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Pszczołowska M, Walczak K, Miśków W, Mroziak M, Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Leszek J. Mitochondrial disorders leading to Alzheimer's disease-perspectives of diagnosis and treatment. GeroScience 2024; 46:2977-2988. [PMID: 38457008 PMCID: PMC11009177 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia globally. The pathogenesis of AD remains still unclear. The three main features of AD are extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque, accumulation of abnormal formation hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, and neuronal loss. Mitochondrial impairment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. There are problems with decreased activity of multiple complexes, disturbed mitochondrial fusion, and fission or formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, mitochondrial transport is impaired in AD. Mouse models in many research show disruptions in anterograde and retrograde transport. Both mitochondrial transportation and network impairment have a huge impact on synapse loss and, as a result, cognitive impairment. One of the very serious problems in AD is also disruption of insulin signaling which impairs mitochondrial Aβ removal.Discovering precise mechanisms leading to AD enables us to find new treatment possibilities. Recent studies indicate the positive influence of metformin or antioxidants such as MitoQ, SS-31, SkQ, MitoApo, MitoTEMPO, and MitoVitE on mitochondrial functioning and hence prevent cognitive decline. Impairments in mitochondrial fission may be treated with mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 or ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil Walczak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Weronika Miśków
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Jerzy Leszek
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Department, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Fernandes C, Cagide F, Simões J, Pita C, Pereira E, Videira AJC, Soares P, Duarte JFS, Santos AMS, Oliveira PJ, Borges F, Silva FSG. Targeting Hydroxybenzoic Acids to Mitochondria as a Strategy to Delay Skin Ageing: An In Vitro Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196183. [PMID: 36234718 PMCID: PMC9571003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria is considered a promising strategy to prevent cellular senescence and skin ageing. In this study, we investigate whether four hydroxybenzoic acid-based mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MitoBENs, MB1-4) could be used as potential active ingredients to prevent senescence in skin cells. Firstly, we evaluated the chemical stability, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of all compounds. We followed this by testing the antioxidant protective capacity of the two less toxic compounds on human skin fibroblasts. We then assessed the effects of the best hit on senescence, inflammation and mitochondrial remodeling on a 3D skin cell model, while also testing its mutagenic potential. Cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity rankings were produced: MB3 < MB4 ≃ MB1 < MB2 and MB3 < MB1 < MB4 < MB2, respectively. These results suggest that pyrogallol-based compounds (MB2 and MB4) have lower cytotoxicity. The pyrogallol derivative, MB2, containing a 6-carbon spacer, showed a more potent antioxidant protective activity against hydrogen peroxide cytotoxicity. In a 3D skin cell model, MB2 also decreased transcripts related to senescence. In sum, MB2’s biological safety profile, good chemical stability and lack of mutagenicity, combined with its anti-senescence effect, converts MB2 into a good candidate for further development as an active ingredient for skin anti-ageing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernandes
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (F.S.G.S.)
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Simões
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Carlos Pita
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Eurico Pereira
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Afonso J. C. Videira
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José F. S. Duarte
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António M. S. Santos
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filomena S. G. Silva
- Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (F.S.G.S.)
