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Ali O, Szabó A. Fumonisin distorts the cellular membrane lipid profile: A mechanistic insight. Toxicology 2024; 506:153860. [PMID: 38871209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring modifications in membrane lipids in association with external stimuli/agents, including fumonisins (FUMs), is a widely employed approach to assess cellular metabolic response/status. FUMs are prevalent fusariotoxins worldwide that have diverse structures with varying toxicity across species; nevertheless, they can induce metabolic disturbances and disease, including cancer. The capacity of FUMs to disrupt membrane lipids, demonstrated across numerous species and organs/tissues, is ascribed to a multitude of factors/events, which range from direct to indirect effects. Certain events are well established, whereas the potential consequences of others remain speculative. The most notable effect is their resemblance to sphingoid bases, which impacts the synthesis of ceramides leading to numerous changes in lipids' composition that are not limited to sphingolipids' composition of the membranes. The next plausible scenario involves the induction of oxidative stress, which is considered an indirect/secondary effect of FUMs. Additional modes of action include modifications of enzyme activities and nuclear signals related to lipid metabolism, although these are likely not yet fully comprehended. This review provides in-depth insight into the current state of these events and their potential mechanistic actions in modifying membrane lipids, with a focus on long-chain fatty acids. This paper also presents a detailed description of the reported modifications to membrane lipids by FUMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary.
| | - András Szabó
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary
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Gomes AL, Petrus RR, de Sousa RLM, Fernandes AM. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn: a comprehensive review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:575-586. [PMID: 38530071 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2330092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This review analyzes the occurrence and co-exposure of aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn, and compares the vulnerability to contamination of both. The risks of fungal contamination in corn are real, mainly by the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium, producers of aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively. Aflatoxins, especially AFB1, are related to a high incidence of liver cancer, and the International Agency Research of Cancer (IARC) classified them in group 1A 'carcinogenic to humans'. The occurrence in conventional corn is reported in many countries, including at higher levels than those established by legislation. IARC classified fumonisins in group 2B 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' due to their link with incidence of esophageal cancer. However, comparing corn and organic and conventional by-products from different regions, different results are observed. The co-occurrence of both mycotoxins is a worldwide problem; nevertheless, there is little data on the comparison of the co-exposure of these mycotoxins in corn and derivatives between both systems. It was found that the agricultural system is not a decisive factor in the final contamination, indicating the necessity of effective strategies to reduce contamination and co-exposure at levels that do not pose health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gomes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Petrus
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L M de Sousa
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
| | - Andrezza M Fernandes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Brazil
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3
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Alhelaisi A, Alrezaki A, Nahdi S, Aldahmash W, Alwasel S, Harrath AH. Early-Life Exposure to the Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 and Developmental Programming of the Ovary of the Offspring: The Possible Role of Autophagy in Fertility Recovery. TOXICS 2023; 11:980. [PMID: 38133381 PMCID: PMC10747440 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by more than one hundred fungi and produce secondary metabolites that contaminate various agricultural commodities, especially rice and corn. Their presence in the food chain is considered a serious problem worldwide. In recent years, a link between exposure to mycotoxins and impaired fertility has been suggested. Consequently, it has become vital to investigate the interactive effects of these mycotoxins on ovarian function. In this study, we investigated the intergenerational effects of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) on ovarian structure and function. Virgin Wistar albino female rats were separated into control and FB1 treatment groups and examined from day 6 of pregnancy until delivery (20 and 50 mg/kg b.w./day). The obtained female rats of the first (F1) and second generations (F2) were euthanized at 4 weeks of age, and ovary samples were collected. We found that the ovary weight index increased with the high dose of the treatment (50 mg/kg b.w./day) among both F1 and F2, in a manner similar to that observed in polycystic ovary syndrome. As expected, FB1 at a high dose (50 mg/kg b.w.) reduced the number of primordial follicles in F1 and F2, leading to an accelerated age-related decline in reproductive capacity. Moreover, it reduced the fertility rate among the F1 female rats by affecting follicle growth and development, as the number of secondary and tertiary follicles decreased. Histopathological changes were evidenced by the altered structures of most of the growing follicle oocytes, as revealed by a thinning irregular zona pellucida and pyknosis in granulosa cells. These findings are concomitant with steroidogenesis- and folliculogenesis-related gene expression, as evidenced by the decrease in CYP19 activity and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene expression. Additionally, GDF-9 mRNA levels were significantly decreased, and IGF-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased. However, the results from the ovaries of the F2 treatment groups were different and unexpected. While there was no significant variation in CYP19 activity compared to the control, the ESR2 significantly increased, leading to stereological and histopathological changes similar to those of the control, except for some altered follicles. The hallmark histological feature was the appearance of vacuolar structures within the oocyte and between granulosa cell layers. Interestingly, the autophagic marker LC3 was significantly increased in the F2 offspring, whereas this protein was significantly decreased in the F1 offspring. Therefore, we suggest that the promotion of autophagy in the ovaries of the F2 offspring may be considered a recovery mechanism from the effect of prenatal FB1 exposure. Thus, autophagy corrected the effect of FB1 during the early life of the F1 female rats, leading to F2 offspring with ovarian structure and function similar to those of the control. However, the offspring, treated female rats may experience early ovarian aging because their ovarian pool was affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (W.A.); (S.A.)
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Santiago R, Ramos AJ, Cao A, Malvar RA, Butrón A. Inbred Selection for Increased Resistance to Kernel Contamination with Fumonisins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:444. [PMID: 37505713 PMCID: PMC10467120 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In temperate world-wide regions, maize kernels are often infected with the fumonisin-producing fungus Fusarium verticillioides which poses food and feed threats to animals and humans. As maize breeding has been revealed as one of the main tools with which to reduce kernel contamination with fumonisins, a pedigree selection program for increased resistance to Fusarium ear rot (FER), a trait highly correlated with kernel fumonisin content, was initiated in 2014 with the aim of obtaining inbred lines (named EPFUM) with resistance to kernel contamination with fumonisins and adapted to our environmental conditions. The new released EPFUM inbreds, their parental inbreds, hybrids involving crosses of one or two EPFUM inbreds, as well as commercial hybrids were evaluated in the current study. The objectives were (i) to assess if inbreds released by that breeding program were significantly more resistant than their parental inbreds and (ii) to examine if hybrids derived from EPFUM inbreds could be competitive based on grain yield and resistance to FER and fumonisin contamination. Second-cycle inbreds obtained through this pedigree selection program did not significantly improve the levels of resistance to fumonisin contamination of their parental inbreds; however, most EPFUM hybrids showed significantly better resistance to FER and fumonisin contamination than commercial hybrids did. Although European flint materials seem to be the most promising reservoirs of alleles with favorable additive and/or dominance effects for resistance to kernel contamination with fumonisins, marketable new Reid × Lancaster hybrids have been detected as they combine high resistance and yields comparable to those exhibited by commercial hybrids. Moreover, the white kernel hybrid EPFUM-4 × EP116 exploits the genetic variability within the European flint germplasm and can be an alternative to dent hybrid cultivation because white flint grain can lead to higher market prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Santiago
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.S.); (A.C.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Antonio J. Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Science, University of Lleida, Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Ana Cao
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.S.); (A.C.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.S.); (A.C.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (R.S.); (A.C.); (R.A.M.)
