1
|
Loetzsch R, Beyer HF, Duval L, Spillmann U, Banaś D, Dergham P, Kröger FM, Glorius J, Grisenti RE, Guerra M, Gumberidze A, Heß R, Hillenbrand PM, Indelicato P, Jagodzinski P, Lamour E, Lorentz B, Litvinov S, Litvinov YA, Machado J, Paul N, Paulus GG, Petridis N, Santos JP, Scheidel M, Sidhu RS, Steck M, Steydli S, Szary K, Trotsenko S, Uschmann I, Weber G, Stöhlker T, Trassinelli M. Testing quantum electrodynamics in extreme fields using helium-like uranium. Nature 2024; 625:673-678. [PMID: 38267680 PMCID: PMC10808054 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Quantum electrodynamics (QED), the quantum field theory that describes the interaction between light and matter, is commonly regarded as the best-tested quantum theory in modern physics. However, this claim is mostly based on extremely precise studies performed in the domain of relatively low field strengths and light atoms and ions1-6. In the realm of very strong electromagnetic fields such as in the heaviest highly charged ions (with nuclear charge Z ≫ 1), QED calculations enter a qualitatively different, non-perturbative regime. Yet, the corresponding experimental studies are very challenging, and theoretical predictions are only partially tested. Here we present an experiment sensitive to higher-order QED effects and electron-electron interactions in the high-Z regime. This is achieved by using a multi-reference method based on Doppler-tuned X-ray emission from stored relativistic uranium ions with different charge states. The energy of the 1s1/22p3/2 J = 2 → 1s1/22s1/2 J = 1 intrashell transition in the heaviest two-electron ion (U90+) is obtained with an accuracy of 37 ppm. Furthermore, a comparison of uranium ions with different numbers of bound electrons enables us to disentangle and to test separately the one-electron higher-order QED effects and the bound electron-electron interaction terms without the uncertainty related to the nuclear radius. Moreover, our experimental result can discriminate between several state-of-the-art theoretical approaches and provides an important benchmark for calculations in the strong-field domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany.
| | - H F Beyer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - L Duval
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - U Spillmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Banaś
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - P Dergham
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - F M Kröger
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J Glorius
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R E Grisenti
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Guerra
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - A Gumberidze
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Heß
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P-M Hillenbrand
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - P Indelicato
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - P Jagodzinski
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - E Lamour
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - B Lorentz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Litvinov
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yu A Litvinov
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Machado
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - N Paul
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - G G Paulus
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - N Petridis
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J P Santos
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - M Scheidel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R S Sidhu
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Steck
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Steydli
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - K Szary
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - S Trotsenko
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - I Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - G Weber
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Th Stöhlker
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M Trassinelli
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dergham P, Saudagar FNI, Jones-Nazar CC, Hashim SA, Saleh K, Mohammedhussain AA, Wafai SA, Madadin M. Medical Students' Perceptions Towards Online Teaching During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study from Saudi Arabia. Adv Med Educ Pract 2023; 14:407-419. [PMID: 37125011 PMCID: PMC10136098 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s396912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The Covid-19 has made a huge impact on higher education. Online teaching and learning became essential to deliver educational activities in all areas including medical education. In this study, we aimed to investigate medical students' perceptions on the role of online teaching and learning in facilitating medical education. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study using a self-administered online questionnaire was conducted. Students eligible were medical students across all years at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Perceptions analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results A total of 563 students participated in the study (prominent category female 64%, n = 361). There was a significant increase in the number of hours devoted to online learning during the pandemic. Live lectures/tutorials platform via zoom showed the highest rate of interaction compared to pre-recorded lectures and learning materials uploaded on blackboard. 50% of the students disagreed that online teaching is as effective as face-to-face teaching. The greatest perceived enjoyable aspect included the online accessibility of materials. Whereas the most frequent perceived barrier to online learning included internet connection. 17% of students reflected a poor understanding of scientific materials through online PBL. More than 50% of students revealed that online theoretical lectures are as good as classroom or better. Whereas the majority (70%) were unable to learn clinical skills online. The results indicated high impact on students' physical activities (80%). Impacts were higher on pre-clinical students' health and social life than on clinical students. Conclusion Our findings reported that during emergency situations due to the pandemic, online teaching enables the continuity of medical education and provides adequate efficiency. The use of live online platforms showed high level of interaction. However, some barriers need to be addressed especially at the clinical skills development level to maximize the benefit of online teaching and learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Dergham
