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Monger A, Mongar P, Dorji T, Chhetri V. The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B 1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16258. [PMID: 39009623 PMCID: PMC11251174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that contaminate staple foods globally and pose a significant health risk. To the best of our knowledge, information on the occurrence of aflatoxins in Bhutanese diets is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the aflatoxin levels in selected foodstuffs in Bhutan and determine the health risk associated with aflatoxin exposure. Ten different types of food commodities were randomly collected from farmers' markets, shelves of supermarkets, and wholesale and retail shops from 20 districts of the country. The samples were subjected to analysis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and aflatoxin B1. Among the 315 samples included, 48.81% and 79.35% were positive for total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1, respectively. The overall mean total aflatoxin concentration was 11.49 ± 12.83 µg/kg, and that for B1 was 17.62 ± 23.99 µg/kg. The most prevalent food commodity with the highest aflatoxin contamination was chili products. In addition, the estimated daily intake and margin of exposure to aflatoxin B1 via the consumption of chili products ranged from 0.98 to 5.34 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and from 74.90 to 408.10, indicating a risk for public health. The liver cancer risk was estimated to be 0.01 and 0.007 cancers per year per 100,000 population resulting from the consumption of chili products. The present findings revealed the presence of total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 in the selected samples. The margin of exposure values was exorbitant, demanding a stringent public health measure. Notably, these results suggest the need for routine monitoring of aflatoxin contamination in the region and stress rigorous safety management strategies to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeep Monger
- Royal Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan.
| | - Pooja Mongar
- Royal Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tshering Dorji
- Royal Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Vishal Chhetri
- Royal Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
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Validandi V, Kurella S, Gorain S, Sagubandi Y, Mungamuri SK, Sinha SN. Exposure assessment and risk characterisation of aflatoxins in randomly collected rice samples from local markets of Hyderabad, India. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:664-674. [PMID: 38598120 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2339369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) poisoning of staple foods, such as rice, is caused by fungal contamination by Aspergillus species. These AFs are genotoxic, carcinogenic and suppress the immune system. Hence, the present study was conducted to elucidate the prevalence of AF contamination in rice samples collected from local markets of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The rice samples collected were analysed for AF by using HPLC-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Based on AF contamination levels and dietary intake of rice, the health risk was assessed by the margin of exposure (MOE) and liver cancer risk in adults, adolescence and children. The percentage detected contamination with AFB1 and AFB2 of rice samples was 54% and 34%, with the concentration ranging between 0-20.35 µg/kg and 0-1.54 µg/kg, respectively. Three rice samples exceeded the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) total AF acceptable limit of 15 µg/kg. The average MOE values were 53.73, 50.58 and 35.69 (all <10,000) for adults, adolescence and children, respectively. The average liver cancer risk associated with rice consumption in the population of Hyderabad was found to be 0.27, 0.28 and 0.40 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases/year/100,000 individuals in adults, adolescence and children, respectively. This study revealed an adverse health risk to population of Hyderabad due to consumption of AF contaminated rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakdevi Validandi
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivasu Kurella
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumitra Gorain
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yamuna Sagubandi
- Food Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Mamiro AP, Martin HD, Kassim N. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin M1 through consumption of cow's milk among children in Magadu, Morogoro. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:245-253. [PMID: 38393489 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of milk affects the general population with particular attention to children who frequently consume milk as part of complementary food. This study determined AFM1 contamination of cow's milk and estimated the health risk of dietary AFM1 through consumption of cow's milk among children (6 to 36 months) in the Magadu ward of Morogoro region in Tanzania. A total of 165 mother-baby pairs were recruited and interviewed on child feeding practices with a focus on feeding of cow's milk in the past 24 h. Alongside the interview, 100 raw cows' milk samples were collected from subsampled respondent households and were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that about 35% of the surveyed children consumed cow's milk in the form of plain milk, incorporated in porridge and/or tea. The amount consumed varied from 62.5 to 500 mls with a median of 125 (125, 250) mls at a frequency of 1 to 2 times a day. All raw cows' milk (100%) samples (n = 100) were found contaminated with AFM1 at concentrations ranging from 0.052 to 9.310 µg/L and median of 2.076 µg/L (1.27, 2.48). All samples were contaminated by AFM1 at levels above the limits of 0.05 µg/L of raw milk set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standard and the European Union, while 97% exceeded 0.5 µg/L set by the US Food and Drug Administration. Exposure to AFM1 due to consumption of cow's milk ranged from 0.0024 to 0.077 µg/kg bw per day with a median of 0.019 (0.0016, 0.026) µg/kg bw per day, while the margin of exposure (MOE) ranged from 5.19 to 166.76 and median 20.68 (15.33, 25.40) implying high risk of public health concern. This study recommends that advocacy on consumption of cows' milk to combat undernutrition in children should consider a holistic approach that considers the milk's safety aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peter Mamiro
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
- Department of Training and Capacity Building, Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
| | - Haikael D Martin
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Neema Kassim
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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Ismail AM, Raza MH, Zahra N, Ahmad R, Sajjad Y, Khan SA. Aflatoxins in Wheat Grains: Detection and Detoxification through Chemical, Physical, and Biological Means. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:535. [PMID: 38672805 PMCID: PMC11050897 DOI: 10.3390/life14040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an essential food crop in terms of consumption as well as production. Aflatoxin exposure has a widespread public health impact in economically developing nations, so there is a need to establish preventive techniques for these high-risk populations. Pre-harvest and post-harvest practices are the two strategies used to control aflatoxin contamination, which include the use of genetically modified crops that show resistance against Aspergillus infection, the use of pesticides, changing the planting and harvesting time of crops, and physical, chemical, and biological methods. In this research, aflatoxin detection and quantification were performed in different wheat varieties to determine quantitative differences in comparison to the European Commission's limit of 4 ppb aflatoxins in wheat. TLC for qualitative and the ELISA kit method for quantitative analysis of aflatoxins were used. Out of 56 samples, 35 were found contaminated with aflatoxins, while the remaining 21 samples did not show any presence of aflatoxins. Out of the 35 contaminated samples, 20 samples showed aflatoxin contamination within the permissible limit, while the remaining 15 samples showed aflatoxin concentration beyond the permissible level, ranging from 0.49 to 20.56 ppb. After quantification, the nine highly contaminated wheat samples were detoxified using physical, chemical, and biological methods. The efficiency of these methods was assessed, and they showed a significant reduction in aflatoxins of 53-72%, 79-88%, and 80-88%, respectively. In conclusion, the difference in aflatoxin concentration in different wheat varieties could be due to genetic variations. Furthermore, biological treatment could be the method of choice for detoxification of aflatoxins in wheat as it greatly reduced the aflatoxin concentration with no harmful effect on the quality of the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Vegetable Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Hassan Raza
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (M.H.R.); (R.A.); (Y.S.)
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan;
| | - Naseem Zahra
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan;
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (M.H.R.); (R.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yasar Sajjad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (M.H.R.); (R.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Sabaz Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (M.H.R.); (R.A.); (Y.S.)