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Epremyan KK, Goleva TN, Zvyagilskaya RA. Effect of Tau Protein on Mitochondrial Functions. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:689-701. [PMID: 36171651 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder of brain cortex and hippocampus leading to cognitive impairment. Accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles are believed to be the main hallmarks of the disease. Origin of Alzheimer's disease is not totally clear, multiple initiator factors are likely to exist. Intracellular impacts of Alzheimer's disease include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ER-stress, disruption of autophagy, severe metabolic challenges leading to massive neuronal apoptosis. Mitochondria are the key players in all these processes. This formed the basis for the so-called mitochondrial cascade hypothesis. This review provides current data on the molecular mechanisms of the development of Alzheimer's disease associated with mitochondria. Special attention was paid to the interaction between Tau protein and mitochondria, as well as to the promising therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing development of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoren K Epremyan
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
| | - Tatyana N Goleva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Renata A Zvyagilskaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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4
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You J, Huang H, Chan CTY, Li L. Pathological Targets for Treating Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Discoveries From Microscale to Macroscale. Front Neurol 2022; 12:779558. [PMID: 35069411 PMCID: PMC8777077 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.779558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common and severe types of epilepsy, characterized by intractable, recurrent, and pharmacoresistant seizures. Histopathology of TLE is mostly investigated through observing hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in adults, which provides a robust means to analyze the related histopathological lesions. However, most pathological processes underlying the formation of these lesions remain elusive, as they are difficult to detect and observe. In recent years, significant efforts have been put in elucidating the pathophysiological pathways contributing to TLE epileptogenesis. In this review, we aimed to address the new and unrecognized neuropathological discoveries within the last 5 years, focusing on gene expression (miRNA and DNA methylation), neuronal peptides (neuropeptide Y), cellular metabolism (mitochondria and ion transport), cellular structure (microtubule and extracellular matrix), and tissue-level abnormalities (enlarged amygdala). Herein, we describe a range of biochemical mechanisms and their implication for epileptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss their potential role as a target for TLE prevention and treatment. This review article summarizes the latest neuropathological discoveries at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels involving both animal and patient studies, aiming to explore epileptogenesis and highlight new potential targets in the diagnosis and treatment of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Women University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Clement T Y Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Disentangling Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111520. [PMID: 34768950 PMCID: PMC8583788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia in older adults and is fast becoming a major societal and economic burden due to an increase in life expectancy. Age seems to be the major factor driving AD, and currently, only symptomatic treatments are available. AD has a complex etiology, although mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities have been widely and deeply investigated as plausible mechanisms for its neuropathology. Aβ plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates, along with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems, are the hallmarks of the disease. Restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics, prevention of oxidative stress, and diet and exercise seem to be effective in reducing Aβ and in ameliorating learning and memory problems. Many mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have been tested in AD and are currently in development. However, larger streamlined clinical studies are needed to provide hard evidence of benefits in AD. This review discusses the causative factors, as well as potential therapeutics employed in the treatment of AD.
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE. Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:233-243. [PMID: 31747384 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of homeostasis of zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Wilson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The last two pathological conditions of the brain are the most common; moreover, it is possible that TBI is a risk factor for the development of AD. Disruptions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ homeostasis play an important role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of both TBI and AD. This review attempts to summarize and systematize the currently available research data on this issue. The neurocytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Zn2+, the synergism of the toxic effect of calcium and Zn2+ ions on the mitochondria of neurons, and the interaction of Zn2+ and Cu2+ with β-amyloid (Abeta) and tau protein are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, N.A. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Research Center of Neurology, Moscow 125367, Russia
