1
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Gorbatenko VO, Goriainov SV, Babenko VA, Plotnikov EY, Chistyakov DV, Sergeeva MG. TLR3-mediated Astrocyte Responses in High and Normal Glucose Adaptation Differently Regulated by Metformin. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01380-z. [PMID: 38918312 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) are innate immune receptors expressed on a wide range of cell types, including glial cells. Inflammatory responses altered by hyperglycemia highlight the need to explore the molecular underpinnings of these changes in cellular models. Therefore, here we estimated TLR3-mediated response of astrocytes cultured at normal (NG, 5 mM) and high (HG, 22.5 mM) glucose concentrations for 48 h before stimulation with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid Poly(I:C) (PIC) for 6 h. Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse XFp) was used to estimate the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Although adaptation to HG affected ECAR and OCR, the stimulation of cells with PIC had no effect on ECAR. PIC reduced maximal OCR, but this effect disappeared upon adaptation to HG. PIC-stimulated release of cytokines IL-1β, IL-10 was reduced, and that of IL-6 and iNOS was increased in the HG model. Adaptation to HG reduced PIC-stimulated synthesis of COX-derived oxylipins measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Adaptation to HG did not alter PIC-stimulated p38 activity, ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase, STAT3 and ROS production. Metformin exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, reducing PIC-stimulated synthesis of cytokines and oxylipins. Cell adaptation to high glucose concentration altered the sensitivity of astrocytes to TLR3 receptor activation, and the hypoglycemic drug metformin may exert anti-inflammatory effects under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav O Gorbatenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Goriainov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Chistyakov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Marina G Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Achanta LB, Thomas DS, Housley GD, Rae CD. AMP-activated protein kinase activators have compound and concentration-specific effects on brain metabolism. J Neurochem 2024; 168:677-692. [PMID: 36977628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of energy balance playing important roles in the balancing of anabolic and catabolic activities. The high energy demands of the brain and its limited capacity to store energy indicate that AMPK may play a significant role in brain metabolism. Here, we activated AMPK in guinea pig cortical tissue slices, both directly with A769662 and PF 06409577 and indirectly with AICAR and metformin. We studied the resultant metabolism of [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate using NMR spectroscopy. We found distinct activator concentration-dependent effects on metabolism, which ranged from decreased metabolic pool sizes at EC50 activator concentrations with no expected stimulation in glycolytic flux to increased aerobic glycolysis and decreased pyruvate metabolism with certain activators. Further, activation with direct versus indirect activators produced distinct metabolic outcomes at both low (EC50) and higher (EC50 × 10) concentrations. Specific direct activation of β1-containing AMPK isoforms with PF 06409577 resulted in increased Krebs cycle activity, restoring pyruvate metabolism while A769662 increased lactate and alanine production, as well as labelling of citrate and glutamine. These results reveal a complex metabolic response to AMPK activators in brain beyond increased aerobic glycolysis and indicate that further research is warranted into their concentration- and mechanism-dependent impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya B Achanta
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Donald S Thomas
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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3
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Oh S, Mai XL, Kim J, de Guzman ACV, Lee JY, Park S. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (1 and 2) in cancer and other diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1066-1079. [PMID: 38689091 PMCID: PMC11148179 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (GPS) is composed of two different enzymes: cytosolic NAD+-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) and mitochondrial FAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2). These two enzymes work together to act as an NADH shuttle for mitochondrial bioenergetics and function as an important bridge between glucose and lipid metabolism. Since these genes were discovered in the 1960s, their abnormal expression has been described in various metabolic diseases and tumors. Nevertheless, it took a long time until scientists could investigate the causal relationship of these enzymes in those pathophysiological conditions. To date, numerous studies have explored the involvement and mechanisms of GPD1 and GPD2 in cancer and other diseases, encompassing reports of controversial and non-conventional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and update current knowledge regarding the functions and effects of GPS to provide an overview of how the enzymes influence disease conditions. The potential and challenges of developing therapeutic strategies targeting these enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xuan Linh Mai
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Arvie Camille V de Guzman
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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4
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Gonzalez-Cano SI, Flores G, Guevara J, Morales-Medina JC, Treviño S, Diaz A. Polyoxidovanadates a new therapeutic alternative for neurodegenerative and aging diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:571-577. [PMID: 37721286 PMCID: PMC10581577 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural phenomenon characterized by a progressive decline in physiological integrity, leading to a deterioration of cognitive function and increasing the risk of suffering from chronic-degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Aging is considered the major risk factor for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease develops. Likewise, diabetes and insulin resistance constitute additional risk factors for developing neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, no treatment can effectively reverse these neurodegenerative pathologies. However, some antidiabetic drugs have opened the possibility of being used against neurodegenerative processes. In the previous framework, Vanadium species have demonstrated a notable antidiabetic effect. Our research group evaluated polyoxidovanadates such as decavanadate and metforminium-decavanadate with preventive and corrective activity on neurodegeneration in brain-specific areas from rats with metabolic syndrome. The results suggest that these polyoxidovanadates induce neuronal and cognitive restoration mechanisms. This review aims to describe the therapeutic potential of polyoxidovanadates as insulin-enhancer agents in the brain, constituting a therapeutic alternative for aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Institute of Physiology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samuel Treviño
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Sood A, Capuano AW, Wilson RS, Barnes LL, Kapasi A, Bennett DA, Arvanitakis Z. Metformin, age-related cognitive decline, and brain pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 133:99-106. [PMID: 37931533 PMCID: PMC10841359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation of metformin with change in cognition and brain pathology. During a mean of 8 years (SD = 5.5) of annual follow-up visits, 262/3029 participants were using metformin at any time during the study. Using a linear-mixed effect model adjusted for age, sex, and education, metformin users had slower decline on a score of global cognition compared to non-users (estimate = 0.017, SE = 0.007, p = 0.027). Analyses of cognitive domains showed a slower decline in episodic memory and semantic memory specifically. In sensitivity analysis, when examining any diabetes medication use vs none, no association was observed of any diabetes medication use with cognitive function. In the autopsy subset of 1584 participants, there was no difference in the level of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology or the presence of infarcts (of any size or location) between groups of metformin users vs non-users. However, in additional analyses, metformin users had higher odds of subcortical infarcts, and lower odds of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sood