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Zhou S, Ismail MAI, Aimanianda V, de Hoog GS, Kang Y, Ahmed SA. Aflatoxin profiles of Aspergillus flavus isolates in Sudanese fungal rhinosinusitis. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae034. [PMID: 38578660 PMCID: PMC11040519 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a commonly encountered pathogen responsible for fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) in arid regions. The species is known to produce aflatoxins, posing a significant risk to human health. This study aimed to investigate the aflatoxin profiles of A. flavus isolates causing FRS in Sudan. A total of 93 clinical and 34 environmental A. flavus isolates were studied. Aflatoxin profiles were evaluated by phenotypic (thin-layer and high-performance chromatography) and genotypic methods at various temperatures and substrates. Gene expression of aflD and aflR was also analyzed. A total of 42/93 (45%) isolates were positive for aflatoxin B1 and AFB2 by HPLC. When the incubation temperature changed from 28°C to 36°C, the number of positive isolates decreased to 41% (38/93). Genetic analysis revealed that 85% (79/93) of clinical isolates possessed all seven aflatoxin biosynthesis-associated genes, while 27% (14/51) of non-producing isolates lacked specific genes (aflD/aflR/aflS). Mutations were observed in aflS and aflR genes across both aflatoxin-producers and non-producers. Gene expression of aflD and aflR showed the highest expression between the 4th and 6th days of incubation on the Sabouraud medium and on the 9th day of incubation on the RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) medium. Aspergillus flavus clinical isolates demonstrated aflatoxigenic capabilities, influenced by incubation temperature and substrate. Dynamic aflD and aflR gene expression patterns over time enriched our understanding of aflatoxin production regulation. The overall findings underscored the health risks of Sudanese patients infected by this species, emphasizing the importance of monitoring aflatoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 561113, Guiyang, China
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mawahib A I Ismail
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, University of Khartoum, 11115, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Universite ´ Paris Cite ´ 75015, Paris, France
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214 GP, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Yingqian Kang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 561113, Guiyang, China
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214 GP, Hilversum, The Netherlands
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Açar Y, Akbulut G. Evaluation of Aflatoxins Occurrence and Exposure in Cereal-Based Baby Foods: An Update Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:59-68. [PMID: 38282161 PMCID: PMC10923960 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The first stages of human life, which include the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood, are the most critical for human growth and development. This is the most vulnerable phase to health challenges due to the immature immune system and rapid development. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol are secondary metabolites secreted by various fungal species, primarily Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. Aflatoxins are one of the major mycotoxins produced in cereals and cereal-based foods by several species of Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillus flavus. In this context, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, exposure, legal regulations, and health effects of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1) in cereal-based baby foods and breast milk. RECENT FINDINGS Human aflatoxin exposure in utero and through breast milk, infant formulas, cereals, and cereal-based foods has been linked to various health consequences, including adverse birth outcomes, impaired growth and development, immune system suppression, and hepatic dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that especially infants and children are more susceptible to aflatoxins due to their lower body weight, lowered capacity to detoxify harmful substances, more restrictive diet, immature metabolism and elimination, and faster rates of growth and development. It is essential for both food safety and infant and child health that aflatoxins in cereal and cereal-based products are precisely detected, detoxified, and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Açar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Akbulut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hassen JY, Debella A, Eyeberu A, Mussa I. Level of exposure to aflatoxins during pregnancy and its association with adverse birth outcomes in Africa: a meta-analysis. Int Health 2024:ihae015. [PMID: 38339961 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens produced by Aspergillus species. Exposure to aflatoxins during pregnancy results in adverse birth outcomes. This meta-analysis was carried out to determine the estimates of how much aflatoxin is harmful to the pregnancy and its outcome, including birthweight, birth length, low birthweight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), stunting, poverty, food insecurity, income, pesticides and stillbirth, in an African context. METHODS Both published and unpublished studies in Africa were searched on MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Stata version 18.2 software was used for cleaning and analysis. The prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using the random effects model and a forest plot was used to present the findings. In addition, the heterogeneity of the study was assessed using Cochrane I2 statistics and publication bias was assessed using Egger's intercept and funnel plot. RESULTS This review included 28 studies with a total of 6283 pregnant women and newborns. The analysis showed the overall level of exposure to aflatoxins was 64% (95% CI 48 to 78, τ2=0.66, I2=99.34%, p=0.001). In the subgroup analysis by publication year, the highest level of exposure to aflatoxins (82% [95% CI 69 to 92]) was observed among studies published from 2020 to 2023. This study also found that exposure to aflatoxins during pregnancy had an association with prematurity, LBW, SGA and stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS The data analysed in this study indicated that three of every five pregnant women had exposure to aflatoxins in Africa. Moreover, pregnant women exposed to aflatoxins had a higher likelihood of having a LBW and SGA newborn. Thus governments and all stakeholders should initiate policies that mitigate the toxicity of aflatoxins in pregnant women, foetuses and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Y Hassen
- School of Rural Development and Agricultural Innovation, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Adera Debella
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Eyeberu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ibsa Mussa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Wang Z, Huang Q, Zhang F, Wu J, Wang L, Sun Y, Deng Y, Jiang J. Key Role of Porcine Cytochrome P450 2A19 in the Bioactivation of Aflatoxin B 1 in the Liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2334-2346. [PMID: 38235998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic transformation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in pigs remains understudied, presenting a gap in our toxicological understanding compared with extensive human-based research. Here, we found that the main products of AFB1 in porcine liver microsomes (PLMs) were AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), the generation of which correlated strongly with the protein levels and activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A and CYP2A. In addition, we found that porcine CYP2A19 can transform AFB1 into AFBO, and its metabolic activity was stronger than the other CYPs we have reported, including CYP1A2, CYP3A29, and CYP3A46. Furthermore, we stably transfected all identified CYPs in HepLi cells and found that CYP2A19 stable transfected HepLi cells showed more sensitivity in AFB1-induced DNA adducts, DNA damage, and γH2AX formation than the other three stable cell lines. Moreover, the CYP2A19 N297A mutant that lost catalytic activity toward AFB1 totally eliminated AFB1-induced AFB1-DNA adducts and γH2AX formations in CYP2A19 stable transfected HepLi cells. These results indicate that CYP2A19 mainly mediated AFB1-induced cytotoxicity through metabolizing AFB1 into a highly reactive AFBO, promoting DNA adduct formation and DNA damage, and lastly leading to cell death. This study advances the current understanding of AFB1 bioactivation in pigs and provides a promising target to reduce porcine aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zige Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Feiyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Nejad BG, Mostafaei Z, Rezaabad AB, Mehravar F, Zarei M, Dehghani A, Estabragh MAR, Karami-Mohajeri S, Alizadeh H. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the relation of aflatoxin B1 to growth impairment in infants/children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:614. [PMID: 38053136 PMCID: PMC10696779 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are regarded as the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic type of mycotoxins. This meta-analysis was performed to investigate a the relation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to growth measurements of infants/children, including wasting, underweight, stunting, as well as weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores. METHODS Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify related publications. Effect sizes for associations were pooled using the random effects analysis. Subgroup analysis by study design, method used to assess AFB1, and adjustment for covariateswas performed to detect possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Pooled analysis of available data showed that AFB1 exposure was negatively associated growth z-scores, including WHZ (β = -0.02, 95%CI = -0.07 to 0.03), with WAZ (β = -0.18, 95%CI = -0.33 to -0.02), and HAZ (β = -0.17, 95%CI = -0.30 to -0.03) in infants/children. There was a remarkable heterogeneity among studies on WAZ and HAZ (P ≤ 0.001). In prospective cohort studies, AFB1 exposure was found to be significantly associated with the elevated risk of underweight (OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.03 to 1.40) and stunting (OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.11 to 1.33). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis highlighted the importance of AFB1 exposure as a potential risk factor for growth impairment in infants/children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Ghorbani Nejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Mostafaei
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Balouchi Rezaabad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehravar
- Department of Psychiatry and Community Health Nursing School of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GOUMS), Golestan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Dehghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamzeh Alizadeh
- Genetics Research Center, Department of Genetics and Breeding, The University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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Apolinário LF, Silva AT, Rosa AP, Oliveira CDS, Lira C, Guerra JPCDS, Friedrich JF, Rosa LQ, Chelegão R, Botelho SDCC, Sinhorin VDG, de Oliveira JC, Velloso NA. Supplementation of the maternal diet with Brazil nut ( Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) prevents cognitive impairment in the offspring of obese mothers. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:795-804. [PMID: 38345286 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174424000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Maternal obesity may trigger long-term neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Considering the benefits of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), a rich source of nutrients such as selenium, this study aimed to evaluate its effect on the behavior of obese rat offspring and its relationship with oxidative stress. From 60 days of age until weaning, female Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (mHF) or an HF diet supplemented with 5% Brazil nut (mHF/BN), while control mothers (mCTL) were fed a standard diet or a standard diet supplemented with 5% Brazil nut (mBN). Male pups received a standard diet throughout life and, at 30 and 90 days old, were subjected to behavioral tasks to evaluate anxiety and cognition. Biochemical evaluations were performed at 90 days of age. No alterations were observed in the anxiety behavior of the offspring. However, the offspring of the mHF group (oHF) exhibited impaired short-term memory at 30 and 90 days of age and impaired long-term memory at 30 days. Short-term memory impairment was prevented by Brazil nuts in young rats (30 days). While the serum selenium concentration was reduced in the oHF group, the serum catalase concentration was reduced in all groups, without changes in lipid peroxidation or protein carbonylation. Brazil nut maternal diet supplementation prevented short- and long-term cognitive impairment in the offspring, which may be related to the selenium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Fioravanso Apolinário
