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Grams RJ, Santos WL, Scorei IR, Abad-García A, Rosenblum CA, Bita A, Cerecetto H, Viñas C, Soriano-Ursúa MA. The Rise of Boron-Containing Compounds: Advancements in Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, and Emerging Pharmacology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2441-2511. [PMID: 38382032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Boron-containing compounds (BCC) have emerged as important pharmacophores. To date, five BCC drugs (including boronic acids and boroles) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer, infections, and atopic dermatitis, while some natural BCC are included in dietary supplements. Boron's Lewis acidity facilitates a mechanism of action via formation of reversible covalent bonds within the active site of target proteins. Boron has also been employed in the development of fluorophores, such as BODIPY for imaging, and in carboranes that are potential neutron capture therapy agents as well as novel agents in diagnostics and therapy. The utility of natural and synthetic BCC has become multifaceted, and the breadth of their applications continues to expand. This review covers the many uses and targets of boron in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Antonio Abad-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carol Ann Rosenblum
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrei Bita
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Benesch MG, Tang X, Brindley DN, Takabe K. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Prime Targets for Mitigating Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:1-13. [PMID: 38274724 PMCID: PMC10807915 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming and preventing cancer therapy resistance is the most pressing challenge in modern breast cancer management. Consequently, most modern breast cancer research is aimed at understanding and blocking these therapy resistance mechanisms. One increasingly promising therapeutic target is the autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) axis. Extracellular LPA, produced from albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine by ATX and degraded by the ecto-activity of the LPPs, is a potent cell-signaling mediator of tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to cancer treatment modalities. LPA signaling in the post-natal organism has central roles in physiological wound healing, but these mechanisms are subverted to fuel pathogenesis in diseases that arise from chronic inflammatory processes, including cancer. Over the last 10 years, our understanding of the role of LPA signaling in the breast tumor microenvironment has begun to mature. Tumor-promoting inflammation in breast cancer leads to increased ATX production within the tumor microenvironment. This results in increased local concentrations of LPA that are maintained in part by decreased overall cancer cell LPP expression that would otherwise more rapidly break it down. LPA signaling through six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors expressed by cancer cells can then activate virtually every known tumorigenic pathway. Consequently, to target therapy resistance and tumor growth mediated by LPA signaling, multiple inhibitors against the LPA signaling axis are entering clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments in LPA breast cancer biology, and illustrate how these novel therapeutics against the LPA signaling pathway may be excellent adjuncts to extend the efficacy of evolving breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G.K. Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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3
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Collie GW, Clark MA, Keefe AD, Madin A, Read JA, Rivers EL, Zhang Y. Screening Ultra-Large Encoded Compound Libraries Leads to Novel Protein-Ligand Interactions and High Selectivity. J Med Chem 2024; 67:864-884. [PMID: 38197367 PMCID: PMC10823476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The DNA-encoded library (DEL) discovery platform has emerged as a powerful technology for hit identification in recent years. It has become one of the major parallel workstreams for small molecule drug discovery along with other strategies such as HTS and data mining. For many researchers working in the DEL field, it has become increasingly evident that many hits and leads discovered via DEL screening bind to target proteins with unique and unprecedented binding modes. This Perspective is our attempt to analyze reports of DEL screening with the purpose of providing a rigorous and useful account of the binding modes observed for DEL-derived ligands with a focus on binding mode novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- X-Chem,
Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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4
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Mehta NV, Abhyankar A, Degani MS. Elemental exchange: Bioisosteric replacement of phosphorus by boron in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115761. [PMID: 37651875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous efforts are being directed toward the employment of boron in drug design due to its advantages and unique characteristics including a plethora of target engagement modes, lower metabolism, and synthetic accessibility, among others. Phosphates are components of multiple drug molecules as well as clinical candidates, since they play a vital role in various biochemical functions, being components of nucleotides, energy currency- ATP as well as several enzyme cofactors. This review discusses the unique chemistry of boron functionalities as phosphate bioisosteres - "the boron-phosphorus elemental exchange strategy" as well as the superiority of boron groups over other commonly employed phosphate bioisosteres. Boron phosphate-mimetics have been utilized for the development of enzyme inhibitors as well as novel borononucleotides. Both the boron functionalities described in this review-boronic acids and benzoxaboroles-contain a boron connected to two oxygens and one carbon atom. The boron atom of these functional groups coordinates with a water molecule in the enzyme site forming a tetrahedral molecule which mimics the phosphate structure. Although boron phosphate-mimetic molecules - FDA-approved Crisaborole and phase II/III clinical candidate Acoziborole are products of the boron-phosphorus bioisosteric elemental exchange strategy, this technique is still in its infancy. The review aims to promote the use of this strategy in future medicinal chemistry projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrashee V Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Arundhati Abhyankar