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Pauline Dergham, Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34211, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 13 3331046, Fax +966 13 3330333, Email ;
| | - Farhat N I Saudagar
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catrin C Jones-Nazar
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A Hashim
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaldoon Saleh
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alea A Mohammedhussain
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaya A Wafai
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- Vice Deanship for Academic Affairs, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galan A, Dergham P, Escoll P, de-la-Hera A, D'Onofrio PM, Magharious MM, Koeberle PD, Frade JM, Saragovi HU. Neuronal injury external to the retina rapidly activates retinal glia, followed by elevation of markers for cell cycle re-entry and death in retinal ganglion cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101349. [PMID: 24983470 PMCID: PMC4077807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are neurons that relay visual signals from the retina to the brain. The RGC cell bodies reside in the retina and their fibers form the optic nerve. Full transection (axotomy) of the optic nerve is an extra-retinal injury model of RGC degeneration. Optic nerve transection permits time-kinetic studies of neurodegenerative mechanisms in neurons and resident glia of the retina, the early events of which are reported here. One day after injury, and before atrophy of RGC cell bodies was apparent, glia had increased levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-S6, and phospho-ERK1/2; however, these signals were not detected in injured RGCs. Three days after injury there were increased levels of phospho-Rb and cyclin A proteins detected in RGCs, whereas these signals were not detected in glia. DNA hyperploidy was also detected in RGCs, indicative of cell cycle re-entry by these post-mitotic neurons. These events culminated in RGC death, which is delayed by pharmacological inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway. Our data show that a remote injury to RGC axons rapidly conveys a signal that activates retinal glia, followed by RGC cell cycle re-entry, DNA hyperploidy, and neuronal death that is delayed by preventing glial MAPK/ERK activation. These results demonstrate that complex and variable neuro-glia interactions regulate healthy and injured states in the adult mammalian retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Galan
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pauline Dergham
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMPA CSIC/UAH), School of Medicine, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio de-la-Hera
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMPA CSIC/UAH), School of Medicine, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe M. D'Onofrio
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark M. Magharious
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - José María Frade
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology and the Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai Y, Dergham P, Nedev H, Xu J, Galan A, Rivera JC, ZhiHua S, Mehta HM, Woo SB, Sarunic MV, Neet KE, Saragovi HU. Chronic and acute models of retinal neurodegeneration TrkA activity are neuroprotective whereas p75NTR activity is neurotoxic through a paracrine mechanism. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39392-400. [PMID: 20943663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal adult retinas, NGF receptor TrkA is expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), whereas glia express p75(NTR). During retinal injury, endogenous NGF, TrkA, and p75(NTR) are up-regulated. Paradoxically, neither endogenous NGF nor exogenous administration of wild type NGF can protect degenerating RGCs, even when administered at high frequency. Here we elucidate the relative contribution of NGF and each of its receptors to RGC degeneration in vivo. During retinal degeneration due to glaucoma or optic nerve transection, treatment with a mutant NGF that only activates TrkA, or with a biological response modifier that prevents endogenous NGF and pro-NGF from binding to p75(NTR) affords significant neuroprotection. Treatment of normal eyes with an NGF mutant-selective p75(NTR) agonist causes progressive RGC death, and in injured eyes it accelerates RGC death. The mechanism of p75(NTR) action during retinal degeneration due to glaucoma is paracrine, by increasing production of neurotoxic proteins TNF-α and α(2)-macroglobulin. Antagonists of p75(NTR) inhibit TNF-α and α(2)-macroglobulin up-regulation during disease, and afford neuroprotection. These data reveal a balance of neuroprotective and neurotoxic mechanisms in normal and diseased retinas, and validate each neurotrophin receptor as a pharmacological target for neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bai
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lord-Fontaine S, Yang F, Diep Q, Dergham P, Munzer S, Tremblay P, McKerracher L. Local Inhibition of Rho Signaling by Cell-Permeable Recombinant Protein BA-210 Prevents Secondary Damage and Promotes Functional Recovery following Acute Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:1309-22. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Yang
