1
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Assimakopoulos SF, Bhagani S, Aggeletopoulou I, Tsounis EP, Tsochatzis EA. The role of gut barrier dysfunction in postoperative complications in liver transplantation: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Infection 2024; 52:723-736. [PMID: 38324146 PMCID: PMC11143052 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gut barrier dysfunction is a pivotal pathophysiological alteration in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease, which is further aggravated during and after the operational procedures for liver transplantation (LT). In this review, we analyze the multifactorial disruption of all major levels of defense of the gut barrier (biological, mechanical, and immunological) and correlate with clinical implications. METHODS A narrative review of the literature was performed using PubMed, PubMed Central and Google from inception until November 29th, 2023. RESULTS Systemic translocation of indigenous bacteria through this dysfunctional barrier contributes to the early post-LT infectious complications, while endotoxin translocation, through activation of the systemic inflammatory response, is implicated in non-infectious complications including renal dysfunction and graft rejection. Bacterial infections are the main cause of early in-hospital mortality of LT patients and unraveling the pathophysiology of gut barrier failure is of outmost importance. CONCLUSION A pathophysiology-based approach to prophylactic or therapeutic interventions may lead to enhancement of gut barrier function eliminating its detrimental consequences and leading to better outcomes for LT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios F Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Sanjay Bhagani
- Department of Infectious Diseases/HIV Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, UK
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2
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Watson BE, Miles JA, Moss MA. Human in vitro blood barrier models: architectures and applications. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2222628. [PMID: 37339009 PMCID: PMC11042067 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2222628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood barriers serve as key points of transport for essential molecules as well as lines of defense to protect against toxins. In vitro modeling of these barriers is common practice in the study of their physiology and related diseases. This review describes a common method of using an adaptable, low cost, semipermeable, suspended membrane to experimentally model three blood barriers in the human body: the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the gut-blood barrier (GBB), and the air-blood barrier (ABB). The GBB and ABB both protect from the outside environment, while the BBB protects the central nervous system from potential neurotoxic agents in the blood. These barriers share several commonalities, including the formation of tight junctions, polarized cellular monolayers, and circulatory system contact. Cell architectures used to mimic barrier anatomy as well as applications to study function, dysfunction, and response provide an overview of the versatility enabled by these cultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A. Miles
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univ of South Carolina, Columbia, SCUSA
| | - Melissa A. Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univ of South Carolina, Columbia, SCUSA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Univ of South Carolina, Columbia, SCUSA
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3
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Swanson GR, Garg K, Shaikh M, Keshavarzian A. Increased Intestinal Permeability and Decreased Resiliency of the Intestinal Barrier in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2024; 15:e00689. [PMID: 38334953 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Only 20%-30% of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) develop alcoholic liver disease (ALD). While the development of gut-derived endotoxemia is understood to be a required cofactor, increased intestinal permeability in ALD is not completely understood. METHODS We recruited 178 subjects-58 healthy controls (HCs), 32 with ALD, 53 with AUD but no liver disease (ALC), and 35 with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Intestinal permeability was assessed by a sugar cocktail as a percentage of oral dose. The permeability test was repeated after an aspirin challenge in a subset. RESULTS Five-hour urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio (primarily representing small intestinal permeability) was not statistically different in HC, ALC, ALD, and MASLD groups ( P = 0.40). Twenty-four-hour urinary sucralose (representing whole gut permeability) was increased in ALD ( F = 5.3, P < 0.01) and distinguished ALD from ALC; 24-hour sucralose/lactulose ratio (primarily representing colon permeability) separated the ALD group ( F = 10.2, P < 0.01) from the MASLD group. After aspirin challenge, intestinal permeability increased in all groups and ALD had the largest increase. DISCUSSION In a group of patients, we confirmed that (i) the ALD group has increased intestinal permeability compared with the HC, ALC, or MASLD group. In addition, because small bowel permeability (lactulose/mannitol ratio) is normal, the disruption of intestinal barrier seems to be primarily in the large intestine; (ii) decreased resiliency of intestinal barrier to injurious agents (such as NSAID) might be the mechanism for gut leak in subset of AUD who develop ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth R Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kanika Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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4
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Georgopoulou GA, Papasotiriou M, Bosgana P, de Lastic AL, Koufou EE, Papachristou E, Goumenos DS, Davlouros P, Kourea E, Zolota V, Thomopoulos K, Mouzaki A, Assimakopoulos SF. Altered Expression of Intestinal Tight Junctions in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pathogenetic Mechanism of Intestinal Hyperpermeability. Biomedicines 2024; 12:368. [PMID: 38397970 PMCID: PMC10887073 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated (as a cause or effect) with intestinal barrier dysfunction and increased gut permeability, with mechanisms not yet fully understood. This study investigated different parameters of the intestinal barrier in CKD patients, especially tight junction (TJ) proteins and their possible association with systemic endotoxemia and inflammation. METHODS Thirty-three patients with stage I-IV CKD (n = 17) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (n = 16) and 11 healthy controls underwent duodenal biopsy. Samples were examined histologically, the presence of CD3+ T-lymphocytes and the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the intestinal epithelium was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry, circulating endotoxin concentrations were determined by means of ELISA and the concentrations of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α in serum were measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS Patients with stage I-IV CKD or ESKD had significantly higher serum endotoxin, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels compared to controls. Intestinal occludin and claudin-1 were significantly decreased, and their expression was inversely correlated with systemic endotoxemia. Regarding occludin, a specific expression pattern was observed, with a gradually increasing loss of its expression from the crypt to the tip of the villi. CONCLUSION The expression of occludin and claudin-1 in enterocytes is significantly reduced in patients with CKD, contributing to systemic endotoxemia and inflammatory responses in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia-Andriana Georgopoulou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.-A.G.); (M.P.); (E.P.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Marios Papasotiriou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.-A.G.); (M.P.); (E.P.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Pinelopi Bosgana
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.B.); (E.K.); (V.Z.)
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.-L.d.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleni-Evangelia Koufou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (E.-E.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Evangelos Papachristou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.-A.G.); (M.P.); (E.P.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Dimitrios S. Goumenos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.-A.G.); (M.P.); (E.P.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Periklis Davlouros
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (E.-E.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Eleni Kourea
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.B.); (E.K.); (V.Z.)
| | - Vasiliki Zolota
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.B.); (E.K.); (V.Z.)
