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Sixtus RP, Gray C, Berry MJ, Dyson RM. Preterm-born individuals: a vulnerable population at risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during thermal extremes? Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1011-1025. [PMID: 37084061 PMCID: PMC10988436 DOI: 10.1113/ep091152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Thermal extremes disproportionately affect populations with cardiovascular conditions. Preterm birth, across all gestational age ranges below 37 weeks, has been identified as a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The hypothesis is presented that individuals born preterm are at an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during thermal extremes. What advances does it highlight? Cardiovascular stress tests performed in preterm-born populations, from infancy through adulthood, highlight a progression of cardiovascular dysfunction accelerating through adolescence and adulthood. This dysfunction has many similarities with populations known to be at risk in thermal extremes. ABSTRACT Preterm-born individuals are a uniquely vulnerable population. Preterm exposure to the extrauterine environment and the (mal)adaptations that occur during the transitional period can result in alterations to their macro- and micro-physiological state. The physiological adaptations that increase survival in the short term may place those born preterm on a trajectory of lifelong dysfunction and later-life decompensation. Cardiovascular compensation in children and adolescents, which masks this trajectory of dysfunction, is overcome under stress, such that the functional cardiovascular capacity is reduced and recovery impaired following physiological stress. This has implications for their response to thermal stress. As the Anthropocene introduces greater changes in our environment, thermal extremes will impact vulnerable populations as yet unidentified in the climate change context. Here, we present the hypothesis that individuals born preterm are a vulnerable population at an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during thermal extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Phillip Sixtus
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Clint Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Mary Judith Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Rebecca Maree Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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2
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Koutroumpa A, Kanaka Gantenbein C, Mantzou A, Doulgeraki A, Bacopoulou F, Bouza H, Chrousos G, Siahanidou T. Circulating Irisin Levels in Preadolescents and Adolescents Born Preterm. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 94:416-425. [PMID: 34856543 DOI: 10.1159/000521265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prematurity is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk later in life. The adipomyokine irisin has been acknowledged as a modulator of energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate circulating levels of irisin and their relation to anthropometric measurements and cardiometabolic phenotype in a population of preterm-born children versus full-term-born peers. METHODS A total of 160 children (87 born preterm aged 8.1-14.8 years and 73 born full-term of similar age and gender distribution) were studied. Arterial blood pressure, anthropometry, body composition assessments with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and skinfold measurements were performed. Blood biochemistry and circulating levels of irisin, insulin, cortisol, leptin, and adiponectin were also determined. RESULTS The preterm group had higher diastolic blood pressure, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold (SSSF), and abdominal skinfold measurements and more central adiposity than the full-term group. Irisin was significantly lower (p = 0.002), whereas leptin was higher (p = 0.03) in the preterm than the full-term group. Irisin correlated positively with gestational age (r = 0.19, p = 0.01), birth weight (r = 0.23, p = 0.003), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.20, p = 0.01) and negatively with SSSF (r = -0.25, p = 0.003) and chronological age (r = -0.21, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Lower levels of irisin and a slightly unhealthy adiposity and cardiometabolic pattern were detected in preterm-born children in comparison to their full-term-born peers. Whether low irisin levels in preadolescents and adolescents born prematurely could be of prognostic value for the development of cardiometabolic sequelae later in life remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsinoi Koutroumpa
- Second Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Doulgeraki
- Department of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Bouza
- Second Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tania Siahanidou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Tint MT, Michael N, Sadananthan SA, Huang JY, Khoo CM, Godfrey KM, Shek LPC, Lek N, Tan KH, Yap F, Velan SS, Gluckman PD, Chong YS, Karnani N, Chan SY, Leow MKS, Lee KJ, Lee YS, Hu HH, Zhang C, Fortier MV, Eriksson JG. Brown Adipose Tissue, Adiposity, and Metabolic Profile in Preschool Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2901-2914. [PMID: 34143868 PMCID: PMC8475202 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT An inverse relationship between brown adipose tissue (BAT) and obesity has previously been reported in older children and adults but is unknown in young children. OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of BAT in thermoneutral condition on adiposity and metabolic profile in Asian preschool children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 198 children aged 4.5 years from a prospective birth cohort study, Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) were successfully studied with water-fat magnetic resonance imaging of the supraclavicular and axillary fat depot (FDSA). Regions within FDSA with fat-signal-fraction between 20% and 80% were considered BAT, and percentage BAT (%BAT; 100*BAT volume/ FDSA volume) was calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Abdominal adipose tissue compartment volumes, ectopic fat in the soleus muscle and liver, fatty liver index, metabolic syndrome scores, and markers of insulin sensitivity. RESULTS A 1% unit increase in %BAT was associated with lower body mass index, difference (95% CI), -0.08 (-0.10, -0.06) kg/m2 and smaller abdominal adipose tissue compartment volumes. Ethnicity and sex modified these associations. In addition, each unit increase in %BAT was associated with lower ectopic fat at 4.5 years in the liver, -0.008% (-0.013%, -0.003%); soleus muscle, -0.003% (-0.006%, -0.001%) of water content and lower fatty liver index at 6 years. CONCLUSIONS Higher %BAT is associated with a more favorable metabolic profile. BAT may thus play a role in the pathophysiology of obesity and related metabolic disorders. The observed ethnic and sex differences imply that the protective effect of BAT may vary among different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jonathan Yinhao Huang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ngee Lek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
- Metabolic Disorders Research Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kuan Jin Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yung-Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat–National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Houchun Harry Hu
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: Johan G. Eriksson, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD1, Tahir Foundation Building, Level 12, #12-02/03, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore. ;
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4