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Amanda Tais Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Andrielli Pompermayer Rosa
- Laboratórios Integrados de Pesquisas Químicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Cleber da Silva Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Cleberson Lira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Furtado Friedrich
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Letícia Queiroz Rosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa Programação Perinatal de Doenças Metabólicas, conceito DOHaD, Laboratório de Doenças Metabólicas e Cardiovasculares, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Nádia Aléssio Velloso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
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12
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Sadef Y, Shakil S, Majeed D, Zahra N, Ben Abdallah F, Ben Ali M. Evaluating aflatoxins and Sudan dyes contamination in red chili and turmeric and its health impacts on consumer safety of Lahore, Pakistan. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114116. [PMID: 37923193 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Spices are contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) and Sudan dyes which are classified as class Group 1 and Group 3 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) respectively and their prolonged exposure may raise a human health concern. A total of 474 samples of red chili and turmeric were collected from Lahore city and were subjected to quantitative and qualitative AFs and Sudan dyes analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) respectively. The number of red chili and turmeric samples with ≥10 μg/kg of total AFs (European Union standard limit) were 70% and 33% respectively and considered unfit for human consumption. The presence of Sudan dyes in red chili and turmeric samples was 67% and 27% respectively. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) among females and males was 0.0019 μg/kg bw/day, 0.0012 μg/kg bw/day for red chili, and 0.0008 μg/kg bw/day, 0.0006 μg/kg bw/day for turmeric respectively. The mean value of margin of exposure (MOE) among females and males for ingestion of AFs-contaminated red chili and turmeric was 210.25, 332.13, 501.02, and 699.31 respectively. Therefore, the current study demands a continuous monitoring plan and the implementation of novel techniques to enhance the product's quality and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Sadef
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Shakil
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Dania Majeed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Zahra
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Fethi Ben Abdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manel Ben Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Awuor AO, Wambura G, Ngere I, Hunsperger E, Onyango C, Bigogo G, Blum LS, Munyua P, Njenga MK, Widdowson MA. A mixed methods assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to aflatoxin contamination and exposure among caregivers of children under 5 years in western Kenya. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:3013-3022. [PMID: 36871962 PMCID: PMC10755389 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying factors that may influence aflatoxin exposure in children under 5 years of age living in farming households in western Kenya. DESIGN We used a mixed methods design. The quantitative component entailed serial cross-sectional interviews in 250 farming households to examine crop processing and conservation practices, household food storage and consumption and local understandings of aflatoxins. Qualitative data collection included focus group discussions (N 7) and key informant interviews (N 13) to explore explanations of harvesting and post-harvesting techniques and perceptions of crop spoilage. SETTING The study was carried out in Asembo, a rural community where high rates of child stunting exist. PARTICIPANTS A total of 250 female primary caregivers of children under 5 years of age and thirteen experts in farming and food management participated. RESULTS Study results showed that from a young age, children routinely ate maize-based dishes. Economic constraints and changing environmental patterns guided the application of sub-optimal crop practices involving early harvest, poor drying, mixing spoiled with good cereals and storing cereals in polypropylene bags in confined quarters occupied by humans and livestock and raising risks of aflatoxin contamination. Most (80 %) smallholder farmers were unaware of aflatoxins and their harmful economic and health consequences. CONCLUSIONS Young children living in subsistence farming households may be at risk of exposure to aflatoxins and consequent ill health and stunting. Sustained efforts to increase awareness of the risks of aflatoxins and control measures among subsistence farmers could help to mitigate practices that raise exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael O Awuor
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gati Wambura
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Isaac Ngere
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman99164, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clayton Onyango
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lauren S Blum
- Paul G Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman99164, USA
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Kariuki Njenga
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman99164, USA
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Adedara IA, Atanda OE, Sant'Anna Monteiro C, Rosemberg DB, Aschner M, Farombi EO, Rocha JBT, Furian AF, Emanuelli T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B 1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116869. [PMID: 37567382 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a dietary toxin from the mold Aspergillus species, is well acknowledged to elicit extra-hepatic toxicity in both animals and humans. The neurotoxicity of AFB1 has become a global public health concern. Contemporary research on how AFB1 enters the brain to elicit neuronal dysregulation leading to noxious neurological outcomes has increased greatly in recent years. The current review discusses several neurotoxic outcomes and susceptible targets of AFB1 toxicity at cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Specifically, neurotoxicity studies involving the use of brain homogenates, neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32, human brain microvascular endothelial cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes, as well as mammalian and non-mammalian models to unravel the mechanisms associated with AFB1 exposure are highlighted. Further, some naturally occurring bioactive compounds with compelling therapeutic effects on AFB1-induced neurotoxicity are reviewed. In conclusion, available data from literature highlight AFB1 as a neurotoxin and its possible pathological contribution to neurological disorders. Further mechanistic studies aimed at discovering and developing effective therapeutics for AFB1 neurotoxicity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwadarasimi E Atanda
- Human Toxicology Program, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Camila Sant'Anna Monteiro
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209; 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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15
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Ashraf W, Rehman A, Rabbani M, Shaukat W, Wang JS. Aflatoxins posing threat to food safety and security in Pakistan: Call for a one health approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114006. [PMID: 37652127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most important mycotoxins due to their widespread occurrence and adverse impacts on humans and animals. These toxins and/or their metabolites cannot be destroyed with cooking or boiling methods. Therefore, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food may lead to impaired growth, compromised immunity, stomach and liver cancer, and acute toxicity. These adverse effects along with food wastage might have detrimental consequences on a country's economy. Several studies from Pakistan reported a high prevalence of aflatoxins in food and feed commodities (Range; milk = 0.6-99.4%, cereals, and grains = 0.38-41%, animal feed = 31-100%). Notably, Pakistan reported very high figures of impaired child growth-stunted 40.2%, wasted 17.7% and underweight 28.9%-that could be associated with the higher aflatoxin prevalence in food items. Importantly, high aflatoxins prevalence, i.e. 100%, 69% and 60.5%, in children has been reported in Pakistan. Food and feed are more prone to aflatoxin contamination due to Pakistan's hot and humid climate; however, limited awareness, inadequate policy framework, and weak implementation mechanisms are the major obstacles to effective control. This review will discuss aflatoxins prevalence, associated risk factors, adverse health effects, required regulatory regime, and effective control strategies adopting the One Health approach to ensure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseela Ashraf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Health Services Academy, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Shaukat
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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16
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Salem-Bekhit MM, Riad OKM, Selim HMRM, Tohamy STK, Taha EI, Al-Suwayeh SA, Shazly GA. Box-Behnken Design for Assessing the Efficiency of Aflatoxin M1 Detoxification in Milk Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1667. [PMID: 37629525 PMCID: PMC10456063 DOI: 10.3390/life13081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contaminated with aflatoxin can lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a serious animal feed contaminant, is transformed into Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and secreted in milk. In this study, a biological method using probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), was used to assess their antiaflatoxigenic effect in animal milk. A Box-Behnken design was used to establish the optimal ratio of L. rhamnosus and S. cerevisiae, incubation time, and temperature for efficient AFM1 detoxification from milk. To achieve this, the primary, interaction, and quadratic effects of the chosen factors were investigated. To investigate the quadratic response surfaces, a second-order polynomial model was built using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. The quantity of AFM1 was detected by the ELISA technique. The results of these experiments obtained an optimum condition in AFM1 detoxification of the three tested factors in order to maximize their effect on AFM1 detoxification in milk. The model was tested in three highly contaminated milk samples to assure the efficacy of the model. AFM1 detoxification was up to 98.4% in contaminated milk samples. These promising results provide a safe, low-cost, and low-time-consuming solution to get rid of the problem of milk contamination with AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnia Karem M. Riad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (O.K.M.R.); (S.T.K.T.)
| | - Heba Mohammed Refat M. Selim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (O.K.M.R.); (S.T.K.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Maarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally Tohamy Kamal Tohamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (O.K.M.R.); (S.T.K.T.)
| | - Ehab I. Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.I.T.); (S.A.A.-S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Saleh A. Al-Suwayeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.I.T.); (S.A.A.-S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Gamal A. Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.I.T.); (S.A.A.-S.); (G.A.S.)
