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Nourbakhsh NS, Naeimi S, Moghanibashi M, Baradaran B. Bicalutamide reveals immunomodulatory effects in prostate cancer by regulating immunogenic dendritic cell maturation. Tissue Cell 2024; 91:102530. [PMID: 39191051 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer poses a significant global health challenge, ranking as the second most prevalent and fifth most lethal malignancy among males. The intricate interplay between androgen signaling and the immune microenvironment underscores the complexity of prostate cancer progression. Notably, androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to affect immune response mediated by tumor antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential of Bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal anti-androgen, in modulating DCs-mediated immune responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and monocytes were extracted, followed by their differentiation into immature dendritic cells (iDCs) using GM-CSF and IL-4. Harvested tumor cell lysates from human prostate cancer cells were then utilized to induce the transformation of iDCs into mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Then, mDCs were treated with non-toxic concentration of Bicalutamide determined by annexin V/PI assay. The morphological characteristics of mDCs were investigated using an inverted light microscope. Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell surface expression of molecular markers of DC maturation, and qRT-PCR was employed to evaluate expression levels of proinflammatory genes involved in DC maturation. The obtained results indicated that Bicalutamide treatment of monocyte-derived mDCs induces an immunogenic and matured phenotype, marked by increased expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. Besides, qRT-PCR results evidenced that Bicalutamide decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and TGF-beta, as an indication of immunogenic DCs. These findings suggest that beyond its established anti-androgen role, Bicalutamide may exert anti-tumor effects through the modulation of DCs-mediated immune responses. This novel immunomodulatory feature holds promise for the development of novel therapies, including combination therapies, in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirous Naeimi
- Department of Biology, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Moghanibashi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Chen DM, Dong R, Kachuri L, Hoffmann TJ, Jiang Y, Berndt SI, Shelley JP, Schaffer KR, Machiela MJ, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Li SA, Lilja H, Justice AC, Madduri RK, Rodriguez AA, Van Den Eeden SK, Chanock SJ, Haiman CA, Conti DV, Klein RJ, Mosley JD, Witte JS, Graff RE. Transcriptome-wide association analysis identifies candidate susceptibility genes for prostate-specific antigen levels in men without prostate cancer. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100315. [PMID: 38845201 PMCID: PMC11262184 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels may improve their utility for prostate cancer (PCa) screening. Using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from 95,768 PCa-free men, we conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) to examine impacts of genetically predicted gene expression on PSA. Analyses identified 41 statistically significant (p < 0.05/12,192 = 4.10 × 10-6) associations in whole blood and 39 statistically significant (p < 0.05/13,844 = 3.61 × 10-6) associations in prostate tissue, with 18 genes associated in both tissues. Cross-tissue analyses identified 155 statistically significantly (p < 0.05/22,249 = 2.25 × 10-6) genes. Out of 173 unique PSA-associated genes across analyses, we replicated 151 (87.3%) in a TWAS of 209,318 PCa-free individuals from the Million Veteran Program. Based on conditional analyses, we found 20 genes (11 single tissue, nine cross-tissue) that were associated with PSA levels in the discovery TWAS that were not attributable to a lead variant from a GWAS. Ten of these 20 genes replicated, and two of the replicated genes had colocalization probability of >0.5: CCNA2 and HIST1H2BN. Six of the 20 identified genes are not known to impact PCa risk. Fine-mapping based on whole blood and prostate tissue revealed five protein-coding genes with evidence of causal relationships with PSA levels. Of these five genes, four exhibited evidence of colocalization and one was conditionally independent of previous GWAS findings. These results yield hypotheses that should be further explored to improve understanding of genetic factors underlying PSA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruocheng Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linda Kachuri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20814, USA
| | - John P Shelley
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kerry R Schaffer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20814, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shengchao A Li
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgery, Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 21428 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Preventive Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Preventive Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert J Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mosley
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Biomedical Data Science and Genetics (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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3
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Alati S, Singh R, Pomper MG, Rowe SP, Banerjee SR. Preclinical Development in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:663-686. [PMID: 37468417 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Among the various treatment options, radiopharmaceutical therapy has shown notable success in metastatic, castration-resistant disease. Radiopharmaceutical therapy is a systemic approach that delivers cytotoxic radiation doses precisely to the malignant tumors and/or tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a therapeutic radionuclide and a high-affinity, tumor-targeting carrier molecule. Therapeutic radionuclides used in preclinical prostate cancer studies are primarily α-, β--, or Auger-electron-emitting radiometals or radiohalogens. Monoclonal antibodies, antibody-derived fragments, peptides, and small molecules are frequently used as tumor-targeting molecules. Over the years, several important membrane-associated proteases and receptors have been identified, validated, and subsequently used for preclinical radiotherapeutic development for prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is the most well-studied prostate cancer-associated protease in preclinical literature. PSMA-targeting radiotherapeutic agents are being investigated using high-affinity antibody- and small-molecule-based agents for safety and efficacy. Early generations of such agents were developed simply by replacing radionuclides of the imaging agents with therapeutic ones. Later, extensive structure-activity relationship studies were conducted to address the safety and efficacy issues obtained from initial patient data. Recent regulatory approval of the 177Lu-labeled low-molecular-weight agent, 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a significant accomplishment. Current preclinical experiments are focused on the structural modification of 177Lu-PSMA-617 and relevant investigational agents to increase tumor targeting and reduce off-target binding and toxicity in healthy organs. While lutetium-177 (177Lu) remains the most widely used radionuclide, radiolabeled analogs with iodine-131 (128I), yttrium-90 (89Y), copper-67 (67Cu), and terbium-161 (161Tb) have been evaluated as potential alternatives in recent years. In addition, agents carrying the α-particle-emitting radiohalogen, astatine-211 (211At), or radiometals, actinium-225 (225Ac), lead-212 (212Pb), radium-223 (223Ra), and thorium-227 (227Th), have been increasingly investigated in preclinical research. Besides PSMA-based radiotherapeutics, other prominent prostate cancer-related proteases, for example, human kallikrein peptidases (HK2 and HK3), have been explored using monoclonal-antibody-(mAb)-based targeting platforms. Several promising mAbs targeting receptors overexpressed on the different stages of prostate cancer have also been developed for radiopharmaceutical therapy, for example, Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL-3), CD46, and CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1). Progress is also being made using peptide-based targeting platforms for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a well-established membrane-associated receptor expressed in localized and metastatic prostate cancers. Furthermore, mechanism-driven combination therapies appear to be a burgeoning area in the context of preclinical prostate cancer radiotherapeutics. Here, we review the current developments related to the preclinical radiopharmaceutical therapy of prostate cancer. These are summarized in two major topics: (1) therapeutic radionuclides and (2) tumor-targeting approaches using monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Alati
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rajan Singh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD.