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Gate No.1, Mithibai College Campus, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mariam S Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
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Ebrahimi E, Wuest M, Kaur J, Bhardwaj A, Reddy Gade N, Wuest F. [ 18F]ONO-8430506: A novel radioligand for PET imaging of autotaxin (ATX). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 90:129345. [PMID: 37217023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared and tested radioligand [18F]ONO-8430506 ([18F]8) as a novel ATX PET imaging agent derived from highly potent ATX inhibitor ONO-8430506. Radioligand [18F]8 could be prepared in good and reproducible radiochemical yields of 35±5% (n=6) using late-stage radiofluorination chemistry. ATX binding analysis showed that 9-benzyl tetrahydro-b-carboline 8 has about five times better inhibitory potency than clinical candidate GLPG1690 and somewhat less inhibitory potency than ATX inhibitor PRIMATX. The binding mode for compound 8 inside the catalytic pocket of ATX using computational modelling and docking protocols revealed that compound 8 resembled a comparable binding mode to that of ATX inhibitor GLPG1690. However, PET imaging studies with radioligand [18F]8 showed only relatively low tumour uptake and retention (SUV60min 0.21±0.03) in the tested 8305C human thyroid tumour model reaching a tumour-to-muscle ratio of ∼2.2 after 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Atul Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Lysophosphatidylcholine: Potential Target for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158274. [PMID: 35955410 PMCID: PMC9368269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a major phospholipid component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), originates from the cleavage of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and is catabolized to other substances by different enzymatic pathways. LPC exerts pleiotropic effects mediated by its receptors, G protein-coupled signaling receptors, Toll-like receptors, and ion channels to activate several second messengers. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is increasingly considered a key marker/factor positively in pathological states, especially inflammation and atherosclerosis development. Current studies have indicated that the injury of nervous tissues promotes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, as well as excessive accumulation of LPC, enhancing the membrane hyperexcitability to induce chronic pain, which may be recognized as one of the hallmarks of chronic pain. However, findings from lipidomic studies of LPC have been lacking in the context of chronic pain. In this review, we focus in some detail on LPC sources, biochemical pathways, and the signal-transduction system. Moreover, we outline the detection methods of LPC for accurate analysis of each individual LPC species and reveal the pathophysiological implication of LPC in chronic pain, which makes it an interesting target for biomarkers and the development of medicine regarding chronic pain.
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Hu L, Fan M, Shi S, Song X, Wang F, He H, Qi B. Dual target inhibitors based on EGFR: Promising anticancer agents for the treatment of cancers (2017-). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113963. [PMID: 34749202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The EGFR family play a significant role in cell signal transduction and their overexpression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human solid cancers. Inhibition of the EGFR-mediated signaling pathways by EGFR inhibitors is a widely used strategy for the treatment of cancers. In most cases, the EGFR inhibitors used in clinic were only effective when the cancer cells harbored specific activating EGFR mutations which appeared to preserve the ligand-dependency of receptor activation but altered the pattern of downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, cancer is a kind of multifactorial disease, and therefore manipulating a single target may result in treatment failure. Although drug combinations for the treatment of cancers proved to be successful, the use of two or more drugs concurrently still was a challenge in clinical therapy owing to various dose-limiting toxicities and drug-drug interactions caused by pharmacokinetic profiles changed. Therefore, a single drug targeting two or multiple targets could serve as an effective strategy for the treatment of cancers. In recent, drugs with diverse pharmacological effects have been shown to be more advantageous than combination therapies due to their lower incidences of side effects and more resilient therapies. Accordingly, dual target-single-agent strategy has become a popular field for cancer treatment, and researchers became more and more interest in the development of novel dual-target drugs in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the EGFR family proteins and synergisms between EGFR and other anticancer targets, and summarizes the development of potential dual target inhibitors based on wild-type and/or mutant EGFR for the treatment of solid cancers in the past five years. Additionally, the rational design and SARs of these dual target agents are also presented in detailed, which will lay a significant foundation for the further development of novel EGFR-based dual inhibitors with excellent druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengmin Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Baohui Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong Province, China.