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Kumar A, Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Metabolic depletion of sphingolipids inhibits agonist-induced endocytosis of the serotonin 1A receptor. Traffic 2023; 24:95-107. [PMID: 36533718 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are vital cellular signaling machinery and currently represent ~40% drug targets. Endocytosis of GPCRs is an important process that allows stringent spatiotemporal control over receptor population on the cell surface. Although the role of proteins in GPCR endocytosis is well addressed, the contribution of membrane lipids in this process is rather unexplored. Sphingolipids are essential functional lipids in higher eukaryotes and are implicated in several neurological functions. To understand the role of sphingolipids in GPCR endocytosis, we subjected cells expressing human serotonin1A receptors (an important neurotransmitter GPCR involved in cognitive and behavioral functions) to metabolic sphingolipid depletion using fumonisin B1 , an inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Our results, using flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopic imaging, show that sphingolipid depletion inhibits agonist-induced endocytosis of the serotonin1A receptor in a concentration-dependent manner, which was restored when sphingolipid levels were replenished. We further show that there was no change in the internalization of transferrin, a marker for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, under sphingolipid-depleted condition, highlighting the specific requirement of sphingolipids for endocytosis of serotonin1A receptors. Our results reveal the regulatory role of sphingolipids in GPCR endocytosis and highlight the importance of neurotransmitter receptor trafficking in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Urugo MM, Teka TA, Berihune RA, Teferi SL, Garbaba CA, Adebo JA, Woldemariam HW, Astatkie T. Novel non-thermal food processing techniques and their mechanism of action in mycotoxins decontamination of foods. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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8
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Mastanjević K, Krstanović V, Habschied K. A Review on Antifungal Green Preservatives: An Aspect of Food Industry. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the harmful effect of mycotoxins on human and animal health. However, other chemicals can also contribute to the toxicity of ingested foods, directly or indirectly (via animal products). Many synthetic chemicals that are used for field treatments of cereals, or applied during storage time to prolong the storage time and to insure the absence of fungal contamination, are proven to be harmful to human and animal health. In order to reduce the usage of such chemicals and to improve the already deteriorated ecosystems, scholars are dedicated to optimizing and commercializing a “greener” option not only for agronomic applications, but also for the food industry. Recent advances in the effectiveness of green preservatives aiming at the food industry will be described in this paper. The intention is to preserve not only the health-related aspects of food by applying green preservatives, but also to maintain the ecological aspect regarding the environment as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vinko Krstanović
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača, Osijek, Croatia
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9
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Yang D, Ye Y, Sun J, Wang JS, Huang C, Sun X. Occurrence, transformation, and toxicity of fumonisins and their covert products during food processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3660-3673. [PMID: 36239314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins comprise structurally related metabolites mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Contamination with fumonisins causes incalculable damage to the economy and poses a great risk to animal and human health. Fumonisins and their covert products are found in cereals and cereal products. Food processing significantly affects the degradation of toxins and the formation of covert toxins. However, studies on fumonisins and their covert mycotoxins remain inadequate. This review aims to summarize changes in fumonisins and the generation of covert fumonisins during processing. It also investigates the toxicity and determination methods of fumonisins and covert fumonisins, and elucidates the factors affecting fumonisins and their covert forms during processing. In addition to the metabolic production by plants and fungi, covert fumonisins are mainly produced by covalent or noncovalent binding, complexation, or physical entrapment of fumonisins with other substances. The toxicity of covert fumonisins is similar to that of free fumonisins and is a non-negligible hazard. Covert fumonisins are commonly found in food matrices, and methods to analyze them have yet to be improved. Food processing significantly affects the conversion of fumonisins to their covert toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaodiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Caihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Navale VD, Vamkudoth K. Toxicity and preventive approaches of Fusarium derived mycotoxins using lactic acid bacteria: state of the art. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:1111-1126. [PMID: 36006577 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a serious food safety issue and causes acute and chronic diseases in humans and livestock. Climatic and agronomic changes helps in the proliferation of fungal growth and mycotoxin production in food commodities. Mycotoxin contamination has attracted global attention due to its wide range of toxicity to humans and animals. However, physical and chemical management approaches in practice are unsafe for well-being due to their health-hazardous nature. Various antibiotics and preservatives are in use to reduce the microbial load and improve the shelf life of food products. In addition, the use of antibiotic growth promotors in livestock production may increase the risk of antimicrobial resistance, which is a global health concern. Due to their many uses, probiotics are helpful microbes that have a significant impact on food and nutrition. Furthermore, the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is employed in various food and feed preparations to neutralize mycotoxins, antimicrobial activities, balance the gut microbiome, and various immunomodulatory activities in both humans and livestock. In addition, LAB produces various antimicrobials, flavouring agents, peptides, and proteins linked to various food and health care applications. The LAB-based processes for mycotoxin management are more effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost than physical and chemical approaches. The toxicity, novel preventive measures, binding nature, and molecular mechanisms of mycotoxins' detoxification using LAB have been highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwambar D Navale
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, New Delhi, India
| | - KoteswaraRao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, New Delhi, India.
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Hao W, Li A, Wang J, An G, Guan S. Mycotoxin Contamination of Feeds and Raw Materials in China in Year 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:929904. [PMID: 35847652 PMCID: PMC9281542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.929904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we performed a large-scale survey of mycotoxin contamination in several feed commodities and assessed regional differences in mycotoxin occurrence in maize across China in 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxins, zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins, and trichothecenes type B were analyzed in 2,643 raw material and compound feed samples collected from eight provinces. Generally, trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN were most prevalent and detected in averages of positive concentrations at 1,167, 1,623, and 204 μg/kg, respectively. In the new season maize, samples were also seriously infested with trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN, and their averages of positive concentrations were 1,302, 2,518, and 225 μg/kg, respectively. Wheat was commonly contaminated with trichothecenes type B and ZEN, and the highest concentration levels of trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN were all detected in the samples from maize by-products. Among the different geographical regions, distinct trends were observed in new season maize. Samples from Shandong province were highly contaminated with trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN, while special attention should be paid to aflatoxins and fumonisins in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in East China. In addition, the present survey showed that compound feeds and raw materials are commonly contaminated by multiple mycotoxins. Trichothecenes type B and ZEN concentrations were correlated significantly in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Shu Guan
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12
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Determination of Fumonisins in Grains and Poultry Feedstuffs in Croatia: A 16-Year Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070444. [PMID: 35878182 PMCID: PMC9318733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of closely related mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus species. Their occurrence is correlated with various factors during growth, processing and storage. Fumonisins occurrence data in the literature mainly include the B group of fumonisins (FB1 & FB2) in raw materials, showing high frequency of positive samples in a wide range of concentrations. In this study, a total of 933 grains (63.7%) and poultry feed (36.3%) samples, collected in the 16-year period (2006–2021), were analysed with commercial enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay for detection of three fumonisins (FB1, FB2 & FB3). All positive and suspect samples were confirmed with high-performance-liquid-chromatography method with fluorescence detection. Overall, we have determined high occurrence of FBs in grains and poultry feed in all tested years, while the lowest occurrence was determined in 2019, followed by 2009 and 2008. Although, contamination levels varied from year-to-year, majority of analyzed samples in all tested years were around 1 mg/kg, while the maximum values varied from 3 mg/kg to 22.23 mg/kg. This study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of raw materials and understanding of the fate of FBs in the food chain in order to avoid undesirable health effects in animals and accompanied economic losses.