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Salnikova D, Orekhova V, Grechko A, Starodubova A, Bezsonov E, Popkova T, Orekhov A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Vascular Wall Cells and Its Role in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8990. [PMID: 34445694 PMCID: PMC8396504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial function is currently recognized as an important factor in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, which can be inherited or spontaneously acquired in various organs and tissues, having more or less profound effects depending on the tissue energy status. Arterial wall cells are among the most vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to their barrier and metabolic functions. In atherosclerosis, mitochondria cause alteration of cellular metabolism and respiration and are known to produce excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress. These processes are involved in vascular disease and chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. Currently, the list of known mtDNA mutations associated with human pathologies is growing, and many of the identified mtDNA variants are being tested as disease markers. Alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation appears to be promising for atherosclerosis treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis development, focusing on the key cell types of the arterial wall involved in the pathological processes. Accumulation of mtDNA mutations in isolated arterial wall cells, such as endothelial cells, may contribute to the development of local inflammatory process that helps explaining the focal distribution of atherosclerotic plaques on the arterial wall surface. We also discuss antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches that can potentially reduce the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Salnikova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Oncoproteomics, Institute of Carconigenesis, N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara Orekhova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Andrey Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Therapy Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.O.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Popkova
- V. A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.O.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Orekhov AN, Poznyak AV, Sobenin IA, Nikifirov NN, Ivanova EA. Mitochondrion as a Selective Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Defective Mitophagy in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:1064-1075. [PMID: 31744449 PMCID: PMC7709151 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191118125018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects different arteries in the human body and often leads to severe neurological complications, such as stroke and its sequelae. Affected blood vessels develop atherosclerotic lesions in the form of focal thickening of the intimal layer, so called atherosclerotic plaques. OBJECTIVES Despite the high priority of atherosclerosis research for global health and the numerous preclinical and clinical studies conducted, currently, there is no effective pharmacological treatment that directly impacts atherosclerotic plaques. Many knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the mechanisms of plaque formation. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria in different cell types involved in atherogenesis and provide information about mtDNA mutations associated with the disease. RESULTS Mitochondria of blood and arterial wall cells appear to be one of the important factors in disease initiation and development. Significant experimental evidence connects oxidative stress associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular disease. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and mutations are being considered as potential disease markers. Further study of mtDNA damage and associated dysfunction may open new perspectives for atherosclerosis treatment. CONCLUSION Mitochondria can be considered as important disease-modifying factors in several chronic pathologies. Deletions and mutations of mtDNA may be used as potential disease markers. Mitochondria-targeting antioxidant therapies appear to be promising for the development of treatment of atherosclerosis and other diseases associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita N Nikifirov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia,Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
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9
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Shinn LJ, Lagalwar S. Treating Neurodegenerative Disease with Antioxidants: Efficacy of the Bioactive Phenol Resveratrol and Mitochondrial-Targeted MitoQ and SkQ. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040573. [PMID: 33917835 PMCID: PMC8068221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence from neurodegenerative disease research supports an early pathogenic role for mitochondrial dysfunction in affected neurons that precedes morphological and functional deficits. The resulting oxidative stress and respiratory malfunction contribute to neuronal toxicity and may enhance the vulnerability of neurons to continued assault by aggregation-prone proteins. Consequently, targeting mitochondria with antioxidant therapy may be a non-invasive, inexpensive, and viable means of strengthening neuronal health and slowing disease progression, thereby extending quality of life. We review the preclinical and clinical findings available to date of the natural bioactive phenol resveratrol and two synthetic mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, MitoQ and SkQ.
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10
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SkQR1 Reduces Neurologic Deficit Caused by Rat Brain Compression Ischemia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 170:590-593. [PMID: 33788100 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of antioxidant SkQR1 was examined on the model of left-sided compression ischemia in rat sensorimotor cortex. The special tests aimed to determine the neurologic deficit in the limbs and assess performance of the forelimbs showed that a 2.5-min ischemia produced no disturbance in the limb functions on postsurgery days 1, 3, and 7. Elevation of compression time resulted in neurologic deficit in animals, and its severity depended on this time. A single intravenous injection of SkQR1 (250 nmol/kg body weight) performed 30 min after ischemia significantly reduced the degree of neurologic deficit. In vitro model of ischemia in surviving rat hippocampal slices showed that a 15-min-long ischemia significantly inhibited the population excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which did not restore during reperfusion. Preincubation of the slices with SkQR1 did not significantly affect recovery of these potentials.