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Roy A, Sarkar T, Datta S, Maiti A, Chakrabarti M, Mondal T, Mondal C, Banerjee A, Roy S, Mukherjee S, Muley P, Chakraborty S, Banerjee M, Kundu M, Roy KK. Structure-based discovery of (S)-2-amino-6-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5,6,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[1',5':1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,3(2H)-dione as low nanomolar, orally bioavailable autotaxin inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:496-503. [PMID: 34951520 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of extracellular secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX) represents an attractive strategy for the development of new therapeutics to treat various diseases and a few inhibitors entered in clinical trials. We herein describe structure-based design, synthesis, and biological investigations revealing a potent and orally bioavailable ATX inhibitor 1. During the molecular docking and scoring studies within the ATX enzyme (PDB-ID: 4ZGA), the S-enantiomer (Gscore = -13.168 kcal/mol) of the bound ligand PAT-494 scored better than its R-enantiomer (Gscore = -9.562 kcal/mol) which corroborated with the reported observation and analysis of the results suggested the scope of manipulation of the hydantoin substructure in PAT-494. Accordingly, the docking-based screening of a focused library of 10 compounds resulted in compound 1 as a better candidate for pharmacological studies. Compound 1 was synthesized from L-tryptophan and evaluated against ATX enzymatic activities with an IC50 of 7.6 and 24.6 nM in biochemical and functional assays, respectively. Further, ADME-PK studies divulged compound 1 as non-cytotoxic (19.02% cell growth inhibition at 20 μM in human embryonic kidney cells), metabolically stable against human liver microsomes (CLint = 15.6 μl/min/mg; T1/2 = 113.2 min) with solubility of 4.82 μM and orally bioavailable, demonstrating its potential to be used for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Roy
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Arup Maiti
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kuldeep K Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, UPES, Dehradun, India
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Deng X, Salgado-Polo F, Shao T, Xiao Z, Van R, Chen J, Rong J, Haider A, Shao Y, Josephson L, Perrakis A, Liang SH. Imaging Autotaxin In Vivo with 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography Ligands. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15053-15068. [PMID: 34662125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted phosphodiesterase that has been implicated in a remarkably wide array of pathologies, especially in fibrosis and cancer. While ATX inhibitors have entered the clinical arena, a validated probe for positron emission tomography (PET) is currently lacking. With the aim to develop a suitable ATX-targeted PET radioligand, we have synthesized a focused library of fluorinated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, determined their inhibition constants, and confirmed their binding mode by crystallographic analysis. Based on their promising in vitro properties, compounds 9c, 9f, 9h, and 9j were radiofluorinated. Also, a deuterated analog of [18F]9j, designated as [18F]ATX-1905 ([18F]20), was designed and proved to be highly stable against in vivo radiodefluorination compared with [18F]9c, [18F]9f, [18F]9h, and [18F]9j. These results along with in vitro and in vivo studies toward ATX in a mouse model of LPS-induced liver injury suggest that [18F]ATX-1905 is a suitable PET probe for the non-invasive quantification of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Langedijk JAGM, Beuers UH, Oude Elferink RPJ. Cholestasis-Associated Pruritus and Its Pruritogens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:639674. [PMID: 33791327 PMCID: PMC8006388 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.639674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus is a debilitating symptom of various cholestatic disorders, including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inherited progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). The molecular mechanisms leading to cholestasis-associated pruritus are still unresolved and the involved pruritogens are indecisive. As a consequence of pruritus, patients suffer from sleep deprivation, loss of daytime concentration, auto-mutilation and sometimes even suicidal ideations. Current guideline-approved therapy of cholestasis-associated pruritus includes stepwise administration of several medications, which may alleviate complaints in some, but not all affected patients. Therefore, also experimental therapeutic approaches are required to improve patients' quality of life. This article reviews the current state of research on pruritogens and their receptors, and shortly discusses the most recent experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald P. J. Oude Elferink
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Tan Z, Lei H, Guo M, Chen Y, Zhai X. An updated patent review of autotaxin inhibitors (2017-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:421-434. [PMID: 33342311 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1867106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ATX-LPA axis is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diseases, such as tumor metastasis, fibrosis, pruritus, multiple sclerosis, inflammation, autoimmune conditions, metabolic syndrome, and so on. Accordingly, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of new chemical entities capable of modulating the ATX-LPA axis. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide an overview of novel ATX inhibitors reported in patents from September 2016 to August 2020, discussing their structural characteristics and inhibitory potency in vitro and in vivo. EXPERT OPINION In the past four years, the classification of ATX inhibitors based on binding modes has brought great benefits to the discovery of more efficacious inhibitors. In addition to GLPG1690 currently in phase III clinical studies for IPF, BBT-877, and BLD-0409 as potent ATX inhibitors have been enrolled in phase I clinical evaluation; meanwhile, many effective molecules were also reported successively. However, most emerging ATX inhibitors in the last four years are closely analogs of previous entities, such as GLPG1690 and PF-8380, which translate into the urgently identification of ATX inhibitors with diverse structural features and promising properties in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Mieczkowski A, Frączyk T, Psurski M, Wińska P, Siedlecki P, Dziełak M, Trzybiński D, Wilczek M, Bagiński M, Bieszczad B, Woźniak K. Design and in Vitro Characterization of Tricyclic Benzodiazepine Derivatives as Potent and Selective Antileukemic Agents. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000733. [PMID: 33236468 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently available chemotherapeutic treatments for blood cancers (leukemia) usually have strong side effects. More selective, efficient, and less toxic anticancer agents are needed. We synthesized seven, new, optically pure (12aS)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione derivatives and examined their cytotoxicity towards eight cancer cell lines, including urinary bladder (TCC-SUP, UM-UC-3, KU-19-9), colon (LoVo), and breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) cancer representatives, as well as two leukemic cell lines (MV-4-11, CCRF-CEM) and normal murine fibroblasts (Balb/3T3) as reference cell line. Three of the seven newly-obtained compounds ((12aS)-8-bromo-2-(3-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione, (12aS)-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(4-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione and (12aS)-8-nitro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione, showed enhanced activity and selectivity toward the leukemic MV-4-11 cell lines when compared to our previously reported compounds, with IC50 values in the range of 2.9-5.6 μM. Additionally, (12aS)-9-nitro-2-(4-phenylbenzoyl)-1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect against the leukemic CCRF-CEM (IC50 =6.1 μM) and MV-4-11 (IC50 =11.0 μM) cell lines, a moderate cytotoxic effect toward other tumor lines (IC50 =31.8-55.0 μM) and very weak cytotoxic effect toward the Balb/3T3 reference cell lines. Selected compounds were further evaluated for their potential to induce apoptotic cell death in MV-4-11 cells by measuring caspase-3 activity. We also established the crystal structure of three products and investigated the effect of 22 derivatives of 1,3,4,12a-tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4],12(2H,11H)-dione on the activity of the cancer-associated enzyme autotaxin. All compounds proved to be weak inhibitors of autotaxin, although some (R) and (S) enantiomers had Ki values of 10-19 μM. The obtained results showed that the tested compounds exhibited a selective antileukemic effect, which appeared not to be related directly to autotaxin. Molecular targets responsible for this effect remain to be identified. The newly obtained compounds can be used in the search for new, selective anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R., Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Siedlecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dziełak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Wilczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Bagiński
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bieszczad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Banerjee S, Norman DD, Deng S, Fakayode SO, Lee SC, Parrill AL, Li W, Miller DD, Tigyi GJ. Molecular modelling guided design, synthesis and QSAR analysis of new small molecule non-lipid autotaxin inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104188. [PMID: 32890995 PMCID: PMC8163515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX) generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that activates six cognate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) in cancerous cells, promoting their motility and invasion. Four novel compounds were generated aided by molecular docking guided design and synthesis techniques to obtain new dual inhibitors of ATX and the lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 1 (LPAR1). Biological evaluation of these compounds revealed two compounds, 10 and 11, as new ATX enzyme inhibitors with potencies in the range of 218-220 nM and water solubility (>100 µg/mL), but with no LPAR1 inhibitory activity. A QSAR model was generated that included four newly designed compounds and twenty-one additional compounds that we have reported previously. The QSAR model provided excellent predictability of the pharmacological activity and potency among structurally related drug candidates. This model will be highly useful in guiding the synthesis of new ATX inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Research on Material Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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14
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Structure-Based Discovery of Novel Chemical Classes of Autotaxin Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197002. [PMID: 32977539 PMCID: PMC7582705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids, largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. LPA is a bioactive growth-factor-like lysophospholipid that exerts pleiotropic effects in almost all cell types, exerted through at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). Increased ATX expression has been detected in different chronic inflammatory diseases, while genetic or pharmacological studies have established ATX as a promising therapeutic target, exemplified by the ongoing phase III clinical trial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this report, we employed an in silico drug discovery workflow, aiming at the identification of structurally novel series of ATX inhibitors that would be amenable to further optimization. Towards this end, a virtual screening protocol was applied involving the search into molecular databases for new small molecules potentially binding to ATX. The crystal structure of ATX in complex with a known inhibitor (HA-155) was used as a molecular model docking reference, yielding a priority list of 30 small molecule ATX inhibitors, validated by a well-established enzymatic assay of ATX activity. The two most potent, novel and structurally different compounds were further structurally optimized by deploying further in silico tools, resulting to the overall identification of six new ATX inhibitors that belong to distinct chemical classes than existing inhibitors, expanding the arsenal of chemical scaffolds and allowing further rational design.