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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Li H, Chen Y, Hu L, Yang W, Gao Z, Liu M, Tao H, Li J. Will metformin use lead to a decreased risk of thyroid cancer? A systematic review and meta-analyses. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:392. [PMID: 37773165 PMCID: PMC10542235 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that metformin use may reduce the risk of thyroid cancer, but existing studies have generated inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to investigate such association between metformin use and the risk of thyroid cancer. METHODS Studies of metformin use for the risk of thyroid cancer were searched in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biomedical Database, Wanfang Data, and Chinese Scientific Journals Database (VIP) from the establishment date to December 2022. Newcastle-Ottawa scale is adopted for assessing the methodological quality of included studies, and the inter-study heterogeneity was assessed by using the I-squared statistic. Combined odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated through either fixed-effects or random-effects model according to the heterogeneity. Besides, subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and test for publication bias were conducted. RESULTS Five studies involving 1,713,528 participants were enrolled in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. The result of the meta-analyses showed that metformin use was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of thyroid cancer (pooled OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50-0.91, P = 0.011). Moreover, in the subgroup analysis, we found that the use of metformin may also aid in the prevention of thyroid cancer in Eastern population (pooled OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35-0.88, P = 0.012) rather than Western population (pooled OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.52-1.54, P = 0.685). Sensitivity analysis suggested the results of this meta-analyses were relatively stable. No publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION Metformin use is beneficial for reducing the risk of thyroid cancer. For further investigation, more well-designed studies are still needed to elucidate the association between metformin use and the risk of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.74 Nonglin Road, Guangzhou, 510030, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongshi Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Chaohu Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Yang Y, Bu T, Bu X, Ni Q. Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes: abnormal glucose metabolic regulation in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192602. [PMID: 37396164 PMCID: PMC10312370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a complication and comorbidity of diabetes, supported by evidence of abnormal brain structure and function. Although few mechanistic metabolic studies have shown clear pathophysiological links between diabetes and cognitive dysfunction, there are several plausible ways in which this connection may occur. Since, brain functions require a constant supply of glucose as an energy source, the brain may be more susceptible to abnormalities in glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic abnormalities under diabetic conditions may play an important role in cognitive dysfunction by affecting glucose transport and reducing glucose metabolism. These changes, along with oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other factors, can affect synaptic transmission, neural plasticity, and ultimately lead to impaired neuronal and cognitive function. Insulin signal triggers intracellular signal transduction that regulates glucose transport and metabolism. Insulin resistance, one hallmark of diabetes, has also been linked with impaired cerebral glucose metabolism in the brain. In this review, we conclude that glucose metabolic abnormalities play a critical role in the pathophysiological alterations underlying diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD), which is associated with multiple pathogenic factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and others. Brain insulin resistance is highly emphasized and characterized as an important pathogenic mechanism in the DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qing Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’ anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Karami F, Jamaati H, Coleman-Fuller N, Zeini MS, Hayes AW, Gholami M, Salehirad M, Darabi M, Motaghinejad M. Is metformin neuroprotective against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? An updated graphical review of molecular basis. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:511-543. [PMID: 37093496 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that activates several molecular pathways involved in neurodegenerative disorders. Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug used for treating DM, has the potential to exert a significant neuroprotective role against the detrimental effects of DM. This review discusses recent clinical and laboratory studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of metformin against DM-induced neurodegeneration and the roles of various molecular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and its related cascades. A literature search was conducted from January 2000 to December 2022 using multiple databases including Web of Science, Wiley, Springer, PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Google Scholar, the Core Collection, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library to collect and evaluate peer-reviewed literature regarding the neuroprotective role of metformin against DM-induced neurodegenerative events. The literature search supports the conclusion that metformin is neuroprotective against DM-induced neuronal cell degeneration in both peripheral and central nervous systems, and this effect is likely mediated via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karami
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natalie Coleman-Fuller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Maryam Shokrian Zeini
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Mina Gholami
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Salehirad
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darabi
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Cheng Y, Hou BH, Xie GL, Shao YT, Yang J, Xu C. Transient inhibition of mitochondrial function by chrysin and apigenin prolong longevity via mitohormesis in C. elegans. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 203:24-33. [PMID: 37023934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild inhibition of mitochondrial function leads to longevity. Genetic disruption of mitochondrial respiratory components either by mutation or RNAi greatly extends the lifespan in yeast, worms, and drosophila. This has given rise to the idea that pharmacologically inhibiting mitochondrial function would be a workable strategy for postponing aging. Toward this end, we used a transgenic worm strain that expresses the firefly luciferase enzyme widely to evaluate compounds by tracking real-time ATP levels. We identified chrysin and apigenin, which reduced ATP production and increased the lifespan of worms. Mechanistically, we discovered that chrysin and apigenin transiently inhibit mitochondrial respiration and induce an early ROS, and the lifespan-extending effect is dependent on transient ROS formation. We also show that AAK-2/AMPK, DAF-16/FOXO, and SKN-1/NRF-2 are required for chrysin or apigenin-mediated lifespan extension. Temporary increases in ROS levels trigger an adaptive response in a mitohormetic way, thereby increasing oxidative stress capacity and cellular metabolic adaptation, finally leading to longevity. Thus, chrysin and apigenin represent a class of compounds isolated from natural products that delay senescence and improve age-related diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial function and shed new light on the function of additional plant-derived polyphenols in enhancing health and delaying aging. Collectively, this work provides an avenue for pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function and the mechanism underlining their lifespan-extending properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing-Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Gui-Lin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ya-Ting Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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10