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13
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Dopavogui L, Polizzi A, Fougerat A, Gourbeyre P, Terciolo C, Klement W, Pinton P, Laffite J, Cossalter AM, Bailly JD, Puel O, Lippi Y, Naylies C, Guillou H, Oswald IP, Loiseau N. Tissular Genomic Responses to Oral FB1 Exposure in Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020083. [PMID: 35202111 PMCID: PMC8875869 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by fungal Fusarium species—mainly in maize, one of the plants most commonly used for food and feed. Pigs and horses are the animal species most susceptible to this mycotoxin. FB1 exposure can cause highly diverse clinical symptoms, including hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and intestinal barrier function disturbance. Inhibition of ceramide synthetase is a well-understood ubiquitous molecular mechanism of FB1 toxicity, but other more tissue-specific effects remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of FB1 in different exposed tissues, we cross-analyzed the transcriptomes of fours organs: liver, jejunum, jejunal Peyer’s patches, and spleen. During a four-week study period, pigs were fed a control diet or a FB1-contaminated diet (10 mg/kg feed). In response to oral FB1 exposure, we observed common biological processes in the four organs, including predominant and recurrent processes (extracellular matrix organization, integrin activation, granulocyte chemotaxis, neutrophil migration, and lipid and sterol homeostasis), as well as more tissue-specific processes that appeared to be related to lipid outcomes (cell cycle regulation in jejunum, and gluconeogenesis in liver).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Correspondence: (I.P.O.); (N.L.); Tel.: +33-582-066-303 (N.L.)
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14
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Garsow AV, Torres OR, Matute JA, Riley RT, Harris JR, Lamichhane AP, McCotter O, Kowalcyk BB. Dietary and socioeconomic risk factors for fumonisin exposure among women of reproductive age in 18 municipalities in Guatemala from 2013 to 2014. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000337. [PMID: 36962498 PMCID: PMC10021672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin exposure is common in populations where maize is a dietary staple, such as in Guatemala, and has been associated with negative health outcomes including neural tube defects. The objective of this study was to estimate fumonisin B1 (FB1) exposure among Guatemalan reproductive-age women and develop a better understanding of the dietary and sociodemographic risk factors for exposure. A cross-sectional study in 18 municipalities in Guatemala was conducted. Midwives and study nurses enrolled consenting women and collected individual and household demographic and socioeconomic data. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to estimate quantity and types of food products consumed. A urine sample was collected and urinary fumonisin B1 (uFB1) concentration was measured. A univariable analysis was conducted to identify predictors of low/high uFB1. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In total, 775 women had analyzable urine samples. Higher uFB1 levels were associated with speaking Mayan (OR = 2.33, 95% CI:1.44-3.77), less than high school education (OR = 1.61, 95% CI:1.12-2.30), increasing dietary proportion of maize-based foods (OR = 1.02, 95% CI:1.01-1.03), and consumption of tostadas (fried tortillas) (OR = 1.11, 95% CI:1.02-1.22). Lower uFB1 levels were associated with consumption of highly processed maize-based foods (OR = 0.93, 95% CI:0.87-0.99). Tortillas were the most frequently consumed maize-based food among study participants and significantly associated with high uFB1 exposure in the univariable but not multivariable analysis. Consumption of >4,750 grams/week of maize-based foods, >5,184 g/week of locally produced maize-based foods, and >110 servings/week of tortillas were also significantly associated with high uFB1 exposure in univariable analysis. Populations with low socioeconomic status/education levels and high consumption of maize-based foods had higher fumonisin exposure. Interventions aimed at reducing the risk of exposure to mycotoxins through maize in Guatemala, including the increased consumption of non-maize-based foods, should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel V Garsow
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Olga R Torres
- Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Centro De Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jorge A Matute
- Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ronald T Riley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Julie R Harris
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Orion McCotter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Barbara B Kowalcyk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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15
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Antifungal Peptides and Proteins to Control Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413261. [PMID: 34948059 PMCID: PMC8703302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global challenge to prevent fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination on food and feed requires the development of new antifungal strategies. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) with antifungal activity are gaining much interest as natural antifungal compounds due to their properties such as structure diversity and function, antifungal spectrum, mechanism of action, high stability and the availability of biotechnological production methods. Given their multistep mode of action, the development of fungal resistance to AMPs is presumed to be slow or delayed compared to conventional fungicides. Interestingly, AMPs also accomplish important biological functions other than antifungal activity, including anti-mycotoxin biosynthesis activity, which opens novel aspects for their future use in agriculture and food industry to fight mycotoxin contamination. AMPs can reach intracellular targets and exert their activity by mechanisms other than membrane permeabilization. The mechanisms through which AMPs affect mycotoxin production are varied and complex, ranging from oxidative stress to specific inhibition of enzymatic components of mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways. This review presents natural and synthetic antifungal AMPs from different origins which are effective against mycotoxin-producing fungi, and aims at summarizing current knowledge concerning their additional effects on mycotoxin biosynthesis. Antifungal AMPs properties and mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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16
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Tolosa J, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ, Vila-Donat P. Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112661. [PMID: 34762978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world requests for raw materials used in animal feed has been steadily rising in the last years driven by higher demands for livestock production. Mycotoxins are frequent toxic metabolites present in these raw materials. The exposure of farm animals to mycotoxins could result in undesirable residues in animal-derived food products. Thus, the potential ingestion of edible animal products (milk, meat and fish) contaminated with mycotoxins constitutes a public health concern, since they enter the food chain and may cause adverse effects upon human health. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art on the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed, their metabolism and carry-over into animal source foodstuffs, focusing particularly on the last decade. Maximum levels (MLs) for various mycotoxins have been established for a number of raw feed materials and animal food products. Such values are sometimes exceeded, however. Aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (TCs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed, with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) predominating in milk and dairy products, and OTA in meat by-products. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed raw materials tends to be the rule rather than the exception, and the carry-over of mycotoxins from feed to animal source foods is more than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Y Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - M J Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - P Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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Microbial Reduction of Fumonisin B1 by the New Isolate Serratia marcescens 329-2. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090638. [PMID: 34564642 PMCID: PMC8473028 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin (FB) has become a major problem in maize products in southeastern Asia. Fumonisin can affect the health of humans and many animals. Fumonisin contamination can be reduced by detoxifying microbial enzyme. Screening of 95 potent natural sources resulted in 5.3% of samples yielding a total of five bacterial isolates that were a promising solution, reducing approximately 10.0-30.0% of fumonisin B1 (FB1). Serratia marcescens, one of the dominant degrading bacteria, was identified with Gram staining, 16S rRNA gene, and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Cell-free extract showed the highest fumonisin reduction rates, 30.3% in solution and 37.0% in maize. Crude proteins from bacterial cells were analyzed with a label-free quantification technique. The results showed that hydrolase enzymes and transferase enzymes that can cooperate in the fumonisin degradation process were highly expressed in comparison to their levels in a control. These studies have shown that S. marcescens 329-2 is a new potential bacterium for FB1 reduction, and the production of FB1-reducing enzymes should be further explored.