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11
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Zhang Y, Wong HS. Are mitochondria the main contributor of reactive oxygen species in cells? J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/5/jeb221606. [PMID: 33707189 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physiologists often assume that mitochondria are the main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Consequently, in biomedicine, mitochondria are considered as important targets for therapeutic treatments, and in evolutionary biology, they are considered as mediators of life-history tradeoffs. Surprisingly, data supporting such an assumption are lacking, at least partially due to the technical difficulties in accurately measuring the level of ROS produced by different subcellular compartments in intact cells. In this Commentary, we first review three potential reasons underlying the misassumption of mitochondrial dominance in the production of cellular ROS. We then introduce some other major sites/enzymes responsible for cellular ROS production. With the use of a recently developed cell-based assay, we further discuss the contribution of mitochondria to the total rate of ROS release in cell lines and primary cells of different species. In these cells, the contribution of mitochondria varies between cell types but mitochondria are never the main source of cellular ROS. This indicates that although mitochondria are one of the significant sources of cellular ROS, they are not necessarily the main contributor under normal conditions. Intriguingly, similar findings were also observed in cells under a variety of stressors, life-history strategies and pathological stages, in which the rates of cellular ROS production were significantly enhanced. Finally, we make recommendations for designing future studies. We hope this paper will encourage investigators to carefully consider non-mitochondrial sources of cellular ROS in their study systems or models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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12
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Parrasia S, Rossa A, Varanita T, Checchetto V, De Lorenzi R, Zoratti M, Paradisi C, Ruzza P, Mattarei A, Szabò I, Biasutto L. An Angiopep2-PAPTP Construct Overcomes the Blood-Brain Barrier. New Perspectives against Brain Tumors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020129. [PMID: 33562146 PMCID: PMC7914648 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A developing family of chemotherapeutics—derived from 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1)—target mitochondrial potassium channel mtKv1.3 to selectively induce oxidative stress and death of diseased cells. The key to their effectiveness is the presence of a positively charged triphenylphosphonium group which drives their accumulation in the organelles. These compounds have proven their preclinical worth in murine models of cancers such as melanoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In in vitro experiments they also efficiently killed glioblastoma cells, but in vivo they were powerless against orthotopic glioma because they were completely unable to overcome the blood-brain barrier. In an effort to improve brain delivery we have now coupled one of these promising compounds, PAPTP, to well-known cell-penetrating and brain-targeting peptides TAT48–61 and Angiopep-2. Coupling has been obtained by linking one of the phenyl groups of the triphenylphosphonium to the first amino acid of the peptide via a reversible carbamate ester bond. Both TAT48–61 and Angiopep-2 allowed the delivery of 0.3–0.4 nmoles of construct per gram of brain tissue upon intravenous (i.v.) injection of 5 µmoles/kg bw to mice. This is the first evidence of PAPTP delivery to the brain; the chemical strategy described here opens the possibility to conjugate PAPTP to small peptides in order to fine-tune tissue distribution of this interesting compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Parrasia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andrea Rossa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (R.D.L.); (C.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Tatiana Varanita
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.V.); (V.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Vanessa Checchetto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.V.); (V.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Riccardo De Lorenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (R.D.L.); (C.P.); (P.R.)
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.P.); (M.Z.)
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (R.D.L.); (C.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (R.D.L.); (C.P.); (P.R.)
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (T.V.); (V.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Lucia Biasutto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.P.); (M.Z.)
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Rogov AG, Goleva TN, Epremyan KK, Kireev II, Zvyagilskaya RA. Propagation of Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species within the Dipodascus magnusii Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010120. [PMID: 33467672 PMCID: PMC7830518 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered to be the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. It was shown that in cardiac myocytes exposed to excessive oxidative stress, ROS-induced ROS release is triggered. However, cardiac myocytes have a network of densely packed organelles that do not move, which is not typical for the majority of eukaryotic cells. The purpose of this study was to trace the spatiotemporal development (propagation) of prooxidant-induced oxidative stress and its interplay with mitochondrial dynamics. We used Dipodascus magnusii yeast cells as a model, as they have advantages over other models, including a uniquely large size, mitochondria that are easy to visualize and freely moving, an ability to vigorously grow on well-defined low-cost substrates, and high responsibility. It was shown that prooxidant-induced oxidative stress was initiated in mitochondria, far preceding the appearance of generalized oxidative stress in the whole cell. For yeasts, these findings were obtained for the first time. Preincubation of yeast cells with SkQ1, a mitochondria-addressed antioxidant, substantially diminished production of mitochondrial ROS, while only slightly alleviating the generalized oxidative stress. This was expected, but had not yet been shown. Importantly, mitochondrial fragmentation was found to be primarily induced by mitochondrial ROS preceding the generalized oxidative stress development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Rogov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia; (A.G.R.); (T.N.G.); (K.K.E.)