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Liu X, Li M, Jian C, Wei F, Liu H, Li K, Qin X. Astragalus Polysaccharide Alleviates Constipation in the Elderly Via Modification of Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolism. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:275-290. [PMID: 36205566 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, whose incidence increasing with age. As one of the main components, Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has been used to treat a variety of diseases. This study aimed to explore the effects of APS on the improvement of gastrointestinal functions and learning memory in elderly rats with constipation. In this study, both 16S rRNA sequencing-based microbiome and 1H NMR-based metabolomics were applied to demonstrate the effects of APS on host metabolism and gut microbiota of the elderly rats with constipation. On top of this, we constructed both inter- and inner-layer networks, intuitively showing the correlations among behavioral indicators, intestinal bacteria, and differential metabolites. Our results showed that APS significantly ameliorated the constipation and the cognitive dysfunctions of rats. Microbiome analysis revealed that APS raised the relative abundance of Blautia, whereas decreased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the elderly rats with constipation. In addition, APS decreased the levels of acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the fecal samples, correspondingly regulating glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism and pyruvate metabolism. These findings lay solid foundations for understanding the pathogenesis of constipation in the elderly, and also offer a promising new treatment strategy for constipation in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fuxiao Wei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huanle Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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11
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Zhou LY, Chen XQ, Yu BB, Pan MX, Fang L, Li J, Cui XJ, Yao M, Lu X. The effect of metformin on ameliorating neurological function deficits and tissue damage in rats following spinal cord injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:946879. [PMID: 36117612 PMCID: PMC9479497 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.946879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with few treatment options. Metformin, a classical antidiabetic and antioxidant, has extended its application to experimental SCI treatment. Here, we performed a systematic review to evaluate the neurobiological roles of metformin for treating SCI in rats, and to assess the potential for clinical translation. PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang data, SinoMed, and Vip Journal Integration Platform databases were searched from their inception dates to October 2021. Two reviewers independently selected controlled studies evaluating the neurobiological roles of metformin in rats following SCI, extracted data, and assessed the quality of methodology and evidence. Pairwise meta-analyses, subgroup analyses and network analysis were performed to assess the roles of metformin in neurological function and tissue damage in SCI rats. Twelve articles were included in this systematic review. Most of them were of moderate-to-high methodological quality, while the quality of evidence from those studies was not high. Generally, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were increased in rats treated with metformin compared with controls, and the weighted mean differences (WMDs) between metformin and control groups exhibited a gradual upward trend from the 3rd (nine studies, n = 164, WMD = 0.42, 95% CI = −0.01 to 0.85, P = 0.06) to the 28th day after treatment (nine studies, n = 136, WMD = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.04 to 4.92, P < 0.00001). Metformin intervention was associated with improved inclined plane scores, tissue preservation ratio and number of anterior horn motor neurons. Subgroup analyses indicated an association between neuroprotection and metformin dose. Network meta-analysis showed that 50 mg/kg metformin exhibited greater protection than 10 and 100 mg/kg metformin. The action mechanisms behind metformin were associated with activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling, regulating mitochondrial function and relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress. Collectively, this review indicates that metformin has a protective effect on SCI with satisfactory safety and we demonstrate a rational mechanism of action; therefore, metformin is a promising candidate for future clinical trials. However, given the limitations of animal experimental methodological and evidence quality, the findings of this pre-clinical review should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Yun Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Qing Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Gorbatenko VO, Goriainov SV, Babenko VA, Plotnikov EY, Sergeeva MG, Chistyakov DV. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Metformin During Cultivation of Primary Rat Astrocytes in a Medium with High Glucose Concentration. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:577-589. [PMID: 36154879 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792207001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the relationship between inflammation and energy metabolism is important for understanding biology of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Use of metformin, a drug for treatment of diabetes, is considered as a promising direction for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other neuropathologies with an inflammatory component. Astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism and neuroinflammation; therefore, we studied the effect of metformin on the cellular responses of primary rat astrocytes cultured in a medium with high glucose concentration (22.5 mM, 48-h incubation). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate inflammation. The effects of metformin were assessed by monitoring changes in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and synthesis of oxylipins, assayed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Changes at the intracellular level were assessed by analyzing phosphorylation of ERK kinase and transcription factor STAT3, as well as enzymes mediating oxylipin synthesis, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX). It was found that, independent on glucose concentration, metformin reduced the LPS-stimulated release of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, decreased activity of the transcription factor STAT3, ERK kinase, synthesis of the derivatives of the cyclooxygenase branch of metabolism of oxylipins and anandamide, and did not affect formation of ROS. The study of energy phenotype of the cells showed that metformin activated glycolysis and inhibited mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, independent on LPS stimulation and cell cultivation at high glucose concentration. Thus, it has been shown that metformin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, and its effect on the synthesis of cytokines, prostaglandins, and other lipid mediators could determine beneficial effects of metformin in models of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav O Gorbatenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Sergey V Goriainov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Marina G Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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13
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Metabolic Action of Metformin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070810. [PMID: 35890109 PMCID: PMC9317619 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a cheap and safe biguanide derivative, due to its ability to influence metabolism, is widely used as a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) treatment. Therefore, the aim of this review was to present the updated biochemical and molecular effects exerted by the drug. It has been well explored that metformin suppresses hepatic glucose production in both AMPK-independent and AMPK-dependent manners. Substantial scientific evidence also revealed that its action is related to decreased secretion of lipids from intestinal epithelial cells, as well as strengthened oxidation of fatty acids in adipose tissue and muscles. It was recognized that metformin’s supra-therapeutic doses suppress mitochondrial respiration in intestinal epithelial cells, whereas its therapeutic doses elevate cellular respiration in the liver. The drug is also suggested to improve systemic insulin sensitivity as a result of alteration in gut microbiota composition, maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity, and alleviation of low-grade inflammation.