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Chen DM, Dong R, Kachuri L, Hoffmann T, Jiang Y, Berndt SI, Shelley JP, Schaffer KR, Machiela MJ, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Li SA, Lilja H, Van Den Eeden SK, Chanock S, Haiman CA, Conti DV, Klein RJ, Mosley JD, Witte JS, Graff RE. Transcriptome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Novel Candidate Susceptibility Genes for Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Men Without Prostate Cancer. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.04.23289526. [PMID: 37205487 PMCID: PMC10187439 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.23289526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels may improve their utility to screen for prostate cancer (PCa). We thus conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of PSA levels using genome-wide summary statistics from 95,768 PCa-free men, the MetaXcan framework, and gene prediction models trained in Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project data. Tissue-specific analyses identified 41 statistically significant (p < 0.05/12,192 = 4.10e-6) associations in whole blood and 39 statistically significant (p < 0.05/13,844 = 3.61e-6) associations in prostate tissue, with 18 genes associated in both tissues. Cross-tissue analyses that combined associations across 45 tissues identified 155 genes that were statistically significantly (p < 0.05/22,249 = 2.25e-6) associated with PSA levels. Based on conditional analyses that assessed whether TWAS associations were attributable to a lead GWAS variant, we found 20 novel genes (11 single-tissue, 9 cross-tissue) that were associated with PSA levels in the TWAS. Of these novel genes, five showed evidence of colocalization (colocalization probability > 0.5): EXOSC9, CCNA2, HIST1H2BN, RP11-182L21.6, and RP11-327J17.2. Six of the 20 novel genes are not known to impact PCa risk. These findings yield new hypotheses for genetic factors underlying PSA levels that should be further explored toward improving our understanding of PSA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M. Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ruocheng Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Linda Kachuri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20814, USA
| | - John P. Shelley
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kerry R. Schaffer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Shengchao A. Li
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surgery, Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | | | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Preventive Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - David V. Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Preventive Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Robert J. Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Mosley
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Data Science and Genetics (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Graff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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5
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Yeruva T, Lee CH. Enzyme Responsive Delivery of Anti-Retroviral Peptide via Smart Hydrogel. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:234. [PMID: 36002705 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to an urgent need for advanced formulations for the delivery of anti-retrovirals, a stimuli-sensitive hydrogel formulation that intravaginally delivers HIV-1 entry inhibitor upon being exposed to a specific protease was developed. The hydrogel formulation consists of PEG-azide and PEG-DBCO covalently linked to the entry inhibitor peptide, enfuvirtide, via substrate linker that is designed to undergo proteolysis by prostate specific antigen (PSA) present in seminal fluid and release innate enfuvirtide. Of the tested PSA substrate linkers (HSSKLQYY, GISSFYSSK, AYLMYY, and AYLMGRR), HSSKLQ was found to be an optimal candidate for PEG-based hydrogel with kcat/KM of 2.2 M-1 s-1. The PEG-based hydrogel displayed a pseudoplastic, thixotropic behavior with overall viscosity varying between 1516 and 2.2 Pa.s, within the biologically relevant shear rates of 0.01-100 s-1. It also exhibited viscoelastic properties appropriate for uniform spreading and being retained in vagina. PEG-based hydrogels were loaded with N3-HSSKLQ-enfuvirtide (HF42) that is customarily synthesized enfuvirtide prodrug with its N-terminus connected to HSSKLQ linker. The stimuli-sensitive PEG-based hydrogel formulations upon being exposed to PSA released 36.5 ± 4.8% of enfuvirtide over 24 h in human ejaculate mimic of vaginal simulant fluid and seminal simulant fluid mixed in 1:3 ratio, which is significantly greater than its IC50. The PEG-based hydrogel was non-cytotoxic to both vaginal epithelial cells (VK2/E6E7) and murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and did not significantly induce the production of nitric oxide, an inflammatory mediator. The PEG-based hydrogel is found to have suitable physicochemical properties for an intravaginal formulation of the PSA substrate-linked anti-retrovirals and is safe towards vaginal epithelium. It is capable of delivering enfuvirtide with effective concentrations to prevent women from HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Yeruva
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, 2464 Charlotte Street, HSB 4242, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Chi H Lee
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, 2464 Charlotte Street, HSB 4242, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Pereira S, Ma G, Na L, Hudoklin S, Kreft ME, Kostevsek N, Al-Jamal WT. Encapsulation of doxorubicin prodrug in heat-triggered liposomes overcomes off-target activation for advanced prostate cancer therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:530-546. [PMID: 34954416 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