- BioAxone Therapeutic Inc., Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Quy Diep
- BioAxone Therapeutic Inc., Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pauline Dergham
- BioAxone Therapeutic Inc., Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Scott Munzer
- BioAxone Therapeutic Inc., Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lisa McKerracher
- BioAxone Therapeutic Inc., Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
We examined whether vaccination of adult rats with spinal cord homogenate (SCH) can promote regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after microcrush lesion of the optic nerve. Injured animals vaccinated with SCH showed axon growth into the optic nerve and such regeneration was not observed in animals vaccinated with liver homogenate (LH). Regeneration was not a consequence of neuroprotection since our vaccine did not protect RGCs from axotomy-induced cell death. Sera of vaccinated animals were tested for antibodies against myelin-associated glycoprotein, NogoA, Nogo-66 receptor, or chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG), but no significant levels were detected. Antibodies to myelin basic protein were present in the serum of some SCH-vaccinated animals. In culture, serum from SCH-vaccinated animals promoted RGC growth on myelin but not on CSPG. Our results show that the effect of the pro-regenerative vaccine is mediated by antibodies to SCH. However, we were not able to detect a significant immune reaction to growth inhibitory proteins, suggesting alternative mechanisms for the success of vaccination to promote regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ellezam
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, H3C 3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ellezam B, Dubreuil C, Winton M, Loy L, Dergham P, Sellés-Navarro I, McKerracher L. Inactivation of intracellular Rho to stimulate axon growth and regeneration. Prog Brain Res 2002; 137:371-80. [PMID: 12440379 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(02)37028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our studies indicate that the small GTPase Rho is an important intracellular target for promoting axon regrowth after injury. In tissue culture, inactivation of the Rho signaling pathway is effective in promoting neurite growth on growth inhibitory CNS substrates by two different methods: inactivation of Rho with C3 transferase, and inactivation by dominant negative mutation of Rho. In vivo, we have documented the regeneration of transfected axons after treatment with C3 in two different animals models, microcrush lesion of the adult rat optic nerve, and over-hemisection of adult mouse spinal cord. Mice treated with C3 after SCI showed impressive functional recovery, notwithstanding the fact that mice differ from rats in their response to spinal cord injury, especially in the extent of cavitation at the lesion site (Steward et al., 1999). It remains to be determined to what extent the regeneration of specific descending and ascending spinal axons contribute to the recovery, and whether inactivation of Rho enhances the spontaneous plasticity of axonal and dendritic remodeling after SCI. Inactivation of Rho with C3 to promote regeneration and functional recovery after SCI is simple, and our studies reveal the potential for a new, straightforward technique to promote axon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ellezam
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, PQ H3T 1J4 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
A protein fraction purified from bovine brain myelin, previously called arretin because of its ability to inhibit neurite outgrowth, has been identified as consisting predominantly of oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp). We show that it is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth from rat cerebellar granule and hippocampal cells; from dorsal root ganglion explants in which growth cone collapse was observed; from rat retinal ganglion neurons; and from NG108 and PC12 cells. OMgp purified by a different procedure from both mouse and human myelin behaves identically in all bioassays tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Kottis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lehmann M, Fournier A, Selles-Navarro I, Dergham P, Sebok A, Leclerc N, Tigyi G, McKerracher L. Inactivation of Rho signaling pathway promotes CNS axon regeneration. J Neurosci 1999; 19:7537-47. [PMID: 10460260 PMCID: PMC6782492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/1999] [Revised: 06/02/1999] [Accepted: 06/14/1999] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration in the CNS is blocked by many different growth inhibitory proteins. To foster regeneration, we have investigated a strategy to block the neuronal response to growth inhibitory signals. Here, we report that injured axons regrow directly on complex inhibitory substrates when Rho GTPase is inactivated. Treatment of PC12 cells with C3 enzyme to inactivate Rho and transfection with dominant negative Rho allowed neurite growth on inhibitory substrates. Primary retinal neurons treated with C3 extended neurites on myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin substrates. To explore regeneration in vivo, we crushed optic nerves of adult rat. After C3 treatment, numerous cut axons traversed the lesion to regrow in the distal white matter of the optic nerve. These results indicate that targeting signaling mechanisms converging to Rho stimulates axon regeneration on inhibitory CNS substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lehmann
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dergham P, Anctil M. Distribution of serotonin uptake and binding sites in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri: an autoradiographic study. Tissue Cell 1998; 30:205-15. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(98)80069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1997] [Accepted: 12/09/1997] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|