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14
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Song Y, Liu Z, Zhu X, Hao C, Hao W, Wu S, Yang J, Lu X, Jin C. Metformin alleviates the cognitive impairment caused by aluminum by improving energy metabolism disorders in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115140. [PMID: 35700760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to environmental aluminum was found to be related to the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Energy metabolism disorders, one of the pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases, may occur in the early stage of the disease and are of potential intervention significance. Here, sub-chronic aluminum exposure mouse model was established, and metformin was used to intervene. We found that sub-chronic aluminum exposure decreased the protein levels of phosphorylation AMPK (p-AMPK), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and GLUT3, taking charge of glucose uptake in the brain, reduced the levels of lactate shuttle-related proteins monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and MCT2, as well as lactate content in the cerebral cortex, while increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) level to drive downstream pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) expression, thereby inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, and ultimately led to ATP depletion, neuronal death, and cognitive dysfunction. However, metformin could rescue these injuries. Thus, it came to a conclusion that aluminum could damage glucose uptake, interfere with astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS), interrupt the balance in energy metabolism, and resulting in cognitive function, while metformin has a neuroprotective effect against the disorder of energy metabolism caused by aluminum in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuai Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Chenyu Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Wudi Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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15
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Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM, Rosales-Pérez KE, Orozco-Hernández JM, García-Medina S, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M. Chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of guanylurea induces neurotoxicity of Danio rerio adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153095. [PMID: 35038519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown guanylurea (GUA) alters the growth and development of fish, induces oxidative stress, and disrupts the levels and expression of several genes, metabolites, and proteins related to the overall fitness of fish. Nonetheless, up to date, no study has assessed the potential neurotoxic effects that GUA may induce in non-target organisms. To fill the current knowledge gaps about the effects of this metabolite in the central nervous system of fish, we aimed to determine whether or not environmentally relevant concentrations of this metabolite may disrupt the behavior, redox status, AChE activity in Danio rerio adults. In addition, we also meant to assess if 25, 50, and 200 μg/L of GUA can alter the expression of several antioxidant defenses-, apoptosis-, AMPK pathway-, and neuronal communication-related genes in the brain of fish exposed for four months to GUA. Our results demonstrated that chronic exposure to GUA altered the swimming behavior of D. rerio, as fish remained more time frozen and traveled less distance in the tank compared to the control group. Moreover, this metabolite significantly increased the levels of oxidative damage biomarkers and inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase of fish in a concentration-dependent manner. Concerning gene expression, environmentally relevant concentrations of GUA downregulated the expression GRID2IP, PCDH17, and PCDH19, but upregulated Nrf1, Nrf2, p53, BAX, CASP3, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, and APP in fish after four months of exposure. Collectively, we can conclude that GUA may alter the homeostasis of several essential brain biomarkers, generating anxiety-like behavior in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Karina Elisa Rosales-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP 07700, Mexico
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16
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Feng J, Wang X, Ye X, Ares I, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Mitochondria as an important target of metformin: The mechanism of action, toxic and side effects, and new therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Ozel AB, Dagsuyu E, Aydın PK, Bugan I, Bulan OK, Yanardag R, Yarat A. Brain Boron Level, DNA Content, and Myeloperoxidase Activity of Metformin-Treated Rats in Diabetes and Prostate Cancer Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1164-1170. [PMID: 33860456 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of metformin on boron levels and oxidative brain damage in rats due to diabetes and prostate cancer was investigated for the first time. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the amount of DNA were investigated as tissue oxidative and toxic damage parameters. In Copenhagen rats, Dunning prostate cancer was induced using high metastatic MAT-Lylu cells and diabetes was induced by single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Metformin was administered for 14 days after diabetes and prostate cancer induced. The rats were divided into six groups as follows: control group, diabetic group (D), cancer group (C), diabetic + cancer (DC) group, cancer + metformin (CM) group, diabetic + cancer + metformin (DCM) group. At the end of the experiment, brains were removed. Significant decrease of brain boron levels and significant elevation of MPO activity and DNA levels were observed in D, C, and DC groups as compared to control group. The effect of diabetes induction on the brain boron levels was much more than prostate cancer induction. The administration of metformin with CM and DCM obviously declined MPO activity and increased brain boron levels almost near to control group level. In conclusion, this study shows that the protective effect of metformin against brain damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats with Dunning prostate cancer may also be related to increased boron levels. The boron levels may be a novel indicator of reduced toxic and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the distribution and mechanism of action of boron should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armagan Begum Ozel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Road 9/3 34854 Basibuyuk, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Dagsuyu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Koroglu Aydın
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Bugan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omur Karabulut Bulan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen Yarat
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Road 9/3 34854 Basibuyuk, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Austad SN, Ballinger S, Buford TW, Carter CS, Smith DL, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Targeting whole body metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:511-531. [PMID: 35256932 PMCID: PMC8897048 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is by far the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and both aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. As developing effective therapeutic interventions to treat AD is clearly in urgent need, the impact of modulating whole-body and intracellular metabolism in preclinical models and in human patients, on disease pathogenesis, have been explored. There is also an increasing awareness of differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to biological sex, microbiome, and circadian regulation. As a major part of intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms, and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been considered for AD therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes and highlights these efforts.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ADRD, AD-related dementias
- Aβ, amyloid β
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Circadian regulation
- DAMPs
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- Diabetes
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FCCP, trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone
- FPR-1, formyl peptide receptor 1
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- HBP, hexoamine biosynthesis pathway
- HTRA, high temperature requirement A
- Hexokinase biosynthesis pathway
- I3A, indole-3-carboxaldehyde
- IRF-3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- LC3, microtubule associated protein light chain 3
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MAVS, mitochondrial anti-viral signaling
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Mdivi-1, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1
- Microbiome
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Mitochondrial electron transport chain
- Mitochondrial quality control
- NLRP3, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein (NLR)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NeuN, neuronal nuclear protein
- PET, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography
- PKA, protein kinase A
- POLβ, the base-excision repair enzyme DNA polymerase β
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive species
- SAMP8, senescence-accelerated mice
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SIRT3, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- STZ, streptozotocin
- SkQ1, plastoquinonyldecyltriphenylphosphonium
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- TP, tricyclic pyrone
- TRF, time-restricted feeding
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS, cyclic GMP/AMP synthase
- hAPP, human amyloid precursor protein
- hPREP, human presequence protease
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- αkG, alpha-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven N. Austad
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Scott Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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19
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Agostini F, Masato A, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M. Metformin Repurposing for Parkinson Disease Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010398. [PMID: 35008822 PMCID: PMC8745385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that affects around 2% of the population over 65 years old. It is characterized by the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, resulting in motor disabilities of the patients. At present, only symptomatic cures are available, without suppressing disease progression. In this frame, the anti-diabetic drug metformin has been investigated as a potential disease modifier for PD, being a low-cost and generally well-tolerated medication, which has been successfully used for decades in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the precise mechanisms of action of metformin being not fully elucidated, the drug has been known to influence many cellular pathways that are associated with PD pathology. In this review, we present the evidence in the literature supporting the neuroprotective role of metformin, i.e., autophagy upregulation, degradation of pathological α-synuclein species, and regulation of mitochondrial functions. The epidemiological studies conducted in diabetic patients under metformin therapy aimed at evaluating the correlation between long-term metformin consumption and the risk of developing PD are also discussed. Finally, we provide an interpretation for the controversial results obtained both in experimental models and in clinical studies, thus providing a possible rationale for future investigations for the repositioning of metformin for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Agostini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (F.A.); (A.M.)