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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18
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Hussen Kabthymer R, Gebremeskel Kanno G, Aregu MB, Paixão S, Belachew T. Prevalence and concentration of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis, and cancer risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:491-507. [PMID: 35168414 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2036330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence, concentration of AFM1 in human breast milk, and to determine the risk of cancer for infants in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, global health, Cochrane, and Google Scholar electronic databases. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and concentration of AFM1 in breast milk. The meta-analysis of 8 articles containing 9 studies showed the pooled prevalence of AFM1 in breast milk to be 56.18% (95% CI: 29.65-82.71) and the pooled concentration to be 31.12 ng/L (95% CI: 25.97-36.25). The cancer risk assessment indicated for both male and female 1-month infants in Sierra Leone (HI > 1) is high, and all the rest of the infants are free of risk (HI < 1). The pooled prevalence and mean concentration of AFM1 in breast milk is high. Monitoring of AFB1 concentration of commonly used foods will be of high value in reducing the burden of AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susana Paixão
- Department of Environmental Health, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic of Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kimanya M, Muzanila YC, Kumwenda NC, Msere H, Rashidi M, Mponda O, Okori P. Aflatoxin Contamination, Exposure among Rural Smallholder Farming Tanzanian Mothers and Associations with Growth among Their Children. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040257. [PMID: 37104195 PMCID: PMC10144464 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, aflatoxin exposure especially through maize and groundnuts has been associated with growth impairment in children. Infants and children are considered to be more susceptible to toxins because of their lower body weight, higher metabolic rate, and lower ability to detoxify. On the other hand, for women of reproductive age, aflatoxin exposure may not only affect their health but also that of their foetus in the case of pregnancy. This study focused on investigating AFB1 contamination in maize and groundnut from respondent households, exposure among women of reproductive age and associations of aflatoxin contamination with growth retardation among children in Mtwara region, Tanzania. The highest maximum AFB1 contamination levels from all samples obtained were in maize grain (2351.5 μg/kg). From a total of 217 maize samples collected, aflatoxins were above European Union (EU) and East African Community (EAC) tolerable limits in 76.0% and 64.5% of all samples. Specifically, maize grain had the highest proportion of samples contaminated above tolerable limits (80.3% and 71.1% for EU and EAC limits). Groundnut had 54.0% and 37.9% of samples above EU and EAC maximum tolerable limits. The lowest proportion of contaminated samples on the other hand was for bambara nut (37.5% and 29.2% for EU and EAC limits, respectively). Aflatoxin exposure in our surveyed population was much higher than previous observations made in Tanzania and also higher than those observed in Western countries such as Australia and the USA. Among children, AFB1 concentration was associated with lower weight for height z scores and weight for age z scores in the univariate model (p < 0.05). In summary, these results indicate the seriousness of aflatoxin contamination in foods commonly consumed in the vulnerable population assessed. Strategies both from the health, trade, and nutrition sectors should therefore be designed and implemented to address aflatoxin and mycotoxin contamination in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku N. Gichohi-Wainaina
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41270, Lubbock, TX 79409-1270, USA
| | - Martin Kimanya
- School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Yasinta C. Muzanila
- Department of Biosciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro P.O. Box 3038, Tanzania
| | - Nelson C. Kumwenda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
| | - Harry Msere
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
| | - Mariam Rashidi
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Naliendele), Mtwara P.O. Box 509, Tanzania
| | - Omari Mponda
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Naliendele), Mtwara P.O. Box 509, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
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20
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Wenndt A, Mutua F, Grace D, Thomas LF, Lambertini E. Quantitative assessment of aflatoxin exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with consumption of select Nigerian staple foods. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1128540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of staple grains and legumes has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other adverse health outcomes, constituting a substantial public health concern globally. Low-resource food environments in sub-Saharan Africa are often under-regulated and are particularly vulnerable to adverse health and nutrition outcomes associated with aflatoxin exposure. This study identifies levels of HCC risk in the northern Nigerian adult population, leveraging a systematic review of available evidence on aflatoxin contamination in Nigerian maize, groundnut, rice, cowpea, and soybean. Estimated dietary intake (EDI) was computed using publicly available dietary consumption data and a probabilistic quantitative risk assessment was conducted to determine the relative risk of HCC associated with consumption of selected aflatoxin-contaminated commodities. In total, 41 eligible studies reporting aflatoxin contamination were used to model the distribution of aflatoxin concentrations in Nigerian commodities. EDIs for maize, groundnut, rice, and cowpea exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) level of 1 kgbw-1 day-1, with maize yielding the highest mean EDI (36.7 kgbw-1 day-1). The quantitative risk assessment estimated that 1.77, 0.44, 0.43, 0.15, and 0.01 HCC cases per year/100,000 population were attributable to aflatoxin exposure through maize, groundnut, rice, cowpea, and soybean, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that aflatoxin concentration, dietary consumption levels, consumption frequency, and other variables have differing relative contributions to HCC risk across commodities. These findings constitute a novel multi-study risk assessment approach in the Nigerian context and substantiate existing evidence suggesting that there is reason for public health concern regarding aflatoxin exposure in the Nigerian population.
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21
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Bastos-Amador P, Duarte EL, Torres J, Caldeira AT, Silva I, Salvador C, Assunção R, Alvito P, Ferreira M. Maternal dietary exposure to mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 promotes intestinal immune alterations and microbiota modifications increasing infection susceptibility in mouse offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113596. [PMID: 36603704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi occurring in food that are toxic to animals and humans. Early-life mycotoxins exposure has been linked to diverse pathologies. However, how maternal exposure to mycotoxins impacts on the intestinal barrier function of progeny has not been explored. Here, exposure of pregnant and lactating C57Bl/6J female mice to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; 400 μg/kg body weight/day; 3 times a week) in gelatine pellets, from embryonic day (E)11.5 until weaning (postnatal day 21), led to gut immunological changes in progeny. The results showed an overall increase of lymphocyte number in intestine, a reduction of expression of epithelial genes related to microbial defence, as well as a decrease in cytokine production by intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). While susceptibility to chemically induced colitis was not worsened, immune alterations were associated with changes in gut microbiota and with a higher vulnerability to infection by the protozoan Eimeria vermiformis at early-life. Together these results show that maternal dietary exposure to AFB1 can dampen intestinal barrier homeostasis in offspring decreasing their capability to tackle intestinal pathogens. These data provide insights to understand AFB1 potential harmfulness in early-life health in the context of intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bastos-Amador
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Júlio Torres
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Silva
- University of Évora, School of Science and Technology, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal; MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Cátia Salvador
- HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829 - 511, Caparica, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Aveiro, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Aberedew K, Ayelign A. Aflatoxin contamination in red pepper from producers in Addis Ababa. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:1-7. [PMID: 35854632 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins in powder red pepper. Thirty powder red pepper samples commercially available in Addis Ababa market were collected and the level of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) was determined. Aflatoxins were detected in almost all of the samples at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 52.3 µg/kg. AFB1 was detected in all of the red pepper samples, with levels ranging from 1.8 to 33.3 µg/kg. Out of all the AFB1 positive samples, 25 (83%) contained AFB1 above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg, while 29 (97%) of the samples exceeded the maximum limit of 10 µg/kg for total aflatoxins. Further, all the red pepper samples were contaminated by AFG1 with levels ranging from 0.7 to 52.3 µg/kg. Overall, the majority of the red pepper collected in Addis Ababa market was contaminated by aflatoxins above the EU limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Aberedew
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Ayelign
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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23
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Dadmehr M, Shahi SC, Malekkiani M, Korouzhdehi B, Tavassoli A. A stem-loop like aptasensor for sensitive detection of aflatoxin based on graphene oxide/AuNPs nanocomposite platform. Food Chem 2023; 402:134212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Study on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Obtained Sonochemically for the Determination of Aflatoxins in Food. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020703. [PMID: 36677761 PMCID: PMC9861586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are fungi secondary metabolites produced by the Aspergillus family. These compounds can enter the food chain through food contamination, representing a risk to human health. Commercial immunoaffinity columns are widely used for the extraction and cleanup of AFs from food samples; however, their high cost and large solvent consumption create a need for alternative strategies. In this work, an alternative strategy for producing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was proposed to extract aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 from complex food samples, using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The MIPs were synthesized via a low-cost and rapid (5 min) sonochemical free-radical polymerization, using 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid as a dummy template. MIPs-based solid phase extraction performance was tested on 17 dietary supplements (vegetables, fruits, and cereals), obtaining appreciable recovery rates (65-90%) and good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 6%, n = 3); the selectivity towards other mycotoxins was proved and the data obtained compared with commercial immunoaffinity columns. The proposed strategy can be considered an alternative affordable approach to the classical immunoaffinity columns, since it is more selective and better performing.