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.-L.d.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Chung HK, Xiao L, Han N, Chen J, Yao V, Cairns CM, Raufman B, Rao JN, Turner DJ, Kozar R, Gorospe M, Wang JY. Circular RNA Cdr1as inhibits proliferation and delays injury-induced regeneration of the intestinal epithelium. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e169716. [PMID: 38227372 PMCID: PMC11143936 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly expressed in the mammalian intestinal epithelium, but their functions remain largely unknown. Here, we identified the circRNA Cdr1as as a repressor of intestinal epithelial regeneration and defense. Cdr1as levels increased in mouse intestinal mucosa after colitis and septic stress, as well as in human intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. Ablation of the Cdr1as locus from the mouse genome enhanced renewal of the intestinal mucosa, promoted injury-induced epithelial regeneration, and protected the mucosa against colitis. We found approximately 40 microRNAs, including miR-195, differentially expressed between intestinal mucosa of Cdr1as-knockout (Cdr1as-/-) versus littermate mice. Increasing the levels of Cdr1as inhibited intestinal epithelial repair after wounding in cultured cells and repressed growth of intestinal organoids cultured ex vivo, but this inhibition was abolished by miR-195 silencing. The reduction in miR-195 levels in the Cdr1as-/- intestinal epithelium was the result of reduced stability and processing of the precursor miR-195. These findings indicate that Cdr1as reduces proliferation and repair of the intestinal epithelium at least in part via interaction with miR-195 and highlight a role for induced Cdr1as in the pathogenesis of unhealed wounds and disrupted renewal of the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Naomi Han
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivian Yao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Cairns
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Raufman
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaladanki N. Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas J. Turner
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemary Kozar
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kounis NG, Gogos C, de Gregorio C, Hung MY, Kounis SN, Tsounis EP, Assimakopoulos SF, Pourmasumi S, Mplani V, Servos G, Dousdampanis P, Plotas P, Michalaki MA, Tsigkas G, Grammatikopoulos G, Velissaris D, Koniar I. "When," "Where," and "How" of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Affects the Human Cardiovascular System: A Narrative Review. Balkan Med J 2024; 41:7-22. [PMID: 38173173 PMCID: PMC10767774 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2023-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several explanations for the development of cardiovascular complications during and after acute COVID-19 infection have been hypothesized. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has emerged as one of the deadliest pandemics in modern history. The myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients has been associated with coronary spasm, microthrombi formation, plaque rupture, hypoxic injury, or cytokine storm, which have the same pathophysiology as the three clinical variants of Kounis syndrome. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), reninaldosterone system (RAAS), and kinin-kallikrein system are the main proposed mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular complications with the COVID-19 infection. ACE receptors can be found in the heart, blood vessels, endothelium, lungs, intestines, testes, neurons, and other human body parts. SARS-CoV-2 directly invades the endothelial cells with ACE2 receptors and constitutes the main pathway through which the virus enters the endothelial cells. This causes angiotensin II accumulation downregulation of the ACE2 receptors, resulting in prothrombotic effects, such as hemostatic imbalance via activation of the coagulation cascade, impaired fibrinolysis, thrombin generation, vasoconstriction, endothelial and platelet activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The KKS system typically causes vasodilation and regulates tissue repair, inflammation, cell proliferation, and platelet aggregation, but SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs such counterbalancing effects. This cascade results in cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, cardiomyopathy, cytokine storm, heart failure, ischemic myocardial injuries, microvascular disease, Kounis syndrome, prolonged COVID, myocardial fibrosis, myocarditis, new-onset hypertension, pericarditis, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, Takotsubo syndrome, venous thromboembolism, and thrombocytopenia. In this narrative review, we describe and elucidate when, where, and how COVID-19 affects the human cardiovascular system in various parts of the human body that are vulnerable in every patient category, including children and athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Kounis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
| | - Christos Gogos
- Clinic of Cardiology, COVID-19 Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Pavlos Melas, Greece
| | - Cesare de Gregorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina Medical School, Messina, Italy
| | - Ming-Yow Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Efthymios P. Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
| | - Soheila Pourmasumi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Virginia Mplani
- Intensive Care Unit, Patras University Hospital, Rio, Greece
| | - George Servos
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athina, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
| | - Marina A. Michalaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Rio, Greece
| | - Grigorios Tsigkas
- Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Velissaris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koniar
- Electrophysiology and Device Department, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Bernardini C, La Mantia D, Forni M. Evaluation of the Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Primary Cultures of Pig Mammary Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2749:151-164. [PMID: 38133782 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3609-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A major feature of epithelial and endothelial cells is the creation of biological barriers able to protect the body against stressors that could compromise homeostasis. The ability to characterize biological barriers in vitro is an important study tool especially used for the intestinal barrier, the blood-brain barrier, and the lung barrier. The strength and integrity of biological barriers may be assessed by the measurement of the transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) that reflects the ionic conductance of the paracellular pathway. The TEER measurement is a quantitative, non-invasive, highly useful, and representative method that must be strictly standardized. Here we describe a quantitative protocol to assess the mammary epithelial barrier integrity by combining the TEER measurement with a test for studying the passage of the sodium fluorescein, that is, a hydrophilic paracellular marker. Being the swine species an excellent translational model, primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells, isolated from hybrid pig tissue collected at slaughterhouse, are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Debora La Mantia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Liu X, Jiang W, Lu G, Qiao T, Gao D, Zhang M, Cai H, Chai L, Yi W, Lv Z. The Potential Role of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone to Regulate Thyroid Function and Gut Microbiota Composition of Graves' Disease in Mice. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:443-460. [PMID: 38095308 PMCID: PMC10725160 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder disease, and its prevalence continues to increase worldwide. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a naturally antioxidant compound in milk, vegetables, and meat. We aim to identify the treatment efficacy of PQQ on GD and its regulatory effect on intestinal microbiota. The GD mice model was built by an adenovirus expressing autoantigen thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (Ad-TSHR289). Fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing after PQQ pretreatments (20, 40, or 60 mg/kg BW/day) for 4 weeks. Thyroid and intestine functions were measured. The levels of serum TSHR and T4 were significantly raised, and the thyroid gland size was typically enlarged in the GD group than in controls, reversed by PQQ therapy. After PQQ replenishment, IL6 and TNFα levels in small intestine tissues were lower than those in the GD group, with Nrf2 and HO1 levels improved. Also, the PQQ supplement could maintain the mucosal epithelial barrier impaired by GD. In microbial analyses, PQQ treatment could prompt the diversity recovery of gut microbiota and reconstruct the microbiota composition injured by GD. Lactobacillus served as the most abundant genus in all groups, and the abundance of Lactobacillus was increased in the GD group than in control and PQQ groups. Besides, Lactobacillus was highly correlative with all samples and the top 50 genera. PQQ supplementation regulates thyroid function and relieves intestine injury. PQQ changes the primary composition and abundance of GD's intestine microbiota by moderating Lactobacillus, which may exert in the pathogenesis and progression of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ganghua Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Qiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingwei Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haidong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanwan Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Dey P, Ray Chaudhuri S. The opportunistic nature of gut commensal microbiota. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:739-763. [PMID: 36256871 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2133987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of gut commensals has historically been associated with health-promoting effects despite the fact that the definition of good or bad microbiota remains condition-specific. The beneficial or pathogenic nature of microbiota is generally dictated by the dimensions of host-microbiota and microbe-microbe interactions. With the increasing popularity of gut microbiota in human health and disease, emerging evidence suggests opportunistic infections promoted by those gut bacteria that are generally considered beneficial. Therefore, the current review deals with the opportunistic nature of the gut commensals and aims to summarise the concepts behind the occasional commensal-to-pathogenic transformation of the gut microbes. Specifically, relevant clinical and experimental studies have been discussed on the overgrowth and bacteraemia caused by commensals. Three key processes and their underlying mechanisms have been summarised to be responsible for the opportunistic nature of commensals, viz. improved colonisation fitness that is dictated by commensal-pathogen interactions and availability of preferred nutrients; pathoadaptive mutations that can trigger the commensal-to-pathogen transformation; and evasion of host immune response as a survival and proliferation strategy of the microbes. Collectively, this review provides an updated concept summary on the underlying mechanisms of disease causative events driven by gut commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Zhao J, Zhao F, Yuan J, Liu H, Wang Y. Gut microbiota metabolites, redox status, and the related regulatory effects of probiotics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21431. [PMID: 38027795 PMCID: PMC10643359 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation. It is caused by excess levels of free radicals and leads to the damage of DNA, proteins, and lipids. The crucial role of gut microbiota in regulating oxidative stress has been widely demonstrated. Studies have suggested that the redox regulatory effects of gut microbiota are related to gut microbiota metabolites, including fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, tryptophan metabolites, trimethylamine-N-oxide and polyphenolic metabolites. In recent years, the potential benefits of probiotics have been gaining increasing scientific interest owing to their ability to modulate gut microbiota and oxidative stress. In this review, we summarise the adverse health effects of oxidative stress and discuss the role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in redox regulation. Based on the influence of gut microbiota metabolites, the roles of probiotics in preventing oxidative stress are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmeng Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
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11
