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Kal M, Brzdęk M, Karska-Basta I, Rzymski P, Pinna A, Zarębska-Michaluk D. Characteristics of the radial peripapillary capillary network in patients with COVID-19 based on optical coherence tomography angiography: A literature review. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:312-319. [PMID: 38972386 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to evaluate the significance of assessing radial peripheral capillary (RPC) network parameters by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database to select high-quality reviews and original articles on the use of OCTA for visualizing the RPC network and calculating RPC parameters. RESULTS The study revealed that systemic hypoxia, hypercoagulable state, and inflammation affect the RPC network in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Reduced RPC parameters were observed early in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and after several months of follow-up. Additionally, there was a correlation between reduced RPC parameters and subsequent thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. CONCLUSIONS The OCTA examination of the retina and optic disc should be considered in patients with a history of COVID-19 to assess the impact of systemic hypoxia and inflammation on ocular function. Follow-up assessment of these patients is also necessary to understand the potential consequences of ischemia affecting the optic nerve, retina, and choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kal
- Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland; Ophthalmic Clinic of the Voivodeship Hospital in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Brzdęk
- Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Izabella Karska-Basta
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Krakow, Poland; University Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan' University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Antonio Pinna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk
- Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland; Department of Infectious Disease, Provincial Hospital in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
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Palko SI, Benoit MR, Yao AY, Mohan R, Yan R. ER-stress response in retinal Müller glia occurs significantly earlier than amyloid pathology in the Alzheimer's mouse brain and retina. Glia 2024; 72:1067-1081. [PMID: 38497356 PMCID: PMC11006574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis is thought to begin up to 20 years before cognitive symptoms appear, suggesting the need for more sensitive diagnostic biomarkers of AD. In this report, we demonstrated pathological changes in retinal Müller glia significantly earlier than amyloid pathology in AD mouse models. By utilizing the knock-in NLGF mouse model, we surprisingly discovered an increase in reticulon 3 (RTN3) protein levels in the NLGF retina as early as postnatal day 30 (P30). Despite RTN3 being a canonically neuronal protein, this increase was noted in the retinal Müller glia, confirmed by immunohistochemical characterization. Further unbiased transcriptomic assays of the P30 NLGF retina revealed that retinal Müller glia were the most sensitive responding cells in this mouse retina, compared with other cell types including photoreceptor cells and ganglion neurons. Pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes in glia cells showed activation of ER stress response via the upregulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) proteins such as ATF4 and CHOP. Early elevation of RTN3 in response to challenges by toxic Aβ likely facilitated UPR. Altogether, these findings suggest that Müller glia act as a sentinel for AD pathology in the retina and should aid for both intervention and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annie Y. Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030 USA
| | - Royce Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030 USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030 USA
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Das A, Kashyap O, Pandey DP, Bodakhe SH. Oxymatrine impedes the progression of endotoxin-induced glaucoma via redox system modulations. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23631. [PMID: 38229309 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide irrefutable evidence of the preventive effects of oxymatine (OMT) on a model of endotoxin induced glaucoma in Wistar rats which can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and TNF-α antagonistic properties. To assess the impact of OMT on uveitic glaucoma, the normal group received 100 μL distilled water topically for 15 days, while the glaucoma control group was induced with uveitic glaucoma by applying 10 μL of 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) topically for 3 consecutive days. The treatment groups were then given OMT solution at a volume of 50 μL with varying doses of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% once a day via topical administration for 15 days. In addition, as a standard, the animals were also given 100 μL of 1% dorzolamide topically for 15 days. All ophthalmic dosing was carried out by pulling the lower eye-lid of the experimental animals and administration of the respective solutions. The study uses cutting-edge real-time imaging of the retinal vasculature in anesthetized animals, postsacrifice lenticular picturization and biochemical evidence to support the changes in the retinal layers. LPS induced animals demonstrated increased IOP, disrupted antioxidant systems, massive lipid damage, enhanced TNF-α activity and changes in intracellular ATPase and ionic activities. The damaged retinal vasculature and lenticular opacification further supported the biochemical evidence. However, using OMT at a 1% dosage effectively enhanced the antioxidant levels, regulated intracellular ion concentration and ATPases, decreased TNF-α activity, and counteracted mechanobiological changes in the visual front and retina. Moreover, OMT can successfully normalize intraocular pressure, making it a highly beneficial treatment option for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Onkar Kashyap
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Devi P Pandey
- Government Degree College, Dehradun City, Dehradun, India
| | - Surendra H Bodakhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Yin N, Wang HN, Ding WW, Zhou H, Li SY, Miao Y, Li F, Lei B, Wang Z. Dopamine receptor-mediated roles on retinal ganglion cell hyperexcitability and injury in experimental glaucoma. Cell Signal 2023:110781. [PMID: 37354963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Extraordinary excitability (hyperexcitability) is closely related to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury in glaucoma. Dopamine (DA) and its receptors are involved in modulating RGC excitability. We investigated how DA system affects RGC injury in chronic ocular hypertension (COH) experimental glaucoma model. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results revealed that expression of DA D2-like receptor (D2R) in RGCs was increased in COH retinas. Patch-clamp recordings showed that outward K+ currents were downregulated, while Na+ currents and NaV1.6 expression were upregulated in RGCs of COH retinas, which could be reversed by intravitreal pre-injection of the D2R antagonist sulpiride, but not by the D1-like receptor (D1R) antagonist SCH23390. However, pre-injection of the D1R agonist SKF81297 could partially reverse the increased expression of NaV1.6 proteins. Consistently, the numbers of evoked action potentials induced by current injections were increased in RGCs of COH retinas, indicating that RGCs may be in a condition of hyperexcitability. The increased frequency of evoked action potentials could be partially block by pre-injection of sulpiride, SKF81297 or DA, respectively. Furthermore, the increased number of TUNEL-positive RGCs in COH retinas could be partially reduced by intravitreal pre-injection of sulpiride, but not by pre-injection of SCH23390. Moreover, pre-injection of SKF81297 or DA could reduce the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs in COH retinas. All these results indicate that in COH retina, activation of D2R enhances RGC hyperexcitability and injury, while activation of D1R results in the opposite effects. Selective inhibition of D2R or activation of D1R may be an effective strategy for treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Wen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Institutes of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Callaghan B, Vallabh NA, Willoughby CE. Deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids provided protection against oxidative stress in ocular fibroblasts derived from glaucoma patients. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111778. [PMID: 36716826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve that leads to irreversible sight loss. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) medically or surgically represents the mainstay of treatment but despite adequate treatment optic nerve function can continue to deteriorate leading to blindness. There is significant clinical and experimental evidence that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Decreasing the formation of lipid peroxidation products or scavenging them chemically could be beneficial in limiting the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in glaucoma. A solution to control the susceptibility of PUFAs to noxious lipid peroxidation reactions is by regioselective deuteration. Deuterium incorporated into PUFAs at bis-allylic positions (D-PUFAs) inhibits the rate-limiting step of lipid peroxidation. In this study, we have shown that Tenon's ocular fibroblasts from glaucoma patients have significantly increased basal oxidative stress compared to non-glaucomatous control patients. Furthermore, we have shown that deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) provide an enhanced rescue of menadione induced lipid peroxidation in both non-glaucomatous and glaucomatous Tenon's ocular fibroblasts using malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker. Our study suggests that D-PUFAs may provide a potentially safe and effective method to reduce cytotoxic oxidative stress in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breedge Callaghan
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeru A Vallabh
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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Ghanavi J, Farnia P, Fakhraie G, Saliminejad K. Investigating the association of IL12B and INFG Polymorphisms with the risk of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. BIOMEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH JOURNAL (BBRJ) 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_23_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Chaudhry S, Dunn H, Carnt N, White A. Nutritional supplementation in the prevention and treatment of Glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:1081-1098. [PMID: 34896192 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that creates a significant burden on public health. Oxidative stress is hypothesised to play a role to glaucoma progression, and its reduction is being analysed as a therapeutic target. Dietary antioxidants play a crucial role in helping provide insight into this hypothesis. We reviewed 71 trials, interventional, I -vivo and I -vitro, including 11 randomised controlled trials, to determine if adjunctive nutritional supplementation could lead to a reduction in oxidative stress and prevent glaucomatous progression. Many laboratory findings show that vitamins and natural compounds contain an abundance of intrinsic antioxidative, neuroprotective and vasoprotective properties that show promise in the treatment and prevention of glaucoma. Although there is encouraging early evidence, most clincial findings are inconclusive. The group of B vitamins appear to have the greatest amount of evidence. Other compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, curcumin, saffron, CoQ10, Ggngko Biloba and Resveratrol however warrant further investigation in glaucoma patients. Studies of these antioxidants and other nutrients could create adjunctive or alternative preventative and treatment modalities for glaucoma to those currently available.