- Center Study for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (F.A.); (A.M.)
- Center Study for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (M.B.)
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20
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He LL, Wang YC, Ai YT, Wang L, Gu SM, Wang P, Long QH, Hu H. Qiangji Decoction Alleviates Neurodegenerative Changes and Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis Induced by D-Galactose via Regulating AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735812. [PMID: 34630111 PMCID: PMC8495211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Qiangji Decoction (QJD), a classic formula, has been widely used to treat brain aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying QJD's improvement in cognitive impairment of neurodegenerative diseases remain unclear. In this study, we employed D-galactose to establish the model of brain aging by long-term D-galactose subcutaneous injection. Next, we investigated QJD's effect on cognitive function of the model of brain aging and the mechanisms that QJD suppressing neuroinflammation as well as improving neurodegenerative changes and hippocampal neuron apoptosis. The mice of brain aging were treated with three different dosages of QJD (12.48, 24.96, and 49.92 g/kg/d, respectively) for 4 weeks. Morris water maze was used to determine the learning and memory ability of the mice. HE staining and FJB staining were used to detect the neurodegenerative changes. Nissl staining and TUNEL staining were employed to detect the hippocampal neuron apoptosis. The contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampus were detected by using ELISA. Meanwhile, we employed immunofluorescence staining to examine the levels of GFAP and IBA1 in the hippocampus. Besides, the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, AMPKα, p-AMPKα-Thr172, SIRT1, IκBα, NF-κB p65, p-IκBα-Ser32, and p-NF-κB p65-Ser536 in the hippocampus of different groups were detected by Western blot (WB). Our findings showed that the QJD-treated groups, especially the M-QJD group, mitigated learning and memory impairments of the model of brain aging as well as the improvement of neurodegenerative changes and hippocampal neuron apoptosis. Moreover, the M-QJD markedly attenuated the neuroinflammation by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, QJD alleviated neurodegenerative changes and hippocampal neuron apoptosis in the model of brain aging via regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling He
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Cui Wang
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ting Ai
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Meng Gu
- Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Hua Long
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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21
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Metabolomic Approaches to Investigate the Effect of Metformin: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910275. [PMID: 34638615 PMCID: PMC8508882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug that is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Even though the various therapeutic potential of metformin treatment has been reported, as well as the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, the mechanisms underlying those benefits are still not fully understood. In order to explain the beneficial effects on metformin treatment, various metabolomics analyses have been applied to investigate the metabolic alterations in response to metformin treatment, and significant systemic metabolome changes were observed in biofluid, tissues, and cells. In this review, we compare the latest metabolomic research including clinical trials, animal models, and in vitro studies comprehensively to understand the overall changes of metabolome on metformin treatment.