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Mahfuz M, Hossain MS, Alam MA, Gazi MA, Fahim SM, Nahar B, Ahmed T. Chronic Aflatoxin Exposure and Cognitive and Language Development in Young Children of Bangladesh: A Longitudinal Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120855. [PMID: 36548752 PMCID: PMC9784379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin can cross the blood-brain barrier, damage brain tissues, and have the potential to harm the development of the human brain. Although dietary aflatoxin exposure is common in children, there is a paucity of data on aflatoxin exposure and child developmental outcomes. The child's cognitive, motor, and language functions were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III or BSID-III at the same time points. Association between exposure to aflatoxin and subtests of BSID-III were examined using mixed-effect linear regression. Aflatoxin assays were performed on 194, 167, and 163 children at 15, 24, and 36 months of age, and chronic aflatoxin exposure was detected in 20.6%, 16.8%, and 60.7% of children, respectively. Multi-variable analyses showed that aflatoxin exposure was independently related to the children's cognitive score (β: -0.69; 95% CI: -1.36, -0.02), receptive language score (β: -0.90; 95% CI: -1.62, -0.17), and expressive language score (β: -1.01; 95% CI: -1.96, -0.05). We did not observe any association between exposure to aflatoxin and the motor function of children. Chronic exposure to aflatoxin exposure was linked to reduced cognitive, expressive, and receptive language scores of the study children. Further research is needed in a different setting to confirm this novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, 3352 Tampere, Finland
| | - Md. Shabab Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
| | - Md. Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Mohammad Fahim
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Baitun Nahar
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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26
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Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kumwenda NC, Harry M, Matumba L, Njoroge SMC, Okori P. Aflatoxin in cereals and groundnut from small holder farming households in Malawi. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:266-274. [PMID: 35883265 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts may place children at higher risk of stunting and adults at risk of developing liver cancer. This study investigated knowledge on aflatoxins and the level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts in Malawi. It also included an examination of the proportion of cereals and nuts contaminated above regulatory maximum limits. Aflatoxin contamination in samples was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Less than half of all households knew that consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is associated with stunting and lowered immunity. Sorghum samples were the most contaminated and millet the least contaminated. Aflatoxin contamination was highest in southern Malawi and least in northern Malawi. Observed results indicate that this population is at risk of poor health due to lack of knowledge and aflatoxin exposure. Strategies to address contamination should therefore include a comprehensive education campaign to increase knowledge and promote accessible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku N Gichohi-Wainaina
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nelson C Kumwenda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Msere Harry
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Samuel M C Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
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27
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Srinivasan B, Ghosh S, Webb P, Griswold SP, Xue KS, Wang JS, Mehta S. Assessing an aflatoxin exposure biomarker: Exploring the interchangeability and correlation between venous and capillary blood samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114396. [PMID: 36154854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dietary aflatoxins has been recognized as a potential threat to child nutrition and growth, in addition to being a known carcinogen. The ability to accurately assess concentration of aflatoxin in the blood of at-risk individuals is therefore very important to inform public health policies and on-the-ground programs around the world. Venous blood is frequently used to quantify biomarkers of exposure such as AFB1-lysine adducts. However, venous blood collection methods are invasive, requiring highly trained staff, which makes this method challenging to implement, especially in resource-limited settings. In contrast, capillary blood collection by fingerprick is less invasive and has the potential for application in point-of-need monitoring. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the correlation and interchangeability of capillary and venous human blood samples in the quantification of AFB1-lysine adduct concentration. A total of 72 venous and capillary blood samples were collected from 36 women of reproductive age (16-49 years) in northern Uganda. All sample specimens were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Regression analysis and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to compare AFB1-lysine concentrations between venous and capillary sample pairs. Bland-Altman analysis of albumin-normalized AFB1-lysine data-bias was -0.023 pg/mg-albumin and the 95% limits of agreement were 0.51 to -0.56 pg/mg-albumin for log-transformed data. There was a positive correlation between albumin-normalized venous and capillary AFB1-lysine concentrations with r of 0.71 (p < .0001). A lack of any accepted clinical cutoff for aflatoxin exposure makes definition of an 'acceptable' limit for statistical analysis and comparison of methods challenging. Our data suggests a positive correlation between albumin-normalized AFB1-lysine concentrations in venous and capillary sample pairs, but relatively weak agreement and interchangeability based on Bland-Altman analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Srinivasan
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy P Griswold
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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28
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New evidence for deleterious effects of environmental contaminants on the male gamete. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106886. [PMID: 34774338 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decreasing trend in human and domestic animal fertility in recent decades has resulted in the question of whether reduced sperm quality is associated with changes in global climate and the environment. Proposed causes for reduced sperm quality include environmental contaminants, which enter into the body of animals through the food chain and are transported to the reproductive tract, where contaminating agents can have effects on fertilization capacities of gametes. In this review, there is a focus on various environmental contaminants and potential effects on male fertility. Human-derived contaminants, particularly endocrine-disrupting phthalates and the pesticide atrazine, are discussed. Naturally occurring toxins are also addressed, in particular mycotoxins such as aflatoxin which can be components in food consumed by humans and animals. Mechanisms by which environmental contaminants reduce male fertility are not clearly defined; however, are apparently multifactorial (i.e., direct and indirect effects) with there being diverse modes of action. Results from studies with humans, rodents and domestic animals indicate there are deleterious effects of contaminants on male gametes at various stages of spermatogenesis (i.e., in the testis) during passage through the epididymis, and in mature spermatozoa, after ejaculation and during capacitation. Considering there is never detection of a single contaminant, this review addresses synergistic or additive effects of combinations of contaminants. There is new evidence highlighted for the long-lasting effects of environmental contaminants on spermatozoa and developing embryos. Understanding the risk associated with environmental contaminants for animal reproduction may lead to new management strategies, thereby improving reproductive processes.
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29
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Rasouli H, Nayeri FD, Khodarahmi R. May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981984. [PMID: 36386916 PMCID: PMC9649842 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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30
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Wu K, Jia S, Xue D, Rajput SA, Liu M, Qi D, Wang S. Dual effects of zearalenone on aflatoxin B1-induced liver and mammary gland toxicity in pregnant and lactating rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114115. [PMID: 36179448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Food and feed are frequently co-contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN). This study investigated the effects of ZEN on the AFB1-induced liver and mammary gland toxicity in pregnant and lactating rats. AFB1 and ZEN co-exposure inhibited the growth of rats and caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the liver and mammary gland. Compared with the AFB1-only group, damage was aggravated in the AFB1 + 10 mg/kg ZEN group, and the AFB1 + 1 mg/kg ZEN group showed a reduction in some metrics. The metabolomic results of the mammary gland showed that metabolite changes were mainly in lipid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism. Compared with the AFB1 + 0 mg/kg ZEN group, the AFB1 + 1 mg/kg ZEN group had the most metabolite changes. Moreover, AFB1 and ZEN co-exposure reduced the levels of sex hormones and RNA m6A methylation in the mammary gland. We speculate that ZEN affects the toxicity of AFB1 to the liver and mammary gland by interfering with the function of sex hormones, regulating cell proliferation and metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sifan Jia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongfang Xue
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Department of Animal Feed and Production, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Minjie Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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31
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Kumar P, Gupta A, Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Pandey AK, Kargwal R, Mishra S, Suhag R, Sharma N, Saurabh V, Paul V, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Enshasy HAE, Mokhtar JA, Harakeh S. Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100687. [PMID: 36287956 PMCID: PMC9609140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- MMICT&BM(HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Raveena Kargwal
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Rajat Suhag
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Jawahir A. Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine (FM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Doğan RA, Afacan M, Ozdemir M. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk and related factors. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1000-1005. [PMID: 36000599 PMCID: PMC9575001 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding in women with aflatoxin M1 exposure may be a risk factor for the newborn. Thus, it is crucial to determine aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk and raise mothers’ awareness about nutrition in lactation and other periods. This study was carried out to determine aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk samples taken from mothers who gave birth. METHODS: The study was carried out in the postpartum department of Training and Research Hospital between December 31, 2018, and June 31, 2019, and 90 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 75 (83.3%) of the examined samples were found positive. The mean aflatoxin M1 ratio in positive samples was 12.16 pg/mL (5.00–23.18 pg/mL). Mothers’ consumption of processed food was associated with aflatoxin M1 levels (p=0.043). It was determined that the aflatoxin M1 levels of mothers who consumed processed food products 1 or 2 times a month were 3.22 times lower than those who consumed 1–2 times a week. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasized the importance of monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk for infant health. It is thought that nutrition education given to mothers during pregnancy will significantly impact aflatoxin M1 results. In addition, the dangers of mycotoxins in mother-infant nutrition should be emphasized regularly in health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Aydın Doğan
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery - Karabük, Turkey
| | - Merve Afacan
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery - Karabük, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozdemir
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology - Karabük, Turkey
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Singh P, Mehl HL, Orbach MJ, Callicott KA, Cotty PJ. Genetic Diversity of Aspergillus flavus Associated with Chili in Nigeria and Identification of Haplotypes with Potential in Aflatoxin Mitigation. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1818-1825. [PMID: 35084943 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1464-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dried red chili (Capsicum spp.), a widely produced and consumed spice in Nigeria, is often contaminated by aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are potent mycotoxins of severe health and economic concern worldwide. Aspergillus flavus often contaminates crops with aflatoxins in warm regions; however, not all isolates are aflatoxin producers. Nonaflatoxigenic isolates have potential as biocontrol agents for aflatoxin mitigation. The current study examined the genetic diversity of A. flavus (n = 325) associated with chilies in Nigeria and identified 123 nonaflatoxigenic isolates. The Nigerian A. flavus isolates from chili were diverse at 17 microsatellite loci, with 5 to 36 alleles per locus, and included 152 haplotypes. The isolates that are active ingredients in Aflasafe, registered for aflatoxin biocontrol on maize and groundnuts in Nigeria, did not share haplotypes with the chili isolates. Of the 152 haplotypes, 65% produced aflatoxins in autoclaved maize, some of which (17%) produced >100,000 µg/kg of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins were not detected in 35% of the haplotypes. Cluster amplification pattern assay detected large deletions in the aflatoxin biosynthetic clusters of some (32%) of the nonaflatoxigenic haplotypes. Coinfection of chili with nonaflatoxigenic isolates from chilies (n = 7) and A. aflatoxiformans resulted in a significantly greater average reduction in total aflatoxins compared with that achieved by Aflasafe active ingredient isolates (P < 0.01). These nonaflatoxigenic isolates are a genetic resource for the development of biological control products for aflatoxin mitigation in chilies in Nigeria and should be evaluated under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pummi Singh
