be effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values in the veteran population. In addition, telephone-managed clinics are known to be an effective method to manage anticoagulation therapy. This type of appointment is very convenient; it reduces travel and waiting times, costs, and potential no-show rates. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in LDL-C levels from baseline to follow-up and number of patients attaining LDL-C goals during enrollment in the pharmacist-managed telephone lipid clinic (PMTLC). METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients enrolled in the clinic who had follow-up laboratory data available. Baseline LDL-C values were compared with values obtained at follow-up. Patients' total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) values were also collected and analyzed for improvement. The agents used, number of antidyslipidemic medications, and the incidence of adverse drug reactions prior to and during clinic enrollment were also collected. RESULTS Patients in the PMTLC had a mean ± SD reduction in LDL-C of 44.3 ± 45.2 mg/dL (p < 0.001). In addition, 10 (28%) patients achieved the LDL-C goal (p = 0.002). Mean reductions in TC and TG levels were 44 mg/dL (18%) and 14.6 mg/dL (8%), respectively. There was no significant change in HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS The PMTLC at the Erie, PA, Veterans Affairs Medical Center demonstrated statistically significant reduction in patients' LDL-C levels and increase in the number of patients attaining LDL-C goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Fabbio
- Kristin L Fabbio PharmD, at time of the study, PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Erie, PA; now, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Matthew Bradley
- Matthew Bradley PharmD BCPS, at time of the study, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Erie; now, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Margaret Chrymko
- Margaret Chrymko PharmD FASHP, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Erie
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35
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Bellamy L, Rosencher N, Eriksson BI. Adherence to a new oral anticoagulant treatment prescription: dabigatran etexilate. Patient Prefer Adherence 2009; 3:173-7. [PMID: 19936159 PMCID: PMC2778432 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of new oral anticoagulants, of which dabigatran etexilate is currently at the most advanced stage of development, is the greatest advance in the provision of convenient anticoagulation therapy for many years. A new oral anticoagulation treatment, dabigatran etexilate, is already on the market in Europe. The main interest probably will be to improve the prescription and the adherence to an effective thromboprophylaxis in medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation without bleeding side effects, without the need for monitoring coagulation, and without drug and food interactions such as vitamin K anticoagulant (VKA) treatment. Dabigatran is particularly interesting for extended thromboprophylaxis after major orthopedic surgery in order to avoid daily injection for a month. However, oral long-term treatments such as VKA are not systematically associated with a higher compliance level than injected treatments such as low-molecular-weight heparins. Indeed, adherence to an oral treatment, instead of the usual daily injection in major orthopedic surgery, is complex, and based not only on the frequency of dosing but also on patient motivation, understanding, and socio-economic status. New oral anticoagulants may be useful in this way but education and detection of risk factors of nonadherence to treatment are still essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bellamy
- Anaesthesiology Department, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), René Descartes University, Paris 75014 France
| | - N Rosencher
- Anaesthesiology Department, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), René Descartes University, Paris 75014 France
- Correspondence: Nadia Rosencher, Anaesthesiology Department, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), René Descartes University, Paris 75014 France,
| | - BI Eriksson
- Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Sahlgrenska/Ostra, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Abramowitz PW. The evolution and metamorphosis of the pharmacy practice model. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66:1437-46. [PMID: 19667000 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp090286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Abramowitz
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Salvador CH, Ruiz-Sanchez A, González de Mingo MA, Carmona Rodríguez M, Carrasco MP, Sagredo PG, Fragua JA, Caballero-Martinez F, García-López F, Márquez-Montes JN, Monteagudo JL. Evaluation of a telemedicine-based service for the follow-up and monitoring of patients treated with oral anticoagulant therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 12:696-706. [PMID: 19000948 DOI: 10.1109/titb.2008.910750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The authors have designed and developed a telemedicine-based service for the follow-up and monitoring of patients on oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) that consists of two phases; the first involving self-testing and the second involving guided self-management. To evaluate the first phase of the protocol, a project was conducted with 108 patients, with a mean age of 72.7 years and a mean treatment time at the start of the study of 55.2 months, divided into two groups: telemedicine and control (conventional procedure). The degree of anticoagulation control was similar in the two groups: individual in-range international normalized ratios (59.2% vs 61.1%; p = 0.55) and individual time within target range (65.7% vs 66.4%; p = 0.85) showed no significant differences. The incidence of adverse events--death (5.5% vs 5.5%; p = 1.0), major hemorrhagic complications (0% vs 1.8%; p = 1.0), minor hemorrhagic complications (7.4% vs 3.7%; p = 0.67), and thromboembolism (1.8% vs 3.7%; p = 1.0)--was also similar, with no significant differences. Acceptability of the change, measured in terms of quality of life (SF-12 and Sawicki questionnaires) and anxiety (state-trait anxiety inventory questionnaire) at the beginning and end of the study period was higher in the telemedicine group, with statistically significant improvements in mental component summary (3.6 vs -6.2; p = 0.02), dissatisfaction (-0.8 vs 0.2; p = 0.001), stress (-0.3 vs 0.05; p = 0.03), limitations (-0.2 vs 0.3; p = 0.005), social problems (-0.1 vs 0.3; p = 0.03), and state anxiety (-2.5 vs 2.3; p = 0.04). Parameters related to costs, such as the mean number per patient of office visits due to OAT (1.7 vs 13.8; p << 0.001) and other office visits (10.1 vs 11.5; p = 0.028), were also more favorable in the telemedicine group, as were additional parameters that enabled an exhaustive evaluation of the service. The positive results obtained indicate that the second phase of the trial can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Salvador
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Telemedicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid 28035, Spain.