L-377,202 prodrug consists of doxorubicin (Dox) conjugated to a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) peptide substrate that can be cleaved by enzymatically active PSA at the tumor site. Despite the initial promise in phase I trial, further testing of L-377,202 (herein called Dox-PSA) was ceased due to some degree of non-specific activation and toxicity concerns. To improve safety of Dox-PSA, we encapsulated it into low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSL) to bypass systemic activation, while maintaining its biological activity upon controlled release in response to mild hyperthermia (HT). A time-dependent accumulation of activated prodrug in the nuclei of PSA-expressing cells exposed to mild HT was observed, showing that Dox-PSA was efficiently released from the LTSL, cleaved by PSA and entering the cell nucleus as free Dox. Furthermore, we have shown that Dox-PSA loading in LTSL can block its biological activity at 37°C, while the combination with mild HT resulted in augmented cytotoxicity in both 2D and 3D PC models compared to the free Dox-PSA. More importantly, Dox-PSA encapsulation in LTSL prolonged its blood circulation and reduced Dox accumulation in the heart of C4-2B tumor-bearing mice over the free Dox-PSA, thus significantly improving Dox-PSA therapeutic window. Finally, Dox-PSA-loaded LTSL combined with HT significantly delayed tumor growth at a similar rate as mice treated with free Dox-PSA in both solid and metastatic PC tumor models. This indicates this strategy could block the systemic cleavage of Dox-PSA without reducing its efficacy in vivo, which could represent a safer option to treat patients with locally advanced PC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study investigates a new tactic to tackle non-specific cleavage of doxorubicin PSA-activatable prodrug (L-377,202) to treat advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, we report a nanoparticle-based approach to overcome the non-specific activation of L-377,202 in the systemic circulation. This includes encapsulating Dox-PSA in low temperature-sensitive liposomes to prevent its premature hydrolysis and non-specific cleavage. This class of liposomes offers payload protection against degradation in plasma, improved pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting, and an efficient and controlled drug release triggered by mild hyperthermia (HT) (∼42°C). We believe that this strategy holds great promise in bypassing any systemic toxicity concerns that could arise from the premature activation of the prodrug whilst simultaneously being able to control the spatiotemporal context of Dox-PSA cleavage and metabolism.
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Koistinen H, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. KLK3 in the Regulation of Angiogenesis-Tumorigenic or Not? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413545. [PMID: 34948344 PMCID: PMC8704207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this focused review, we address the role of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), in the regulation of angiogenesis. Early studies suggest that KLK3 is able to inhibit angiogenic processes, which is most likely dependent on its proteolytic activity. However, more recent evidence suggests that KLK3 may also have an opposite role, mediated by the ability of KLK3 to activate the (lymph)angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D, further discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
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8
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Dually targeted bioinspired nanovesicle delays advanced prostate cancer tumour growth in vivo. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:559-575. [PMID: 34274531 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is second-leading cancer in men, with limited treatment options available for men with advanced and metastatic PC. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have been exploited as therapeutic targets in PC due to their upregulation in the advanced stages of the disease. To date, several PSA- and PSMA-activatable prodrugs have been developed to reduce the systemic toxicity of existing chemotherapeutics. Bioinspired nanovesicles have been exploited in drug delivery, offering prolonged drug blood circulation and higher tumour accumulation. For the first time, this study describes the engineering of dually targeted PSA/PSMA nanovesicles for advanced PC. PSMA-targeted bioinspired hybrids were prepared by hydrating a lipid film with anti-PSMA-U937 cell membranes and DOX-PSA prodrug, followed by extrusion. The bioinspired hybrids were characterised using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Dot blot, flow cytometry and Western blot. Cellular binding and toxicity studies in PC cancer cell lines were carried out using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and resazurin assay. Finally, tumour targeting and therapeutic efficacy studies were performed in solid and metastatic C4-2B-tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, our PSMA-targeted hybrids demonstrated high cell uptake in PSMA-expressing cells with significant accumulation in solid and metastatic C4-2B tumour tissues following intravenous administration. More promisingly, our dually targeted PSA/PSMA hybrid significantly slowed down the C4-2B tumour growth in vivo, compared to free DOX-PSA and non-targeted PSA-hybrid. Our PSA/PSMA bioinspired hybrid could offer a highly selective treatment for advanced PC with lower side effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study investigates a new approach to treat prostate cancer using dually targeted bioinspired nanovesicle . Our bioinspired vesicles are made mainly of a human blood cell membrane with a ligand recognising a specific marker (PSMA) on the surface of the prostate cancer cells. The present work describes the successful loading of a doxorubicin prodrug linked to a PSA- activatable peptide into these targeted bioinspired nanovesicle , where the active PSA enzyme presents in these cells converts the drug to its active form. Our dually targeted PSA/PSMA hybrid vesicles has successfully improved site-specific prodrug delivery to tackle advanced prostate cancer, offering a novel and effective prostate cancer treatment.