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | | | - Marc J Orbach
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | | | - Peter J Cotty
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
- USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85701, U.S.A
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Lin CM, Patel AK, Chiu YC, Hou CY, Kuo CH, Dong CD, Chen HL. The application of novel rotary plasma jets to inhibit the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus and the spoilage fungus, Aspergillus niger on peanuts. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abo-Aziza FAM, Zaki AKA, Adel RM, Fotouh A. Amelioration of aflatoxin acute hepatitis rat model by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their hepatogenic differentiation. Vet World 2022; 15:1347-1364. [PMID: 35765490 PMCID: PMC9210847 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1347-1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) transplantation and their hepatogenic differentiated cells (HDCs) can be applied for liver injury repair by tissue grafting. Regenerative potentiality in liver cirrhosis models was widely investigated; however, immunomodulation and anti-inflammation in acute hepatitis remain unexplored. This study aimed to explore the immunomodulatory and evaluate twice intravenous (IV) or intrahepatic (IH) administration of either BM-MSCs or middle-stage HDCs on aflatoxin (AF) acute hepatitis rat model. Materials and Methods: BM-MSCs viability, phenotypes, and proliferation were evaluated. Hepatogenic differentiation, albumin, and mmmmmmmm-fetoprotein gene expression were assessed. AF acute hepatitis was induced in rats using AFB1 supplementation. The transplantation of BM-MSCs or their HDCs was done either by IV or IH route. Hepatic ultrasound was performed after 3-weeks of therapy. Cytokines profile (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-4, and IL-10) was assessed. Hepatic bio-indices, serum, and hepatic antioxidant activity were evaluated, besides examining liver histological sections. Results: Acute AFB1 showed a significant increase in TNF-α (p<0.01), liver enzyme activities (p<0.05), as well as decrease in IL-4, IL-10, and antioxidant enzyme activities (p<0.05). Cytokines profile was ameliorated in groups treated with IV and IH BM-MCs, showed a negative correlation between IL-4 and TNF-α (p<0.05), and a positive correlation between IL-10 upregulation and TNF-α (p<0.01). In IV HDCs treated group, positive correlations between IL-4 and IL-10 downregulation and TNF-α were observed. However, in IH HDCs group, a significant positive correlation between IL-4 and IL-10 upregulation and TNF-α, were recorded (p<0.05). In addition, IV BM-MSCs and IH HDCs treatments significantly increased antioxidant enzymes activity (p<0.05). IV and IH BM-MSCs significantly ameliorated liver transaminase levels, whereas IH HDCs significantly ameliorated alanine aminotransferase activity and nitric oxide concentration (p<0.05). Conclusion: The administration routes of BM-MSCs did not demonstrate any significant difference; however, the IH route of HDCs showed significant amelioration from the IV route. On the other hand, it showed noticeable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory improvements in aflatoxicosis rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that acute hepatitis can be treated by a noninvasive IV route without the expense of hepatogenic differentiation. Further research using clinical trials that address several problems regarding engraftment and potentiation are needed to determine the optimal manipulation strategy as well as to achieve better long term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Kader A. Zaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana M. Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fotouh
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
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Ayelign A, Alemu T, De Saeger S. Validation of a HACCP community-based infants' complementary food safety assurance method in cash crop producing communities in Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1311-1320. [PMID: 35594247 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2075040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A method based on a hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)-based standard operating procedure (SOP) has been developed and implemented in community-based (CB) production of complementary foods (CFs) in agrarian regions in rural Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to validate the method in another setup, more specifically in cash crop (coffee and khat) producing communities in Southern Ethiopia. A quasi-experimental study was employed for the method validation. Two villages in the Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia were selected and a total of 40 mother-child pairs, 20 in each village, were involved in the study. Sociodemographic data, knowledge, and complementary feeding practices were collected using pretested questionnaires. The training was given to each mother for 1 h about community-based CFs production and implementation of the method. Then, 30 CF samples were collected and the level of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) was determined using a validated method. The majority (77.5%) of the mothers understand the importance of complementary feeding and give it to their infants beyond 6 months. Nearly two-thirds (62.5%) of the mothers had knowledge about the health impacts of aflatoxins, but the remaining 37.5% lacked awareness about the health risks of aflatoxins. Mothers were very well-motivated for the training and they promised to implement the knowledge and skill gained from the training for improving the nutritional status of their children. Overall, 23.3% of the CFs were contaminated by aflatoxins. AFB1 and AFG1 were detected in 6.7 and 16.7% of the CF samples, respectively. In cash crop-producing communities around the country, the HACCP-based SOP is easily validated in CB CFs production. Therefore, a scaleup of the method at the national level and beyond is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Ayelign
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Taddese Alemu
- College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.,Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fang L, Zhao B, Zhang R, Wu P, Zhao D, Chen J, Pan X, Wang J, Wu X, Zhang H, Qi X, Zhou J, Zhou B. Occurrence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins in Zhejiang province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103847. [PMID: 35283284 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of aflatoxins due to multiple food consumption among the Zhejiang population. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine aflatoxins in 792 samples. Aflatoxins were detected in 27.1% of the samples at levels between 0.07 and 262.63 μg kg-1, and aflatoxins B1 was the most frequently detected among different types of samples. 0.8% of peanut oil, 3.39% of nut products as well as 1.1% of condiments contaminated with aflatoxins B1 exceeded China national tolerance limits. Peanut oil had the highest incidence of aflatoxin, with a range from 0.17 to 22.50 μg kg-1. Using bags conferred limited advantages in reducing aflatoxin contents. Moreover, peanut and rice were the main contributors to dietary exposure to aflatoxins among Zhejiang residents. Finally, the margin of exposure values obtained by rice consumption were far from the safe margin of 10,000, indicating a potential risk to public health. The results pointed out the need for further prioritization of aflatoxins B1 risk-management actions in Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bi Zhao
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jikai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hexiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiancang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
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Lamichhane A, Webb P, Andrews-Trevino J, Pokharel A, Acharya S, Shrestha R, Davis D, Baral K, Wang JS, Xue K, Paudel K, Ghosh S. Dietary determinants of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct among infants in Nepal. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1557-1565. [PMID: 35444268 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by naturally occurring fungi on food, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is carcinogenic, immunotoxic and hepatotoxic. This study assesses the relationship between AFB1 in Nepali infants at 12 months of age and their diet at 9 and 12 months of age. METHODS The study used data collected from 1329 infants enrolled in the AflaCohort Study. Aflatoxin exposure was assessed at 12 months using serum AFB1-lysine pg/mg albumin biomarker measured using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescent detection. Dietary data were collected using food frequency questionnaire. We conducted ordinary least squares and quantile regression analyses with backward elimination to assess lagged (9-month diet and 12-month AFB1) and contemporaneous (12-month diet and 12-month AFB1) associations. RESULTS Eighty-one percent of children at 12 months had detectable levels of serum AFB1-lysine (geometric mean: 0.79 pg/mg albumin, 95% CI: 0.74-0.83). The levels ranged from 0.4 to 85 pg/mg albumin. Dietary diversity at 9 and 12 months were not associated with serum AFB1-lysine levels. Consumption of fish and groundnuts at both 9 and 12 months and infant formula and cauliflower at 9 months were associated with higher serum AFB1-lysine while consumption of bananas and mangoes at 12 months were negatively associated with serum AFB1-lysine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of detectable AFB1-lysine among infants, and possible links to their dietary patterns argues for more urgent research into which foods in children's diets are most contaminated, and into optimal entry points in the food chain that would allow for effective actions to minimize exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Lamichhane
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Patrick Webb
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Andrews-Trevino
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashish Pokharel
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sudikshya Acharya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robin Shrestha
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dale Davis
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kedar Baral
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kathy Xue
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Shibani Ghosh
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Shen MH, Singh RK. Effective UV wavelength range for increasing aflatoxins reduction and decreasing oil deterioration in contaminated peanuts. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang ZW, Gao YN, Huang SN, Wang JQ, Zheng N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies Revealed Underlying Mechanisms of Immature Intestinal Inflammatory Responses Caused by Aflatoxin M1 Together with Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030173. [PMID: 35324670 PMCID: PMC8953104 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which are occasionally detected in milk and commercial baby foods, could easily enter and reach the gastrointestinal tract, posing impairment to the first line of defense and causing dysfunction of the tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory roles of individual and combined AFM1 and OTA on the immature intestine. Thus, we used ELISA assays to evaluate the generation of cytokines from ex vivo CD-1 fetal mouse jejunum induced by AFM1 and OTA and explored the related regulatory pathways and pivot genes using RNA-seq analysis. It was found that OTA exhibited much stronger ability in stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from jejunum tissues than AFM1 (OTA of 4 μM versus AFM1 of 50 μM), whereas the combination of the two toxins seemed to exert antagonistic actions. In addition, transcriptomics also showed that most gene members in the enriched pathway ‘cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’ were more highly expressed in OTA than the AFM1 group. By means of PPI network analysis, NFKB1 and RelB were regarded as hub genes in response to OTA but not AFM1. In the human FHs 74 Int cell line, both AFM1 and OTA enhanced the content of reactive oxygen species, and the oxidative response was more apparent in OTA-treated cells in comparison with AFM1. Furthermore, OTA and AFM1 + OTA raised the protein abundance of p50/RelB, and triggered the translocation of the dimer from cytosol to nucleus. Therefore, the experimental data ex vivo and in vitro showed that OTA-induced inflammation was thought to be bound up with the up-regulation and translocation of NF-κB, though AFM1 seemed to have no obvious impact. Since it was the first attempt to uncover the appearances and inner mechanisms regarding inflammation provoked by AFM1 and OTA on immature intestinal models, further efforts are needed to understand the detailed metabolic steps of the toxin in cells and to clarify their causal relationship with the signals proposed from current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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Lactic Acid Bacteria from African Fermented Cereal-Based Products: Potential Biological Control Agents for Mycotoxins in Kenya. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:2397767. [PMID: 35242183 PMCID: PMC8888082 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2397767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals play an important role in global food security. Data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization projects increased consumption of cereals from 2.6 billion tonnes in 2017 to approximately 2.9 billion tonnes by 2027. However, cereals are prone to contamination by toxigenic fungi, which lead to mycotoxicosis. The current methods for mycotoxin control involve the use of chemical preservatives. However, there are concerns about the use of chemicals in food preservation due to their effects on the health, nutritional quality, and organoleptic properties of food. Therefore, alternative methods are needed that are affordable and simple to use. The fermentation technique is based on the use of microorganisms mainly to impart desirable sensory properties and shelf-life extension. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) due to their long history of application in food fermentation systems and ability to produce antimicrobial compounds (hydroxyl fatty acids, organic acids, phenyllactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, and carbon dioxide) with a broad range of antifungal activity. Hence, LAB can inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi, thereby preventing the production of mycotoxins. Fermentation is also an efficient technique for improving nutrient bioavailability and other functional properties of cereal-based products. This review seeks to provide evidence of the potential of LAB from African fermented cereal-based products as potential biological agents against mycotoxin-producing fungi.