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18
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Magaye RR, Savira F, Xiong X, Huynh K, Meikle PJ, Reid C, Flynn BL, Kaye D, Liew D, Wang BH. Dihydrosphingosine driven enrichment of sphingolipids attenuates TGFβ induced collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 35:100837. [PMID: 34277924 PMCID: PMC8264607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The sphingolipid de novo synthesis pathway, encompassing the sphingolipids, the enzymes and the cell membrane receptors, are being investigated for their role in diseases and as potential therapeutic targets. The intermediate sphingolipids such as dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and sphingosine (Sph) have not been investigated due to them being thought of as precursors to other more active lipids such as ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P). Here we investigated their effects in terms of collagen synthesis in primary rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts (NCFs). Our results in NCFs showed that both dhSph and Sph did not induce collagen synthesis, whilst dhSph reduced collagen synthesis induced by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The mechanisms of these inhibitory effects were associated with the increased activation of the de novo synthesis pathway that led to increased dihydrosphingosine 1 phosphate (dhS1P). Subsequently, through a negative feedback mechanism that may involve substrate-enzyme receptor interactions, S1P receptor 1 expression (S1PR1) was reduced.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Cardiac fibroblasts
- Cer, ceramide
- Cer1P, ceramide 1 phosphate
- Coll1a1, collagen 1a1
- Collagen synthesis
- Degs1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 gene
- Des-1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 enzyme
- Dihydrosphingosine
- ECM, extracellular matrix inhibitor of nuclear kappa B (NFKβ) kinase alpha and beta (IKKα/β)
- MA3PK, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase
- MAPK, mitogren activated protein kinase
- MI, myocardial infarct
- MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- NCF, neonatal cardiac fibroblasts
- RPS6, ribosomal protein S6
- S1P, sphingosine-1 Phosphate
- S1PR1, sphingosine -1-phosphate receptor 1
- S1PRs, sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1-5
- SK1, sphingosine kinase 1
- Sph, sphingosine
- Sphingolipid
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β activating kinase 1
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- d7dhSph, deuterated dihydrosphingosine
- dhCer, dihydroceramide
- dhS1P, dihydrosphingosine 1 phosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target for rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R. Magaye
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feby Savira
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xin Xiong
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Heart Failure, Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Metabolomics Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Metabolomics Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bernard L. Flynn
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H. Wang
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Subject fields in Food Safety during 10 years. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:25-31. [PMID: 34249587 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-21-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Ali O, Mézes M, Balogh K, Kovács M, Szabó A. The Effects of Mixed Fusarium Mycotoxins at EU-Permitted Feed Levels on Weaned Piglets' Tissue Lipids. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:444. [PMID: 34199083 PMCID: PMC8309798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At exactly the individual permitted EU-tolerance dietary limits, fumonisins (FB: 5 mg/kg diet) and mixed fusariotoxins (DZ: 0.9 mg deoxynivalenol + 0.1 mg zearalenone/kg diet, and FDZ: 5 mg fumonisins + 0.9 mg deoxynivalenol + 0.1 mg zearalenone/kg diet) were administered to piglets (n = 6/group) for three weeks. Bodyweights of intoxicated piglets increased, while feed conversion ratios decreased. In FDZ, both the absolute and relative weight of the liver decreased. In the renal-cellular membrane, the most pronounced alterations were in FDZ treatment, followed by individual FB exposure. In both treatments, high proportions of C20:0 and C22:0 with low fatty acid (FA) unsaturation were found. In hepatocyte phospholipids, FDZ toxins exerted antagonistic interactions, and FB had the strongest increasing effect on FA monounsaturation. Among all investigated organs, the spleen lipids were the least responsive, in which FDZ expressed synergistic reactions on C20:0 (↑ FDZ vs. FB) and C22:0 (↓ FDZ vs. DZ). The antioxidant defense of the kidney was depleted (↓ glutathione concentration by FB-exposure). Blood plasma indicated renal injury (profound increase of urea and creatinine in FB vs. DZ and FDZ). FB strongly increased total-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein concentrations, whereas FDZ synergistically increased gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline-phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus levels. Summarized, individual and combined multiple fusariotoxins modified the membrane lipid profile and antioxidant defense of splanchnic organs, and serum biochemicals, without retarding growth in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Feed Toxicology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő Campus, Páter K. u. 1., 2053 Gödöllő, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Feed Toxicology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő Campus, Páter K. u. 1., 2053 Gödöllő, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Melinda Kovács
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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21
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Sugiyama KI, Kinoshita M, Furusawa H, Sato K, Honma M. Epigenetic effect of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 on DNA methylation. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:295-301. [PMID: 34086936 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite that is produced by certain Fusarium species. Although numerous studies demonstrate toxic and carcinogenic effects of FB1, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the epigenetic effects of FB1 for the first time using FLO assays, which detect epigenetic changes that affect the flocculation gene (FLO1) promoter activity in budding yeast. FLO assays showed increased reporter activities of the FLO1 promoter in the presence of 10- and 20-µM FB1. FB1 (20 µM) treatments also promoted flocculation. In subsequent in vitro methylation assays of a bacterial DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), FB1 treatments increased DNMT activities. Moreover, global DNA methylation was significantly increased in HEK293 cells treated with 100-µM FB1. Taken together, these results suggest that FB1 exposure leads to unique epigenetic alterations due to increased DNMT activities and demonstrate that FB1 may be an important risk factor for epigenetic dysfunction-associated human diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Mawo Kinoshita
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Furusawa
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Shahba S, Mehrzad J, Malvandi AM. Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4. [PMID: 33932215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins' neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shahba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Science and Technology Pole, IRCCS Multimedica, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Kumar A, Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Metabolic Depletion of Sphingolipids Reduces Cell Surface Population of the Human Serotonin 1A Receptor due to Impaired Trafficking. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1189-1196. [PMID: 33760584 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids and their metabolites are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many metabolic and neurological diseases. It has been postulated that sphingolipids coalesce with cholesterol to form laterally segregated lipid domains that are involved in protein sorting and trafficking. In this work, we have explored the effect of metabolic depletion of sphingolipids on cell surface expression of the human serotonin1A receptor, a neurotransmitter G protein-coupled receptor. We used fumonisin B1 (FB1), a fungal mycotoxin, to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis in HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human serotonin1A receptor. Our results obtained using flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopic imaging show that the cell surface population of the serotonin1A receptor is reduced under sphingolipid-depleted condition. Western blot analysis confirmed that there was no significant difference in total cellular level of the serotonin1A receptor upon depletion of sphingolipids. Interestingly, the effect of FB1 on serotonin1A receptor population was reversed upon replenishment with sphingolipids. These results indicate that sphingolipid depletion does not alter total cellular receptor levels, but impairs serotonin1A receptor trafficking to the cellular plasma membrane. These results could provide mechanistic insights into the role of sphingolipids in modulation of neurotransmitter receptor signaling and trafficking in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurugram 122 413, India
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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24
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Wokorach G, Landschoot S, Anena J, Audenaert K, Echodu R, Haesaert G. Mycotoxin profile of staple grains in northern Uganda: Understanding the level of human exposure and potential risks. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Nešić K, Habschied K, Mastanjević K. Possibilities for the Biological Control of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:198. [PMID: 33801997 PMCID: PMC8001018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeking useful biological agents for mycotoxin detoxification has achieved success in the last twenty years thanks to the participation of many multidisciplinary teams. We have recently witnessed discoveries in the fields of bacterial genetics (inclusive of next-generation sequencing), protein encoding, and bioinformatics that have helped to shape the latest perception of how microorganisms/mycotoxins/environmental factors intertwine and interact, so the road is opened for new breakthroughs. Analysis of literature data related to the biological control of mycotoxins indicates the ability of yeast, bacteria, fungi and enzymes to degrade or adsorb mycotoxins, which increases the safety and quality of susceptible crops, animal feed and, ultimately, food of animal origin (milk, meat and eggs) by preventing the presence of residues. Microbial detoxification (transformation and adsorption) is becoming a trustworthy strategy that leaves no or less toxic compounds and contributes to food security. This review summarizes the data and highlights the importance and prospects of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Nešić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Food and Feed Department, Autoput 3, 11070 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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26