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Abe T, Thiebaud RS, Loenneke JP. The Fat Fraction Percentage of White Adipose Tissue at various Ages in Humans: An Updated Review. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:369-373. [PMID: 33563512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the fat fraction percentage of white adipose tissue in adolescents and adults measured by the water-fat separation method, but there was limited discussion about the change in adipose tissue fat fraction with growth. The purpose of this updated review was to examine the fat content of white (subcutaneous) adipose tissue during the process from birth to adulthood by adding the latest available data. A relevant database was searched through November 2020. Nineteen studies were included. We found that calculated mean values of fat fraction percentage in white adipose tissue were 72.2% in neonates, 87.2% in children, and 87.4% in adults. In contrast, fat fraction percentage of truncal white adipose tissue in the fetuses was from 10% to 24% (29 and 34 wk of gestational age, respectively). Our results suggest that the fat fraction percentage of white adipose tissue may not undergo large changes during the process from birth to adulthood (neonates = 72.2%, children = 87.2%, adults = 87.4%), which was different from the results of a study utilizing a biopsy. The mean value and range of fat fraction percentages for children over 7 years old were especially similar to adults. Further, the fat fraction percentage for neonates was relatively close to the results of children and adults. At the moment, the characteristics of the changes in fat fraction percentage of adipose tissue from birth to preschool children are unclear and future research is needed to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
| | - Robert S Thiebaud
- Department of Human Performance and Recreation, Brigham Young University - Idaho, Rexburg, ID, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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5
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Verduci E, Calcaterra V, Di Profio E, Fiore G, Rey F, Magenes VC, Todisco CF, Carelli S, Zuccotti GV. Brown Adipose Tissue: New Challenges for Prevention of Childhood Obesity. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051450. [PMID: 33923364 PMCID: PMC8145569 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity remains a challenge in modern society. Recently, research has focused on the role of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a potential target of intervention. In this review, we revised preclinical and clinical works on factors that may promote BAT or browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) from fetal age to adolescence. Maternal lifestyle, type of breastfeeding and healthy microbiota can affect the thermogenic activity of BAT. Environmental factors such as exposure to cold or physical activity also play a role in promoting and activating BAT. Most of the evidence is preclinical, although in clinic there is some evidence on the role of omega-3 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) supplementation on BAT activation. Clinical studies are needed to dissect the early factors and their modulation to allow proper BAT development and functions and to prevent onset of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carlotta Magenes
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Carolina Federica Todisco
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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6
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Santhanam P, Rowe SP, Solnes LB, Quainoo B, Ahima RS. A systematic review of imaging studies of human brown adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:5-23. [PMID: 33604891 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved in energy dissipation and has been linked to weight loss, insulin sensitivity, and reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease. BAT is found most often in the supraclavicular region, as well as mediastinal and paravertebral areas, and it is predominantly seen in young persons. BAT is activated by cold temperature and the sympathetic nervous system. In humans, BAT was initially detected via 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), a high-resolution molecular imaging modality used to identify and stage malignancies. Recent studies have shown that BAT can be localized using conventional imaging modalities, such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as radiotracers used for single-photon emission CT. In this systematic review, we have summarized the evidence for BAT detection in humans using various imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Santhanam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lilja B Solnes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brittany Quainoo
- Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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7
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Abe T, Bell ZW, Dankel SJ, Wong V, Spitz RW, Loenneke JP. The Water-Fat Separation Method for Determining the Fat-free Component of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Humans: A Brief Review. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:390-394. [PMID: 30679114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fat-free mass as well as lean soft tissue mass is a surrogate for skeletal muscle mass and is often used for the normalization of several physiological variables or for the diagnosing of low muscle mass in older adults. However, both fat-free mass and lean tissue mass include nonskeletal muscle components such as the fat-free component of adipose tissue fat cells. A technique known as water-fat MRI provides a noninvasive and radiation-free assessment of the fat-free component of adipose tissue in humans. However, if this method is impractical or unavailable, some authors suggest that a constant value for the fat-free component of adipose tissue can be used as an indirect estimate. The purpose of this review is to examine the fat fraction percentage of white (subcutaneous) adipose tissue in adolescents and young/middle-aged/older adults measured by water-fat MRI and provide discussion on how the fat-free adipose tissue values from the water-fat separation method compare with the constant value used in previous studies. Calculated mean values for the percentage of fat fraction in subcutaneous adipose tissue were 86.9% in the overall sample, 86.4% in adolescents (3 studies), and 87.1% in young, middle-aged and older adults (7 studies). This is similar to the 85% value proposed in the classical studies but in the majority of studies the 85% estimate was outside of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the water-fat MRI estimate. There may be several factors to consider that may affect the fat fraction percentage (e.g. reliability of the MRI estimate, age, sex, obesity, etc.), however, at this time there is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of each of these variables. If the measurement is reliable, then this might suggest that the 85% constant may need to be altered to better reflect the water-fat MRI estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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8
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Kistner A. Does low birthweight matter? Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:228-230. [PMID: 31746022 PMCID: PMC7004169 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kistner
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Imaging and Physiology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Dolegowska K, Marchelek-Mysliwiec M, Nowosiad-Magda M, Slawinski M, Dolegowska B. FGF19 subfamily members: FGF19 and FGF21. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:229-240. [PMID: 30927227 PMCID: PMC6611749 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) constitute a large family of proteins with pleiotropic effects on development, organogenesis, and metabolism. The FGF19 subclass includes growth factors circulating with the blood referred to as endocrine FGF. Representatives of the FGF19 subclass, including FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, act via FGFR receptors. The proteins of FGF19 subfamily influence the enterohepatic circulation of bile, participate in glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, and maintenance of phosphorus and vitamin D3 homeostasis. FGF19 and FGF21 are activated under different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dolegowska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Marchelek-Mysliwiec
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Nowosiad-Magda
- Department of Immunology Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michal Slawinski
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dolegowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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