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Abuqwider J, Di Porzio A, Barrella V, Gatto C, Sequino G, De Filippis F, Crescenzo R, Spagnuolo MS, Cigliano L, Mauriello G, Iossa S, Mazzoli A. Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 reverses gut metabolic dysfunction induced by Western diet in adult rats. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1236417. [PMID: 37908302 PMCID: PMC10613642 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1236417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria is an efficient and innovative new technique aimed at preserving bacterial survival in the hostile conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. However, understanding whether a microcapsule preserves the effectiveness of the bacterium contained within it is of fundamental importance. Methods Male Wistar rats aged 90 days were fed a control diet or a Western diet for 8 weeks, with rats fed the Western diet divided into three groups: one receiving the diet only (W), the second group receiving the Western diet and free L. reuteri DSM 17938 (WR), and the third group receiving the Western diet and microencapsulated L. reuteri DSM 17938 (WRM). After 8 weeks of treatment, gut microbiota composition was evaluated, together with occludin, one of the tight junction proteins, in the ileum and the colon. Markers of inflammation were also quantified in the portal plasma, ileum, and colon, as well as markers for gut redox homeostasis. Results The Western diet negatively influenced the intestinal microbiota, with no significant effect caused by supplementation with free and microencapsulated L. reuteri. However, L. reuteri, in both forms, effectively preserved the integrity of the intestinal barrier, thus protecting enterocytes from the development of inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusion From these whole data, it emerges that L. reuteri DSM 17938 can be an effective probiotic in preventing the unhealthy consequences of the Western diet, especially in the gut, and that microencapsulation preserves the probiotic effects, thus opening the formulation of new preparations to be able to improve gut function independent of dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Abuqwider
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Di Porzio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Barrella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristina Gatto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sequino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Stefania Spagnuolo
- Department of Bio-Agrofood Science, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, National Research Council Naples (CNR-ISPAAM), Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Cigliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mauriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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12
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Wang T, Zhou N, He J, Hao Z, Zhou C, Du Y, Du Z, Su X, Zhang M. Xylanase improves the intestinal barrier function of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with soybean (Glycine max) meal. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:86. [PMID: 37415202 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max) meal is one of the important protein sources for fish, but the non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in soybean meal impair the intestinal barrier function. Here we aimed to investigate whether xylanase can alleviate the adverse effects on the gut barrier induced by soybean meal in Nile tilapia and to explore the possible mechanism. RESULTS Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (4.09 ± 0.02 g) were fed with two diets including SM (soybean meal) and SMC (soybean meal + 3,000 U/kg xylanase) for 8 weeks. We characterized the effects of xylanase on the gut barrier, and the transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the underlying mechanism. Dietary xylanase improved intestinal morphology and decreased the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum. The results of transcriptome and Western blotting showed that dietary xylanase up-regulated the expression level of mucin2 (MUC2) which may be related to the inhibition of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (perk)/activating transcription factor 4 (atf4) signaling pathways. Microbiome analysis showed that addition of xylanase in soybean meal altered the intestinal microbiota composition and increased the concentration of butyric acid in the gut. Notably, dietary sodium butyrate was supplemented into the soybean meal diet to feed Nile tilapia, and the data verified that sodium butyrate mirrored the beneficial effects of xylanase. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, supplementation of xylanase in soybean meal altered the intestinal microbiota composition and increased the content of butyric acid which can repress the perk/atf4 signaling pathway and increase the expression of muc2 to enhance the gut barrier function of Nile tilapia. The present study reveals the mechanism by which xylanase improves the intestinal barrier, and it also provides a theoretical basis for the application of xylanase in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Nannan Zhou
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junyi He
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chentao Zhou
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yidi Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhenyu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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13
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Petrick JL, Florio AA, Zen J, Wang Y, Gewirtz AT, Pfeiffer RM, Loftus S, Inglefield J, Koshiol J, Yang B, Yu K, Hildesheim A, Chen CJ, Yang HI, Lee MH, McGlynn KA. Biomarkers of gut barrier dysfunction and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the REVEAL-HBV and REVEAL-HCV cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:44-53. [PMID: 36878686 PMCID: PMC10548479 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut barrier dysfunction can result in the liver being exposed to an elevated level of gut-derived bacterial products via portal circulation. Growing evidence suggests that systemic exposure to these bacterial products promotes liver diseases including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, prospective studies have not examined the association between biomarkers of gut barrier dysfunction and HCC risk in a population of hepatitis B or C viral (HBV/HCV) carriers. We investigated whether prediagnostic, circulating biomarkers of gut barrier dysfunction were associated with HCC risk, using the Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer (REVEAL)-HBV and REVEAL-HCV cohorts from Taiwan. REVEAL-HBV included 185 cases and 161 matched controls, and REVEAL-HCV 96 cases and 96 matched controls. The biomarkers quantitated were immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin, soluble CD14 (an LPS coreceptor), and LPS-binding protein (LBP). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between biomarker levels and HCC were calculated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. A doubling of the circulating levels of antiflagellin IgA or LBP was associated with a 76% to 93% increased risk of HBV-related HCC (OR per one unit change in log2 antiflagellin IgA = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.06-2.93; OR for LBP = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.10-3.38). None of the other markers were associated with an increased risk of HBV-related or HCV-related HCC. Results were similar when cases diagnosed in the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded. Our findings contribute to understanding the interplay of gut barrier dysfunction and primary liver cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea A. Florio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane Zen
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Applied Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Loftus
- Applied Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jon Inglefield
- Applied Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baiyu Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Bester A, O'Brien M, Cotter PD, Dam S, Civai C. Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Revealed the Prebiotic Potential of a Fruit Juice Drink with Fermentable Fibres in Healthy Humans. Foods 2023; 12:2480. [PMID: 37444219 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibre-based dietary interventions are at the forefront of gut microbiome modulation research, with a wealth of 16S rRNA information to demonstrate the prebiotic effects of isolated fibres. However, there is a distinct lack of data relating to the effect of a combination of soluble and insoluble fibres in a convenient-to-consume fruit juice food matrix on gut microbiota structure, diversity, and function. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of the MOJU Prebiotic Shot, an apple, lemon, ginger, and raspberry fruit juice drink blend containing chicory inulin, baobab, golden kiwi, and green banana powders, on gut microbiota structure and function. Healthy adults (n = 20) were included in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, receiving 60 mL MOJU Prebiotic Shot or placebo (without the fibre mix) for 3 weeks with a 3-week washout period between interventions. Shotgun metagenomics revealed significant between-group differences in alpha and beta diversity. In addition, the relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Desulfobacteria was significantly increased as a result of the prebiotic intervention. Nine species were observed to be differentially abundant (uncorrected p-value of <0.05) as a result of the prebiotic treatment. Of these, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and CAG-81 sp900066785 (Lachnospiraceae) were present at increased abundance relative to baseline. Additionally, KEGG analysis showed an increased abundance in pathways associated with arginine biosynthesis and phenylacetate degradation during the prebiotic treatment. Our results show the effects of the daily consumption of 60 mL MOJU Prebiotic Shot for 3 weeks and provide insight into the functional potential of B. adolescentis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri Bester
- London Agri Food Innovation Clinic (LAFIC), School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Civai
- London Agri Food Innovation Clinic (LAFIC), School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
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15
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Ni Y, Nan S, Zheng L, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Fu Z. Time-dependent effect of REV-ERBα agonist SR9009 on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and gut microbiota in mice. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:769-782. [PMID: 37161366 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2207649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and the target pathways of many NASH candidate drugs are controlled by the circadian clock. However, the application of chronopharmacology in NASH is little considered currently. Here, the time-dependent effect of REV-ERBα agonist SR9009 on diet-induced NASH and microbiota was investigated. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (CL) for 12 weeks to induce NASH and then treated with SR9009 either at Zeitgeber time 0 (ZT0) or ZT12 for another 6 weeks. Pharmacological activation of REV-ERBα by SR9009 alleviated hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, liver inflammation, and fibrosis in CL diet-induced NASH mice. These effects were accompanied by improved gut barrier function and altered microbial composition and function in NASH mice, and the effect tended to be stronger when SR9009 was injected at ZT0. Moreover, SR9009 treatment at different time points resulted in a marked difference in the composition of the microbiota, with a stronger effect on the enrichment of beneficial bacteria and the diminishment of harmful bacteria when SR9009 was administrated at ZT0. Therefore, the time-dependent effect of REV-ERBα agonist on NASH was partly associated with the microbiota, highlighting the potential role of microbiota in the chronopharmacology of NASH and the possibility of discovering new therapeutic strategies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujie Nan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujie Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqian Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Gut microbial modulation by culinary herbs and spices. Food Chem 2023; 409:135286. [PMID: 36599291 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Culinary herbs and spices have previously been recognised for their potential impact on health through antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. They may also be promotors of positive microbial modulation by stimulating beneficial gut bacteria during fermentation, increasing the production of short chain fatty acids and thereby exhibiting a prebiotic effect. In the present paper, current literature around herb and spice consumption, gut microbiota modulation and prospective health benefits were reviewed. Herb and spice consumption can positively modulate gut microbes and possibly play an important role in inflammation related afflictions such as obesity. Current literature indicates that few human studies have been conducted to confirm the impact of herb and spice consumption on gut microbiota in connection with prospective health outcomes and inconsistencies in conclusions therefore remain.