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Saadeldin MK, Abdel-Aziz AK, Abdellatif A. Dendritic cell vaccine immunotherapy; the beginning of the end of cancer and COVID-19. A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110365. [PMID: 33221134 PMCID: PMC7836805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the newest approach to combat cancer. It can be achieved using several strategies, among which is the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine therapy. Several clinical trials are ongoing using DC vaccine therapy either as a sole agent or in combination with other interventions to tackle different types of cancer. Immunotherapy can offer a potential treatment to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) the worst pandemic facing this generation, a disease with deleterious effects on the health and economic systems worldwide. We hypothesize that DC vaccine therapy may provide a potential treatment strategy to help combat COVID-19. Cancer patients are at the top of the vulnerable population owing to their immune-compromised status. In this review, we discuss DC vaccine therapy in the light of the body's immunity, cancer, and newly emerging infections such as COVID-19 in hopes of better-customized treatment options for patients with multiple comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan 20139, Italy.
| | - Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan 20139, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- Biology Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
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10
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Wang M, Xia F, Wei Y, Wei X. Molecular mechanisms and clinical management of cancer bone metastasis. Bone Res 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32793401 PMCID: PMC7391760 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common metastatic sites of malignancies, bone has a unique microenvironment that allows metastatic tumor cells to grow and flourish. The fenestrated capillaries in the bone, bone matrix, and bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, together maintain the homeostasis of the bone microenvironment. In contrast, tumor-derived factors act on bone components, leading to subsequent bone resorption or excessive bone formation. The various pathways involved also provide multiple targets for therapeutic strategies against bone metastases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of bone metastases. Based on the general process of bone metastases, we specifically highlight the complex crosstalk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment and the current management of cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
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11
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Bakthavatsalam S, Wiangnak P, George DJ, Zhang T, Franz KJ. Dithiocarbamate prodrugs activated by prostate specific antigen to target prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127148. [PMID: 32253061 PMCID: PMC8330515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Disulfiram in conjunction with copper has been shown to be a potent anticancer agent. However, disulfiram's therapeutic potential in prostate cancer is hindered by off-target effects due to its reactive and nucleophilic thiol-containing component, diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC). To minimize undesirable reactivity, we have strategically blocked the thiol moiety in DTC with a cleavable p-aminobenzyl (pAB) group linked to peptide substrates recognized by prostate specific antigen (PSA). Here we report the synthesis and evaluation in cancer cell models of two PSA-activatable prodrugs: HPD (Ac-HSSKLQL-pAB-DTC and RPD (RSSYYSL-pAB-DTC). In vitro exposure to PSA was found to trigger activation of HPD and RPD to release diethyldithiocarbamate, and both prodrugs were found to induce toxicity in prostate cancer cells, with HPD showing the most promising selectivity. With copper supplementation, the IC50 of HPD was 1.4 µM in PSA-expressing LNCaP cells, and 11 µM in PC3 cells that do not express PSA. These studies demonstrate the utility of using peptide recognition handles to direct the activity of dithiocarbamate prodrugs for selective cytotoxicity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel J George
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA; Duke Cancer Institute Center of Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA; Duke Cancer Institute Center of Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0354 USA.
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12
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Moradi A, Srinivasan S, Clements J, Batra J. Beyond the biomarker role: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:333-346. [PMID: 31659564 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is the accepted biomarker of tumor recurrence. PSA levels in serum correlate with disease progression, though its diagnostic accuracy is questionable. As a result, significant progress has been made in developing modified PSA tests such as PSA velocity, PSA density, 4Kscore, PSA glycoprofiling, Prostate Health Index, and the STHLM3 test. PSA, a serine protease, is secreted from the epithelial cells of the prostate. PSA has been suggested as a molecular target for prostate cancer therapy due to the fact that it is not only active in prostate tissue but also has a pivotal role on prostate cancer signaling pathways including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune response, and tumor microenvironment regulation. Here, we summarize the current standing of PSA in prostate cancer progression as well as its utility in prostate cancer therapeutic approaches with an emphasis on the role of PSA in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Moradi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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13
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14
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Jha SK, Rauniyar K, Chronowska E, Mattonet K, Maina EW, Koistinen H, Stenman UH, Alitalo K, Jeltsch M. KLK3/PSA and cathepsin D activate VEGF-C and VEGF-D. eLife 2019; 8:44478. [PMID: 31099754 PMCID: PMC6588350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) acts primarily on endothelial cells, but also on non-vascular targets, for example in the CNS and immune system. Here we describe a novel, unique VEGF-C form in the human reproductive system produced via cleavage by kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), aka prostate-specific antigen (PSA). KLK3 activated VEGF-C specifically and efficiently through cleavage at a novel N-terminal site. We detected VEGF-C in seminal plasma, and sperm liquefaction occurred concurrently with VEGF-C activation, which was enhanced by collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1). After plasmin and ADAMTS3, KLK3 is the third protease shown to activate VEGF-C. Since differently activated VEGF-Cs are characterized by successively shorter N-terminal helices, we created an even shorter hypothetical form, which showed preferential binding to VEGFR-3. Using mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated VEGF-C-cleaving activity from human saliva, we identified cathepsin D as a protease that can activate VEGF-C as well as VEGF-D. The lymphatic system is composed of networks of vessels that drain fluids from the body’s tissues and filter it back into the blood. Growing these vessels depends on a factor known as VEGF-C, which is released in an inactive form and must be cut by enzymes before it can work. One enzyme that is known to activate the VEGF-C signal when the early