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The Kaiser Permanente Colorado Clinical Pharmacy Anticoagulation Service as a model of modern anticoagulant care. Thromb Res 2008; 123 Suppl 1:S36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Snyder CM, Helms BE, Hall DL. Evaluation of INR Monitoring Frequency and Time in Therapeutic Range. J Pharm Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/875512250802400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although anticoagulant therapy has been used for more than 50 years, the optimal interval between international normalized ratio (INR) measurements in patients who demonstrate a stable dose response remains unsettled. Based on the results of observational studies, the American College of Chest Physicians currently recommends that patients receiving a stable dose of warfarin undergo INR testing at least once every 4 weeks.1 Objective: To determine whether an increased frequency of INR monitoring impacts time in therapeutic range (TTR) among patients receiving maintenance warfarin therapy managed by an anticoagulation clinic. Methods: A total of 2,222 INR results belonging to more than 700 adults who were followed by the anticoagulation service at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and who were receiving maintenance warfarin therapy between April 1, 2006, and September 30, 2006, were retrospectively reviewed. INR measurements were categorized as having been determined fewer than 21 days or 21 or more days after the previous measurement, and the percentage of INRs within the therapeutic range was calculated for each interval. Results: During the evaluation period, INRs measured within 21 days of the preceding test were within the therapeutic range 75.1% of the time, whereas INRs obtained at least 21 days after the antecedent INR test were within the therapeutic range 79.9% of the time (p < 0.001). Additionally, the proportion of INRs below 1.5 or above 5.0 was not significantly different between the 2 groups, representing only 0.04% of all results at either interval (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our evaluation suggests that more frequent INR monitoring among patients receiving maintenance warfarin does not impact TTR to a clinically meaningful extent. Moreover, these findings support the reevaluation of the anticoagulation service management algorithm to reduce the frequency of INR measurements among patients within the maintenance phase of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin M Snyder
- CHRISTIN M SNYDER PharmD, at time of writing, Primary Care Pharmacy Practice Resident, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; now, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bethany E Helms
- BETHANY E HELMS PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Anticoagulation Service, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Deanne L Hall
- DEANNE L HALL PharmD CDE, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh
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Abstract
This article calls on pathologists to take a larger role in improving the performance of the American health care system. To improve outcomes for populations and individuals require that pathologists increase their activities outside of the traditional laboratory in interdisciplinary collaborations, outcomes research, health care systems development, and clinical care.
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Dimitrova NA, Dimitrov GV, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA, O’Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM, Thomas JD. Effect of electrical stimulus parameters on the development and propagation of action potentials in short excitable fibres. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 63:e57-185. [PMID: 2460319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1837] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular action potentials (IAPs) produced by short fibres in response to their electrical stimulation were analysed. IAPs were calculated on the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) model by the method described by Joyner et al. (1978). Principal differences were found in processes of activation of short (semilength L less than 5 lambda) and long fibres under near-threshold stimulation. The shorter the fibre, the lower was the threshold value (Ithr). Dependence of the latency on the stimulus strength (Ist) was substantially non-linear and was affected by the fibre length. Both fibre length and stimulus strength influenced the IAP amplitude, the instantaneous propagation velocity (IPV) and the site of the first origin of the IAP (and, consequently, excitability of the short fibre membrane). With L less than or equal to 2 lambda and Ithr less than or equal to Ist less than or equal to 1.1Ithr, IPV could reach either very high values (so that all the fibre membrane fired practically simultaneously) or even negative values. The latter corresponded to the first origin of the propagated IAP, not at the site of stimulation but at the fibre termination or at a midpoint. The characters of all the above dependencies were unchanged irrespective of the manner of approaching threshold (variation of stimulus duration or its strength). Reasons for differences in processes of activation of short and long fibres are discussed in terms of electrical load and latency. Applications of the results to explain an increased jitter, velocity recovery function and velocity-diameter relationship are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dimitrova
- CLBA, Centre of Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
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