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22
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Hong S, Nagayach A, Lu Y, Peng H, Duong QVA, Pham NB, Vuong CA, Bazan NG. A high fat, sugar, and salt Western diet induces motor-muscular and sensory dysfunctions and neurodegeneration in mice during aging: Ameliorative action of metformin. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1458-1471. [PMID: 34510763 PMCID: PMC8611779 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To explore the novel linkage between a Western diet combining high saturated fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) and neurological dysfunctions during aging as well as Metformin intervention, we assessed cerebral cortex abnormalities associated with sensory and motor dysfunctions and cellular and molecular insights in brains using HFSS‐fed mice during aging. We also explored the effect of Metformin treatment on these mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFSS and treated with metformin from 20 to 22 months of age, resembling human aging from 56 to 68 years of age (an entry phase of the aged portion of lifespan). Results The motor and sensory cortexes in mice during aging after HFSS diet showed: (A) decreased motor‐muscular and sensory functions; (B) reduced inflammation‐resolving Arg‐1+ microglia; (C) increased inflammatory iNOs+ microglia and TNFα levels; (D) enhanced abundance of amyloid‐β peptide and of phosphorylated Tau. Metformin attenuated these changes. Conclusion A HFSS‐combined diet caused motor‐muscular and sensory dysfunctions, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, whereas metformin counteracted these effects. Our findings show neuroinflammatory consequences of a HFSS diet in aging. Metformin curbs the HFSS‐related neuroinflammation eliciting neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aarti Nagayach
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hongying Peng
- Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Quoc-Viet A Duong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas B Pham
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher A Vuong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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23
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He J, Yamamoto M, Sumiyama K, Konagaya Y, Terai K, Matsuda M, Sato S. Two-photon AMPK and ATP imaging reveals the bias between rods and cones in glycolysis utility. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21880. [PMID: 34449091 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101121r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, retinal rod and cone photoreceptor cells rely significantly on glycolysis. Lactate released from photoreceptor cells fuels neighboring retinal pigment epithelium cells and Müller glial cells through oxidative phosphorylation. To understand this highly heterogeneous metabolic environment around photoreceptor cells, single-cell analysis is needed. Here, we visualized cellular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and ATP levels in the retina by two-photon microscopy. Transgenic mice expressing a hyBRET-AMPK biosensor were used for measuring the AMPK activity. GO-ATeam2 transgenic mice were used for measuring the ATP level. Temporal metabolic responses were successfully detected in the live retinal explants upon drug perfusion. A glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), activated AMPK and reduced ATP. These effects were clearly stronger in rods than in cones. Notably, rod AMPK and ATP started to recover at 30 min from the onset of 2-DG perfusion. Consistent with these findings, ex vivo electroretinogram recordings showed a transient slowdown in rod dim flash responses during a 60-min 2-DG perfusion, whereas cone responses were not affected. Based on these results, we propose that cones surrounded by highly glycolytic rods become less dependent on glycolysis, and rods also become less dependent on glycolysis within 60 min upon the glycolysis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou He
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamamoto
- Department of Research Promotion and Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Konagaya
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Ren C, Liu Y, Stone C, Li N, Li S, Li H, Cheng Z, Hu J, Li W, Jin K, Ji X, Ding Y. Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Regulating Glucose Transport. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1197-1210. [PMID: 34341702 PMCID: PMC8279524 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is closely associated with the slowing of glucose metabolism in the brain. Glucose transport, a rate-limiting step of glucose metabolism, plays a key role in this phenomenon. Previous studies have reported that limb remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) improves cognitive performance in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Here, we determined whether LRIC could ameliorate cognitive impairment in rats with CCH by regulating glucose transport. A total of 170 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Animals subjected to permanent double carotid artery occlusion (2VO) were assigned to the control or LRIC treatment group. LRIC was applied beginning 3 days after the 2VO surgery. We found that LRIC can improve learning and memory; decrease the ratio of ADP/ATP; increase glucose content; upregulate the expression of pAMPKα, GLUT1 and GLUT3; and increase the number of GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporters in cerebral cortical neurons. The expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the cortex displayed a strong correlation with learning and memory. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3 are correlated with neurological function scores. All of these beneficial effects of LRIC were ablated by application of the AMPK inhibitor, dorsomorphin. In summary, LRIC ameliorated cognitive impairment in rats with CCH by regulating glucose transport via the AMPK/GLUT signaling pathway. We conclude that AMPK-mediated glucose transport plays a key role in LRIC. These data also suggest that supplemental activation of glucose transport after CCH may provide a clinically applicable intervention for improving cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Ren
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,5Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Christopher Stone
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ning Li
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,5Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,5Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zichao Cheng
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated 3201 Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Hanzhong, China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- 6Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Weiguang Li
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 7Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- 5Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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25
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Gorgich EAC, Parsaie H, Yarmand S, Baharvand F, Sarbishegi M. Long-term administration of metformin ameliorates age-dependent oxidative stress and cognitive function in rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113343. [PMID: 33965434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is an inevitable physiological process, associated with a decline in cognitive function. Recently, metformin, as the first-line treatment for type II diabetes, has been shown to increase the life expectancy of diabetic patients. Therefore, researchers are paying increasing attention to its anti-aging properties. Oxygen free radicals are responsible for oxidative stress, which is a prominent factor in age-associated diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term administration of metformin on age-dependent oxidative stress and cognitive function. METHODS In this experimental study, 32 normal (nondiabetic) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into control and metformin groups (n = 16 per group). The metformin group received 100 mg/kg of metformin in drinking water daily for six months. The shuttle box test was used for the passive avoidance task in 24-month-old rats. For the biochemical assay, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured. Nissl and TUNEL staining were also used for histopathological assessments. Data were analyzed using independent t-test. RESULTS The present findings revealed that metformin significantly reduced the MDA level and increased the TAC in the hippocampus of the metformin group (p < 0.05). The survival of hippocampal CA1 neurons was significantly higher in the metformin group as compared to the control group, while the number of TUNEL-positive neurons decreased significantly (p < 0.05). On the other hand, metformin markedly improved the passive avoidance memory in the metformin group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that long-term metformin intake, by modulating the oxidant/antioxidant mechanisms, prevents the loss of hippocampal neurons caused by age-dependent oxidative stress and improves memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Houman Parsaie
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sazin Yarmand
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Baharvand
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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26
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Diaz A, Muñoz-Arenas G, Venegas B, Vázquez-Roque R, Flores G, Guevara J, Gonzalez-Vergara E, Treviño S. Metforminium Decavanadate (MetfDeca) Treatment Ameliorates Hippocampal Neurodegeneration and Recognition Memory in a Metabolic Syndrome Model. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1151-1165. [PMID: 33559829 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates, saturated fat, and sodium, accompanied by a sedentary routine, are factors that contribute to the progress of metabolic syndrome (MS). In this way, they cause the accumulation of body fat, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Additionally, MS has been shown to cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and death of neurons in the hippocampus. Consequently, spatial and recognition memory is affected. It has recently been proposed that metformin decavanadate (MetfDeca) exerts insulin mimetic effects that enhance metabolism in MS animals; however, what effects it can cause on the hippocampal neurons of rats with MS are unknown. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of MetfDeca on hippocampal neurodegeneration and recognition memory in rats with MS. Administration of MetfDeca for 60 days in MS rats improved object recognition memory (NORt). In addition, MetfDeca reduced markers of oxidative stress and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Accompanied by an increase in the density and length of the dendritic spines of the hippocampus of rats with MS. We conclude that MetfDeca represents an important therapeutic agent to treat MS and induce neuronal and cognitive restoration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Diaz
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Berenice Venegas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Rubén Vázquez-Roque
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Physiology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Physiology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samuel Treviño
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Pue, Mexico.