embryo is developing is ADAMTS3. If this signal fails to switch on this can result in a condition known as lymphedema – whereby problems in the lymphatic system cause tissues to swell due to insufficient drainage. However, it is unknown whether the VEGF-C signal can be activated by enzymes other than ADAMTS3. To investigate this Jha, Rauniyar et al. tested a specific family of proteins commonly found in the human prostate, which have previously been predicted to act on VEGF-C. This revealed that the lymphatic vessel growth factor can also be activated by an enzyme found in seminal fluid called prostate specific antigen, or PSA for short. To see if enzymes in other bodily fluids could switch on VEGF-C, different components of human saliva were separated and tested to see which could cut inactive VEGF-C. This showed that VEGF-C could be converted to an active form by another enzyme called cathepsin D. Unexpectedly, Jha, Rauniyar et al. found that VEGF-C was also present in semen. For conception to occur PSA must liquify the semen following ejaculation. It was discovered that PSA activates VEGF-C just as the semen starts to liquify, suggesting that the lymphatic vessel growth factor might also play an important role in reproduction. In addition to VEGF-C, both PSA and cathepsin D were found to activate another growth factor called VEGF-D, which has an unknown role in the human body. VEGF-C helps the spread of tumors, and blocking the two enzymes that activate this growth factor may be a new therapeutic approach for cancer. However, more work is needed to validate which types of tumor, if any, use these enzymes to activate VEGF-C. In addition, understanding the relationship between PSA and VEGF-C could help improve our knowledge of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Kumar Jha
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khushbu Rauniyar
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa Chronowska
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kenny Mattonet
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Eunice Wairimu Maina
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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De Vita E, Schüler P, Lovell S, Lohbeck J, Kullmann S, Rabinovich E, Sananes A, Heßling B, Hamon V, Papo N, Hess J, Tate EW, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Depsipeptides Featuring a Neutral P1 Are Potent Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 with On-Target Cellular Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8859-8874. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Schüler
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Scott Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jasmin Lohbeck
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sven Kullmann
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Eitan Rabinovich
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Bernd Heßling
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronique Hamon
- European Screening Centre, Biocity Scotland, University of Dundee, Newhouse ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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16
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Filippou PS, Ren AH, Bala S, Papaioannou MD, Brinc D, Prassas I, Karakosta T, Diamandis EP. Biochemical characterization of human tissue kallikrein 15 and examination of its potential role in cancer. Clin Biochem 2018; 58:108-115. [PMID: 29928903 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human tissue kallikrein 15 (KLK15) is the last cloned member of the KLK-related gene family. Despite being implicated in multiple cancers, its pathophysiological role remains unknown. We aimed to biochemically characterize KLK15 and preliminarily study its role in cancer. DESIGN & METHODS Recombinant KLK15 protein was produced, purified to homogeneity and quantified by mass spectrometry (parallel reaction monitoring analysis). We profiled the enzymatic activity of KLK15 using fluorogenic peptide substrates, and performed kinetic analysis to discover the cleavage sites. As KLK15 has mainly been associated with prostate cancer, we used a degradomic approach and subsequent KEGG pathway analysis to identify a number of putative protein substrates in the KLK15-treated prostate cancer cell line PC3. RESULTS We discovered trypsin-like activity in KLK15, finding that it cleaves preferentially after arginine (R). The enzymatic activity of KLK15 was regulated by different factors such as pH, cations and serine protease inhibitors. Notably, we revealed that KLK15 most likely interacts with the extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor group. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study that experimentally verifies the trypsin-like activity of KLK15. We show here for the first time that KLK15 may be able to cleave many ECM components, similar to several members of the KLK family. Thus the protease could potentially be linked to tumorigenesis by promoting metastasis via this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota S Filippou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Annie H Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sudarshan Bala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Davor Brinc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Theano Karakosta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Lunavat TR, Jang SC, Escobedo-Lucea C, Oliver-De La Cruz J, Siljander P, Lötvall J, Yliperttula M. Distinct prostate cancer-related mRNA cargo in extracellular vesicle subsets from prostate cell lines. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:92. [PMID: 28143451 PMCID: PMC5286827 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXOs), are released by all cells constituting part of the cellular EV secretome. The bioactive cargo of EVs can be shuffled between cells and consists of lipids, metabolites, proteins, and nucleic acids, including multiple RNA species from non-coding RNAs to messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In this study, we hypothesized that the mRNA cargo of EVs could differ based on the EV cellular origin and subpopulation analyzed. METHODS We isolated MVs and EXOs from PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by differential centrifugation and compared them to EVs derived from the benign PNT2 prostate cells. The relative mRNA levels of 84 prostate cancer-related genes were investigated and validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR arrays. RESULTS Based on the mRNA abundance, MVs rather than EXOs were enriched in the analyzed transcripts, providing a snapshot of the tumor transcriptome. LNCaP MVs specifically contained significantly increased mRNA levels of NK3 Homeobox 1 (NKX3-1), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and tumor protein 53 (TP53) genes, whereas PC-3 MVs carried increased mRNA levels of several genes including, caveolin-2 (CAV2), glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1 (PES1), calmodulin regulated spectrin associated protein 1 (CAMSAP1), zinc-finger protein 185 (ZNF185), and others compared to PNT2 MVs. Additionally, ETS variant 1 (ETV1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) mRNAs identified in LNCaP- and PC-3- derived MVs highly correlated with prostate cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new understandings of the variability of the mRNA cargo of MVs and EXOs from different cell lines despite same cancer origin, which is essential to better understand the the proportion of the cell transcriptome that can be detected within EVs and to evaluate their role in disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. .,Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden.