| | - Tatiana N. Goleva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia; (A.G.R.); (T.N.G.); (K.K.E.)
| | - Khoren K. Epremyan
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia; (A.G.R.); (T.N.G.); (K.K.E.)
| | - Igor I. Kireev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1, Moscow 119992, Russia;
| | - Renata A. Zvyagilskaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia; (A.G.R.); (T.N.G.); (K.K.E.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Antioxidants Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress: Promising Neuroprotectants for Epilepsy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6687185. [PMID: 33299529 PMCID: PMC7710440 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6687185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell and are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. Oxidative damage to mitochondria results in disrupted mitochondrial function and cell death signaling, finally triggering diverse pathologies such as epilepsy, a common neurological disease characterized with aberrant electrical brain activity. Antioxidants are considered as promising neuroprotective strategies for epileptic condition via combating the deleterious effects of excessive ROS production in mitochondria. In this review, we provide a brief discussion of the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and evidences that support neuroprotective roles of antioxidants targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, polyphenols, vitamins, thiols, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators in epilepsy. We point out these antioxidative compounds as effectively protective approaches for improving prognosis. In addition, we specially propose that these antioxidants exert neuroprotection against epileptic impairment possibly by modulating cell death interactions, notably autophagy-apoptosis, and autophagy-ferroptosis crosstalk.
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15
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Zinc in the Brain: Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238941. [PMID: 33255662 PMCID: PMC7728061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a trace metal ion in the central nervous system that plays important biological roles, such as in catalysis, structure, and regulation. It contributes to antioxidant function and the proper functioning of the immune system. In view of these characteristics of zinc, it plays an important role in neurophysiology, which leads to cell growth and cell proliferation. However, after brain disease, excessively released and accumulated zinc ions cause neurotoxic damage to postsynaptic neurons. On the other hand, zinc deficiency induces degeneration and cognitive decline disorders, such as increased neuronal death and decreased learning and memory. Given the importance of balance in this context, zinc is a biological component that plays an important physiological role in the central nervous system, but a pathophysiological role in major neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the multiple roles of zinc in the brain.
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16
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Brand MD. Riding the tiger - physiological and pathological effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated in the mitochondrial matrix. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:592-661. [PMID: 33148057 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1828258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial matrix superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide concentrations drive a wide range of physiological responses and pathologies. Concentrations of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix are set mainly by rates of production, the activities of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin-3 (PRDX3), and by diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to the cytosol. These considerations can be used to generate criteria for assessing whether changes in matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide are both necessary and sufficient to drive redox signaling and pathology: is a phenotype affected by suppressing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production; by manipulating the levels of SOD2, PRDX3 or mitochondria-targeted catalase; and by adding mitochondria-targeted SOD/catalase mimetics or mitochondria-targeted antioxidants? Is the pathology associated with variants in SOD2 and PRDX3 genes? Filtering the large literature on mitochondrial redox signaling using these criteria highlights considerable evidence that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide drive physiological responses involved in cellular stress management, including apoptosis, autophagy, propagation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular senescence, HIF1α signaling, and immune responses. They also affect cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the cell cycle. Filtering the huge literature on pathologies highlights strong experimental evidence that 30-40 pathologies may be driven by mitochondrial matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. These can be grouped into overlapping and interacting categories: metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological diseases; cancer; ischemia/reperfusion injury; aging and its diseases; external insults, and genetic diseases. Understanding the involvement of mitochondrial matrix superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in these diseases can facilitate the rational development of appropriate therapies.