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Key Words
- AA, Ascorbic acid
- ARMD, Age Related Macular Degeneration
- CoQ10, Coenzyme Q10
- GON, Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
- Hcy, Homocysteine
- IOP, Intraocular pressure
- NO, Nitric Oxide
- NOS, Nitric Oxide Synthase
- NTG, Normal Tension Glaucoma
- POAG, Primary open angle Glaucoma;PEXG, Exfoliation Glaucoma
- PVD Primary vascular dysregulation
- RGC, Retinal Ganglion Cells
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SC, Schlemm's Canal
- TM Trabecular Meshwork
- Vitamins, Nutrients, Glaucoma, Supplements, Reactive Oxygen Species, Open Angle Glaucoma, Trabecular Meshwork, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Oxidative Stress. Abbreviations
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chaudhry
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Hamish Dunn
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Westmead and Central Clinical Schools, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Carnt
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew White
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Westmead and Central Clinical Schools, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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A Comparison of Hyper-Reflective Retinal Spot Counts in Optical Coherence Tomography Images from Glaucomatous and Healthy Eyes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204668. [PMID: 34682789 PMCID: PMC8538917 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the number of hyper-reflective retinal spots (HRS) in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of healthy controls and patients affected with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: Thirty patients affected with POAG and 34 healthy controls were recruited and underwent raster OCT examination of the macular region. Among the acquired B-scans, the one with the lowest foveal thickness was selected, and a central area of 3000 μm was defined (region of interest, ROI), in order to identify HRS. HRS were defined as small point-like hyper-reflective elements, detectable at the visual inspection of the OCT image. HRS were independently counted by two investigators in the ROI of each OCT scan. Results: Inter-rater agreement for HRS counting was good to excellent (ICC = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.83–0.99). More HRS were found in the OCT images from glaucoma patients, in comparison with healthy controls (average value: 90.5 ± 13.02 and 74.72 ± 11.35, for glaucoma and healthy subjects, respectively; p < 0.01). Significant correlations between the average number of HRS and visual field mean deviation (MD, p = 0.01) and pattern standard deviation (PSD, p < 0.01) were found. Conclusions: OCT images from glaucoma patients showed a higher number of HRS when compared with healthy controls. As HRS have been hypothesized to be a sign of neuroinflammation, these results may support the role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma etiopathogenesis.
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Shi Y, Ye D, Huang R, Xu Y, Lu P, Chen H, Huang J. Down Syndrome Critical Region 1 Reduces Oxidative Stress-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cells Apoptosis via CREB-Bcl-2 Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:23. [PMID: 33104163 PMCID: PMC7594594 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Irreversible retina ganglion cell (RGC) loss is a key process during glaucoma progression. Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) has been shown to have protective effects against neuronal death. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of DSCR1 on RGCs. Methods DBA/2J mice and optic nerve crush (ONC) rat model were used for vivo assays. Oxidative stress model of primary RGCs was carried out with in vitro transduction. DSCR1 protein localization was assessed by immunofluorescence. Differential protein expression was validated by Western blot, and gene expression was detected by real-time PCR. TUNEL was used to identify cell apoptosis, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was used to analyze cell viability. Results Significant upregulation of DSCR1 was observed in DBA/2J mice, ONC rat model, and RGCs treated with H2O2, reaching peaks at the age of 6 months in DBA/2J mice, 5 days after ONC in rats, and 24 hours after H2O2 treatment in RGCs, respectively. DSCR1 was shown to be expressed in the ganglion cell layer. In vitro, overexpressed DSCR1 significantly promoted phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, and RGC survival rate while reducing cleaved caspase 3 expression in H2O2-treated RGCs. On the other hand, the opposite effects were shown after knockdown of DSCR1. In addition, silencing of CREB inhibited expression of DSCR1. Conclusions Our results suggested that DSCR1 might protect the RGCs against oxidative stress via the CREB–Bcl-2 pathway, which may provide a theoretical basis for future treatments of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Glaucoma, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abbasi M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Ranjbaran R, Rajput R, Pushpitha K, KB D, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Parton RG, Mirzaei M, Graham SL. Inner retinal injury in experimental glaucoma is prevented upon AAV mediated Shp2 silencing in a caveolin dependent manner. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6154-6172. [PMID: 33995651 PMCID: PMC8120201 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2; PTPN11) regulates several intracellular pathways downstream of multiple growth factor receptors. Our studies implicate that Shp2 interacts with Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and negatively regulates BDNF/TrkB signaling. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of shp2 silencing in the RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Methods: Shp2 was silenced in the Cav-1 deficient mice and the age matched wildtype littermates using adeno-associated viral (AAV) constructs. Shp2 expression modulation was performed in an acute and a chronic mouse model of experimental glaucoma. AAV2 expressing Shp2 eGFP-shRNA under a strong synthetic CAG promoter was administered intravitreally in the animals' eyes. The contralateral eye received AAV-eGFP-scramble-shRNA as control. Animals with Shp2 downregulation were subjected to either microbead injections or acute ocular hypertension experimental paradigm. Changes in inner retinal function were evaluated by measuring positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) while structural and biochemical alterations were evaluated through H&E staining, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of the retinal tissues. Results: A greater loss of pSTR amplitudes was observed in the WT mice compared to Cav-1-/- retinas in both the models. Silencing of Shp2 phosphatase imparted protection against inner retinal function loss in chronic glaucoma model in WT mice. The functional rescue also translated to structural preservation of ganglion cell layer in the chronic glaucoma condition in WT mice which was not evident in Cav-1-/- mice retinas. Conclusions: This study indicates that protective effects of Shp2 ablation under chronic experimental glaucoma conditions are dependent on Cav-1 in the retina, suggesting in vivo interactions between the two proteins.