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Su Chul Jang
- Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Carmen Escobedo-Lucea
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Institute for Advanced Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo Women´s Medical University (TWINS), Tokyo, 162 8666, Japan
| | - Jorge Oliver-De La Cruz
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, 65691, Czech Republic
| | - Pia Siljander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden.
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
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18
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Yang J, Tang A, Zhang S, Sun X, Ming L. The age-specific reference intervals for tPSA, fPSA, and %fPSA in healthy Han ethnic male. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 31. [PMID: 27645821 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies in male, and has become the fastest growing malignancy in recent years. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is widely used as a tumor marker to screen for PC. Many studies have been performed to define the reference intervals (RIs) for total circulating PSA (tPSA). The results were different among different nations and races, even in the same race. Few researches have been performed on the RIs of free PSA (fPSA) and the ratio of free to total PSA (%fPSA). In this study, we aimed to simultaneously determine the age-specific RIs for tPSA, fPSA, and %fPSA in the healthy Han ethnic male. METHODS A total of 1862 apparently healthy male aged from 21 to 94 years were included in our study. Nonparametric 95th percentile intervals were used to define the RIs. RESULTS The reference limits in different age groups (21-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, and ≥81 years) were 2.07, 3.59, 4.93, 6.83, and 7.73 ng/mL for tPSA, and 0.60, 0.76, 0.83, 1.30, and 2.41 ng/mL for fPSA. The RIs of %fPSA were ≥0.16 for 21-50 years and ≥0.13 for male over 50 years old. CONCLUSIONS We established age-specific RIs for tPSA, fPSA and %fPSA. The newly established RIs should be more suitable for Chinese Han ethnic male. It will be valuable for physicians to make exact medical decision and appropriate medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Henan provinces, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Aiguo Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Henan provinces, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Henan provinces, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liang Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Henan provinces, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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Mattsson JM, Ravela S, Hekim C, Jonsson M, Malm J, Närvänen A, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Proteolytic activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) towards protein substrates and effect of peptides stimulating PSA activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107819. [PMID: 25237904 PMCID: PMC4169579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase-3, KLK3) exerts chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity. The main biological function of PSA is the liquefaction of the clot formed after ejaculation by cleavage of semenogelins I and II in seminal fluid. PSA also cleaves several other substrates, which may explain its putative functions in prostate cancer and its antiangiogenic activity. We compared the proteolytic efficiency of PSA towards several protein and peptide substrates and studied the effect of peptides stimulating the activity of PSA with these substrates. An endothelial cell tube formation model was used to analyze the effect of PSA-degraded protein fragments on angiogenesis. We showed that PSA degrades semenogelins I and II much more efficiently than other previously identified protein substrates, e.g., fibronectin, galectin-3 and IGFBP-3. We identified nidogen-1 as a new substrate for PSA. Peptides B2 and C4 that stimulate the activity of PSA towards small peptide substrates also enhanced the proteolytic activity of PSA towards protein substrates. Nidogen-1, galectin-3 or their fragments produced by PSA did not have any effect on endothelial cell tube formation. Although PSA cleaves several other protein substrates, in addition to semenogelins, the physiological importance of this activity remains speculative. The PSA levels in prostate are very high, but several other highly active proteases, such as hK2 and trypsin, are also expressed in the prostate and may cleave protein substrates that are weakly cleaved by PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Ravela
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Can Hekim
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Jonsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University and Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University and Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ale Närvänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hannu K, Johanna M, Ulf-Håkan S. KLK-targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer. EJIFCC 2014; 25:207-18. [PMID: 27683469 PMCID: PMC4975297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternative treatments are urgently needed for prostate cancer, especially to address the aggressive metastatic castration-resistant disease. Proteolytic enzymes are involved in cancer growth and progression. The prostate produces several proteases, the most abundant ones being two members of the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and KLK2. Despite the wide use of PSA as a clinical marker, the function(s) of PSA and other KLKs in prostate cancer are poorly known. Hypothetic roles of KLKs in prostate cancer include activities that may both promote and inhibit cancer growth and metastasis, including the antiangiogenic activity of PSA. Thus it may be possible to control prostate cancer growth by modulating the proteolytic activities of KLKs. PSA and KLK2 are especially attractive targets for prostate cancer treatment because of their proposed roles in tumor development and inhibition of angiogenesis in combination with their prostate selective expression. So far the number of molecules affecting selectively the activity of KLKs is limited and none of these are used to treat prostate cancer. Prodrugs that, after cleavage of the peptide part by PSA or KLK2, release active drug molecules, and PSA-targeted therapeutic vaccines have already been tested clinically in humans and the first results have been encouraging. Although KLKs are attractive targets for prostate cancer treatment, much remains to be done before their potential can be fully elucidated. The objective of this review is to address the current state of the KLKs as novel therapeutic targets for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koistinen Hannu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland +358 9 471 71734 (HK) (JM) (UHS)
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21
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Bremmer SC, McNeil AJ, Soellner MB. Enzyme-triggered gelation: targeting proteases with internal cleavage sites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1691-3. [PMID: 24394494 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A generalizable method for detecting protease activity via gelation is described. A recognition sequence is used to target the protease of interest while a second protease is used to remove the residual residues from the gelator scaffold. Using this approach, selective assays for both MMP-9 and PSA are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Bremmer
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA.