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17
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Sokolov SS, Severin FF. Manipulating Cellular Energetics to Slow Aging of Tissues and Organs. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:651-659. [PMID: 32586228 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920060024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Up to now numerous studies in the field of gerontology have been published. Nevertheless, a well-known food restriction remains the most reliable and efficient way of lifespan extension. Physical activity is also a well-documented anti-aging intervention being especially efficient in slowing down the age-associated decline of skeletal muscle mass. In this review we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the effect of physical exercise on muscle tissues. We also discuss the possibilities of pharmacological extension of this effect to the rest of the tissues. During the exercise, the level of ATP decreases triggering activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). This kinase stimulates antioxidant potential of the cells and their mitochondrial respiratory capacity. The exercise also induces mild oxidative stress, which, in turn, mediates the stimulation via hormetic response. Furthermore, during the exercise cells generate activators of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The intracellular ATP level increases during the rest periods between exercises thus promoting mTOR activation. Therefore, regular exercise intermittently activates anti-oxidant defenses and mitochondrial biogenesis (via AMPK and the hormetic response) of the muscle tissue, as well as its proliferative potential (via mTOR), which, in turn, impedes the age-dependent muscle atrophy. Thus, the intermittent treatment with activators of (i) AMPK combined with the inducers of hormetic response and of (ii) mTOR might partly mimic the effects of physical exercise. Importantly, pharmacological activation of AMPK takes place in the absence of ATP level decrease. The use of uncouplers of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation at the phase of AMPK activation could also prevent negative consequences of the cellular hyper-energization. It is believed that the decline of both antioxidant and proliferative potentials of the cells causes the age-dependent decline of multiple tissues, rather than only the muscular one. We argue that the approach above is applicable for the majority of tissues in an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sokolov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - F F Severin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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18
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Stelmashook EV, Chetverikov NS, Golyshev SA, Genrikhs EE, Isaev NK. Thymoquinone Induces Mitochondrial Damage and Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:205-212. [PMID: 32093596 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities. Most studies on the neurotoxic action of TQ have been carried out in cancer cell lines. Here, we studied the toxic effect of TQ in primary neuronal cultures in vitro. Incubation with 0.04-0.05 mM TQ for 24 h induced the death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in a dose-dependent manner. Neuronal death was preceded by an increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as demonstrated using CellROX Green and MitoSOX Red. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that incubation with 0.05 mM TQ for 5 h induced changes in the intracellular localization of mitochondria and mitochondria hypertrophy and cell swelling. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (2 mM) protected CGNs from the toxic action of TQ. Taken together, these facts suggest that TQ is toxic for normal neurons, while ROS-induced changes in the mitochondria can be one of the major causes of the TQ-induced neuronal damage and death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N S Chetverikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S A Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E E Genrikhs
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - N K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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19
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Isaev NK, Chetverikov NS, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE, Khaspekov LG, Illarioshkin SN. Thymoquinone as a Potential Neuroprotector in Acute and Chronic Forms of Cerebral Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:167-176. [PMID: 32093593 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Thymoquinone is one of the main active components of the essential oil from black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds. Thymoquinone exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective action demonstrated in the models of brain ischemia/reperfusion, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and traumatic brain injury. The neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone is mediated via inhibition of lipid peroxidation, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and prevention of apoptosis through inhibition of caspases-3, -8, and -9. Thymoquinone-based mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are accumulated in the mitochondria and exhibit neuroprotective properties in nanomolar concentrations. Thymoquinone reduces the negative effects of acute and chronic forms of brain pathologies. The mechanisms of the pharmacological action of thymoquinone and its chemical derivatives require more comprehensive studying. In this paper, we formulated the prospects of application of thymoquinone and thymoquinone-based drugs in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N S Chetverikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - E E Genrikhs
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - L G Khaspekov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia.