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17
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Chen X, de Vos P. Structure-function relationship and impact on the gut-immune barrier function of non-digestible carbohydrates and human milk oligosaccharides applicable for infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37035930 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2199072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) in mothers' milk play a crucial role in guiding the colonization of microbiota and gut-immune barrier development in infants. Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as synthetic single hMOs, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), inulin-type fructans and pectin oligomers have been added to infant formula to substitute some hMOs' functions. HMOs and NDCs can modulate the gut-immune barrier, which is a multiple-layered functional unit consisting of microbiota, a mucus layer, gut epithelium, and the immune system. There is increasing evidence that the structures of the complex polysaccharides may influence their efficacy in modulating the gut-immune barrier. This review focuses on the role of different structures of individual hMOs and commonly applied NDCs in infant formulas in (i) direct regulation of the gut-immune barrier in a microbiota-independent manner and in (ii) modulation of microbiota composition and microbial metabolites of these polysaccharides in a microbiota-dependent manner. Both have been shown to be essential for guiding the development of an adequate immune barrier, but the effects are very dependent on the structural features of hMO or NDC. This knowledge might lead to tailored infant formulas for specific target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Chen
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Tsounis EP, Triantos C, Konstantakis C, Marangos M, Assimakopoulos SF. Intestinal barrier dysfunction as a key driver of severe COVID-19. World J Virol 2023; 12:68-90. [PMID: 37033148 PMCID: PMC10075050 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal lumen harbors a diverse consortium of microorganisms that participate in reciprocal crosstalk with intestinal immune cells and with epithelial and endothelial cells, forming a multi-layered barrier that enables the efficient absorption of nutrients without an excessive influx of pathogens. Despite being a lung-centered disease, severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects multiple systems, including the gastrointestinal tract and the pertinent gut barrier function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can inflict either direct cytopathic injury to intestinal epithelial and endothelial cells or indirect immune-mediated damage. Alternatively, SARS-CoV-2 undermines the structural integrity of the barrier by modifying the expression of tight junction proteins. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 induces profound alterations to the intestinal microflora at phylogenetic and metabolomic levels (dysbiosis) that are accompanied by disruption of local immune responses. The ensuing dysregulation of the gut-lung axis impairs the ability of the respiratory immune system to elicit robust and timely responses to restrict viral infection. The intestinal vasculature is vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial injury, which simultaneously triggers the activation of the innate immune and coagulation systems, a condition referred to as “immunothrombosis” that drives severe thrombotic complications. Finally, increased intestinal permeability allows an aberrant dissemination of bacteria, fungi, and endotoxin into the systemic circulation and contributes, to a certain degree, to the over-exuberant immune responses and hyper-inflammation that dictate the severe form of COVID-19. In this review, we aim to elucidate SARS-CoV-2-mediated effects on gut barrier homeostasis and their implications on the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Christos Konstantakis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Stelios F Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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19
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Sabaté Del Río J, Ro J, Yoon H, Park TE, Cho YK. Integrated technologies for continuous monitoring of organs-on-chips: Current challenges and potential solutions. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 224:115057. [PMID: 36640548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are biomimetic in vitro systems based on microfluidic cell cultures that recapitulate the in vivo physicochemical microenvironments and the physiologies and key functional units of specific human organs. These systems are versatile and can be customized to investigate organ-specific physiology, pathology, or pharmacology. They are more physiologically relevant than traditional two-dimensional cultures, can potentially replace the animal models or reduce the use of these models, and represent a unique opportunity for the development of personalized medicine when combined with human induced pluripotent stem cells. Continuous monitoring of important quality parameters of OoCs via a label-free, non-destructive, reliable, high-throughput, and multiplex method is critical for assessing the conditions of these systems and generating relevant analytical data; moreover, elaboration of quality predictive models is required for clinical trials of OoCs. Presently, these analytical data are obtained by manual or automatic sampling and analyzed using single-point, off-chip traditional methods. In this review, we describe recent efforts to integrate biosensing technologies into OoCs for monitoring the physiologies, functions, and physicochemical microenvironments of OoCs. Furthermore, we present potential alternative solutions to current challenges and future directions for the application of artificial intelligence in the development of OoCs and cyber-physical systems. These "smart" OoCs can learn and make autonomous decisions for process optimization, self-regulation, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sabaté Del Río
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Ro
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Eleftheriotis G, Tsounis EP, Aggeletopoulou I, Dousdampanis P, Triantos C, Mouzaki A, Marangos M, Assimakopoulos SF. Alterations in gut immunological barrier in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129190. [PMID: 37006316 PMCID: PMC10050566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily associated with mild respiratory symptoms, a subset of patients may develop more complicated disease with systemic complications and multiple organ injury. The gastrointestinal tract may be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 or secondarily affected by viremia and the release of inflammatory mediators that cause viral entry from the respiratory epithelium. Impaired intestinal barrier function in SARS-CoV-2 infection is a key factor leading to excessive microbial and endotoxin translocation, which triggers a strong systemic immune response and leads to the development of viral sepsis syndrome with severe sequelae. Multiple components of the gut immune system are affected, resulting in a diminished or dysfunctional gut immunological barrier. Antiviral peptides, inflammatory mediators, immune cell chemotaxis, and secretory immunoglobulins are important parameters that are negatively affected in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucosal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Th17 cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages are activated, and the number of regulatory T cells decreases, promoting an overactivated immune response with increased expression of type I and III interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines. The changes in the immunologic barrier could be promoted in part by a dysbiotic gut microbiota, through commensal-derived signals and metabolites. On the other hand, the proinflammatory intestinal environment could further compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelium by promoting enterocyte apoptosis and disruption of tight junctions. This review summarizes the changes in the gut immunological barrier during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Eleftheriotis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efthymios P. Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Periklis Dousdampanis
- Department of Renal Diseases, “Agios Andreas” Patras State General Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- *Correspondence: Stelios F. Assimakopoulos,
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21
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Crosstalk between Resveratrol and Gut Barrier: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315279. [PMID: 36499603 PMCID: PMC9739931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-based nutraceuticals are receiving increasing interest in recent time. The high attraction to the phytochemicals is associated with their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which can lead to reduced risk of the development of cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases. One of the most disseminated groups of plant bioactives are phenolic compounds. It was recently hypothesized that phenolic compounds can have the ability to improve the functioning of the gut barrier. The available studies showed that one of the polyphenols, resveratrol, has great potential to improve the integrity of the gut barrier. Very promising results have been obtained with in vitro and animal models. Still, more clinical trials must be performed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on the gut barrier, especially in individuals with increased intestinal permeability. Moreover, the interplay between phenolic compounds, intestinal microbiota and gut barrier should be carefully evaluated in the future. Therefore, this review offers an overview of the current knowledge about the interaction between polyphenols with a special emphasis on resveratrol and the gut barrier, summarizes the available methods to evaluate the intestinal permeability, discusses the current research gaps and proposes the directions for future studies in this research area.
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Jendraszak M, Gałęcka M, Kotwicka M, Schwiertz A, Regdos A, Pazgrat-Patan M, Andrusiewicz M. Impact of Biometric Patient Data, Probiotic Supplementation, and Selected Gut Microorganisms on Calprotectin, Zonulin, and sIgA Concentrations in the Stool of Adults Aged 18-74 Years. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121781. [PMID: 36551209 PMCID: PMC9775524 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the intestinal barrier may be involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. The diagnosis of mucosal barrier disruption has become a new therapeutic target for disease prevention. The aim of this study was to determine whether various patient demographic and biometric data, often not included in diagnostic analyses, may affect calprotectin, zonulin, and sIgA biomarker values. Stool markers' levels in 160 samples were measured colorimetrically. The analysis of twenty key bacteria (15 genera and 5 species) was carried out on the basis of diagnostic tests, including cultures and molecular tests. The concentrations of selected markers were within reference ranges for most patients. The sIgA level was significantly lower in participants declaring probiotics supplementation (p = 0.0464). We did not observe differences in gastrointestinal discomfort in participants. We found significant differences in the sIgA level between the 29-55 years and >55 years age-related intervals groups (p = 0.0191), together with a significant decreasing trend (p = 0.0337) in age-dependent sIgA concentration. We observed complex interdependencies and relationships between their microbiota and the analyzed biomarkers. For correct clinical application, standardized values of calprotectin and sIgA should be determined, especially in elderly patients. We observed a correlation between the composition of the gut community and biomarker levels, although it requires further in-depth analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jendraszak
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Mirosław Andrusiewicz
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (M.A.)
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The vermiform cecal appendix, expendable or essential? A narrative review. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2022; 38:570-576. [PMID: 36165025 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The vermiform cecal appendix is a small thin pouch-like tube of intestinal tissue situated in the lower right abdomen. It is attached at the junction of the large intestine between the ascending colon and small intestine. Historically, the appendix has been labeled redundant with no significant function, a remnant of evolution. This idea was thought to represent a function that may have been critical for survival that became nonsignificant over time. Evolutionary biologists deemed it to be a vestigial organ that early in human evolution was a dedicated organ that was useful and exploited by herbivorous ancestors. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, the vermiform cecal appendix has generated significant renewed research interest. As such it has been reported to present a site with a high concentration of lymphoid tissue and a biofilm microbiome that approximately mirrors that which is found in the large bowel. SUMMARY Research suggests that the vermiform cecal appendix may be the site of a safe-house biofilm that could re-inoculate the large bowel. Given that the appendix has no known role in digestion, the network of lymphoid tissue and microbiome could constitute an initial site of bacterial translocations that can influence early life ontology and immunological tolerance. A dysbiotic microbiome in the appendix is posited to trigger inflammatory sequelae.