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Mavridis K, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Targeting kallikrein-related peptidases in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:365-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.880693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Miyai M, Matsumoto Y, Yamanishi H, Yamamoto-Tanaka M, Tsuboi R, Hibino T. Keratinocyte-specific mesotrypsin contributes to the desquamation process via kallikrein activation and LEKTI degradation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1665-1674. [PMID: 24390132 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) have critical roles in corneocyte desquamation and are regulated by lymphoepithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI). However, it is unclear how these proteases are activated and how activated KLKs are released from LEKTI in the upper cornified layer. Recently, we reported cloning of a PRSS3 gene product, keratinocyte-specific mesotrypsin, from a cDNA library. We hypothesized that mesotrypsin is involved in the desquamation process, and the aim of the present study was to test this idea by examining the effects of mesotrypsin on representative desquamation-related enzymes pro-KLK5 and pro-KLK7. Incubation of mesotrypsin and these zymogens resulted in generation of the active forms. KLK activities were effectively inhibited by recombinant LEKTI domains D2, D2-5, D2-6, D2-7, D5, D6, D6-9, D7, D7-9, and D10-15, whereas mesotrypsin activity was not susceptible to these domains, and in fact degraded them. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that mesotrypsin was localized in the cytoplasm of granular cells and intercellular spaces of the cornified layer. Proximity ligation assay showed close association between mesotrypsin and KLKs in the granular to cornified layers. Age-dependency analysis revealed that mesotrypsin was markedly downregulated in corneocyte extract from donors in their sixties, compared with younger donors. Collectively, our findings suggest that mesotrypsin contributes to the desquamation process by activating KLKs and degrading the intrinsic KLKs' inhibitor LEKTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miyai
- Shiseido Research Center, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Mami Yamamoto-Tanaka
- Shiseido Research Center, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Katori M, Majima M. Renal (tissue) kallikrein-kinin system in the kidney and novel potential drugs for salt-sensitive hypertension. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:59-109. [PMID: 25130040 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of antihypertensive drugs, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and others, are prescribed to hypertensive patients, with good control of the condition. In addition, all individuals are generally believed to be salt sensitive and, thus, severe restriction of salt intake is recommended to all. Nevertheless, the physiological defense mechanisms in the kidney against excess salt intake have not been well clarified. The present review article demonstrated that the renal (tissue) kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is ideally situated within the nephrons of the kidney, where it functions to inhibit the reabsorption of NaCl through the activation of bradykinin (BK)-B2 receptors localized along the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts (CD). Kinins generated in the CD are immediately inactivated by two kidney-specific kinin-inactivating enzymes (kininases), carboxypeptidase Y-like exopeptidase (CPY), and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Our work demonstrated that ebelactone B and poststatin are selective inhibitors of these kininases. The reduced secretion of the urinary kallikrein is linked to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension, whereas potassium ions and ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers ameliorate salt-sensitive hypertension by accelerating the release of renal kallikrein. On the other hand, ebelactone B and poststatin prolong the life of kinins in the CD after excess salt intake, thereby leading to the augmentation of natriuresis and diuresis, and the ensuing suppression of salt-sensitive hypertension. In conclusion, accelerators of the renal kallikrein release and selective renal kininase inhibitors are both novel types of antihypertensive agents that may be useful for treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Meinander K, Weisell J, Pakkala M, Tadd AC, Hekim C, Kallionpää R, Widell K, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Närvänen A, Vepsäläinen J, Luthman K, Wallén EAA. Pseudopeptides with a centrally positioned alkene-based disulphide bridge mimetic stimulate kallikrein-related peptidase 3 activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
First successful pseudopeptides of the KLK3-activating bicyclic peptide “C-4” are reported.