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11
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Quaranta L, Bruttini C, Micheletti E, Konstas AGP, Michelessi M, Oddone F, Katsanos A, Sbardella D, De Angelis G, Riva I. Glaucoma and neuroinflammation: An overview. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:693-713. [PMID: 33582161 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by well-defined optic disc morphological changes (i.e., cup enlargement, neuroretinal border thinning, and notching, papillary vessel modifications) consequent to retinal ganglion cell loss, axonal degeneration, and lamina cribrosa remodeling. These modifications tend to be progressive and are the main cause of functional damage in glaucoma. Despite the latest findings about the pathophysiology of the disease, the exact trigger mechanisms and the mechanism of degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons have not been completely elucidated. Neuroinflammation may play a role in both the development and the progression of the disease as a result of its effects on retinal environment and retinal ganglion cells. We summarize the latest findings about neuroinflammation in glaucoma and examine the connection between risk factors, neuroinflammation, and retinal ganglion cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Quaranta
- Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia - IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bruttini
- Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia - IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Micheletti
- Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia - IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anastasios G P Konstas
- 1st and 3rd University Departments of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Andreas Katsanos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Giovanni De Angelis
- Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia - IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Abbhi V, Piplani P. Rho-kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors - A Neuroprotective Therapeutic Paradigm with a Focus on Ocular Utility. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2222-2256. [PMID: 30378487 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy causing visual impairment and Retinal Ganglionic Cells (RGCs) death gradually posing a need for neuroprotective strategies to minimize the loss of RGCs and visual field. It is recognized as a multifactorial disease, Intraocular Pressure (IOP) being the foremost risk factor. ROCK inhibitors have been probed for various possible indications, such as myocardial ischemia, hypertension, kidney diseases. Their role in neuroprotection and neuronal regeneration has been suggested to be of value in the treatment of neurological diseases, like spinal-cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis but recently Rho-associated Kinase inhibitors have been recognized as potential antiglaucoma agents. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Rho-Kinase is a serine/threonine kinase with a kinase domain which is constitutively active and is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and stress fibre formation. Two isoforms of Rho-Kinase, ROCK-I (ROCK β) and ROCK-II (ROCK α) have been identified. ROCK II plays a pathophysiological role in glaucoma and hence the inhibitors of ROCK may be beneficial to ameliorate the vision loss. These inhibitors decrease the intraocular pressure in the glaucomatous eye by increasing the aqueous humour outflow through the trabecular meshwork pathway. They also act as anti-scarring agents and hence prevent post-operative scarring after the glaucoma filtration surgery. Their major role involves axon regeneration by increasing the optic nerve blood flow which may be useful in treating the damaged optic neurons. These drugs act directly on the neurons in the central visual pathway, interrupting the RGC apoptosis and therefore serve as a novel pharmacological approach for glaucoma neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Based on the results of high-throughput screening, several Rho kinase inhibitors have been designed and developed comprising of diverse scaffolds exhibiting Rho kinase inhibitory activity from micromolar to subnanomolar ranges. This diversity in the scaffolds with inhibitory potential against the kinase and their SAR development will be intricated in the present review. Ripasudil is the only Rho kinase inhibitor marketed to date for the treatment of glaucoma. Another ROCK inhibitor AR-13324 has recently passed the clinical trials whereas AMA0076, K115, PG324, Y39983 and RKI-983 are still under trials. In view of this, a detailed and updated account of ROCK II inhibitors as the next generation therapeutic agents for glaucoma will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Abbhi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGCCAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Piplani
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGCCAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Sartoretti T, Stürmer J, Sartoretti E, Najafi A, Schwenk Á, Wyss M, Binkert C, Sartoretti-Schefer S. Long segment 3D double inversion recovery (DIR) hypersignal on MRI in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:258. [PMID: 31842814 PMCID: PMC6916010 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this retrospective study the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and pathologic hypersignal in optic nerve segments on 3D double inversion recovery (DIR) MR sequence in 21 patients with proven glaucoma of different origin was evaluated. Methods All patients were examined on a 3 T MR Philips® scanner. Pathologic optic nerve DIR hypersignal was determined in four different nerve segments. IOP was measured in mmHg by applanation tonometry. RNFL thickness was measured in μm with optical coherence tomography (OCT Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis® apparatus). Wilcoxon rank sum tests, student’s t-tests and (multivariate) linear regression models were appied. Results 3D DIR hypersignal was present in 17 (41.5%) optic nerves. 3D DIR hypersignal was not related to ischemic or demyelinating optic nerve pathology but was associated with increased IOP (19.8 [24–18]; versus 15.45; [18.85–13.75] mmHg; p = 0.008) and decreased RNFL thickness (61.06 ± 12.1 versus 82.5 ± 21.6 μm; p < 0.001) in comparison to optic nerves of glaucoma patients without DIR hypersignal. Specifically, presence of DIR hypersignal in optic nerves in at least one optic nerve segment lowered RNFL thickness on average by 17.54 μm (p = 0.005) in comparison to optic nerves without DIR hypersignal. Conclusions In patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and pathologic optic nerve DIR hypersignal, significantly increased IOP and significantly decreased RNFL thickness values are present. DIR hypersignal seems to be a marker for disease severity in GON related to decreased RNFL thickness and may thus represent long-segment severe axonal degeneration in optic nerves in patients with GON. Venous congestion and edema within the optic nerve related to high IOP may contribute to the DIR hypersignal as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sartoretti
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, 8603, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Jörg Stürmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Sartoretti
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arash Najafi
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Árpád Schwenk
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wyss
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Philips Health Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Binkert
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Sartoretti-Schefer
- Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse 15, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Sung MS, Heo H, Eom GH, Kim SY, Piao H, Guo Y, Park SW. HDAC2 Regulates Glial Cell Activation in Ischemic Mouse Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205159. [PMID: 31627491 PMCID: PMC6829428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate whether histone deacetylases (HDACs) can modulate the viability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the activity of glial cells in a mouse model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to constant elevation of intraocular pressure for 60 min to induce retinal IR injury. Expression of macroglial and microglial cell markers (GFAP and Iba1), hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)-1α, and histone acetylation was analyzed after IR injury. To investigate the role of HDACs in the activation of glial cells, overexpression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 isoforms was performed. To determine the effect of HDAC inhibition on RGC survival, trichostatin-A (TSA, 2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. After IR injury, retinal GFAP, Iba1, and HIF-1α were upregulated. Conversely, retinal histone acetylation was downregulated. Notably, adenoviral-induced overexpression of HDAC2 enhanced glial activation following IR injury, whereas overexpression of HDAC1 did not significantly affect glial activation. TSA treatment significantly increased RGC survival after IR injury. Our results suggest that increased activity of HDAC2 is closely related to glial activation in a mouse model of retinal IR injury and inhibition of HDACs by TSA showed neuroprotective potential in retinas with IR injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Hwan Heo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasungun 58128, Korea.
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Helong Piao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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Parisi V, Barbano L, Di Renzo A, Coppola G, Ziccardi L. Neuroenhancement and neuroprotection by oral solution citicoline in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy as a model of neurodegeneration: A randomized pilot study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220435. [PMID: 31348806 PMCID: PMC6660126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether treatment with Citicoline in oral solution (OS-Citicoline) would increase visual function, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) function, and neural conduction along visual pathways (neuroenhancement), and/or induce preservation of RGCs fibers' loss (neuroprotection) in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a human model of neurodegeneration. METHODS Thirty-six patients with NAION and 20 age-matched controls were enrolled. Nineteen NAION patients received 500 mg/day of OS-Citicoline for a 6-month period followed by 3-month of wash-out (NC Group); 17 NAION patients were not treated (NN Group) from baseline to 9 months. In all subjects at baseline, and in NC and NN eyes at 6 and 9 months of follow-up, we assessed Visual Acuity (VA), Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG), Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL-T), and Humphrey 24-2 visual field mean deviation (HFA MD). Mean differences were statistically evaluated with ANOVA between Groups, and linear correlations were analysed with Pearson's test. RESULTS At 6 months, significant differences between groups for all parameters were observed (ANOVA, p<0.01). In NC eyes, VA increased, PERG responses increased, VEP recordings improved and were significantly correlated with increases in HFA MD (p<0.01), and RNFL-T was unmodified or improved. In contrast, in NN eyes, VA, PERG, VEP responses, RNFL-T, and HFA MD were further worsened. Significant differences were still present at 9-month follow-up in the NN Group and after 3 months of OS-Citicoline wash-out in NC eyes. CONCLUSIONS OS-Citicoline treatment induced neuroenhancement (improvement in RGCs function and neural conduction along visual pathways related to improvement of visual field defects) and neuroprotection (unmodified or improved RNFL morphological condition) in a human model of NAION involving fast RGCs degeneration. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03758118.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gianluca Coppola
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome—Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