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Yu TX, Kalakonda S, Liu X, Han N, Chung HK, Xiao L, Rao JN, He TC, Raufman JP, Wang JY. Long noncoding RNA uc.230/CUG-binding protein 1 axis sustains intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to tissue injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156612. [PMID: 36214222 PMCID: PMC9675575 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial integrity is commonly disrupted in patients with critical disorders, but the exact underlying mechanisms are unclear. Long noncoding RNAs transcribed from ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) control different cell functions and are involved in pathologies. Here, we investigated the role of T-UCRs in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and identified T-UCR uc.230 as a major regulator of epithelial renewal, apoptosis, and barrier function. Compared with controls, intestinal mucosal tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis and from mice with colitis or fasted for 48 hours had increased levels of uc.230. Silencing uc.230 inhibited the growth of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and organoids and caused epithelial barrier dysfunction. Silencing uc.230 also increased IEC vulnerability to apoptosis, whereas increasing uc.230 levels protected IECs against cell death. In mice with colitis, reduced uc.230 levels enhanced mucosal inflammatory injury and delayed recovery. Mechanistic studies revealed that uc.230 increased CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) by acting as a natural decoy RNA for miR-503, which interacts with Cugbp1 mRNA and represses its translation. These findings indicate that uc.230 sustains intestinal mucosal homeostasis by promoting epithelial renewal and barrier function and that it protects IECs against apoptosis by serving as a natural sponge for miR-503, thereby preserving CUGBP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xi Yu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sudhakar Kalakonda
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiangzheng Liu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Naomi Han
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hee K. Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaladanki N. Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine and
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Simanenkov V, Maev I, Tkacheva O, Alekseenko S, Andreev D, Bakulina N, Bakulin I, Bordin D, Vlasov T, Vorobyeva N, Grinevich V, Gubonina I, Drobizhev M, Efremov N, Karateev A, Kotovskaya Y, Kravchuk I, Krivoborodov G, Kulchavenya E, Lila A, Maevskaya M, Nekrasova A, Poluektova E, Popkova T, Sablin O, Solovyeva O, Suvorov A, Tarasova G, Trukhan D, Fedotova A. Epithelial protective therapy in comorbid diseases. Practical Guidelines for Physicians. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:940-956. [PMID: 36286974 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.08.201523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2021 the first multidisciplinary National Consensus on the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of Increased Epithelial Permeability Syndrome was published. The proposed guidelines are developed on the basis of this Consensus, by the same team of experts. Twenty-eight Practical Guidelines for Physicians statements were adopted by the Expert Council using the "delphic" method. Such main groups of epithelial protective drugs as proton pump inhibitors, bismuth drugs and probiotics are discussed in these Guidelines from the positions of evidence-based medicine. The clinical and pharmacological characteristics of such a universal epithelial protector as rebamipide, acting at the preepithelial, epithelial and subepithelial levels, throughout gastrointestinal tract, are presented in detail.
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Abstract
To date, much of the focus of gut-brain axis research has been on gut microbiota regulation of anxiety and stress-related behaviors. Much less attention has been directed to potential connections between gut microbiota and compulsive behavior. Here, we discuss a potential link between gut barrier dysfunction and compulsive behavior that is mediated through "type 2" rather than "type 1" inflammation. We examine connections between compulsive behavior and type 2 inflammation in Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Next, we discuss potential connections between gut barrier dysfunction, type 2 inflammation, and compulsive behavior. We posit a potential mechanism whereby gut barrier dysfunction-associated type 2 inflammation may drive compulsive behavior through histamine regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exploiting the greater accessibility of the gut relative to the brain in identifying targets to treat compulsive behavior disorders.
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Abstract
The study of epithelial barrier properties in the human body is of paramount interest to a range of disciplines, including disease modeling, drug transport studies, toxicology, developmental biology, and regenerative biology. Current day in vitro studies largely rely on growing epithelial cells in a static environment on membrane cell culture inserts. With the advancement of microfluidic and organ-on-a-chip techniques it became possible to culture 3D intestinal tubules directly against an extracellular matrix (ECM) under flow and without the need for artificial membranes. Here we describe detailed protocols for culturing epithelial tubules in a high-throughput format, assessing their permeability and marker expression. The platform harbors 40 independent microfluidic chips in a microtiter plate format. The resulting 40 epithelial tubules are analyzed in parallel using a high-content microscopy. Protocols described here allow for adoption and routine application of microfluidic techniques by nonspecialized end-users.
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Feng V, Bawa KK, Marzolini S, Kiss A, Oh P, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Gallagher D. Impact of 12-week exercise program on biomarkers of gut barrier integrity in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260165. [PMID: 34797867 PMCID: PMC8604291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breakdown of gut barrier integrity has been associated with inflammatory activation and is implicated in the etiology of several chronic medical conditions. Acute exercise is known to increase gut barrier permeability but the impact of chronic exercise is not clear. Most studies to date have examined how acute exercise impacts gut barrier integrity in healthy adults, while few studies have examined the impact of chronic exercise in older adults with comorbidities. We aim to investigate the impact of a 12-week program of aerobic and resistance training on biomarkers of gut barrier integrity in a sample of older adults with coronary artery disease. Methods Participants were adults with coronary artery disease undergoing a moderate-intensity 12-week cardiac rehabilitation exercise program. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and study termination. Serum levels of biomarkers of gut barrier integrity (zonulin and fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2)) were measured by ELISA. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) at study start & completion. Data analyses were performed using SPSS software version 24.0. Results Among study participants (n = 41, 70% male, age = 62.7± 9.35) we found a significant negative association between baseline FABP2 levels and baseline VO2peak in a multiple linear regression model adjusting for covariates (B = -0.3, p = 0.009). Over the course of the exercise program an increase in VO2peak (≥ 5 mL/kg/min) was independently associated with a relative decrease in FABP2 (B = -0.45, p = 0.018) after controlling for medical covariates. Conclusion Our findings indicate that an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness during a 12-week exercise program resulted in a relative improvement in a biomarker of gut barrier integrity. This indicates a potential mechanism by which longer term exercise may improve gut barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Feng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kritleen K. Bawa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Marzolini
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, East York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Oh
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista L. Lanctôt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, East York, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damien Gallagher
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Dey P, Chaudhuri SR, Efferth T, Pal S. The intestinal 3M (microbiota, metabolism, metabolome) zeitgeist - from fundamentals to future challenges. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:265-285. [PMID: 34610364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestine in human health and disease has historically been neglected and was mostly attributed to digestive and absorptive functions. In the past two decades, however, discoveries related to human nutrition and intestinal host-microbe reciprocal interaction have established the essential role of intestinal health in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases and the overall wellbeing. That transfer of gut microbiota could be a means of disease phenotype transfer has revolutionized our understanding of chronic disease pathogenesis. This narrative review highlights the major concepts related to intestinal microbiota, metabolism, and metabolome (3M) that have facilitated our fundamental understanding of the association between the intestine, and human health and disease. In line with increased interest of microbiota-dependent modulation of human health by dietary phytochemicals, we have also discussed the emerging concepts beyond the phytochemical bioactivities which emphasizes the integral role of microbial metabolites of parent phytochemicals at extraintestinal tissues. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and future prospects in defining the 3M interactions and has emphasized the fact that, it takes 'guts' to stay healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sirshendu Pal
- Mukherjee Hospital, Mitra's Clinic and Nursing Home, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Xiao L, Ma XX, Luo J, Chung HK, Kwon MS, Yu TX, Rao JN, Kozar R, Gorospe M, Wang JY. Circular RNA CircHIPK3 Promotes Homeostasis of the Intestinal Epithelium by Reducing MicroRNA 29b Function. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1303-1317.e3. [PMID: 34116030 PMCID: PMC8463477 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs that form covalently closed circles. Although circRNAs influence many biological processes, little is known about their role in intestinal epithelium homeostasis. We surveyed circRNAs required to maintain intestinal epithelial integrity and identified circular homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3 (circHIPK3) as a major regulator of intestinal epithelial repair after acute injury. METHODS Intestinal mucosal tissues were collected from mice exposed to cecal ligation and puncture for 48 hours and patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis. We isolated primary enterocytes from the small intestine of mice and derived intestinal organoids. The levels of circHIPK3 were silenced in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by transfection with small interfering RNAs targeting the circularization junction of circHIPK3 or elevated using a plasmid vector that overexpressed circHIPK3. Intestinal epithelial repair was examined in an in vitro injury model by removing part of the monolayer. The association of circHIPK3 with microRNA 29b (miR-29b) was determined by biotinylated RNA pull-down assays. RESULTS Genome-wide profile analyses identified ∼300 circRNAs, including circHIPK3, differentially expressed in the intestinal mucosa of mice after cecal ligation and puncture relative to sham mice. Intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis had reduced levels of circHIPK3. Increasing the levels of circHIPK3 enhanced intestinal epithelium repair after wounding, whereas circHIPK3 silencing repressed epithelial recovery. CircHIPK3 silencing also inhibited growth of IECs and intestinal organoids, and circHIPK3 overexpression promoted intestinal epithelium renewal in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that circHIPK3 directly bound to miR-29b and inhibited miR-29 activity, thus increasing expression of Rac1, Cdc42, and cyclin B1 in IECs after wounding. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice, IECs, and human tissues, our results indicate that circHIPK3 improves repair of the intestinal epithelium at least in part by reducing miR-29b availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiang-Xue Ma
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jason Luo
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hee K Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Min S Kwon
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ting-Xi Yu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jaladanki N Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosemary Kozar
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Pyrroloquinoline-Quinone Is More Than an Antioxidant: A Vitamin-like Accessory Factor Important in Health and Disease Prevention. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101441. [PMID: 34680074 PMCID: PMC8533503 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is associated with biological processes such as mitochondriogenesis, reproduction, growth, and aging. In addition, PQQ attenuates clinically relevant dysfunctions (e.g., those associated with ischemia, inflammation and lipotoxicity). PQQ is novel among biofactors that are not currently accepted as vitamins or conditional vitamins. For example, the absence of PQQ in diets produces a response like a vitamin-related deficiency with recovery upon PQQ repletion in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, potential health benefits, such as improved metabolic flexibility and immuno-and neuroprotection, are associated with PQQ supplementation. Here, we address PQQ's role as an enzymatic cofactor or accessory factor and highlight mechanisms underlying PQQ's actions. We review both large scale and targeted datasets demonstrating that a neonatal or perinatal PQQ deficiency reduces mitochondria content and mitochondrial-related gene expression. Data are reviewed that suggest PQQ's modulation of lactate acid and perhaps other dehydrogenases enhance NAD+-dependent sirtuin activity, along with the sirtuin targets, such as PGC-1α, NRF-1, NRF-2 and TFAM; thus, mediating mitochondrial functions. Taken together, current observations suggest vitamin-like PQQ has strong potential as a potent therapeutic nutraceutical.