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Liang G, Chen X, Aldous S, Pu SF, Mehdi S, Powers E, Xia T, Wang R. Human kallikrein 6 inhibitors with a para-amidobenzylanmine P1 group identified through virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2450-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liang G, Chen X, Aldous S, Pu SF, Mehdi S, Powers E, Giovanni A, Kongsamut S, Xia T, Zhang Y, Wang R, Gao Z, Merriman G, McLean LR, Morize I. Virtual Screening and X-ray Crystallography for Human Kallikrein 6 Inhibitors with an Amidinothiophene P1 Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:159-64. [PMID: 24900446 DOI: 10.1021/ml200291e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of compounds with an amidinothiophene P1 group and a pyrrolidinone-sulphonamide scaffold linker was identified as potent inhibitors of human kallikrein 6 by structure-based virtual screening based on the union accessible binding space of serine proteases. As the first series of potent nonmechanism-based hK6 inhibitors, they may be used as tool compounds for target validation. An X-ray structure of a representative compound complexed with hK6, resolved at a resolution of 1.88 Å, revealed that the amidinothiophene moiety bound in the S1 pocket and the pyrrolidinone-sulphonamide linker projected the aromatic tail into the S' pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyan Liang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Suzanne Aldous
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Su-Fen Pu
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Shujaath Mehdi
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Elaine Powers
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Andrew Giovanni
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Sathapana Kongsamut
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Tianhui Xia
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Rachel Wang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Zhongli Gao
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Gregory Merriman
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Larry R. McLean
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Isabelle Morize
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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Altuwaijri S. Role of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.34043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Danila DC, Fleisher M, Scher HI. Circulating tumor cells as biomarkers in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3903-12. [PMID: 21680546 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unmet needs in prostate cancer drug development and patient management are the ability to monitor treatment effects and to identify therapeutic targets in a tumor at the time treatment is being considered. This review focuses on establishing analytically valid biomarkers for specific contexts of use in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), emphasizing a biomarker currently in clinical use, circulating tumor cells (CTC). The FDA Critical Path provides a road map for these investigations, which, if followed, will facilitate the incorporation of these types of assays into clinical decision-making. CTC enumeration at baseline and post-treatment is prognostic of survival, with no threshold effect, and the shedding of cells into the circulation represents an intrinsic property of the tumor, distinct from extent of disease. The clinical utility of monitoring CTC changes with treatment, as an efficacy-response surrogate biomarker of survival, is currently being tested in large phase III trials, with the novel antiandrogen therapies abiraterone acetate and MDV3100. Molecular determinants can be identified and characterized in CTCs as potential predictive biomarkers of tumor sensitivity to a therapeutic modality. Additionally, we discuss novel technologies to enrich and characterize CTCs from more patients, the potential clinical uses of CTCs in determining prognosis and monitoring treatment effects, and CTCs as a source of tissue to identify predictive markers of drug sensitivity to guide treatment selection. Prospective studies, designed around the biomarker itself and the specific clinical context for which it is applied, are needed to further assess the role of these and novel markers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Danila
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratories, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Härkönen HH, Mattsson JM, Määttä JAE, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Matero S, Windshügel B, Poso A, Lahtela-Kakkonen M. The discovery of compounds that stimulate the activity of kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3). ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2170-8. [PMID: 21953896 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is the most useful biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). KLK3 is suggested to play a role in regulating cancer growth through anti-angiogenic activity in vivo and in vitro. This feature, together with its specificity for prostate tissue, makes KLK3 an intriguing target for the design of new therapies for PCa. 3D pharmacophores for KLK3-stimulating compounds were generated based on peptides that bind specifically to KLK3 and increase its enzymatic activity. As a result of pharmacophore-based virtual screening, four small, drug-like compounds with affinity for KLK3 were discovered and validated by capillary differential scanning calorimetry. One of the compounds also stimulated the activity of KLK3, and is therefore the first published small molecule with such an activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna H Härkönen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Touchet S, Carreaux F, Carboni B, Bouillon A, Boucher JL. Aminoboronic acids and esters: from synthetic challenges to the discovery of unique classes of enzyme inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3895-914. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00154f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Goettig P, Magdolen V, Brandstetter H. Natural and synthetic inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs). Biochimie 2010; 92:1546-67. [PMID: 20615447 PMCID: PMC3014083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Including the true tissue kallikrein KLK1, kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent a family of fifteen mammalian serine proteases. While the physiological roles of several KLKs have been at least partially elucidated, their activation and regulation remain largely unclear. This obscurity may be related to the fact that a given KLK fulfills many different tasks in diverse fetal and adult tissues, and consequently, the timescale of some of their physiological actions varies significantly. To date, a variety of endogenous inhibitors that target distinct KLKs have been identified. Among them are the attenuating Zn(2+) ions, active site-directed proteinaceous inhibitors, such as serpins and the Kazal-type inhibitors, or the huge, unspecific compartment forming α(2)-macroglobulin. Failure of these inhibitory systems can lead to certain pathophysiological conditions. One of the most prominent examples is the Netherton syndrome, which is caused by dysfunctional domains of the Kazal-type inhibitor LEKTI-1 which fail to appropriately regulate KLKs in the skin. Small synthetic inhibitory compounds and natural polypeptidic exogenous inhibitors have been widely employed to characterize the activity and substrate specificity of KLKs and to further investigate their structures and biophysical properties. Overall, this knowledge leads not only to a better understanding of the physiological tasks of KLKs, but is also a strong fundament for the synthesis of small compound drugs and engineered biomolecules for pharmaceutical approaches. In several types of cancer, KLKs have been found to be overexpressed, which makes them clinically relevant biomarkers for prognosis and monitoring. Thus, down regulation of excessive KLK activity in cancer and in skin diseases by small inhibitor compounds may represent attractive therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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34
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The 3rd International Symposium on Kallikreins and Kallikrein-Related Peptidases. Biol Chem 2010; 391:295-7. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
No abstract available
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