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Farajipour H, Rahimian S, Taghizadeh M. Curcumin: A new candidate for retinal disease therapy? J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:6886-6893. [PMID: 30548307 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The retina is the neural portion and light-sensitive layer of the eye, which has been observed in most of the vertebrates. The retina is composed of light-sensitive cells that absorb light and convert it into neural signals. These signals are sent to the brain for visual recognition. It has been shown that many pathogenesis conditions, including inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and imbalanced histone modifications in the retina are associated with initiation and progression of retinal diseases (ie, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration). Currently available treatments include laser surgery, freezing, stem-cell therapy, shrinking abnormal blood vessels. It has some limitations, such as invasive methods, high costs, and many side effects. Hence, finding a new therapeutic platform for stopping or slowing of the disease progression is required. Curcumin is a natural product, which is associated with a wide range of properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antitumor activates. It exerts therapeutic effects via activation/inhibition cellular and molecular targets involved in various diseases, such as retinal diseases. Increasing evidence revealed that curcumin can be used as a therapeutic option in the treatment of different retinal diseases. Here, we summarized various clinical and preclinical studies that used curcumin as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Rahimian
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department, School of Dentistry, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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17
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Matos AG, De Moraes CG, Pinto TT, Silva MJL, Paula JS. Effects of the relative positioning between the disc-fovea angle and localized optic disc defects on the 10-2 visual field results in glaucoma. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2018; 1:175-181. [PMID: 31737863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of the foveal position relative to the optic disc on the 10-2 visual field (VF) results of glaucoma patients with localized inferotemporal neuroretinal rim defects (ITD). Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Fifty-seven eyes of 35 open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients were included and divided into two groups based upon the presence (18 eyes) or not (39 eyes) of ITD. Methods Three different parameters obtained from a spectral domain optic coherence tomography (sdOCT) [disc-fovea angle (DFA), fovea vertical deviation (FVD) from midline, and the angular difference between the ITD border and the DFA (DAD)] were tested for their relationship with four 10-2 VF sectors: superior hemifield, superior edge, nasal edge, and superonasal arcuate. These relationships were tested with regression analyses with linear mixed effects models and random intercepts. Main Outcome Measures Influences of DFA, FVD, and DAD on 10-2 VF sectors. Results Mean (±SD) values of DFA, FVD, and DAD were respectively: -5.05° ± 4.40°, -1346.6 um ± 1609.0 um, and 43.30° ± 17.33°. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, both FVD and DAD, but not DFA, were significantly associated with the severity of defects on the predefined VF sectors. Larger DAD values (third tertile: 54°-77°) showed higher coefficient estimate for the nasal edge sector sensitivities. Conclusions The vertical foveal location and its position relative to the ITD was associated with loss of sensitivity at 10-2 VF locations in the superior hemifield. This association was significant but weak and was not seen using other conventional parameters that describe foveal position relative to the optic disc on sdOCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis G Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos G De Moraes
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tomas T Pinto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo J L Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jayter S Paula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the suitable visual field (VF) test conditions (target size, test type, and eccentricity) for the macular region, we investigated the correlations between the ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness and 6 VF test results. METHODS We tested 32 eyes of patients (61.1±9.2 y) with preperimetric (6), early-stage (16), and moderate-stage (10) glaucoma. The VF tests included 3 SAP (the 10-2 HFA using SITA with target size III [HFA SITA (III)], full threshold with size III [HFA FULL (III)] and size I [HFA FULL (I)]) and 3 visual function-specific perimetry tests (the 10-2 SWAP, 10-2 flicker, and 10-2 Humphrey Matrix). The GCL and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) thickness was measured by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) with a macular 7×7 mm cube scan (3D OCT-2000, Topcon). The coefficient of determination (r) for the correlation between visual sensitivity and the GCL+IPL thickness was calculated for each test at eccentricities 0 to 5 degrees, 5 to 7 degrees, and 7 to 10 degrees using linear and quadratic regressions. RESULTS All 6 tests showed the strongest correlation with the GCL+IPL thickness at 5 to 7 degrees. The respective r (linear) and R (quadratic) for HFA SITA (III), HFA FULL (III), HFA FULL (I), SWAP, Flicker, and Matrix were (0.40, 0.50), (0.43, 0.53), (0.44, 0.46), (0.51, 0.51), (0.33, 0.34), and (0.52, 0.52). CONCLUSIONS As compared with the frequently-used SAP with a size III, SAP with size I and the function-specific perimetry tests (especially the Matrix) could be more suitable for testing the macular region.
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Tanabe F, Matsumoto C, McKendrick AM, Okuyama S, Hashimoto S, Shimomura Y. The interpretation of results of 10-2 visual fields should consider individual variability in the position of the optic disc and temporal raphe. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:323-328. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AimsTo clarify the anatomical relation between the optic disc and temporal raphe and to examine how these are related to test points in the 10-2 visual field test pattern.Subjects and methodsFor 22 eyes of volunteers with normal vision (+0.75 D spherical equivalent 7.88 D), a volume scan was used to obtain en-face images from a plane fitted to the inner limiting membrane using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The clearest en-face retinal nerve fibre (RNF) image was chosen for each subject and superimposed on fundus photographs using blood vessels for alignment. Individual landmarks (disc, fovea and visual field blind spot) were then used to superimpose the Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 visual field on the OCT image to compare with the RNF image.ResultsThe average disc–fovea–raphe angle was 169.4°±3.2°. Both the disc and temporal raphe were located above the horizontal midline (ie, were inferior in visual field space). For the 10-2 test pattern superimposed on the OCT image, in 54.5% of eyes, the temporal inferior test points adjacent to the horizontal midline mapped to the anatomical inferior hemifield. In 22.7% of eyes, nasal inferior test points adjacent to the horizontal midline mapped to the anatomical inferior hemifield. This mapping is opposite to typically assumed.ConclusionThe position of the disc and raphe affects the mapping between structure and function with respect to superior and inferior hemifields. Individual differences in the position of the temporal raphe should be considered when mapping between structure and function for the 10-2 test pattern.
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Liu XF, Hao JL, Xie T, Mukhtar NJ, Zhang W, Malik TH, Lu CW, Zhou DD. Curcumin, A Potential Therapeutic Candidate for Anterior Segment Eye Diseases: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28261099 PMCID: PMC5306202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, the major curcuminoid of the turmeric, has been extensively used in many countries since ancient time for preventing and/or treating a multitude of diseases. This review is to illustrate the researches on the properties of curcumin and its potential therapeutic efficacy in major anterior segment eye diseases. The bio-medical potential of curcumin is restricted because of its low solubility and digestive bioavailability. This review will discuss promising research in improving curcumin bioavailability through structural modification. In vitro and in vivo research made progress in studying the beneficial effects of curcumin on major anterior segment eye diseases, including anti-angiogenesis effect in corneal diseases; anti-inflammation or anti-allergy effects in dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis; anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects in pterygium; anti-oxidative stress, anti-osmotic stress, anti-lipid peroxidation, pro-apoptosis, regulating calcium homeostasis, sequestrating free radicals, protein modification and degradation effects in cataracts; neuroprotective effects in glaucoma. Curcumin exhibited to be a potent therapeutic candidate for treating those anterior segment eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Jilin Province Changchun, China
| | - Nour Jama Mukhtar
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Wiley Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan NY, USA
| | - Tayyab Hamid Malik
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, China
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Mutolo MG, Albanese G, Rusciano D, Pescosolido N. Oral Administration of Forskolin, Homotaurine, Carnosine, and Folic Acid in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: Changes in Intraocular Pressure, Pattern Electroretinogram Amplitude, and Foveal Sensitivity. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:178-83. [PMID: 26771282 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a food supplement containing forskolin, homotaurine, carnosine, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, and magnesium in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) already in treatment and compensated by intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drugs, during a period of 12 months. METHODS Twenty-two patients (44 eyes) with POAG, with their IOP compensated by topical drugs, were enrolled and randomly assigned to the food supplement or control treatment group. The additional food supplement treatment consisted of 2 tablets per day (1 in the morning, 1 in the evening) given for 1 year of a balanced association of homotaurine, Coleus forskohlii root extract, L-carnosine, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, and magnesium. Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) amplitude, foveal sensitivity obtained with the visual field analyzer frequency doubling technology, and IOP were detected at enrollment (T0), 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2), 9 months (T3), and 12 months (T4). RESULTS We observed in treated patients a significant further decrease of IOP and an improvement of PERG amplitude at 6, 9, and 12 months, and foveal sensitivity at 12 months. All values remained substantially stable in control patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present pilot study indicate that the components of the food supplement reach the eye in a detectable manner, as evidenced by the effects on the IOP. Moreover, they suggest a short-term neuroactive effect, as indicated by the improvement of PERG amplitude and foveal sensitivity in treated, but not in control patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Mutolo
- 1 Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome University La Sapienza , Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Albanese
- 2 Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Policlinic Umberto I, Rome University La Sapienza , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Pescosolido
- 2 Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Policlinic Umberto I, Rome University La Sapienza , Rome, Italy
