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Wilson SE, Salvadori MI, Science M. Rougeole. CMAJ 2024; 196:E707-E708. [PMID: 38802137 PMCID: PMC11142021 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wilson
- Santé publique Ontario (Wilson, Science); École Dalla Lana de santé publique (Wilson); Centre pour les maladies évitables par la vaccination (Wilson), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Salvadori), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Agence de la santé publique du Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Division d'infectiologie (Science), Département de pédiatrie, Hôpital pour enfants malades; Département de pédiatrie (Science), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Marina I Salvadori
- Santé publique Ontario (Wilson, Science); École Dalla Lana de santé publique (Wilson); Centre pour les maladies évitables par la vaccination (Wilson), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Salvadori), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Agence de la santé publique du Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Division d'infectiologie (Science), Département de pédiatrie, Hôpital pour enfants malades; Département de pédiatrie (Science), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Michelle Science
- Santé publique Ontario (Wilson, Science); École Dalla Lana de santé publique (Wilson); Centre pour les maladies évitables par la vaccination (Wilson), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de pédiatrie (Salvadori), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Agence de la santé publique du Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Division d'infectiologie (Science), Département de pédiatrie, Hôpital pour enfants malades; Département de pédiatrie (Science), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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Wilson SE, Salvadori MI, Science M. Measles. CMAJ 2024; 196:E524. [PMID: 38649173 PMCID: PMC11045236 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wilson
- Public Health Ontario (Wilson, Science); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Wilson); Centre for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Wilson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Salvadori), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Science), Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Paediatrics (Science), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Marina I Salvadori
- Public Health Ontario (Wilson, Science); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Wilson); Centre for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Wilson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Salvadori), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Science), Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Paediatrics (Science), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Michelle Science
- Public Health Ontario (Wilson, Science); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Wilson); Centre for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Wilson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Pediatrics (Salvadori), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Science), Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children; Department of Paediatrics (Science), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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Zubach V, Schulz H, Kim K, Hole D, Severini A, Hiebert J. Genome sequence of a measles virus strain with a novel loss of stop codon mutation in the phosphoprotein gene. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0083323. [PMID: 38038439 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00833-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus genotype B3 coding-complete genome sequence from a 2019 case showed a novel mutation in the phosphoprotein (P) gene that abrogates the established stop codon. A downstream stop codon has been identified, resulting in a putative P that would be 19 amino acids longer than wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zubach
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Center , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Helene Schulz
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Center , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kihun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darian Hole
- Computational and Operational Genomics Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Center , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joanne Hiebert
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt infectious Diseases Research Center , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Steffen R, Chen LH, Leggat PA. Travel vaccines-priorities determined by incidence and impact. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad085. [PMID: 37341307 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious disease epidemiology is continuously shifting. While travel has been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and travel-related epidemiological research experienced a pause, further shifts in vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) relevant for travellers have occurred. METHODS We conducted a literature search on the epidemiology of travel-related VPD and synthesized data for each disease with a focus on symptomatic cases and on the impact of the respective infection among travellers, considering the hospitalization rate, disease sequela and case fatality rate. We present new data and revised best estimates on the burden of VPD relevant for decisions on priorities in travel vaccines. RESULTS COVID-19 has emerged to be a top travel-related risk and influenza remains high in the ranking with an estimated incidence at 1% per month of travel. Dengue is another commonly encountered infection among international travellers with estimated monthly incidence of 0.5-0.8% among non-immune exposed travellers; the hospitalized proportion was 10 and 22%, respectively, according to two recent publications. With recent yellow fever outbreaks particularly in Brazil, its estimated monthly incidence has risen to >0.1%. Meanwhile, improvements in hygiene and sanitation have led to some decrease in foodborne illnesses; however, hepatitis A monthly incidence remains substantial in most developing regions (0.001-0.01%) and typhoid remains particularly high in South Asia (>0.01%). Mpox, a newly emerged disease that demonstrated worldwide spread through mass gathering and travel, cannot be quantified regarding its travel-related risk. CONCLUSION The data summarized may provide a tool for travel health professionals to prioritize preventive strategies for their clients against VPD. Updated assessments on incidence and impact are ever more important since new vaccines with travel indications (e.g. dengue) have been licensed or are undergoing regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Public and Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Travelers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich 8001, Switzerland
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin H Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter A Leggat
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Zhang Y, Britton T, Zhou X. Monitoring real-time transmission heterogeneity from incidence data. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010078. [PMID: 36455043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission heterogeneity of an epidemic is associated with a complex mixture of host, pathogen and environmental factors. And it may indicate superspreading events to reduce the efficiency of population-level control measures and to sustain the epidemic over a larger scale and a longer duration. Methods have been proposed to identify significant transmission heterogeneity in historic epidemics based on several data sources, such as contact history, viral genomes and spatial information, which may not be available, and more importantly ignore the temporal trend of transmission heterogeneity. Here we attempted to establish a convenient method to estimate real-time heterogeneity over an epidemic. Within the branching process framework, we introduced an instant-individualheterogenous infectiousness model to jointly characterize the variation in infectiousness both between individuals and among different times. With this model, we could simultaneously estimate the transmission heterogeneity and the reproduction number from incidence time series. We validated the model with data of both simulated and real outbreaks. Our estimates of the overall and real-time heterogeneities of the six epidemics were consistent with those presented in the literature. Additionally, our model is robust to the ubiquitous bias of under-reporting and misspecification of serial interval. By analyzing recent data from South Africa, we found evidence that the Omicron might be of more significant transmission heterogeneity than Delta. Our model based on incidence data was proved to be reliable in estimating the real-time transmission heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tom Britton
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaohua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Population immunity to measles in Canada using Canadian Health Measures survey data - A Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study. Vaccine 2022; 40:3228-3235. [PMID: 35491342 PMCID: PMC9246716 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine population immunity to measles in Canada, and to assess the risk of future outbreaks. We tested 11,176 sera from Cycles 2 (2009-2011) and 3 (2011-2013) cohorts from the biobank of Statistics Canada's Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) using the BioPlex 2220 MMRV IgG assay. We then tested all BioPlex negative and equivocal samples using a more sensitive Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). We determined the weighted proportion of positive, equivocal, and negative samples by age, sex, region and whether individuals were born in Canada. We found that 90.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 88.2, 91.9) of samples were positive, 4.5% (95% CI: 3.4, 5.5) were equivocal and 5.5% (95% CI: 4.3, 6.7) were negative. Individuals in the 12-19 year age band had the lowest proportion positive at 78.7% (95% CI: 74.2, 83.2) and the highest proportion of positive samples was found in those 60-79 years (99.6%, 95% CI: 99.3, 99.9). Seropositivity was consistently <90% across a broad range of pediatric and adult age bands (6-39 years). We found that a slightly higher proportion of females were positive (91.9%, 95% CI: 90.1, 93.6) compared to males (88.3%, 95% CI: 85.8, 90.7). When taking into account interaction between age and born in Canada status, we found individuals born in Canada aged 19 and under were less susceptible (OR = 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.95)) compared to those born outside Canada whereas, those aged 20 and over were more susceptible (OR = 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1, 2.8)). Our findings indicate that measles immunity in Canada is below the 95% immunity threshold required to sustain measles elimination, underscoring the importance of maintaining high vaccine coverage to prevent future measles outbreaks and sustain Canada's elimination status.
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