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Jana UK, Kango N, Pletschke B. Hemicellulose-Derived Oligosaccharides: Emerging Prebiotics in Disease Alleviation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:670817. [PMID: 34386513 PMCID: PMC8353096 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.670817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota in the human body is an important component that plays a pivotal role in the ability of the host to prevent diseases and recover from these diseases. If the human microbiome changes for any reason, it affects the overall functioning of the host. Healthy and vigorous gut microbiota require dietary fiber supplementation. Recently, oligosaccharides have been found to play a significant role in the modulation of microbiota. Several such oligosaccharides, i.e., xylooligosaccharides (XOS), mannooligosaccharides (MOS), and arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXOS), are derived from hemicellulosic macromolecules such as xylan, mannan, and arabino-xylan, respectively. These oligosaccharides serve as substrates for the probiotic production of health-promoting substances (short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids etc.), which confer a variety of health benefits, including the prevention of some dreaded diseases. Among hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides (HDOs), XOS have been largely explored, whereas, studies on MOS and AXOS are currently underway. HDOs, upon ingestion, help reduce morbidities by lowering populations of harmful or pathogenic bacteria. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly utilized for the uptake of oligosaccharides in probiotics. Butyrate generated by the selective fermentation of oligosaccharides, along with other short-chain fatty acids, reduces gut inflammation. Overall, oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses show a similar potential as conventional prebiotics and can be supplemented as functional foods. This review summarizes the role of HDOs in the alleviation of autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease), diabetes, urinary tract infection, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the modulation of the gut microbiota. The mechanism of oligosaccharide utilization and disease mitigation is also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Kumar Jana
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Brett Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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Assimakopoulos SF, Mastronikolis S, DE Lastic AL, Aretha D, Papageorgiou D, Chalkidi T, Oikonomou I, Triantos C, Mouzaki A, Marangos M. Intestinal Barrier Biomarker ZO1 and Endotoxin Are Increased in Blood of Patients With COVID-19-associated Pneumonia. In Vivo 2021; 35:2483-2488. [PMID: 34182534 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The present study was undertaken to investigate (i) whether hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia present intestinal barrier dysfunction with consequent translocation of endotoxin into the systemic circulation and (ii) whether intestinal barrier biomarkers have any prognostic role in terms of progression to severe respiratory failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 22 patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia and 19 patients with non-COVID-19-related community-acquired pneumonia (CAP group) were studied while 12 healthy persons comprised the control group. Blood samples were collected on admission and analysed for serum levels of endotoxin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO1). Clinical courses regarding progression to severe respiratory failure (SRF) requiring mechanical ventilation were recorded. RESULTS Patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia and patients with CAP presented significantly higher serum endotoxin and ZO1 concentrations on admission as compared to healthy controls. There was no difference in endotoxin levels between patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia and patients with CAP. In patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia, serum endotoxin concentrations were positively correlated with C-reactive protein and ferritin values. There were no significant differences in serum endotoxin and ZO1 concentrations between patients with severe and not severe COVID-19-related pneumonia, nor between patients who developed SRF and those who did not Conclusion: Patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia present intestinal barrier dysfunction leading to systemic endotoxemia. Admission values of endotoxin and ZO1 do not have any prognostic role for progression to SRF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne-Lise DE Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Diamanto Aretha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Papageorgiou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Theodora Chalkidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioanna Oikonomou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
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Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Vega-Bautista A, Pacheco-Yépez J, Drago-Serrano ME. Intestinal Homeostasis under Stress Siege. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105095. [PMID: 34065791 PMCID: PMC8150578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis encompasses a complex and balanced interplay among a wide array of components that collaborate to maintain gut barrier integrity. The appropriate function of the gut barrier requires the mucus layer, a sticky cushion of mucopolysaccharides that overlays the epithelial cell surface. Mucus plays a critical anti-inflammatory role by preventing direct contact between luminal microbiota and the surface of the epithelial cell monolayer. Moreover, mucus is enriched with pivotal effectors of intestinal immunity, such as immunoglobulin A (IgA). A fragile and delicate equilibrium that supports proper barrier function can be disturbed by stress. The impact of stress upon intestinal homeostasis results from neuroendocrine mediators of the brain-gut axis (BGA), which comprises a nervous branch that includes the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as an endocrine branch of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This review is the first to discuss the experimental animal models that address the impact of stress on components of intestinal homeostasis, with special emphasis on intestinal mucus and IgA. Basic knowledge from animal models provides the foundations of pharmacologic and immunological interventions to control disturbances associated with conditions that are exacerbated by emotional stress, such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (F.G.-M.); (A.V.-B.)
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, CP 11340 Mexico City, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (M.E.D.-S.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62743) (M.G.-V.); +52-55-5483-7000 (ext. 3624) (M.E.D.-S.)
| | - Alan Vega-Bautista
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (F.G.-M.); (A.V.-B.)
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, CP 11340 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (F.G.-M.); (A.V.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (M.E.D.-S.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62743) (M.G.-V.); +52-55-5483-7000 (ext. 3624) (M.E.D.-S.)
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Lin S, Mukherjee S, Li J, Hou W, Pan C, Liu J. Mucosal immunity-mediated modulation of the gut microbiome by oral delivery of probiotics into Peyer's patches. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/20/eabf0677. [PMID: 33980483 PMCID: PMC8115924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Methods capable of maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis to prevent bacterial translocation and infection under external threats are critical for multiple facets of human health but have been rarely reported. Here, we describe the elicitation of mucosal immunity to modulate the gut microbiota by oral delivery of living probiotics into Peyer's patches. Probiotics are individually camouflaged within a yeast membrane, on which the embedded β-glucan can facilitate the phagocytosis of microfold cells that locate in the intestinal epithelium. The delivery of probiotics into lymphoid follicles after oral ingestion promotes robust mucosal immune responses and notably upgrades the production of secretory immunoglobulin A. The provoked immunity positively regulates the gut microflora, which, in turn, retains gut homeostasis and provides defense against environmental attacks. In two murine models of gut barrier impairment, oral administration with camouflaged probiotics effectively prevents the breakdown of intestinal barrier and evidences limited bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Subhajit Mukherjee
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiliang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Altomare A, Gori M, Cocca S, Carotti S, Francesconi M, Ribolsi M, Emerenziani S, Perrone G, Morini S, Cicala M, Guarino MPL. Impaired Colonic Contractility and Intestinal Permeability in Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 27:292-301. [PMID: 33594008 PMCID: PMC8026365 DOI: 10.5056/jnm20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Impaired intestinal motility seems to play a crucial role in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD), although the mechanism is not clear. The aim of the present study is to explore the contractility patterns of colonic smooth muscle strips (MS) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and to assess mucosal integrity in SUDD patients. Methods MS or SMCs were isolated from specimens of human distal colon of 18 patients undergoing surgery for non-obstructive colonic cancer, among them 9 with SUDD. Spontaneous phasic contractions on strips and morpho-functional parameters on cells were evaluated in basal conditions and in response to acetylcholine (ACh). Mucosal integrity of SUDD colonic biopsies was evaluated by the Ussing Chamber system. Immunohistochemical staining for tight junction protein complex and for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was performed. Results Colonic MS of SUDD group showed a significant reduced basal tone and ACh-elicited contraction, compared to the control group (9.5 g and 47.0% in the SUDD group; 14.16 g and 69.0% in the control group; P < 0.05). SMCs of SUDD group showed a maximal contractile response to ACh significantly reduced compared to control group (8.8% vs 16.5%, P < 0.05). SUDD patients displayed lower transepithelial electrical resistance and increased paracellular permeability compared to control group. Immunohistochemical expression of TLR4 was not different in both groups, while tight junction protein complex expression was lower in SUDD patients compared to control group patients. Conclusion It could be hypothesized that in SUDD, in absence of severe inflammation, an increased intestinal mucosal permeability is related to altered colonic motility probably responsible for symptoms genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuele Gori
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cocca
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Predictive Molecular Diagnostic Division, Department of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Francesconi