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Tyska D, Mallmann AO, Vidal JK, de Almeida CAA, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Multivariate method for prediction of fumonisins B1 and B2 and zearalenone in Brazilian maize using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244957. [PMID: 33412558 PMCID: PMC7790530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins which occur naturally in grains and cereals, especially maize, causing negative effects on animals and humans. Along with the need for constant monitoring, there is a growing demand for rapid, non-destructive methods. Among these, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has made great headway for being an easy-to-use technology. NIR was applied in the present research to quantify the contamination level of total FBs, i.e., fumonisin B1+fumonisin B2 (FB1+FB2), and ZEN in Brazilian maize. From a total of six hundred and seventy-six samples, 236 were analyzed for FBs and 440 for ZEN. Three regression models were defined: one with 18 principal components (PCs) for FB1, one with 10 PCs for FB2, and one with 7 PCs for ZEN. Partial least square regression algorithm with full cross-validation was applied as internal validation. External validation was performed with 200 unknown samples (100 for FBs and 100 for ZEN). Correlation coefficient (R), determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), standard error of prediction (SEP) and residual prediction deviation (RPD) for FBs and ZEN were, respectively: 0.809 and 0.991; 0.899 and 0.984; 659 and 69.4; 682 and 69.8; and 3.33 and 2.71. No significant difference was observed between predicted values using NIR and reference values obtained by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), thus indicating the suitability of NIR to rapidly analyze a large numbers of maize samples for FBs and ZEN contamination. The external validation confirmed a fair potential of the model in predicting FB1+FB2 and ZEN concentration. This is the first study providing scientific knowledge on the determination of FBs and ZEN in Brazilian maize samples using NIR, which is confirmed as a reliable alternative methodology for the analysis of such toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Araújo de Almeida
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Collins SL, Walsh JP, Renaud JB, McMillan A, Rulisa S, Miller JD, Reid G, Sumarah MW. Improved methods for biomarker analysis of the big five mycotoxins enables reliable exposure characterization in a population of childbearing age women in Rwanda. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111854. [PMID: 33197547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Of the five agriculturally important mycotoxins, AFB1, FB1, DON, ZEA and OTA, a well-characterized biomarker of exposure in blood is only available for aflatoxin. Working with a population of 139 women of childbearing age in Rwanda, we undertook a comprehensive assessment of their dietary mycotoxin exposure. Using high-resolution LC-MS/MS with stable isotope dilution analysis, the albumin-aflatoxin adduct was quantitated in plasma. Similarly, AFM1, AFB1, AFG1, FB1 and B2, OTA, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide were quantitated in urine. AFB1-Lys was detected in plasma from 81% of the women, indicative of exposures 1-2 orders of magnitude above current guidance. Zearalenone and/or α-zearalenol were detected in the urine of 61% of the women, the majority of whom had estimated exposures 2-5 times the PMTDI, with one third more than an order of magnitude above. Urinary deoxynivalenol or the two glucuronide conjugates were found in 77% of the participants. Of these, 60% were below the PMTDI, 28% were twice and 12% were >10x the PMTDI. Fumonisin B1 (30%) and ochratoxin A (71%) were also detected in urine. Exposures observed in these Rwandan women raise serious food safety concerns and highlight the need for authorities to help manage multiple mycotoxins in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy McMillan
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Rulisa
- University of Rwanda, and University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Molecular analysis of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from onion samples reveals the prevalence of A. welwitschiae. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:387-392. [PMID: 33094470 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate Aspergillus section Nigri from onion samples bought in supermarkets and to analyze the fungal isolates by means of molecular data in order to differentiate A. niger and A. welwitschiae species from the other non-toxigenic species of black aspergilli, and detect genes involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2. Aspergillus section Nigri were found in 98% (94/96) of the onion samples. Based on the results of multiplex PCR (performed on 500 randomly selected strains), 97.4% of the Aspergillus section Nigri strains were recognized as A. niger/A. welwitschiae. Around half of them were subjected to partial sequencing of the CaM gene to distinguish one from the other. A total of 97.9% of the isolates were identified as A. welwitschiae and only 2.1% as A. niger. The fum8 gene, involved in fumonisin B2 biosynthesis, was found in 36% of A. welwitschiae isolates, but radH and pks genes, involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis, were found in only 2.8%. The presence/absence of fum8 gene in the A. welwitschiae genome is closely associated with ability/inability of the isolates to produce fumonisin in vitro. Based on these results, we suggest that in-depth studies are conducted to investigate the presence of fumonisins in onion bulbs.
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Hof H. The Medical Relevance of Fusarium spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030117. [PMID: 32722172 PMCID: PMC7560228 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important medical relevance of Fusarium spp. is based on their phytopathogenic property, contributing to hunger and undernutrition in the world. A few Fusarium spp., such as F. oxysporum and F. solani, are opportunistic pathogens and can induce local infections, i.e., of nails, skin, eye, and nasal sinuses, as well as occasionally, severe, systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. These clinical diseases are rather difficult to cure by antimycotics, whereby the azoles, such as voriconazole, and liposomal amphotericin B give relatively the best results. There are at least two sources of infection, namely the environment and the gut mycobiome of a patient. A marked impact on human health has the ability of some Fusarium spp. to produce several mycotoxins, for example, the highly active trichothecenes. These mycotoxins may act either as pathogenicity factors, which means that they damage the host and hamper its defense, or as virulence factors, enhancing the aggressiveness of the fungi. Acute intoxications are rare, but chronic exposition by food items is a definite health risk, although in an individual case, it remains difficult to describe the role of mycotoxins for inducing disease. Mycotoxins taken up either by food or produced in the gut may possibly induce an imbalance of the intestinal microbiome. A particular aspect is the utilization of F. venetatum to produce cholesterol-free, protein-rich food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Hof
- MVZ Labor Limbach und Kollegen, Im Breitspiel 16, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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Low Doses of Mycotoxin Mixtures below EU Regulatory Limits Can Negatively Affect the Performance of Broiler Chickens: A Longitudinal Study. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070433. [PMID: 32630277 PMCID: PMC7404967 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported a wide range of severe health effects as well as clinical signs, when livestock animals are exposed to high concentration of mycotoxins. However, little is known regarding health effects of mycotoxins at low levels. Thus, a long-term feeding trial (between May 2017 and December 2019) was used to evaluate the effect of low doses of mycotoxin mixtures on performance of broiler chickens fed a naturally contaminated diet. In total, 18 successive broiler performance trials were carried out during the study period, with approximately 2200 one-day-old Ross-308 chicks used for each trial. Feed samples given to birds were collected at the beginning of each trial and analysed for multi-mycotoxins using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Furthermore, parameters including feed intake, body weight and feed efficiency were recorded on a weekly basis. In total, 24 mycotoxins were detected in samples analysed with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), apicidin, enniatins (ENNs), emodin and beauvericin (BEV), the most prevalent mycotoxins. Furthermore, significantly higher levels (however below EU guidance values) of DON, ZEN, FBs, BEV, ENNs and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were detected in 6 of the 18 performance trials. A strong positive relationship was observed between broilers feed efficiency and DON (R2 = 0.85), FBs (R2 = 0.53), DAS (R2 = 0.86), ZEN (R2 = 0.92), ENNs (R2 = 0.60) and BEV (R2 = 0.73). Moreover, a three-way interaction regression model revealed that mixtures of ZEN, DON and FBs (p = 0.01, R2 = 0.84) and ZEN, DON and DAS (p = 0.001, R2 = 0.91) had a statistically significant interaction effect on the birds’ feed efficiency. As farm animals are often exposed to low doses of mycotoxin mixtures (especially fusarium mycotoxins), a cumulative risk assessment in terms of measuring and mitigating against the economic, welfare and health impacts is needed for this group of compounds.