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Malissiova E, Soultani G, Tsokana K, Alexandraki M, Manouras A. Exposure assessment on aflatoxin M1 from milk and dairy products-relation to public health. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:189-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Smith JW, Matchado AJ, Wu LSF, Arnold CD, Burke SM, Maleta KM, Ashorn P, Stewart CP, Shaikh S, Ali H, Labrique AB, West KP, Christian P, Dewey KG, Groopman JD, Schulze KJ. Longitudinal Assessment of Prenatal, Perinatal, and Early-Life Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure in 828 Mother-Child Dyads from Bangladesh and Malawi. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzab153. [PMID: 35155983 PMCID: PMC8829025 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero or early-life exposure to aflatoxin, which contaminates staple crops in disadvantaged settings, may compromise pregnancy and infant outcomes, but investigations into the extent, persistence, and determinants of aflatoxin exposure at these life stages have lacked longitudinal data collection and broad geographic representation. OBJECTIVES Aflatoxin exposure and selected determinants thereof were characterized in mother-child dyads with serial plasma/serum samples in prenatal, perinatal, and early life in Malawi and Bangladesh. METHODS Circulating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-lysine albumin adducts were measured in dyads from Bangladesh (n = 573; maternal first and third trimester, 3 mo postpartum, cord blood, infant 24 mo) and Malawi (n = 255; maternal second and third trimester, 6 mo postpartum, infant 6 and 18 mo) with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. We examined AFB1-lysine adduct magnitude, persistence, seasonality, and associations with infant feeding, and estimated daily AFB1 intake. RESULTS Maternal AFB1-lysine was higher in Malawi (98% detectable; median: 0.469, IQR: 0.225-1.027 pg/µL) than in Bangladesh (59%; 0.030, nondetectable [nd]-0.077 pg/µL). Although estimated dietary exposure in Malawi was temporally stable (648 ng AFB1/day), estimated intake in Bangladesh was reduced by 94% between rainy and winter seasons (98 to 6 ng/day). AFB1-lysine was low in cord blood from Bangladesh (15% detectable; 0.045, 0.031-0.088 pg/µL among detectable) and in Malawian infants at 6 mo of age (0.072, nd-0.236 pg/µL), but reached maternal concentrations by 18 or 24 mo (Bangladesh: 0.034, nd-0.063 pg/µL; Malawi: 0.370, 0.195-0.964 pg/µL). In Malawian infants, exclusive breastfeeding at 3 mo was associated with 58% lower AFB1-lysine concentrations at 6 mo compared with other feeding modes (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Among pregnant women, aflatoxin exposure was persistently high in Malawi, while lower and seasonal in Bangladesh. Infants were partially protected from exposure in utero and with exclusive breastfeeding, but exposures reached adult levels by 18-24 mo of age. The Bangladesh and Malawi trials are registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00860470 and NCT01239693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Matchado
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lee S-F Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Burke
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth M Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Per Ashorn
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tampere University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The JiVitA Project of Johns Hopkins University, Bangladesh, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Hasmot Ali
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The JiVitA Project of Johns Hopkins University, Bangladesh, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith P West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kannan A, Perpetua N, Dolan M, Fasullo M. CYP1B1 converts procarcinogens into genotoxins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 874-875:503440. [PMID: 35151423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CYP1B1 activates many chemical carcinogens into potent genotoxins, and allelic variants are risk factors in lung, breast, and prostate cancer. However, few eukaryotic genetic instability endpoints have been directly measured for CYP1B1-activated metabolites. In this study, we expressed human CYP1B1 in yeast strains that measure DNA damage-associated toxicity and frequencies of chromosomal translocations. DNA damage-associated toxicity was measured in a rad4 rad51 strain, defective in both DNA excision and recombinational repair. Frequencies of chromosomal translocations were measured in diploid yeast strains containing two his3 fragments. These strains were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP-DHD), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and the heterocyclic aromatic amines, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). We observed that AFB1, BaP-DHD, IQ, and MeIQx conferred toxicity in the DNA repair mutant expressing CYP1B1. Translocation frequencies increased eight-fold and three-fold after exposure to 50 μM AFB1 and 33 μM BaP-DHD respectively. A DNA damage response was observed after AFB1 exposure, as measured by the induction of the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, Rnr3. While CYP1B1-mediated activation of BaP-DHD and heterocyclic aromatic amines was expected, activation of AFB1 to become a potent recombinagen was not expected. These studies demonstrate that chromosomal rearrangement is a useful genotoxic endpoint for CYP1B1-mediated carcinogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaash Kannan
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12205, United States
| | - Nicholas Perpetua
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12205, United States
| | - Michael Dolan
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12205, United States
| | - Michael Fasullo
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12205, United States.
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Non-Targeted Dried Blood Spot-Based Metabolomics Analysis Showed Rice Bran Supplementation Effects Multiple Metabolic Pathways during Infant Weaning and Growth in Mali. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030609. [PMID: 35276967 PMCID: PMC8840250 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran contains essential nutrients, antioxidants, and bioactives with anti-inflammatory and diarrheal protective properties important for infants. This 6-month randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of heat-stabilized rice bran supplementation during Malian infant weaning. Fifty healthy 6-month-old infants were randomized to a rice bran intervention (N = 25) or non-intervention control group (N = 25). Intervention infants received dose-escalating rice bran supplementation for 6 months (1–5 g/day). Monthly infant dried blood spot and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dried blood spot metabolite abundances were compared monthly according to diet for six months. Supplementation resulted in favorable weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-score changes. Non-targeted dried blood spot-based metabolomics identified 796 metabolites, of which 33% had significant fold differences between groups (7–12 months). Lipids and amino acids represented 70.6% of the metabolites identified. Rice bran supplementation during infant weaning significantly modulated the metabolites involved in antioxidant defenses and with neuroactive properties including reduced glutathione, glycine, glutamate, cysteinylglycine, tryptophan betaine, and choline. These findings support rice bran as a weaning ingredient to meet infant nutritional requirements and with the potential to reduce oxidative stress and improve cognitive outcomes. This study provides evidence for dried blood spots as a cost-effective tool to detect infant biomarkers of nutritional and metabolic status.
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Lei L, Liu S, Ye Y, Qiu X, Huang D, Pan D, Chen J, Qian Z, McMillin SE, Vaughn MG, Luo X, Wu K, Xiao S, Li J, Liu M, Yang Y, Lai M, Dong G, Zeng X. Associations between Serum Aflatoxin-B1 and Anemia in Pregnant Women: Evidence from Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort in China. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110806. [PMID: 34822590 PMCID: PMC8618761 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common toxic mycotoxin and is detectable in pregnant women. Animal studies have revealed that AFB1 caused the lysis of erythrocytes and a decrease in hemoglobin. We conducted a prospective cohort study in Guangxi, China, in order to evaluate the association between AFB1 exposure and anemia in pregnant women during the entire pregnancy. A total of 616 pregnant women from the Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort were included in the study. Serum AFB1-albumin (AFB1-ALB) adduct levels were measured. The effect of AFB1-ALB adducts on hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were analyzed by using multivariable linear regression. The risks of anemia from AFB1-ALB adduct exposure were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. We found that the AFB1-ALB adduct was significantly associated with a decrease in Hb (β = −4.99, 95% CI: −8.42, −1.30), MCV (β = −4.58, 95% CI: −7.23, −1.94), MCH (β = −1.86, 95% CI: −2.87, −0.85), and MCHC (β = −5.23, 95% CI: −8.28, −2.17) in the first trimester with the third tertile of AFB1-ALB adducts when compared with the first tertile. Furthermore, the third tertile of the AFB1-ALB adduct significantly increased the risk of anemia by 2.90 times than compared to the first tertile in the first trimester (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.67, 9.14). A significant positive does–response relationship existed between AFB1-ALB adduct levels and anemia risk (Ptrend = 0.001). When dividing anemia types, we only found that the third tertile of AFB1-ALB adduct increased the risk of microcytic hypochromic anemia (MHA) in the first trimester (OR = 14.37, 95% CI: 3.08, 67.02) and second trimester (OR = 4.75, 95% CI: 1.96, 11.51). These findings demonstrate the correlation between maternal AFB1 exposure during early pregnancy and risk of anemia, especially MHA, and during different trimesters in Southern China. More efforts should be made to diminish AFB1 exposure for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Ye Ye
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Liuzhou Iron & Steel Group Co., Ltd., Liuzhou 545002, China;
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiehua Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Stephen Edward McMillin
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (S.E.M.); (M.G.V.)