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20
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Belosludtsev KN, Tenkov KS, Vedernikov AA, Belosludtseva NV, Dubinin MV. Dodecyltriphenylphosphonium As an Inducer of Potassium-Dependent Permeability in Rat Liver Mitochondria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2019; 13:310-318. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747819040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
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21
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Cardioprotective effects of idebenone do not involve ROS scavenging: Evidence for mitochondrial complex I bypass in ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 135:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Biasutto L, Mattarei A, La Spina M, Azzolini M, Parrasia S, Szabò I, Zoratti M. Strategies to target bioactive molecules to subcellular compartments. Focus on natural compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111557. [PMID: 31374419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many potential pharmacological targets are present in multiple subcellular compartments and have different pathophysiological roles depending on location. In these cases, selective targeting of a drug to the relevant subcellular domain(s) may help to sharpen its impact by providing topological specificity, thus limiting side effects, and to concentrate the compound where needed, thus increasing its effectiveness. We review here the state of the art in precision subcellular delivery. The major approaches confer "homing" properties to the active principle via permanent or reversible (in pro-drug fashion) modifications, or through the use of special-design nanoparticles or liposomes to ferry a drug(s) cargo to its desired destination. An assortment of peptides, substituents with delocalized positive charges, custom-blended lipid mixtures, pH- or enzyme-sensitive groups provide the main tools of the trade. Mitochondria, lysosomes and the cell membrane may be mentioned as the fronts on which the most significant advances have been made. Most of the examples presented here have to do with targeting natural compounds - in particular polyphenols, known as pleiotropic agents - to one or the other subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Dept. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina La Spina
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Parrasia
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
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23
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Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants as Potential Therapy for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050124. [PMID: 31071926 PMCID: PMC6562849 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the publications describing the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapy after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recent works demonstrated that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are very effective in reducing the negative effects associated with the development of secondary damage caused by TBI. Using various animal models of TBI, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants were shown to prevent cardiolipin oxidation in the brain and neuronal death, as well as to markedly reduce behavioral deficits and cortical lesion volume, brain water content, and DNA damage. In the future, not only a more detailed study of the mechanisms of action of various types of such antioxidants needs to be conducted, but also their therapeutic values and toxicological properties are to be determined. Moreover, the optimal therapeutic effect needs to be achieved in the shortest time possible from the onset of damage to the nervous tissue, since secondary brain damage in humans can develop for a long time, days and even months, depending on the severity of the damage.
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24
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Samuilov VD, Kiselevsky DB, Oleskin AV. Mitochondria-targeted quinones suppress the generation of reactive oxygen species, programmed cell death and senescence in plants. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:164-171. [PMID: 29723685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the effect of mitochondria-targeted quinones (SkQs) on plants. SkQs with antioxidant properties are accumulated in the mitochondria of pea cells and suppress the generation of reactive oxygen species. At nanomolar concentrations, SkQs prevented the death of pea leaf epidermal or guard cells caused by chitosan, bacterial lipopolysaccharide or KCN. The protective effect of SkQs was removed by a protonophoric uncoupler. SkQs at micromolar concentrations inhibited the O2 evolution by illuminated chloroplasts and stimulated the respiration of mitochondria. SkQs slowed down the senescence and the death of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and improved the wheat crop structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly D Samuilov
- Faculty of Biology, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, bld. 12, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Dmitry B Kiselevsky
- Faculty of Biology, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, bld. 12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Oleskin
- Faculty of Biology, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, bld. 12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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25
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Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV, Alexandrova OP, Novikova SV, Voronkov DN, Glibka YA, Skulachev VP, Isaev NK. The single intravenous administration of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQR1 after traumatic brain injury attenuates neurological deficit in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:100-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Platelet mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondria-targeted quinone-and hydroquinone-derivatives: Review on new strategy of antiplatelet activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Ribeiro JA, Benfeito S, Cagide F, Teixeira J, Oliveira PJ, Borges F, Silva AF, Pereira CM. Electrochemical Behavior of a Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant at an Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: An Alternative Approach to Study Lipophilicity. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7989-7996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Ribeiro