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Hirata M, Shearer TR, Azuma M. Hypoxia Activates Calpains in the Nerve Fiber Layer of Monkey Retinal Explants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6049-57. [PMID: 26393472 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The vascular ischemic hypothesis attributes nerve damage in the retina to decreased blood flow in the ophthalmic artery, reduced oxygenation, and impaired axonal transport. Activation of calpain enzymes contributes to retinal cell death during hypoxia. However, we still do not know in which specific retinal layers calpains are activated. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate where and when calpains are activated in an improved culture model of hypoxic monkey retina. METHODS Monkey retinal explants were cultured on microporous membranes with the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) side facing up. Explants were incubated under hypoxic conditions, with or without additional reoxygenation. When it was used, the calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 was maintained throughout the culture period. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting assays for α-spectrin, calpains 1 and 2, calpastatin, β-III tubulin, and γ-synuclein were performed with specific antibodies. Cell death was assessed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS Under normoxic conditions, TUNEL-positive cells were minimal in our improved culture conditions. As early as 8 hours after hypoxia, the 150-kDa calpain-specific α-spectrin breakdown product appeared in the nerve fiber layer (NFL), where calpains 1 and 2 were localized. TUNEL-positive RGCs then increased at later time periods. The calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 ameliorated changes induced by hypoxia or hypoxia/reoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS During hypoxia/reoxygenation in an improved, relevant monkey model, calpains were first activated in the NFL, followed by death of the parent RGCs. This observation suggest that calpain-induced degeneration of retinal nerve fibers may be an underlying mechanism for RGC death in hypoxic retinal neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hirata
- Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Thomas R Shearer
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Portland, Oregon, United States 2Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Kim SJ, Sung MS, Heo H, Lee JH, Park SW. Mangiferin Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells in Ischemic Mouse Retina via SIRT1. Curr Eye Res 2015. [PMID: 26200953 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether mangiferin can increase the viability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in ischemic mouse retina, and to determine the possible mechanism of neuroprotection. METHODS C57BL/6J mice underwent constant elevation of intraocular pressure for 60 min and received saline or mangiferin (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally once daily until sacrifice. HIF-1α, GFAP and SIRT1 expression was assessed at 1, 4, and 7 days after retinal ischemia. Bax and Bcl-2 expression was also analyzed at 1 and 4 days. RGC survival was assessed by labeling flat-mounted retinas with Brn3a at 2 weeks after retinal ischemia. The effect of co-treatment with mangiferin and sirtinol (SIRT1 inhibitor) was also evaluated. RESULTS The expression of HIF-1α and GFAP was upregulated in saline-treated retinas within 7 days after ischemia. Mangiferin treatment suppressed this upregulation. The expression of SIRT1 was downregulated in saline-treated ischemic retinas. This downregulation was reversed by mangiferin treatment, resulting in a significant difference from saline-treated ischemic retinas. In mangiferin-treated ischemic retinas, Bax expression was downregulated, whereas Bcl-2 expression was upregulated in comparison with saline-treated ischemic retinas. Mangiferin treatment protected ischemic retinas against RGC loss. Treatment of sirtinol decreased the neuroprotective effect of mangiferin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that mangiferin has a neuroprotective effect on RGC through downregulation of HIF-1a and GFAP, and upregulation of SIRT1 in ischemic mouse retinas. We suggest that mangiferin might be a potential neuroprotective agent against RGC loss under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital , Gwangju , Korea .,c Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Sung
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Hwan Heo
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Lee
- b Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea and.,c Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Park
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital , Gwangju , Korea .,c Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
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Sng CCA, Barton K. Glaucoma and allergies: 'should I get rid of my cat?'. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:1015-6. [PMID: 26130672 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelvin C A Sng
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, Singapore Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Keith Barton
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, Singapore National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London Department of Epidemiology and Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London
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25
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Wong M, Huang P, Li W, Li Y, Zhang SS, Zhang C. T-helper1/T-helper2 cytokine imbalance in the iris of patients with glaucoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122184. [PMID: 25811482 PMCID: PMC4374700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic study of glaucoma pathogenesis has shifted to seeking to understand the effects of immune responses on retinal ganglion cell damage and protection. Cytokines mediate the biological effects of the immune system, and our previous study revealed an imbalance of T-helper (Th) 1-derived and Th2-derived cytokines in the serum of patients with glaucoma. In this study, we collected irises from normal individuals and patients with primary open-angle closure (POAG) or chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG). We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure the expression of Th1 (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)), Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), and Th3 (transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)) cytokines. We then performed immunohistochemical staining to characterize the localization of the upregulated cytokines in iris cryosections. We observed an upward trend in the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ and a downward trend in IL-6 expression in the iris of POAG and CACG patients. Expression of TGF-β also increased. Immunohistochemistry revealed that IL-2 expression in POAG and CACG patients was localized in the anterior surface of the blood vessel wall in the stroma of the iris, in the cytoplasm of some cells, in the anterior epithelium, and in the posterior pigment epithelium. These findings indicate that immune status differed between the iris tissues of POAG and CACG patients and those of normal individuals. A T-helper cytokine imbalance may modulate the immune microenvironment in glaucomatous eyes and thus influence optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ManSin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel S. Zhang
- Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
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Park YH, Mueller BH, McGrady NR, Ma HY, Yorio T. AMPA receptor desensitization is the determinant of AMPA receptor mediated excitotoxicity in purified retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:136-50. [PMID: 25643624 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLuR) have been hypothesized to play a role in neuronal pathogenesis by mediating excitotoxic death. Previous studies on iGluR in the retina have focused on two broad classes of receptors: NMDA and non-NMDA receptors including the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic receptor (AMPAR) and kainate receptor. In this study, we examined the role of receptor desensitization on the specific excitotoxic effects of AMPAR activation on primary retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Purified rat RGCs were isolated from postnatal day 4-7 Sprague-Dawley rats. Calcium imaging was used to identify the functionality of the AMPARs and selectivity of the s-AMPA agonist. Phosphorylated CREB and ERK1/2 expression were performed following s-AMPA treatment. s-AMPA excitotoxicity was determined by JC-1 mitochondrial membrane depolarization assay, caspase 3/7 luciferase activity assay, immunoblot analysis for α-fodrin, and Live (calcein AM)/Dead (ethidium homodimer-1) assay. RGC cultures of 98% purity, lacking Iba1 and GFAP expression were used for the present studies. Isolated prenatal RGCs expressed calcium permeable AMPAR and s-AMPA (100 μM) treatment of cultured RGCs significantly increased phosphorylation of CREB but not that of ERK1/2. A prolonged (6 h) AMPAR activation in purified RGCs using s-AMPA (100 μM) did not depolarize the RGC mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, treatment of cultured RGCs with s-AMPA, both in the presence and absence of trophic factors (BDNF and CNTF), did not increase caspase 3/7 activities or the cleavage of α-fodrin (neuronal apoptosis marker), as compared to untreated controls. Lastly, a significant increase in cell survival of RGCs was observed after s-AMPA treatment as compared to control untreated RGCs. However, preventing the desensitization of AMPAR with the treatment with either kainic acid (100 μM) or the combination of s-AMPA and cyclothiazide (50 μM) significantly reduced cell survivability. Activation of the AMPAR in RGCs does not appear to activate a signaling cascade to apoptosis, suggesting that RGCs in vitro are not susceptible to AMPA excitotoxicity as previously hypothesized. Conversely, preventing AMPAR desensitization through differential agonist activation caused AMPAR mediated excitotoxicity. Activation of the AMPAR in increasing CREB phosphorylation was dependent on the presence of calcium, which may help explain this action in increasing RGC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Brett H Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Nolan R McGrady
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Yorio
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Ji YS, Park JW, Heo H, Park JS, Park SW. The Neuroprotective Effect of Carnosine (β-Alanyl-l-Histidine) on Retinal Ganglion Cell Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:634-41. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.855235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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CD4 positive T helper cells contribute to retinal ganglion cell death in mouse model of ischemia reperfusion injury. Exp Eye Res 2013; 115:131-9. [PMID: 23792169 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuron degeneration is a common pathological process associated with many disease conditions in the central nervous system including retina. Although immune responses have been proposed as one potential element in triggering neural damage, the mechanism of action of specific immune components underlying the pathogenesis is unclear. In this study we focus on adaptive immune activities to evaluate CD4 positive helper cells in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in response to transient retinal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Transient retinal ischemia was induced in four mouse strains with different immune backgrounds, including wild type mice from C57BL/6 and BABL/c strains, severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice lacking T and B lymphocytes, SCID mice with transferred wild type CD4+ T cells, and the STAT6 deficient mice without T helper 2 (TH2) cells. In SCID mice RGCs showed a strong resistance to cell death in response to I/R injury (89% ± 3% of the survival cells in contralateral eye) compared with C57BL/6 (p = 0.018) and BALB/C (p = 0.038) wild types. By transferring the mature CD4+ T cells from matched wild type into SCID mice, the resistance of RGCs to injury was significantly compromised (p < 0.05). Furthermore a significant resistance of RGCs to cell death (p < 0.05) accompanied with an overexpression of STAT1 and STAT3 was confirmed in STAT6 deficient mice in response to I/R injury compared with the wild type controls, indicating that TH2 cells maturation might be involved in RGC damage. Adaptive immunity carried by CD4 T cells plays an essential role in RGC degeneration.