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27
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LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:77-96. [PMID: 32897388 PMCID: PMC7846086 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has been shown to have pleotropic effects on glucose metabolism, there is a general consensus that the major glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes is mostly mediated through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, despite decades of research, the mechanism by which metformin inhibits this process is still highly debated. A key reason for these discrepant effects is likely due to the inconsistency in dosage of metformin across studies. Widely studied mechanisms of action, such as complex I inhibition leading to AMPK activation, have only been observed in the context of supra-pharmacological (>1 mM) metformin concentrations, which do not occur in the clinical setting. Thus, these mechanisms have been challenged in recent years and new mechanisms have been proposed. Based on the observation that metformin alters cellular redox balance, a redox-dependent mechanism of action has been described by several groups. Recent studies have shown that clinically relevant (50-100 μM) concentrations of metformin inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis in a substrate-selective manner both in vitro and in vivo, supporting a redox-dependent mechanism of metformin action. Here, we review the current literature regarding metformin's cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci E LaMoia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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28
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Liu X, Zhao D, Zhao S, Li Z, Wang Y, Qin X. Deciphering the correlations between aging and constipation by metabolomics and network pharmacology. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3798-3818. [PMID: 33428599 PMCID: PMC7906210 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From the points of view of phenomena and experience, aging and constipation are inextricably correlated. However, experimental support and underlying mechanisms are still lacking. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between aging and constipation from the perspectives of fecal metabolites and network pharmacology. The behavioral analyses of aging and constipation were carried out on both aging rats and constipation rats. We found that aging rats exhibited not only significant aging behaviors but also significant constipation behaviors, while constipation rats exhibited both significant constipation and aging behaviors. Additionally, fecal metabolomics was carried out and found that 23 metabolites were aging-related and 22 metabolites were constipation-related. Among them, there were 16 differential metabolites in common with 11 metabolic pathways. Network pharmacology was applied to construct the target-pathway network of aging and constipation, revealing that pathway in cancer was the most associated signaling pathway. The current findings will provide not only a novel perspective for understanding aging and constipation, but a theoretical association and understanding the traditional Chinese medicine theory and the Western medicine theory about aging and constipation, as well as support for the clinical research and development of medicine related to constipation in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.,Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Di Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.,Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Sijun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.,Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 999002, Singapore
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.,Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
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29
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The use of geroprotectors to prevent multimorbidity: Opportunities and challenges. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 193:111391. [PMID: 33144142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over 60 % of people over the age of 65 will suffer from multiple diseases concomitantly but the common approach is to treat each disease separately. As age-associated diseases have common underlying mechanisms there is potential to tackle many diseases with the same pharmacological intervention. These are known as geroprotectors and could overcome the problems related to polypharmacy seen with the use of the single disease model. With some geroprotectors now reaching the end stage of preclinical studies and early clinical trials, there is a need to review the evidence and assess how they can be translated practically and effectively into routine practice. Despite promising evidence, there are many gaps and challenges in our understanding that must be addressed to make geroprotective medicine effective in the treatment of age-associated multimorbidity. Here we highlight the key barriers to clinical translation and discuss whether geroprotectors such as metformin, rapamycin and senolytics can tackle all age-associated diseases at the same dose, or whether a more nuanced approach is required. The evidence suggests that geroprotectors' mode of action may differ in different tissues or in response to different inducers of accelerating ageing, suggesting that a blunt 'one drug for many diseases' approach may not work. We make the case for the use of artificial intelligence to better understand multimorbidity, allowing identification of clusters and networks of diseases that are significantly associated beyond chance and the underpinning molecular pathway of ageing causal to each cluster. This will allow us to better understand the development of multimorbidity, select a more homogenous group of patients for intervention, match them with the appropriate geroprotector and identify biomarkers specific to the cluster.
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30
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Metformin Enhances Excitatory Synaptic Transmission onto Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100706. [PMID: 33020379 PMCID: PMC7601223 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (Met) is a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Numerous studies have shown that Met exerts beneficial effects on a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). However, it is still largely unclear how Met acts on neurons. Here, by treating acute hippocampal slices with Met (1 μM and 10 μM) and recording synaptic transmission as well as neuronal excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons, we found that Met treatments significantly increased the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), but not amplitude. Neither frequency nor amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were changed with Met treatments. Analysis of paired-pulse ratios (PPR) demonstrates that enhanced presynaptic glutamate release from terminals innervating CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, while excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons was not altered. Our results suggest that Met preferentially increases glutamatergic rather than GABAergic transmission in hippocampal CA1, providing a new insight on how Met acts on neurons.
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31
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Zhu X, Shen J, Feng S, Huang C, Liu Z, Sun YE, Liu H. Metformin improves cognition of aged mice by promoting cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17845-17862. [PMID: 32938817 PMCID: PMC7585073 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used drug for type 2 diabetes that is considered to have potential anti-aging effects. However, the beneficial effects of metformin in middle-aged normoglycemic mice are less explored. Here, we report that metformin treated by tail vein injection improved cognitive function of aged mice better than oral administration, which seem to show a dose-dependent manner. Correspondingly, long-term oral administration of metformin was associated with significant disability rates. Further, metformin restored cerebral blood flow and brain vascular density and promoted neurogenic potential of the subependymal zone/subventricular zone both in vivo and in vitro. RNA-Seq and q-PCR results indicated that metformin could enhance relative mRNA glycolysis expression in blood and hippocampal tissue, respectively. Mechanistically, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme in glycolysis pathway, may contribute to angiogenic and neurogenic potentials of NSCs. Interestingly, the relative GAPDH mRNA expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell was gradually decreased with aging. Meanwhile its expression level positively correlated with cognitive levels. Our results indicated that metformin represents a candidate pharmacological approach for recruitment of NSCs in aged mouse brain by enhancing glycolysis and promoting neurovascular generation, a strategy that might be of therapeutic value for anti-aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Junyan Shen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Ce Huang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
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32
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Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit in diabetes-related neurodegeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110656. [PMID: 32841897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In current aging societies, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases represented by Alzheimer's disease are highly prevalent among adults, especially the elderly all over the world. It is worth noting that a substantial body of evidence suggests diabetes contributes to accelerated neurodegenerative processes and the decline of cognition. Over the last few years, some studies have indicated neurovascular uncoupling and disrupted functional connectivity in the early stages of many neurodegenerative diseases, and the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) has been highlighted to understand the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases recently. Considering that some components of the NVU are also demonstrated to have abnormal morphology and function under the condition of diabetes, we propose the hypothesis that diabetes may promote the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases by impairing the integrity of the NVU, named Diabetes-NVU-Neurodegeneration Hypothesis. The existing body of literature supporting the hypothesis and elucidating the underlying mechanisms will be summarized in this review.