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - António F. Silva
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- Research Center
in Chemistry (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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28
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Korshunova GA, Shishkina AV, Skulachev MV. Design, Synthesis, and Some Aspects of the Biological Activity of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:760-777. [PMID: 28918741 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes for the first time data on the design and synthesis of biologically active compounds of a new generation - mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, which are natural (or synthetic) p-benzoquinones conjugated via a lipophilic linker with (triphenyl)phosphonium or ammonium cations with delocalized charge. It also describes the synthesis of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants - uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation - based on fluorescent dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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29
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Li X, Tian Y, Wang T, Lin Q, Feng X, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Chen D. Role of the p-Coumaroyl Moiety in the Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Effects of Flavonoid Glycosides: Comparison of Astragalin and Tiliroside. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071165. [PMID: 28704976 PMCID: PMC6152332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the role of p-coumaroyl in the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of flavonoid glycosides. The antioxidant effects of astragalin and tiliroside were compared using ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, DPPH• scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging, •O2– scavenging, and Fe2+-chelating assays. The results of these assays revealed that astragalin and tiliroside both exhibited dose-dependent activities; however, tiliroside exhibited lower IC50 values than astragalin. In the Fe2+-chelating assay, tiliroside gave a larger shoulder-peak at 510 nm than astragalin, and was also found to be darker in color. Both of these compounds were subsequently evaluated in a Fenton-induced mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) damaged assay, where tiliroside performed more effectively as a cytoprotective agent than astragalin. Tiliroside bearing a 6′′-O-p-coumaroyl moiety exhibits higher antioxidant and cytoprotective effects than astragalin. The 6′′-O-p-coumaroyl moiety of tiliroside not only enhances the possibility of electron-transfer and hydrogen-atom-transfer-based multi-pathways, but also enhances the likelihood of Fe-chelating. The p-coumaroylation of the 6"-OH position could therefore be regarded as a potential approach for improving the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of flavonoid glycosides in MSC implantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yage Tian
- School of Basic Medical Science & Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qiaoqi Lin
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Feng
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qian Jiang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Innovative Research & Development Laboratory of TCM, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yamei Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science & Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science & Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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30
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Ježek J, Engstová H, Ježek P. Antioxidant mechanism of mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone SkQ1 is suppressed in aglycemic HepG2 cells dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:750-762. [PMID: 28554565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously suggested antioxidant mechanisms for mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone SkQ1 included: i) ion-pairing of cationic SkQ1+ with free fatty acid anions resulting in uncoupling; ii) SkQ1H2 ability to interact with lipoperoxyl radical; iii) interference with electron flow at the inner ubiquinone (Q) binding site of Complex III (Qi), involving the reduction of SkQ1 to SkQ1H2 by ubiquinol. We elucidated SkQ1 antioxidant properties by confocal fluorescence semi-quantification of mitochondrial superoxide (Jm) and cytosolic H2O2 (Jc) release rates in HepG2 cells. Only in glycolytic cells, SkQ1 prevented the rotenone-induced enhancement of Jm and Jc but not basal releases without rotenone. The effect ceased in glutaminolytic aglycemic cells, in which the redox parameter NAD(P)H/FAD increased after rotenone in contrast to its decrease in glycolytic cells. Autofluorescence decay indicated decreased NADPH/NADH ratios with rotenone in both metabolic modes. SkQ1 did not increase cell respiration and diminished Jm established high by antimycin or myxothiazol but not by stigmatellin. The revealed SkQ1 antioxidant modes reflect its reduction to SkQ1H2 at Complex I IQ or Complex III Qi site. Both reductions diminish electron diversions to oxygen thus attenuating superoxide formation. Resulting SkQ1H2 oxidizes back to SkQ1at the second (flavin) Complex I site, previously indicated for MitoQ10. Regeneration proceeds only at lower NAD(P)H/FAD in glycolytic cells. In contrast, cyclic SkQ1 reduction/SkQ1H2 oxidation does not substantiate antioxidant activity in intact cells in the absence of oxidative stress (neither pro-oxidant activity, representing a great advantage). A targeted delivery to oxidative-stressed tissues is suggested for the effective antioxidant therapy based on SkQ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ježek
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Engstová
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
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