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29
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Karl MO. The potential of stem cell research for the treatment of neuronal damage in glaucoma. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:311-25. [PMID: 23708526 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell research offers a wide variety of approaches for the advancement of our understanding of basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration and for the discovery and development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and restore neuronal cell loss. Similar to most other regions of our central nervous system, degenerative diseases of the retina lead to the loss of neurons, which are not replaced. Recent work in animals has provided proof-of-concept evidence for the restoration of photoreceptor cells by cell transplantation and neuronal cell replacement by regeneration from endogenous cell sources. However, efficient therapeutic prevention of neuronal cell loss has not been achieved. Moreover, successful cell replacement of retinal neurons in humans, including that of ganglion cells, remains a major challenge. Future successes in the discovery and translation of neuroprotective drug and gene therapies and of cell-based regenerative therapies will depend on a better understanding of the underlying disease pathomechanisms. Existing stem cell and cell-reprogramming technologies offer the potential to generate human retina cells, to develop specific human-cell-based retina disease models, and to open up novel therapeutic strategies. Further, we might glean substantial knowledge from species that can or cannot regenerate their neuronal retina, in the search for new therapeutic approaches. Thus, stem cell research will pave the way toward clinical translation. In this review, I address some of the major possibilities presently on offer and speculate about the power of stem cell research to gain further insights into the pathomechanisms of retinal neurodegeneration (with special emphasis on glaucoma) and to advance our therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike O Karl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstrasse 18/18b, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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30
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Wang LL, Sun Y, Huang K, Zheng L. Curcumin, a potential therapeutic candidate for retinal diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1557-68. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; P. R. China
| | | | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; P. R. China
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31
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Vu THK, Jager MJ, Chen DF. The Immunology of Glaucoma. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2012; 1:303-11. [PMID: 26107602 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0b013e31826f57a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of specific antibodies and T cells that are specific in patients with glaucoma supports the idea that the immune system may play an important role in the initiation and/or sustainment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, at least in some patients. At present, our understanding regarding immunological mechanisms associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy is far from satisfactory. In this review, we examined evidence suggesting involvement of autoimmune responses in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. These include detection of autoantibodies and T cells and expression of cytokines and stress proteins in patients with glaucoma. Although immune responses are thought to be detrimental, some responses may exert a protective effect against neurodegenerative damage. Likely, the balance between positive and negative regulators determines the survival or demise of cells. It is vital that research continues to elucidate the roles of the immune system in glaucomatous neurodegeneration and the possibility of alternative modalities of treatment. These studies may also provide valuable molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and identification of a specific cohort of patients with glaucoma, that is, those with normal-tension glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Khanh Vu
- From the *Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; †Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; and ‡Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
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32
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Zhou X, Xia XB. Retinal stem cells transplantation combined with copolymer-1 immunization reduces interferon-gamma levels in an experimental model of glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:594-8. [PMID: 22553727 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effect of immunization with copolymer-1 (COP-1) and retinal stem cells (RSCs) transplantation on interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels in a rat experimental glaucoma model. METHODS An experimental glaucoma was induced by argon laser photocoagulation of the episcleral veins and limbal plexus in the right eye of rats. Immediately following glaucoma induction, rats were immunized with COP-1. RSCs were cultured and transplanted intravitreally into the eyes of glaucoma model animals 1 week post-laser treatment. Six experimental groups were used: COP-1/RSC, PBS/RSC, COP-1/PBS, PBS/PBS, glaucoma model group, and a normal control group. The concentration of IFN-γ in aqueous humor (AH) and serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in each of the six groups. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival was assessed by quantifying apoptosis using Hoechst staining. RESULTS Concentrations of IFN-γ in AH and serum of rats that had undergone glaucoma induction were higher than those of non-induced control rats. The concentrations of IFN-γ in AH and serum of the COP-1/RSCs treated group were determined to be 2371.9ng/L and 710.9ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the other treated groups (P<0.05). In fact, IFN-γ levels in the dual treated group were reduced to background levels. The COP-1/RSC group had lower number of apoptotic RGCs than the other three experimental groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The reduced levels of IFN-γ in AH and serum of the COP-1/RSC group may be related to synergistic effects between RSCs transplantation and COP-1 immune modulation. It is likely that the lower levels of IFN-γ prevented RGCs glaucomatous apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410006, Hunan Province, China
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Almasieh M, Lieven CJ, Levin LA, Di Polo A. A cell-permeable phosphine-borane complex delays retinal ganglion cell death after axonal injury through activation of the pro-survival extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 pathway. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1075-86. [PMID: 21749374 PMCID: PMC3166386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide has been recognized as a critical signal triggering retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axonal injury. Although the downstream targets of superoxide are unknown, chemical reduction of oxidized sulfhydryls has been shown to be neuroprotective for injured RGCs. On the basis of this, we developed novel phosphine-borane complex compounds that are cell permeable and highly stable. Here, we report that our lead compound, bis (3-propionic acid methyl ester) phenylphosphine borane complex 1 (PB1) promotes RGC survival in rat models of optic nerve axotomy and in experimental glaucoma. PB1-mediated RGC neuroprotection did not correlate with inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase signaling, including apoptosis stimulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) or p38. Instead, PB1 led to a striking increase in retinal BDNF levels and downstream activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 entirely blocked RGC neuroprotection induced by PB1. We conclude that PB1 protects damaged RGCs through activation of pro-survival signals. These data support a potential cross-talk between redox homeostasis and neurotrophin-related pathways leading to RGC survival after axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Almasieh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Lieven
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leonard A. Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bozkurt B, Mesci L, Irkec M, Ozdag BB, Sanal O, Arslan U, Ersoy F, Tezcan I. Association of tumour necrosis factor-alpha -308 G/A polymorphism with primary open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 40:e156-62. [PMID: 21575121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an important proinflammatory cytokine driving axonal degeneration and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of TNF-α -308 G/A and -238 G/A polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). DESIGN A prospective, case-control study, university hospital setting. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-six POAG patients and 193 healthy unrelated controls. METHODS TNF-α polymorphisms were screened by using direct gene sequencing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of TNF-α -308 G/A and TNF-α -238 G/A promoter polymorphisms in glaucoma and healthy subjects. RESULTS The frequencies of TNF-α -308 GA genotype and 'A' allele were higher in patients with POAG (22.1% and 12.2%, respectively) in comparison with the control group (10.9% and 6%, respectively) (P = 0.046 and 0.02, respectively), with odds ratios of 2.45 (P = 0.01, 95% CI = 1.23-4.87) and 2.19 (P = 0.013, 95% CI = 1.18-4.08), respectively. Genotype distribution of the TNF-α -238 variants did not yield a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.87). CONCLUSION TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism seems to be associated with POAG in Turkish population. However, population-based studies with large number of subjects and long-term follow-up are needed to verify the association of TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism with glaucoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Bozkurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Selcuk University, Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey.