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (S.E.M.); (M.G.V.)
| | - Xingxi Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Kaili Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Suyang Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Meiliang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingshuang Lai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (L.L.); (X.Q.); (D.P.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (X.Z.)
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Boni S, Beed F, Kimanya M, Koyano E, Mponda O, Mamiro D, Kaoneka B, Bandyopadhyay R, Korie S, Mahuku G. Aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania: quantifying the problem in maize and groundnuts from rural households. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate food and feed and threaten human and animal health. To assess the prevalence of aflatoxins in Tanzania, 180 groundnut and 200 maize samples were collected from 9 and 10 districts, respectively. Aflatoxin contamination was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Aflatoxins were detected in samples collected from all districts and prevalence ranged from 92 to 100% for groundnuts and 10 to 80% for maize. The mean aflatoxin level for groundnuts was 6.37 μg/kg and the highly contaminated sample had 40.31 μg/kg. For maize, the mean aflatoxin level was 12.47 μg/kg and the highly contaminated sample had 162.40 μg/kg. The estimated average probable daily intake (APDI) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from groundnuts consumption was 1.88 ng/kg body weight/day, while for maize, it ranged between 151.98-272.89 ng/kg body weight/day. The APDI for both groundnut and maize exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of AFB1 for adults (1 ng/kg body weight/day), bringing about health concerns for populations in Tanzania. Another alarming finding was that 75% of the farmers who provided samples for analysis were not aware of aflatoxins or the negative health impacts from consuming contaminated products. Results reported in this paper show that aflatoxin contaminated staple crops are widely distributed in Tanzania and that the risk of human exposure is high due to diet preferences. Awareness campaigns are required to inform and protect farmers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Boni
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Eastern Africa Hub, Plot 25, Mwenge Coca-Cola Road, Mikocheni B, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- World Vegetable Center, Eastern and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 10, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - F. Beed
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Eastern Africa Hub, Plot 25, Mwenge Coca-Cola Road, Mikocheni B, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - M.E. Kimanya
- The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - E. Koyano
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Eastern Africa Hub, Plot 25, Mwenge Coca-Cola Road, Mikocheni B, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- World Vision International, P.O. Box 6070, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - O. Mponda
- Department of Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 9192 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - D. Mamiro
- Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - B. Kaoneka
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 3024 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - R. Bandyopadhyay
- IITA Headquarters, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - S. Korie
- IITA Headquarters, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - G. Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Eastern Africa Hub, Plot 25, Mwenge Coca-Cola Road, Mikocheni B, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Mori T, Abe H, Yoshida M, Tsukune Y, Yahata Y, Takaku T, Ando J, Ando M, Torii S, Sasaki M. Immunohistochemical Detection of Aflatoxin in Lesions of Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus Infection. Med Mycol J 2021; 62:47-52. [PMID: 34471034 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.20-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus is known to be strongly related to liver injury (hepatocellular carcinoma) and immune system damage involving leukocytes. This toxin suppresses both the cell-mediated immune system and macrophage function, and decreases the production of complement and interferon molecules. PURPOSE To evaluate the presence of aflatoxin in infectious lesions as well as how the toxin is taken up by leukocytes. METHOD Pathological specimens from a patient who died from aspergillosis caused by aflatoxin-producing A. flavus were used. Anti-aflatoxin B1 antibody was reacted with paraffin-embedded lesion specimens from the heart, kidney, and thyroid gland of the patient and observed microscopically. RESULT Positive reactions were detected in fungal elements and leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) in inflammatory lesions. CONCLUSION Within the patient's body, A. flavus likely produced aflatoxin, which then was taken up by neutrophils and macrophages.These results suggest that leukocyte function and the immune mechanism are locally suppressed by aflatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Host Defense and Bio-chemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mitsutaka Yoshida
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yutaka Tsukune
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuriko Yahata
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoiku Takaku
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Jun Ando
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Miki Ando
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinichi Torii
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, the University of Tokyo, and Vermilion Therapeutics Inc
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
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49
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Ghantous A, Novoloaca A, Bouaoun L, Cuenin C, Cros MP, Xu Y, Hernandez-Vargas H, Darboe MK, Prentice AM, Moore SE, Gong YY, Herceg Z, Routledge MN. Aflatoxin Exposure during Early Life Is Associated with Differential DNA Methylation in Two-Year-Old Gambian Children. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8967. [PMID: 34445674 PMCID: PMC8396526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation is an epigenetic control mechanism that may be altered by environmental exposures. We have previously reported that in utero exposure to the mycotoxin and liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 from the maternal diet, as measured using biomarkers in the mothers' blood, was associated with differential DNA methylation in white blood cells of 6-month-old infants from The Gambia. Methods: Here we examined aflatoxin B1-associated differential DNA methylation in white blood cells of 24-month-old children from the same population (n = 244), in relation to the child's dietary exposure assessed using aflatoxin albumin biomarkers in blood samples collected at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. HM450 BeadChip arrays were used to assess DNA methylation, with data compared to aflatoxin albumin adduct levels using two approaches; a continuous model comparing aflatoxin adducts measured in samples collected at 18 months to DNA methylation at 24 months, and a categorical time-dose model that took into account aflatoxin adduct levels at 6, 12 and 18 months, for comparison to DNA methylation at 24 months. Results: Geometric mean (95% confidence intervals) for aflatoxin albumin levels were 3.78 (3.29, 4.34) at 6 months, 25.1 (21.67, 29.13) at 12 months and 49.48 (43.34, 56.49) at 18 months of age. A number of differentially methylated CpG positions and regions were associated with aflatoxin exposure, some of which affected gene expression. Pathway analysis highlighted effects on genes involved with with inflammatory, signalling and growth pathways. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that exposure to aflatoxin in early childhood may impact on DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ghantous
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
| | - Alexei Novoloaca
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
| | - Liacine Bouaoun
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Cros
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ya Xu
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Momodou K. Darboe
- MRC Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia; (M.K.D.); (A.M.P.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- MRC Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia; (M.K.D.); (A.M.P.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Sophie E. Moore
- MRC Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia; (M.K.D.); (A.M.P.); (S.E.M.)
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (A.N.); (L.B.); (C.C.); (M.-P.C.); (H.H.-V.); (Z.H.)
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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50
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Ivanovics B, Gazsi G, Reining M, Berta I, Poliska S, Toth M, Domokos A, Nagy B, Staszny A, Cserhati M, Csosz E, Bacsi A, Csenki-Bakos Z, Acs A, Urbanyi B, Czimmerer Z. Embryonic exposure to low concentrations of aflatoxin B1 triggers global transcriptomic changes, defective yolk lipid mobilization, abnormal gastrointestinal tract development and inflammation in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125788. [PMID: 33838512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds and foods induce various health problems in domesticated animals and humans, including tumor development and hepatotoxicity. Aflatoxin B1 also has embryotoxic effects in different livestock species and humans. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the indirect, maternally-mediated toxic effects and the direct embryotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in mammals. In the present study, we investigated the aflatoxin B1-induced direct embryotoxic effects in a zebrafish embryo model system combining toxicological, transcriptomic, immunological, and biochemical approaches. Embryonic exposure to aflatoxin B1 induced significant changes at the transcriptome level resulting in elevated expression of inflammatory gene network and repression of lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract development-related gene sets. According to the gene expression changes, massive neutrophil granulocyte influx, elevated nitric oxide production, and yolk lipid accumulation were observed in the abdominal region of aflatoxin B1-exposed larvae. In parallel, aflatoxin B1-induced defective gastrointestinal tract development and reduced L-arginine level were found in our model system. Our results revealed the complex direct embryotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, including inhibited lipid utilization, defective intestinal development, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Ivanovics
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Gyongyi Gazsi
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Marta Reining
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Izabella Berta
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marta Toth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Apolka Domokos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Molecular Cell and Immunobiology Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bela Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Staszny
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Matyas Cserhati
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Eva Csosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csenki-Bakos
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Andras Acs
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Bela Urbanyi
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Czimmerer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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