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Pietsch C. Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:41-62. [PMID: 31346981 PMCID: PMC6971146 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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Martins C, Assunção R, Nunes C, Torres D, Alvito P. Are Data from Mycotoxins’ Urinary Biomarkers and Food Surveys Linked? A Review Underneath Risk Assessment. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Martins
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C. Nunes
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D. Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Ali O, Szabó-Fodor J, Fébel H, Mézes M, Balogh K, Glávits R, Kovács M, Zantomasi A, Szabó A. Porcine Hepatic Response to Fumonisin B 1 in a Short Exposure Period: Fatty Acid Profile and Clinical Investigations. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E655. [PMID: 31717687 PMCID: PMC6891595 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarce studies have investigated the impact of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the hepatic tissue fatty acid (FA) profile, and no study is available on piglets. A 10-day in vivo experiment was performed on seven piglets/group: control and FB1-fed animals (diet was contaminated with fungal culture: 20 mg FB1/kg diet). Independent sample t-test was carried out at p < 0.05 as the significance level. Neither growth, nor feed efficiency, was affected. The hepatic phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FAs) were more susceptible for FB1, while triglyceride (TG) was less responsive. The impact of FB1 on hepatic PL polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was more pronounced than on saturated fatty acids. Among all PUFAs, predominant ones in response were docosapentaenoicacid (DPA) (↓), docosahexaenoic DHA (↓) and arachidonic acids (↑). This led to a higher omega-6:omega-3 ratio, whereas a similar finding was noted in TGs. Neither total saturation (SFA) nor total monousaturation (MUFA) were affected by the FB1 administration. The liver showed an increase in malondialdehyde, as well as antioxidant capacity (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase). The plasma enzymatic assessment revealed an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), while alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were not influenced. The microscopic sections provided evidence of vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes' cytoplasm, but it was not severe. Furthermore, the lung edema was developed, while the kidney was not affected. In conclusion, regarding FB1-mediated hepatotoxicity in piglets, the potential effect of slight hepatotoxicity did not compromise growth performance, at least at the dose and exposure period applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Judit Szabó-Fodor
- “MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain” Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Hedvig Fébel
- Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, National Agricultural Research Center, 2053 Herceghalom, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 2103 Gödöllő, Hungary; (M.M.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Melinda Kovács
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
- “MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain” Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - Arianna Zantomasi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy;
| | - András Szabó
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvár University, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (M.K.); (A.S.)
- “MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain” Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
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34
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Heterologous expression of intact biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Al-Jaal B, Salama S, Al-Qasmi N, Jaganjac M. Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and its detection. Toxicon 2019; 171:43-50. [PMID: 31586556 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different fungal spices and are found in diverse agricultural crops worldwide; they pose a severe threat to public health. Mycotoxins can cause either acute or chronic symptoms, depending on the type and dose of mycotoxin one has been exposed to. Thus, a continuous monitoring of mycotoxins is needed. Since the discovery of mycotoxins, numerous countries, including the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, have established mycotoxin-specific regulations for feed and food. Although a number of studies in GCC countries have investigated the presence of mycotoxins, till date, there are no reviews focusing on the mycotoxin contamination of the food and feed from this region. This review is the first study to present an up-to-date overview of the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed and food in the GCC countries and to discuss the techniques used for mycotoxin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Salama
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport city street, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noof Al-Qasmi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport city street, Doha, Qatar
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Terciolo C, Bracarense AP, Souto PCMC, Cossalter AM, Dopavogui L, Loiseau N, Oliveira CAF, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Fumonisins at Doses below EU Regulatory Limits Induce Histological Alterations in Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E548. [PMID: 31546931 PMCID: PMC6784023 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that can contaminate human food and animal feed. Due to the harmful effects of FBs on animals, the European Union (EU) defined a recommendation of a maximum of 5 mg FBs (B1 + B2)/kg for complete feed for swine and 1 µg FBs/kg body weight per day as the tolerable daily intake for humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of dietary exposure to low doses of FBs, including a dose below the EU regulatory limits. Four groups of 24 weaned castrated male piglets were exposed to feed containing 0, 3.7, 8.1, and 12.2 mg/kg of FBs for 28 days; the impact was measured by biochemical analysis and histopathological observations. Dietary exposure to FBs at a low dose (3.7 mg/kg of feed) significantly increased the plasma sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio. FBs-contaminated diets led to histological modifications in the intestine, heart, lung, lymphoid organs, kidney, and liver. The histological alterations in the heart and the intestine appeared at the lowest dose of FBs-contaminated diet (3.7 mg/kg feed) and in the kidney at the intermediate dose (8.1 mg/kg feed). At the highest dose tested (12.2 mg/kg feed), all the organs displayed histological alterations. This dose also induced biochemical modifications indicative of kidney and liver alterations. In conclusion, our data indicate that FBs-contaminated diets at doses below the EU regulatory limit cause histological lesions in several organs. This study suggests that EU recommendations for the concentration of FBs in animal feed, especially for swine, are not sufficiently protective and that regulatory doses should be modified for better protection of animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Terciolo
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Ana Paula Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Pollyana C M C Souto
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Anne-Marie Cossalter
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Léonie Dopavogui
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France.