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Abstract
Retinal hypoxia is the potentially blinding mechanism underlying a number of sight-threatening disorders including central retinal artery occlusion, ischemic central retinal vein thrombosis, complications of diabetic eye disease and some types of glaucoma. Hypoxia is implicated in loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) occurring in such conditions. RGC death occurs by apoptosis or necrosis. Hypoxia-ischemia induces the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and its target genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Increased production of VEGF results in disruption of the blood retinal barrier leading to retinal edema. Enhanced expression of NOS results in increased production of nitric oxide which may be toxic to the cells resulting in their death. Excess glutamate release in hypoxic-ischemic conditions causes excitotoxic damage to the RGCs through activation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Activation of glutamate receptors is thought to initiate damage in the retina by a cascade of biochemical effects such as neuronal NOS activation and increase in intracellular Ca2+ which has been described as a major contributing factor to RGC loss. Excess production of proinflammatory cytokines also mediates cell damage. Besides the above, free-radicals generated in hypoxic-ischemic conditions result in RGC loss because of an imbalance between antioxidant- and oxidant-generating systems. Although many advances have been made in understanding the mediators and mechanisms of injury, strategies to improve the damage are lacking. Measures to prevent neuronal injury have to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive,National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Yu QQ, Yao Y. A detailed meta-analysis shows no association between TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism and different forms of glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 47:47-51. [PMID: 21701244 DOI: 10.1159/000328631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. To date, several publications have evaluated the association between the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) -308G/A polymorphism and glaucoma risk. However, the results remain inconclusive. The aim of our study was to clarify the effect of the TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism on glaucoma risk. METHOD We conducted searches of the published literature in the PubMed database updated to May 2010. A meta-analysis was performed by critically reviewing 7 publications with a total of 1,199 glaucoma cases and 1,189 controls on the -308G/A polymorphism. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of this relationship. RESULTS Overall, no association between the TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma or pseudoexfoliation glaucoma risk was found in the A allele versus G allele genetic model (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 0.78-3.59 or OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 0.40-15.04, respectively), the same as genetic models in AG versus GG and AA + AG versus GG. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity and source of control subgroups, a significant association was still not observed in all genetic models. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis provides strong evidence that the TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism is not associated with different forms of glaucoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Nagabhushana A, Bansal M, Swarup G. Optineurin is required for CYLD-dependent inhibition of TNFα-induced NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17477. [PMID: 21408173 PMCID: PMC3049778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates genes that function in diverse cellular processes like inflammation, immunity and cell survival. The activation of NF-κB is tightly controlled and the deubiquitinase CYLD has emerged as a key negative regulator of NF-κB signalling. Optineurin, mutated in certain glaucomas and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is also a negative regulator of NF-κB activation. It competes with NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) for binding to ubiquitinated RIP (receptor interacting protein) to prevent NF-κB activation. Recently we identified CYLD as optineurin-interacting protein. Here we have analysed the functional significance of interaction of optineurin with CYLD. Our results show that a glaucoma-associated mutant of optineurin, H486R, is altered in its interaction with CYLD. Unlike wild-type optineurin, the H486R mutant did not inhibit tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced NF-κB activation. CYLD mediated inhibition of TNFα-induced NF-κB activation was abrogated by expression of the H486R mutant. Upon knockdown of optineurin, CYLD was unable to inhibit TNFα-induced NF-κB activation and showed drastically reduced interaction with ubiquitinated RIP. The level of ubiquitinated RIP was increased in optineurin knockdown cells. Deubiquitination of RIP by over-expressed CYLD was abrogated in optineurin knockdown cells. These results suggest that optineurin regulates NF-κB activation by mediating interaction of CYLD with ubiquitinated RIP thus facilitating deubiquitination of RIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthamurthy Nagabhushana
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Megha Bansal
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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38
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Park HYL, Kim JH, Lee DE, Lee JH, Park CK. Changes of the Retina and Intrinsic Survival Signals in a Rat Model of Glaucoma following Brinzolamide and Travoprost Treatments. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 46:208-17. [DOI: 10.1159/000324779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Bai Y, Dergham P, Nedev H, Xu J, Galan A, Rivera JC, ZhiHua S, Mehta HM, Woo SB, Sarunic MV, Neet KE, Saragovi HU. Chronic and acute models of retinal neurodegeneration TrkA activity are neuroprotective whereas p75NTR activity is neurotoxic through a paracrine mechanism. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39392-400. [PMID: 20943663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal adult retinas, NGF receptor TrkA is expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), whereas glia express p75(NTR). During retinal injury, endogenous NGF, TrkA, and p75(NTR) are up-regulated. Paradoxically, neither endogenous NGF nor exogenous administration of wild type NGF can protect degenerating RGCs, even when administered at high frequency. Here we elucidate the relative contribution of NGF and each of its receptors to RGC degeneration in vivo. During retinal degeneration due to glaucoma or optic nerve transection, treatment with a mutant NGF that only activates TrkA, or with a biological response modifier that prevents endogenous NGF and pro-NGF from binding to p75(NTR) affords significant neuroprotection. Treatment of normal eyes with an NGF mutant-selective p75(NTR) agonist causes progressive RGC death, and in injured eyes it accelerates RGC death. The mechanism of p75(NTR) action during retinal degeneration due to glaucoma is paracrine, by increasing production of neurotoxic proteins TNF-α and α(2)-macroglobulin. Antagonists of p75(NTR) inhibit TNF-α and α(2)-macroglobulin up-regulation during disease, and afford neuroprotection. These data reveal a balance of neuroprotective and neurotoxic mechanisms in normal and diseased retinas, and validate each neurotrophin receptor as a pharmacological target for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bai
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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40
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Kim KY, Ju WK, Hegedus B, Gutmann DH, Ellisman MH. Ultrastructural characterization of the optic pathway in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis-1 optic glioma. Neuroscience 2010; 170:178-88. [PMID: 20600672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the progression of changes in retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve glia in neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) genetically-engineered mice with optic glioma. Optic glioma tumors were generated in Nf1+/- mice lacking Nf1 expression in GFAP+ cells (astrocytes). Standard immunohistochemistry methods were employed to identify astrocytes (GFAP, S100beta), proliferating progenitor cells (sox2, nestin), microglia (Iba1), endothelial cells (CD31) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons (Neurofilament 68k) in Nf1+/-, Nf1(GFAP)CKO (wild-type mice with Nf1 loss in glial cells), and Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO (Nf1+/- mice with Nf1 loss in glial cells) mice. Ultrastructural changes in the optic chiasm and nerve were assessed by electron microscopy (EM). RGC were counted in whole retina preparations using high-resolution, mosaic confocal microscopy following their delineation by retrograde FluoroGold labeling. We found that only Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO mice exhibited gross pre-chiasmatic optic nerve and chiasm enlargements containing aggregated GFAP+/nestin+ and S100beta+/sox2+ cells (neoplastic glia) as well as increased numbers of blood vessels and microglia. Optic gliomas in Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO mice contained axon fiber irregularities and multilamellar bodies of degenerated myelin. EM and EM tomographic analyses showed increased glial disorganization, disoriented axonal projections, profiles of degenerating myelin and structural alterations at nodes of Ranvier. Lastly, we found reduced RGC numbers in Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO mice, supporting a model in which the combination of optic nerve Nf1 heterozygosity and glial cell Nf1 loss results in disrupted axonal-glial relationships, subsequently culminating in the degeneration of optic nerve axons and loss of their parent RGC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Kim