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Emerenziani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perrone
- Predictive Molecular Diagnostic Division, Department of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Morini
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele P L Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Schaefer AK, Hutschala D, Andreas M, Bernardi MH, Brands R, Shabanian S, Laufer G, Wiedemann D. Decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and prognostic relevance in adult cardiopulmonary bypass. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021; 31:383-390. [PMID: 32747938 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces inflammatory responses, which may lead to the loss of alkaline phosphatase (AP) that is consumed in the process of dephosphorylating detrimental extracellular nucleotides in this proinflammatory state. It has been reported that low postoperative AP levels correlate with increased postoperative support requirement and organ dysfunction after paediatric cardiac surgery. However, little is known about the perioperative development and clinical relevance of AP depletion in adults undergoing CPB. METHODS A total of 183 patients with a preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50% undergoing mitral valve surgery ± concomitant related procedures at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, between 2013 and 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis. Serum AP measurements at baseline and on postoperative days 1-15 were collected. Absolute and relative drop of AP on postoperative day 1 from baseline was correlated with perioperative and early postoperative parameters. Receiver operating characteristics were used to define suitable predictors and cut-offs for postoperative outcome variables. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristics showed a reduction of >50% of baseline AP to predict in-hospital mortality [area under the curve (AUC) 0.807], prolonged intensive care unit stay (>72 h, AUC 0.707), prolonged mechanical ventilation (>24 h, AUC 0.712) and surgery-related dialysis requirement (AUC 0.736). Patients with a perioperative reduction in circulating AP to levels below 50% of baseline had a significantly decreased survival. Patients with high perioperative AP loss had higher preoperative AP levels (P < 0.001), longer CPB duration (P < 0.001) and higher incidence of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased perioperative AP loss is associated with adverse early outcome. Prospective trials are needed to determine whether this effect can be counteracted by perioperative AP supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kristin Schaefer
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Hutschala
- Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Andreas
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin H Bernardi
- Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruud Brands
- Alloksys Life Sciences BV, Wageningen, Netherlands
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Shiva Shabanian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Laufer
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wiedemann
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Guo W, Zhou X, Li X, Zhu Q, Peng J, Zhu B, Zheng X, Lu Y, Yang D, Wang B, Wang J. Depletion of Gut Microbiota Impairs Gut Barrier Function and Antiviral Immune Defense in the Liver. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636803. [PMID: 33841420 PMCID: PMC8027085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota protects the immune defense of extra-intestinal organs. Gut microbiota depletion by antibiotics can impair host antiviral immune responses and alter hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection outcomes. However, how gut microbiota modulates antiviral immune response in the liver remains unclear. Here, mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to deplete gut microbiota. Gut integrity was evaluated, and translocation of live commensal gut bacteria and their components into the liver was investigated. An HBV infection model was established to evaluate impairment of antiviral immune response in the liver after gut microbiota depletion. We found that gut microbiota depletion was associated with impairment of colon epithelial integrity, and live commensal gut microbiota could translocate to the liver. Further, T cell antiviral function in the liver was impaired, partially relying on enhanced PD-1 expression, and HBV immune clearance was hampered. In conclusion, gut microbiota depletion by antibiotics can impair gut barrier function and suppress T cell antiviral immune response in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Joung H, Chu J, Kim BK, Choi IS, Kim W, Park TS. Probiotics ameliorate chronic low-grade inflammation and fat accumulation with gut microbiota composition change in diet-induced obese mice models. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1203-1213. [PMID: 33443636 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that obesity is caused by dysbiosis of gut microbiota and that it could be prevented or treated through improvement in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. In this study, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were orally administered with Lactobacillus plantarum K50 (K50) isolated from kimchi and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as a positive control for 12 weeks. Body weight and weights of epididymal, mesenteric, and subcutaneous adipose tissues and the liver were significantly reduced in K50-treated HFD-fed mice compared with HFD-fed mice. The serum triglyceride level was decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was increased in K50-treated HFD-fed mice. The gut microbiota analysis showed that the L. plantarum K50 treatment reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and improved the gut microbiota composition. In addition, the level of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in K50-treated HFD-fed mice was higher than that in HFD-fed mice. A remarkable reduction in the fat content of adipose tissue and liver was also observed in K50-treated HFD-fed mice, accompanied by improvements in gene expression related to lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and SCFA receptors. K50-treated mice had downregulated expression levels of genes and proteins such as TNFα and IL-1β. Our findings confirm that L. plantarum K50 could be a good candidate for ameliorating fat accumulation and low-grade inflammation in metabolic tissues through gut microbiota improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchae Joung
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, CKDBiO Research Institute, Ansan, 15064, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeryang Chu
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, CKDBiO Research Institute, Ansan, 15064, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kook Kim
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, CKDBiO Research Institute, Ansan, 15064, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Suk Choi
- Research Institute, CKDBiO Research Institute, Ansan, 15064, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosang Kim
- Research Institute, CKDBiO Research Institute, Ansan, 15064, Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Chen CM, Chou HC, Yang YCSH, Su ECY, Liu YR. Predicting Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury from Associated Intestinal and Lung Dysbiosis in Neonatal Mice. Neonatology 2021; 118:163-173. [PMID: 33677454 DOI: 10.1159/000513553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia disrupts the intestinal barrier, changes the intestinal bacterial composition, and injures the lungs of newborn animals. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hyperoxia on the lung and intestinal microbiota and the communication between intestinal and lung microbiota and to develop a predictive model for the identification of hyperoxia-induced lung injury from intestinal and lung microbiota based on machine learning algorithms in neonatal mice. METHODS Neonatal C57BL/6N mice were reared in either room air or hyperoxia (85% O2) from postnatal days 1-7. On postnatal day 7, lung and intestinal microbiota were sampled from the left lung and lower gastrointestinal tract for 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Tissue from the right lung and terminal ileum were harvested for Western blot and histology analysis. RESULTS Hyperoxia induced intestinal injury, decreased intestinal tight junction expression, and impaired lung alveolarization and angiogenesis in neonatal mice. Hyperoxia also altered intestinal and lung microbiota and promoted bacterial translocation from the intestine to the lung as evidenced by the presence of intestinal bacteria in the lungs of hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice. The relative abundance of these bacterial taxa was significantly positively correlated with the increased lung cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal hyperoxia induced intestinal and lung dysbiosis and promoted bacterial translocation from the intestine to the lung. Further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiology of bacterial translocation to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, .,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Hsiu-Chu Chou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S H Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Emily Chia-Yu Su
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Prospects for Nutraceutical Support of Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:316-324. [PMID: 33126251 PMCID: PMC8243597 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of intestinal barrier function is linked to certain pathologies and to aging, and can be a cause of bacterial infections, systemic and hepatic inflammation, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The formation and maintenance of intestinal tight junctions is supported by glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which via insulin-like growth factor I activity boosts phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) signaling in enterocytes. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) activity are also protective in this regard. Conversely, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cellular Src (c-Src) under inflammatory conditions can induce dissociation of tight junctions. Hence, nutraceuticals that promote GLP-2 secretion from L cells-effective pre/probiotics, glycine, and glutamine-as well as diets rich in soluble fiber or resistant starch, can support intestinal barrier function. AMPK activators-notably berberine and the butyric acid produced by health-promoting microflora-are also beneficial in this regard, as are soy isoflavones, which function as selective agonists for ERβ. The adverse impact of MAPK and c-Src overactivation on the intestinal barrier can be combatted with various antioxidant measures, including phycocyanobilin, phase 2-inducer nutraceuticals, and N-acetylcysteine. These considerations suggest that rationally designed functional foods or complex supplementation programs could have clinical potential for supporting and restoring healthful intestinal barrier function.