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Riley RT, Merrill AH. Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisins: a perfect storm of perturbed sphingolipid metabolism, signaling, and disease. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1183-1189. [PMID: 31048407 PMCID: PMC6602133 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that cause diseases of plants and, when consumed by animals, can damage liver, kidney, lung, brain, and other organs, alter immune function, and cause developmental defects and cancer. They structurally resemble sphingolipids (SLs), and studies nearly 30 years ago discovered that the most prevalent fumonisin [fumonisin B1 (FB1)] potently inhibits ceramide synthases (CerSs), enzymes that use fatty acyl-CoAs to N-acylate sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and other sphingoid bases. CerS inhibition by FB1 triggers a "perfect storm" of perturbations in structural and signaling SLs that include: reduced formation of dihydroceramides, ceramides, and complex SLs; elevated Sa and So and their 1-phosphates, novel 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases; and alteration of additional lipid metabolites from interrelated pathways. Moreover, because the initial enzyme of sphingoid base biosynthesis remains active (sometimes with increased activity), the impact is multiplied by the continued production of damaging metabolites. Evidence from many studies, including characterization of knockout mice for specific CerSs and analyses of human blood (which found that FB1 intake is associated with elevated Sa 1-phosphate), has consistently pointed to CerS as the proximate target of FB1 It is also apparent that the changes in multiple bioactive lipids and related biologic processes account for the ensuing spectrum of animal and plant disease. Thus, the diseases caused by fumonisins can be categorized as "sphingolipidoses" (in these cases, due to defective SL biosynthesis), and the lessons learned about the consequences of CerS inhibition should be borne in mind when contemplating other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds (and genetic manipulations) that interfere with SL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald T Riley
- College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biological Sciences and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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38
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Magaye RR, Savira F, Hua Y, Kelly DJ, Reid C, Flynn B, Liew D, Wang BH. The role of dihydrosphingolipids in disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1107-1134. [PMID: 30523364 PMCID: PMC11105797 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrosphingolipids refer to sphingolipids early in the biosynthetic pathway that do not contain a C4-trans-double bond in the sphingoid backbone: 3-ketosphinganine (3-ketoSph), dihydrosphingosine (dhSph), dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (dhS1P) and dihydroceramide (dhCer). Recent advances in research related to sphingolipid biochemistry have shed light on the importance of sphingolipids in terms of cellular signalling in health and disease. However, dihydrosphingolipids have received less attention and research is lacking especially in terms of their molecular mechanisms of action. This is despite studies implicating them in the pathophysiology of disease, for example dhCer in predicting type 2 diabetes in obese individuals, dhS1P in cardiovascular diseases and dhSph in hepato-renal toxicity. This review gives a comprehensive summary of research in the last 10-15 years on the dihydrosphingolipids, 3-ketoSph, dhSph, dhS1P and dhCer, and their relevant roles in different diseases. It also highlights gaps in research that could be of future interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Magaye
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feby Savira
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yue Hua
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernard Flynn
- Australian Translational Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H Wang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Lumsangkul C, Chiang HI, Lo NW, Fan YK, Ju JC. Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B₁ in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E114. [PMID: 30781891 PMCID: PMC6410136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A teratogenic agent or teratogen can disturb the development of an embryo or a fetus. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, is among the most commonly seen mycotoxins and contaminants from stale maize and other farm products. It may cause physical or functional defects in embryos or fetuses, if the pregnant animal is exposed to mycotoxin FB₁. Due to its high similarity in chemical structure with lipid sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So), the primary component of sphingolipids, FB₁ plays a role in competitively inhibiting Sa and So, which are key enzymes in de novo ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, it causes growth retardation and developmental abnormalities to the embryos of hamsters, rats, mice, and chickens. Moreover, maternal FB₁ toxicity can be passed onto the embryo or fetus, leading to mortality. FB₁ also disrupts folate metabolism via the high-affinity folate transporter that can then result in folate insufficiency. The deficiencies are closely linked to incidences of neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice or humans. The purpose of this review is to understand the toxicity and mechanisms of mycotoxin FB₁ on the development of embryos or fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-I Chiang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Neng-Wen Lo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Kwang Fan
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Cherng Ju
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Mastanjević K, Lukinac J, Jukić M, Šarkanj B, Krstanović V, Mastanjević K. Multi-(myco)toxins in Malting and Brewing By-Products. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E30. [PMID: 30634499 PMCID: PMC6356641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, yeasts, and bacteria are common microorganisms on cereals used in malting and brewing industries. These microorganisms are mostly associated with the safety and quality of malt and beer, but also with the health safety of by-products used in animal nutrition. The real problem is their harmful metabolites-toxins that, due to their thermostable properties, can easily be transferred to malting and brewing by-products. Besides fungal metabolites, other toxins originating from plants can be harmful to animal health. Precise and accurate analytical techniques broadened the spectrum of known toxins originating from microorganisms and plants that can pose a threat to animal health. Multi-(myco)toxin analyses are advanced and useful tools for the assessment of product safety, and legislation should follow up and make some important changes to regulate yet unregulated, but highly occurring, microbial and plant toxins in malting and brewing by-products used for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Jasmina Lukinac
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Marko Jukić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, University Center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia.
| | - Vinko Krstanović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Amadi PU, Ogunka Nnoka C, Abbey BW. Biotransformation of plantain pseudostem fibres using local enzyme sources; analysis of their potential as commercial poultry feed. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1532412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Uchenna Amadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Charity Ogunka Nnoka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Bene Willie Abbey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Eze U, Routledge M, Okonofua F, Huntriss J, Gong Y. Mycotoxin exposure and adverse reproductive health outcomes in Africa: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that mycotoxin exposure can have adverse effects on reproductive health resulting to poor reproductive potential. The most studied mycotoxin in relation to poor reproductive health in humans is aflatoxin, although fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone have also been reported to impair reproductive function and cause abnormal foetal development. These potent fungal toxins contaminate many food products making them a prominent agricultural, food safety and public health challenge, especially in Africa due to little or lack of mycotoxin regulation in agricultural products. Neonates can be exposed to aflatoxins in utero, as the toxins pass from mother to the foetus through the placenta. This exposure may continue during breast feeding, to the introduction of weaning foods, and then foods taken by adults. The consequences of aflatoxin exposure in mothers, foetus and children are many, including anaemia in pregnancy, low birth weight, interference with nutrient absorption, suppression of immune function, child growth retardation and abnormal liver function. In males, reports have indicated a possible relationship between aflatoxin exposure and poor sperm quality culminating in infertility. Maternal exposure to fumonisin during early pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of neural tube defects among newborns in regions where maize is the common dietary staple with the possibility of chronic fumonisin exposure. Furthermore, zearalenone has been linked to precocious puberty and premature thelarche in girls, correlating with extremely high serum oestrogen levels. This review presents an overview of the several reports linking aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone exposure to poor reproductive health outcomes in Africa, with emphasis on birth outcomes, foetal health and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- U.A. Eze
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Science Building, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - M.N. Routledge
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - F.E. Okonofua
- University of Medical Sciences, Ondo Medical Village, Laje Road, Ondo, Nigeria
- Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation [CERHI], University of Benin, P.M.B 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - J. Huntriss
- Division of Reproduction and Early Development, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Y.Y. Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Science Building, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Ln, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China P.R
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Braun MS, Wink M. Exposure, Occurrence, and Chemistry of Fumonisins and their Cryptic Derivatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:769-791. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Santhosh Braun
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Possible Role of Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin on Fumonisin B1-mediated Toxicity. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:75-97. [PMID: 32231933 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major corn-related mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 (FB1), continues to attract attention of researchers as well as risk-assessors due to the diverse toxicological characteristics, including distinct target tissues in different animal species and opposite susceptibility in males and females in mice and rats. More than thirty years passed since the structure identification as a sphingoid-like chemical, but the causal mechanism of the toxicity remains obscure in spites of extensive studies. Considerable amounts of knowledge have been accumulated on the biochemical/toxicological actions of FB1, but the influence on lipid dynamics and mobilization in the body has not been focused well in relation to the FB1-mediated toxicity. Considerable influences of this toxin on mobilization of sphingolipids and phospholipids and also on adaptive changes in their compositions in tissues are implicated from recent studies on FB1-interacting ceramide synthases. Accumulated patho-physiological data also suggest a possible role of hepatic phospholipid on FB1-mediated toxicity. Thus, a mechanism of FB1-mediated toxicity is discussed in relation to the mobilization of phospholipids and sphingolipids in the body in this context.