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Bai Y, Shi Z, Zhuo Y, Liu J, Malakhov A, Ko E, Burgess K, Schaefer H, Esteban PF, Tessarollo L, Saragovi HU. In glaucoma the upregulated truncated TrkC.T1 receptor isoform in glia causes increased TNF-alpha production, leading to retinal ganglion cell death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6639-51. [PMID: 20574020 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is a distinct neuropathy characterized by the chronic and progressive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The etiology of RGC death remains unknown. Risk factors for glaucomatous RGC death are elevated intraocular pressure and glial production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Previously, the authors showed that glaucoma causes a rapid upregulation of a neurotrophin receptor truncated isoform lacking the kinase domain, TrkC.T1, in retina. Here they examined the biological role of TrkC.T1 during glaucoma progression. METHODS Rat and mouse models of chronic ocular hypertension were used. Immunofluorescence Western blot analysis and in situ mRNA hybridization were used to identify cells upregulating TrkC.T1. A genetic model of engineered mice lacking TrkC.T1 (TrkC.T1(-/-)) was used to validate a role for this receptor in glaucoma. Pharmacologic studies were conducted to evaluate intravitreal delivery of agonists or antagonists of TrkC.T1, compared with controls, during glaucoma. Surviving RGCs were quantified by retrograde-labeling techniques. Production of neurotoxic TNF-α and α2 macroglobulin were quantified. RESULTS TrkC.T1 was upregulated in retinal glia, with a pattern similar to that of TNF-α. TrkC.T1(-/-) mice had normal retinas. However, during experimental glaucoma, TrkC.T1(-/-) mice had lower rates of RGC death and produced less TNF-α than wild-type littermates. In rats with glaucoma, the pharmacologic use of TrkC antagonists delayed RGC death and reduced the production of retinal TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS TrkC.T1 is implicated in glaucomatous RGC death through the control of glial TNF-α production. Overall, the data point to a paracrine mechanism whereby elevated intraocular pressure upregulated glial TrkC.T1 expression in glia; TrkC.T1 controlled glial TNF-α production, and TNF-α caused RGC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ren L, Danias J. A Role for Complement in Glaucoma? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 703:95-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The mechanistic study of glaucoma pathogenesis has shifted to seeking to understand the effects of immune responses on retinal ganglion cell damage and protection. Cytokines are the hormonal factors that mediate most of the biological effects in both the immune and nonimmune systems. CD4-expressing T helper cells are a major source of cytokine production and regulation. Type 1 helper T (Th1) cells are characterized by the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha while type 2 helper T (Th2) cells are characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokine production influences many pathological processes and plays both causative and protective roles in neuronal damage. Growing evidence indicates that imbalances of Th1/Th2 cytokine production are involved in neural damage or protection in many neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the possible roles of Th1/Th2 cytokine production and imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in retina, especially glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Huang P, Zhang SSM, Zhang C. The two sides of cytokine signaling and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:78-83. [PMID: 19672464 PMCID: PMC2723672 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic study of glaucoma pathogenesis has shifted to seeking to understand the effects of immune responses on retinal ganglion cell damage and protection. Cytokines are the hormonal factors that mediate most of the biological effects in both the immune and nonimmune systems. CD4-expressing T helper cells are a major source of cytokine production and regulation. Type 1 helper T (Th1) cells are characterized by the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha while type 2 helper T (Th2) cells are characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokine production influences many pathological processes and plays both causative and protective roles in neuron damages. Growing evidence indicates that imbalances of Th1/Th2 cytokine production are involved in neural damage or protection in many neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the possible roles of Th1/Th2 cytokine production and imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in retina, especially glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Peking University Eye Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Samuel Shao-Min Zhang
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Chun Zhang
- Peking University Eye Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100083 China
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Walsh MM, Yi H, Friedman J, Cho KI, Tserentsoodol N, McKinnon S, Searle K, Yeh A, Ferreira PA. Gene and protein expression pilot profiling and biomarkers in an experimental mouse model of hypertensive glaucoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:918-30. [PMID: 19491369 DOI: 10.3181/0811-rm-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders causing the degeneration of the ganglion neurons of the retina. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a hallmark risk factor promoting the death of ganglion neurons of the retina in glaucoma. Yet, the molecular processes underlying the degeneration of these neurons by increased IOP are not understood. To gain insight into the early molecular events and discover biomarkers induced by IOP, we performed gene and protein expression profiling to compare retinas of eyes with and without high IOP in a rodent model of experimental glaucoma. This pilot study found that the IOP-mediated changes in the transcription levels of a restricted set of genes implicated in peroxisomal and mitochondrial function, modulation of neuron survival and inflammatory processes, were also accompanied by changes in the levels of proteins encoded by the same genes. With the exception of the inflammatory markers, serum amyloid-A1 (SAA1) and serum amyloid-A2 (SAA2), the IOP-induced changes in protein expression were restricted to ganglion neurons of the retina and they were detected also in the vitreous, thus suggesting an early IOP-mediated loss of ganglion cell integrity. Interestingly, SAA1 and SAA2 were induced in retinal microglia cells, whereas they were reduced in sera of IOP-responsive mice. Hence, this study defines novel IOP-induced molecular processes, biomarkers and sources thereof, and it further validates the extension of the analyses herein reported to other genes modulated by IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Walsh
- Duke University Medical Center, Erwin Rd, DUEC 3802, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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Abstract
A hallmark of glaucomatous optic nerve damage is retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. RGCs, like other central nervous system neurons, have a limited capacity to survive or regenerate an axon after injury. Strategies that prevent or slow down RGC degeneration, in combination with intraocular pressure management, may be beneficial to preserve vision in glaucoma. Recent progress in neurobiological research has led to a better understanding of the molecular pathways that regulate the survival of injured RGCs. Here we discuss a variety of experimental strategies including intraocular delivery of neuroprotective molecules, viral-mediated gene transfer, cell implants and stem cell therapies, which share the ultimate goal of promoting RGC survival after optic nerve damage. The challenge now is to assess how this wealth of knowledge can be translated into viable therapies for the treatment of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
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Proteomic analysis of rat retina in a steroid-induced ocular hypertension model: potential vulnerability to oxidative stress. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2008; 52:84-90. [PMID: 18626730 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-007-0507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate global protein expression profiles in the retinas of normal and glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertensive rats by proteomic analysis. METHODS Ocular hypertension was induced by topical application of dexamethasone (DEX) for 4 weeks. Age-matched untreated rats served as controls. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored by an electronic tonometer. Retinal protein expression profiling was carried out by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. RESULTS In DEX-treated rats, average IOP was elevated significantly compared with controls. With DEX treatment, levels of four proteins were altered, as revealed by 2-D DIGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), a lipid-binding protein, upregulated 1.9-fold, P < 0.05; alpha A crystallin (CRYAA), a molecular chaperone, downregulated 2.7-fold, P < 0.01; superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), an antioxidant enzyme, downregulated 2.3-fold, P < 0.05; and triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1), a glycolytic enzyme, downregulated 2.3-fold, P < 0.01. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of CRYAA, SOD1, and TPI1, observed here after a short period of DEX-induced ocular hypertension, may be involved in the onset of neural damage in steroid-induced glaucoma.
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Grus F, Sun D. Immunological mechanisms in glaucoma. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:121-6. [PMID: 18330572 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most frequent causes of blindness worldwide. The elevated intraocular pressure does not explain glaucoma in all patients but can be considered as a risk factor of the disease. There are some evidences that autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in this disorder. This review attempts to demonstrate the findings about autoimmune mechanisms in glaucoma patients. Consistent up- and down-regulations in the autoantibody profiles against ocular antigens are present in glaucoma patients. These changes in natural autoimmunity could be found in independent study populations and might be a promising tool for glaucoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Flammer J, Mozaffarieh M. What is the present pathogenetic concept of glaucomatous optic neuropathy? Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 52 Suppl 2:S162-73. [PMID: 17998042 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy implies loss of neural tissue, activation of glial cells, tissue remodeling, and change of blood flow. The blood flow reduction is not only secondary but has a primary component. Activation of astrocytes leads to an altered microenvironment. An unstable ocular perfusion, either due to IOP fluctuation or a disturbed autoregulation (due to primary vascular dysregulation syndrome) leads to a mild reperfusion injury. The superoxide (O(2)(-)) anion produced in the mitochondria of the axons, fuses with the nitric oxide (NO) diffusing from the astrocytes, leading to the damaging peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). It is possible that the diffusion of endothelin and metalloproteinases to the surrounding of the optic nerve head leads to a local vasoconstriction and thereby increases the risk for venous occlusion and weakens the blood-brain barrier, which in extreme situations results in splinter hemorrhages. Activated retinal astrocytes can be visualized clinically. The involvement of primary vascular dysregulation in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy may explain why women, as well as Japanese, suffer more often from normal-tension glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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