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Jadhav K, Cohen TS. Can You Trust Your Gut? Implicating a Disrupted Intestinal Microbiome in the Progression of NAFLD/NASH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592157. [PMID: 33193105 PMCID: PMC7641624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disorders, ranging from fatty liver to a more insulin resistant, inflammatory and fibrotic state collectively termed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the United States, 30%-40% of the adult population has fatty liver and 3%-12% has NASH, making it a major public health concern. Consumption of diets high in fat, obesity and Type II diabetes (T2D) are well-established risk factors; however, there is a growing body of literature suggesting a role for the gut microbiome in the development and progression of NAFLD. The gut microbiota is separated from the body by a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that line the small intestine and colon. The IEC layer is exposed to luminal contents, participates in selective uptake of nutrients and acts as a barrier to passive paracellular permeability of luminal contents through the expression of tight junctions (TJs) between adjacent IECs. A dysbiotic gut microbiome also leads to decreased gut barrier function by disrupting TJs and the gut vascular barrier (GVB), thus exposing the liver to microbial endotoxins. These endotoxins activate hepatic Toll-like receptors (TLRs), further promoting the progression of fatty liver to a more inflammatory and fibrotic NASH phenotype. This review will summarize major findings pertaining to aforementioned gut-liver interactions and its role in the pathophysiology of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor S. Cohen
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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43
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Qian G, Ho JWK. Challenges and emerging systems biology approaches to discover how the human gut microbiome impact host physiology. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:851-863. [PMID: 32638331 PMCID: PMC7429608 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the human gut microbiome has bloomed with advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) and other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies. This has enabled the generation of multi-omics datasets which holds promises for big data-enabled knowledge acquisition in the form of understanding the normal physiological and pathological involvement of gut microbiomes. Ample evidence suggests that distinct microbial compositions in the human gut are associated with different diseases. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are often unclear. There is a need to move beyond statistical associations to discover how changes in the gut microbiota mechanistically affect host physiology and disease development. This review summarises state-of-the-art big data and systems biology approaches for mechanism discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua W K Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Hydrocortisone Ameliorate Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Improve Survival in a Rat Model of Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Sepsis. Shock 2020; 55:666-675. [PMID: 32496421 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome which can progress to multiple organ dysfunction with high mortality. Intestinal barrier failure exerts a central role in the pathophysiological sequence of events that lead from sepsis to multiple organ dysfunction. The present study investigated the role of hydrocortisone (HC) administration and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in several parameters of the gut barrier integrity, immune activation, and survival, in a model of polymicrobial sepsis in rats. METHODS Forty adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham (group I), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) (group II), CLP + HC (2.8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally single dose at 6 h) (group III), and CLP + FMT at 6 h (group IV). At 24 h post-CLP, ileal tissues were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical analyses while endotoxin, IL-6, and IL-10 levels in systemic circulation were determined. In a second experiment the same groups were observed for 7 days for mortality, with daily administration of hydrocortisone (group III) and FMT (group IV) in surviving rats. RESULTS HC administration and FMT significantly reduced mortality of septic rats by 50%. These interventions totally reversed intestinal mucosal atrophy by increasing villous density and mucosal thickness (μm, mean ± SD: Group I: 620 ± 35, Group II: 411 ± 52, Group III: 622 ± 19, Group IV: 617 ± 44). HC and FMT reduced the apoptotic body count in intestinal crypts whereas these increased the mitotic/apoptotic index. Activated caspase-3 expression in intestinal crypts was significantly reduced by HC or FMT (activated caspase-3 (+) enterocytes/10 crypts, mean ± SD: Group I: 1.6 ± 0.5, Group II: 5.8 ± 2.4, Group III: 3.6 ± 0.9, Group IV: 2.3 ± 0.6). Both treatments increased Paneth cell count and decreased intraepithelial CD3(+) T lymphocytes and inflammatory infiltration of lamina propria to control levels. In the sham group almost the total of intestinal epithelial cells expressed occludin (92 ± 8%) and claudin-1 (98 ± 4%) and CLP reduced this expression to 34 ± 12% for occludin and 35 ± 7% for claudin-1. Administration of HC significantly increased occludin (51 ± 17%) and claudin-1 (77 ± 9%) expression. FMT exerted also a significant restoring effect in tight junction by increasing occludin (56 ± 15%) and claudin-1 (84 ± 7%) expression. The beneficial effects of these treatments on gut barrier function led to significant reduction of systemic endotoxemia (EU/mL, mean ± SD: Group I: 0.93 ± 0.36, Group II: 2.14 ± 1.74, Group III: 1.48 ± 0.53, Group IV: 1.61 ± 0.58), while FMT additionally decreased IL-6 and IL-10 levels. CONCLUSION Fecal microbiota transplantation and stress dose hydrocortisone administration in septic rats induce a multifactorial improvement of the gut mechanical and immunological barriers, preventing endotoxemia and leading to improved survival.
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1007. [PMID: 32547547 PMCID: PMC7270293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Herremans KM, Riner AN, Cameron ME, Trevino JG. The Microbiota and Cancer Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246267. [PMID: 31842339 PMCID: PMC6940781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome defined by weight loss, muscle wasting, and systemic inflammation. It affects the majority of patients with advanced cancer and is associated with poor treatment response, early mortality and decreased quality of life. The microbiota has been implicated in cancer cachexia through pathways of systemic inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction and muscle wasting. The imbalance of the microbiota, known as dysbiosis, has been shown to influence cancer cachexia. Bacteria that play beneficial and detrimental roles in the disease pathogenesis have been identified. The phenotype of cancer cachexia is associated with decreased levels of Lactobacillales and increased levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Parabacteroides. Currently, there are no treatment options that demonstrate increased survival or the quality of life in patients suffering from cancer cachexia. Through the manipulation of beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota, different treatment options have been explored. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to improve outcomes in animal models of cachexia. Expounding on this mechanism, fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) holds promise for a future treatment of cancer cachexia. Further research is necessary to address this detrimental disease process and improve the lives of patients suffering from cancer cachexia.
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Christoforidou Z, Mora Ortiz M, Poveda C, Abbas M, Walton G, Bailey M, Lewis MC. Sexual Dimorphism in Immune Development and in Response to Nutritional Intervention in Neonatal Piglets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2705. [PMID: 31921096 PMCID: PMC6911813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sex disparity in immunological function and susceptibility to various inflammatory and infectious disease is recognized in adults, far less is known about the situation in young infants during immune development. We have used an outbred piglet model to explore potential early sex disparity underlying both mucosal immune development and systemic responses to novel antigen. Despite similarities in intestinal barrier function and therefore, presumably, antigen exposure, females had less CD172+ (Sirp-α) antigen presenting cells and expression of MHCIIDR at 28 days old compared to males, along with greater regulatory T-cell numbers. This suggests that, during infancy, females may have greater potential for local immune regulation than their male counterparts. However, females also presented with significantly greater systemic antibody responses to injected ovalbumin and dietary soya. Females also synthesized significantly more IgA in mesenteric lymph nodes, whereas males synthesized more in caecal mucosa, suggesting that plasma cells were retained within the MLN in females, but increased numbers of plasma cells circulated through to the mucosal tissue in males. Significant effects of inulin and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 on the developing immune system were also sex-dependent. Our results may start to explain inconsistencies in outcomes of trials of functional foods in infants, as distinction between males and females is seldom made. Since later functionality of the immune system is highly dependent on appropriate development during infancy, stratifying nutritional interventions by sex may present a novel means of optimizing treatments and preventative strategies to reduce the risk of the development of immunological disorders in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Christoforidou
- Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Mora Ortiz
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Walton
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bailey
- Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie C Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Rhodotorula spp. belong to the basidiomyceteous fungi. They are widespread in the environment. Transmission to humans occur mainly through air and food. Intestinal colonization is rather common, but an overgrowth is normally suppressed, since their optimal growth temperature is exceeded in the body. A massive presence in the gut indicates a disturbance of the balance of the microbial flora due to different causes. One particular reason will be the treatment with azoles because this will create an advantage for these azole resistant fungi. First of all, the finding of increased numbers of Rhodotorula in stool specimen is not alarming. In contrast, the colonized human will profit from such a situation since these fungi produce a lot of useful nutrients such as proteins, lipids, folate, and carotinoids. Furthermore, a probiotic effect due to regulation of multiplication of pathogenic bacteria and by neutralizing or destroying their toxins can be anticipated. On the other hand, their massive presence may increase the risk of fungemia and ensuing organ infections especially when the host defense system is hampered. Indeed, Rhodotorula spp. range among the emerging fungal pathogens in the compromised host. However, it can be doubted whether all these opportunistic infections reported originate primarily from the gut.
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Gao J, Li Y, Wan Y, Hu T, Liu L, Yang S, Gong Z, Zeng Q, Wei Y, Yang W, Zeng Z, He X, Huang SH, Cao H. A Novel Postbiotic From Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG With a Beneficial Effect on Intestinal Barrier Function. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:477. [PMID: 30923519 PMCID: PMC6426789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that probiotics can be used to maintain intestinal homeostasis and treat a number of gastrointestinal disorders, but the underlying mechanism has remained obscure. Recently, increasing evidence supports the notion that certain probiotic-derived components, such as bacteriocins, lipoteichoic acids, surface layer protein and secreted protein, have a similar protective role on intestinal barrier function as that of live probiotics. These bioactive components have been named 'postbiotics' in the most recent publications. We previously found that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) culture supernatant is able to accelerate the maturation of neonatal intestinal defense and prevent neonatal rats from oral Escherichia coli K1 infection. However, the identity of the bioactive constituents has not yet been determined. In this study, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we identified a novel secreted protein (named HM0539 here) involved in the beneficial effect of LGG culture supernatant. HM0539 was recombinated, purified, and applied for exploring its potential bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that HM0539 exhibits a potent protective effect on the intestinal barrier, as reflected by enhancing intestinal mucin expression and preventing against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced intestinal barrier injury, including downregulation of intestinal mucin (MUC2), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and disruption of the intestinal integrity. Using a neonatal rat model of E. coli K1 infection via the oral route, we verified that HM0539 is sufficient to promote development of neonatal intestinal defense and prevent against E. coli K1 pathogenesis. Moreover, we further extended the role of HM0539 and found it has potential to prevent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis as well as LPS/D-galactosamine-induced bacterial translocation and liver injury. In conclusion, we identified a novel LGG postbiotic HM0539 which exerts a protective effect on intestinal barrier function. Our findings indicated that HM0539 has potential to become a useful agent for prevention and treatment of intestinal barrier dysfunction- related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liting Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Shaojie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zelong Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-He Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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