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33
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Zhao Y, Zhou X, Zhao X, Yu X, Wang A, Chen X, Qi H, Han TL, Zhang H, Baker PN. Metformin administration during pregnancy attenuated the long-term maternal metabolic and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of gestational diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14019-14036. [PMID: 32697764 PMCID: PMC7425475 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disease that can have long-term adverse effects on the cognitive function of mothers. In our study, we explored the changes in metabolic health and cognitive function in mice of middle- and old- age after exposure to GDM, and whether metformin therapy during pregnancy provided long-term benefits. Results: Mice with GDM demonstrated significant cognitive impairment in old age, which was associated with insulin resistance. Gestational metformin therapy was shown to increase insulin sensitivity and improve cognition. The ovarian aging rate was also accelerated in mice exposed to GDM during pregnancy, which may be related to fatty acid metabolism in the ovaries. Conclusion: Treatment with metformin during pregnancy was shown to improve fatty acid metabolism in ovarian tissues. Method: During pregnancy, mice were fed with a high-fat diet (GDM group) or a low-fat diet (Control group), and a third group received metformin while receiving a high-fat diet (Treatment group). At 12 months old, the mice completed an oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, Morris water maze test, female sex hormones were measured, and metabolite profiles of tissue from the ovaries, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Obstetrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Philip N Baker
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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The Modulatory Effect of Metformin on Ethanol-Induced Anxiety, Redox Imbalance, and Extracellular Matrix Levels in the Brains of Wistar Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1943-1961. [PMID: 32621100 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of metformin (MET) on alcohol-induced neurotoxicity in adult Wistar rats. The animals were randomized in four groups (n = 10): control, alcohol (ALC), ALC + MET, and MET. ALC (2 g/kg b.w.) and MET (200 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administered for 21 days, once daily. For the ALC + MET group, MET was administered 2 h after ALC treatment. On day 22, the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were performed. MET improved global activity and increased the time spent in unprotected open arms, decreased oxidative stress, both in the frontal lobe and in the hippocampus, and increased neuroglobin expression in the frontal cortex. Histopathologically, an increased neurosecretory activity in the frontal cortex in the ALC + MET group was noticed. Thus, our findings suggest that metformin has antioxidant and anxiolytic effects and may partially reverse the neurotoxic effects induced by ethanol.
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Chaudhari K, Wang J, Xu Y, Winters A, Wang L, Dong X, Cheng EY, Liu R, Yang SH. Determination of metformin bio-distribution by LC-MS/MS in mice treated with a clinically relevant paradigm. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234571. [PMID: 32525922 PMCID: PMC7289415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, an anti-diabetes drug, has been recently emerging as a potential “anti-aging” intervention based on its reported beneficial actions against aging in preclinical studies. Nonetheless, very few metformin studies using mice have determined metformin concentrations and many effects of metformin have been observed in preclinical studies using doses/concentrations that were not relevant to therapeutic levels in human. We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry protocol for metformin measurement in plasma, liver, brain, kidney, and muscle of mice. Young adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were voluntarily treated with metformin of 4 mg/ml in drinking water which translated to the maximum dose of 2.5 g/day in humans. A clinically relevant steady-state plasma metformin concentrations were achieved at 7 and 30 days after treatment in male and female mice. Metformin concentrations were slightly higher in muscle than in plasma, while, ~3 and 6-fold higher in the liver and kidney than in plasma, respectively. Low metformin concentration was found in the brain at ~20% of the plasma level. Furthermore, gender difference in steady-state metformin bio-distribution was observed. Our study established steady-state metformin levels in plasma, liver, muscle, kidney, and brain of normoglycemic mice treated with a clinically relevant dose, providing insight into future metformin preclinical studies for potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Pharmaceutical analysis core lab, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ali Winters
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linshu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Y. Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Metformin and cognition from the perspectives of sex, age, and disease. GeroScience 2020; 42:97-116. [PMID: 31897861 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the safest and the most widely prescribed first-line therapy for managing hyperglycemia due to different underlying causes, primarily type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to its euglycemic properties, metformin has stimulated a wave of clinical trials to investigate benefits on aging-related diseases and longevity. Such an impact on the lifespan extension would undoubtedly expand the therapeutic utility of metformin regardless of glycemic status. However, there is a scarcity of studies evaluating whether metformin has differential cognitive effects across age, sex, glycemic status, metformin dose, and duration of metformin treatment and associated pathological conditions. By scrutinizing the available literature on animal and human studies for metformin and brain function, we expect to shed light on the potential impact of metformin on cognition across age, sex, and pathological conditions. This review aims to provide readers with a broader insight of (a) how metformin differentially affects cognition and (b) why there is a need for more translational and clinical studies examining multifactorial interactions. The outcomes of such comprehensive studies will streamline precision medicine practices, avoiding "fit for all" approach, and optimizing metformin use for longevity benefit irrespective of hyperglycemia.
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