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Pitt JI, Miller JD. A Concise History of Mycotoxin Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7021-7033. [PMID: 27960261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins entered human food supplies about the time when mankind first began to cultivate crops and to store them from one season to the next, perhaps 10,000 years ago. The storage of cereals probably initiated the transition by mankind from hunter-gatherer to cultivator, at the same time providing a vast new ecological niche for fungi pathogenic on grain crops or saprophytic on harvested grain, many of which produced mycotoxins. Grains have always been the major source of mycotoxins in the diet of man and his domestic animals. In the historical context, ergotism from Claviceps purpurea in rye has been known probably for more than 2000 years and caused the deaths of many thousands of people in Europe in the last millennium. Known in Japan since the 17th century, acute cardiac beriberi associated with the consumption of moldy rice was found to be due to citreoviridin produced by Penicillium citreonigrum. This toxin was believed to be only of historic importance until its reemergence in Brazil a few years ago. Other Penicillium toxins, including ochratoxin A, once considered to be a possible cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy, are treated in a historical context. The role of Fusarium toxins in human and animal health, especially T-2 toxin in alimentary toxic aleukia in Russia in the 1940s and fumonisins in equine leucoencephalomalasia, is set out in some detail. Finally, this paper documents the story of the research that led to our current understanding of the formation of aflatoxins in grains and nuts, due to the growth of Aspergillus flavus and its role, in synergy with the hepatitis B virus, in human liver cancer. During a period of climate change and greatly reduced crop diversity on a global basis, researchers tasked with monitoring the food system need to be aware of fungal toxins that might have been rare in their working careers that can reappear.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crops, Agricultural/chemistry
- Crops, Agricultural/history
- Crops, Agricultural/microbiology
- Food Contamination/analysis
- Fungi/genetics
- Fungi/metabolism
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Mycotoxins/chemistry
- Mycotoxins/history
- Mycotoxins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Pitt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food , P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, New South Wales 1670, Australia
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Burgess KMN, Renaud JB, McDowell T, Sumarah MW. Mechanistic Insight into the Biosynthesis and Detoxification of Fumonisin Mycotoxins. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2618-25. [PMID: 27444057 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins, notably FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, are economically important mycotoxins produced by a number Fusarium sp. that occur on corn, rice, and sorghum as well as by Aspergillus sp. on grapes. The fumonisin scaffold is comprised of a C18 polyketide backbone functionalized with two tricarballylic esters and an alanine derived amine. These functional groups contribute to fumonisin's ability to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis in animals, plants, and yeasts. We report for the first time the isolation and structure elucidation of two classes of nonaminated fumonisins (FPy and FLa) produced by Aspergillus welwitschiae. Using a Lemna minor (duckweed) bioassay, these new compounds were significantly less toxic in comparison to the fumonisin B mycotoxins, providing new insight into the mechanism of fumonisin toxicity. Time course fermentations monitoring the production of FB4, FPy4, and FLa4, as well as (13)C and (15)N stable isotope incorporation, suggest a novel postbiosynthetic oxidative deamination process for fumonisins. This pathway was further supported by a feeding study with FB1, a fumonisin not produced by Aspergillus sp., which resulted in its transformation to FPy1. This study demonstrates that Aspergillus have the ability to produce enzymes that could be used for fumonisin detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. N. Burgess
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Tim McDowell
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Mark W. Sumarah
- London Research and
Development Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391
Sandford St., London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
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Reisinger N, Dohnal I, Nagl V, Schaumberger S, Schatzmayr G, Mayer E. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) Induces Lamellar Separation and Alters Sphingolipid Metabolism of In Vitro Cultured Hoof Explants. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:89. [PMID: 27023602 PMCID: PMC4848616 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important hoof diseases is laminitis. Yet, the pathology of laminitis is not fully understood. Different bacterial toxins, e.g. endotoxins or exotoxins, seem to play an important role. Additionally, ingestion of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, might contribute to the onset of laminitis. In this respect, fumonsins are of special interest since horses are regarded as species most susceptible to this group of mycotoxins. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on primary isolated epidermal and dermal hoof cells, as well as on the lamellar tissue integrity and sphingolipid metabolism of hoof explants in vitro. There was no effect of FB1 at any concentration on dermal or epidermal cells. However, FB1 significantly reduced the separation force of explants after 24 h of incubation. The Sa/So ratio was significantly increased in supernatants of explants incubated with FB1 (2.5–10 µg/mL) after 24 h. Observed effects on Sa/So ratio were linked to significantly increased sphinganine concentrations. Our study showed that FB1 impairs the sphingolipid metabolism of explants and reduces lamellar integrity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. FB1 might, therefore, affect hoof health. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to elucidate the effects of FB1 on the equine hoof in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilse Dohnal
- BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln 3430, Austria.
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Masching S, Naehrer K, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Sărăndan M, Schaumberger S, Dohnal I, Nagl V, Schatzmayr D. Gastrointestinal Degradation of Fumonisin B₁ by Carboxylesterase FumD Prevents Fumonisin Induced Alteration of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Turkey and Swine. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030084. [PMID: 27007395 PMCID: PMC4810229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a frequent contaminant of feed and causes various adverse health effects in domestic animals. Hence, effective strategies are needed to prevent the impact of fumonisins on livestock productivity. Here we evaluated the capability of the fumonisin carboxylesterase FumD to degrade FB1 to its less toxic metabolite hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) in the gastrointestinal tract of turkeys and pigs. First, an ex vivo pig model was used to examine the activity of FumD under digestive conditions. Within 2 h of incubation with FumD, FB1 was completely degraded to HFB1 in the duodenum and jejunum, respectively. To test the efficacy of the commercial application of FumD (FUMzyme) in vivo, female turkeys (n = 5) received either basal feed (CON), fumonisin-contaminated feed (15 mg/kg FB1+FB2; FB) or fumonisin-contaminated feed supplemented with FUMzyme (15 U/kg; FB+FUMzyme) for 14 days ad libitum. Addition of FUMzyme resulted in significantly decreased levels of FB1 in excreta, whereas HFB1 concentrations were significantly increased. Compared to the FB group (0.24 ± 0.02), the mean serum sphinganine-to-sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio was significantly reduced in the FB+FUMzyme group (0.19 ± 0.02), thus resembling values of the CON group (0.16 ± 0.02). Similarly, exposure of piglets (n = 10) to 2 mg/kg FB1+FB2 for 42 days caused significantly elevated serum Sa/So ratios (0.39 ± 0.15) compared to the CON group (0.14 ± 0.01). Supplementation with FUMzyme (60 U/kg) resulted in gastrointestinal degradation of FB1 and unaffected Sa/So ratios (0.16 ± 0.02). Thus, the carboxylesterase FumD represents an effective strategy to detoxify FB1 in the digestive tract of turkeys and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Masching
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Erber Campus 1, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria.
| | - Karin Naehrer
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Erber Campus 1, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria.
| | - Heidi-Elisabeth Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Mihai Sărăndan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania.
| | | | - Ilse Dohnal
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century. BIOLOGY OF MICROFUNGI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Anyaogu DC, Mortensen UH. Heterologous production of fungal secondary metabolites in Aspergilli. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:77. [PMID: 25713568 PMCID: PMC4322707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal natural products comprise a wide range of compounds. Some are medically attractive as drugs and drug leads, some are used as food additives, while others are harmful mycotoxins. In recent years the genome sequence of several fungi has become available providing genetic information of a large number of putative biosynthetic pathways. However, compound discovery is difficult as the genes required for the production of the compounds often are silent or barely expressed under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the lack of available tools for genetic manipulation of most fungal species hinders pathway discovery. Heterologous expression of the biosynthetic pathway in model systems or cell factories facilitates product discovery, elucidation, and production. This review summarizes the recent strategies for heterologous expression of fungal biosynthetic pathways in Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chinyere Anyaogu
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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