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15
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Knuplez E, Marsche G. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4501. [PMID: 32599910 PMCID: PMC7350010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines are a group of bioactive lipids heavily investigated in the context of inflammation and atherosclerosis development. While present in plasma during physiological conditions, their concentration can drastically increase in certain inflammatory states. Lysophosphatidylcholines are widely regarded as potent pro-inflammatory and deleterious mediators, but an increasing number of more recent studies show multiple beneficial properties under various pathological conditions. Many of the discrepancies in the published studies are due to the investigation of different species or mixtures of lysophatidylcholines and the use of supra-physiological concentrations in the absence of serum or other carrier proteins. Furthermore, interpretation of the results is complicated by the rapid metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in cells and tissues to pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidic acid. Interestingly, most of the recent studies, in contrast to older studies, found lower LPC plasma levels associated with unfavorable disease outcomes. Being the most abundant lysophospholipid in plasma, it is of utmost importance to understand its physiological functions and shed light on the discordant literature connected to its research. LPCs should be recognized as important homeostatic mediators involved in all stages of vascular inflammation. In this review, we want to point out potential pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of lysophospholipids in the vascular system and highlight recent discoveries about the effect of lysophosphatidylcholines on immune cells at the endothelial vascular interface. We will also look at their potential clinical application as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Iwaki Y, Ohhata A, Nakatani S, Hisaichi K, Okabe Y, Hiramatsu A, Watanabe T, Yamamoto S, Nishiyama T, Kobayashi J, Hirooka Y, Moriguchi H, Maeda T, Katoh M, Komichi Y, Ota H, Matsumura N, Okada M, Sugiyama T, Saga H, Imagawa A. ONO-8430506: A Novel Autotaxin Inhibitor That Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Paclitaxel in a Breast Cancer Model. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1335-1341. [PMID: 32551021 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that elicits a number of biological functions, including smooth muscle contraction, cell motility, proliferation, and morphological change. LPA is endogenously produced by autotaxin (ATX) from extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in plasma. Herein, we report our medicinal chemistry effort to identify a novel and highly potent ATX inhibitor, ONO-8430506 (20), with good oral availability. To enhance the enzymatic ATX inhibitory activity, we designed several compounds by structurally comparing our hit compound with the endogenous ligand LPC. Further optimization to improve the pharmacokinetic profile and enhance the ATX inhibitory activity in human plasma resulted in the identification of ONO-8430506 (20), which enhanced the antitumor effect of paclitaxel in a breast cancer model.
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17
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Jiang N, Zhou Y, Zhu M, Zhang J, Cao M, Lei H, Guo M, Gong P, Su G, Zhai X. Optimization and evaluation of novel tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as ATX inhibitors for cardiac and hepatic fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111904. [PMID: 31806537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to develop potent autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors for fibrosis diseases, a novel series of tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was designed and synthesized based on our previous study. The enzymatic assay combined with anti-proliferative activities against cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) in vitro were applied for preliminary evaluation of anti-fibrosis potency of target compounds, resulting in two outstanding ATX inhibitors 8b and 10g with the IC50 values in a nanomolar range (24.6 and 15.3 nM). Differently, 8b was the most prominent compound against CFs with inhibition ratio of 81.5%, while 10g exhibited the maximum inhibition ratio of 83.7% against t-HSC/Cl-6 cells. In the further pharmacological evaluations in vivo, collagen deposition assay demonstrated the conspicuous capacity of 8b to suppress TGF-β-mediated cardiac fibrosis. Simultaneously, H&E and Masson stains assays of mice liver validated 10g as an excellent anti-hepatofibrosis candidate, which reduced CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis level prominently. Besides, the molecular binding models identified the essential interactions between 8b and ATX which was coincided with the SARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Minglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guangyue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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18
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Gerokonstantis DT, Nikolaou A, Magkrioti C, Afantitis A, Aidinis V, Kokotos G, Moutevelis-Minakakis P. Synthesis of novel 2-pyrrolidinone and pyrrolidine derivatives and study of their inhibitory activity against autotaxin enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115216. [PMID: 31864778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), a glycoprotein (~125 kDa) isolated as an autocrine motility factor from melanoma cells, belongs to a seven-membered family of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP), and exhibits lysophospholipase D activity. ATX is responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to produce the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is upregulated in a variety of pathological inflammatory conditions, including fibrosis, cancer, liver toxicity and thrombosis. Given its role in human disease, the ATX-LPA axis is an interesting target for therapy, and the development of novel potent ATX inhibitors is of great importance. In the present work a novel class of ATX inhibitors, optically active derivatives of 2-pyrrolidinone and pyrrolidine heterocycles were synthesized. Some of them exhibited interesting in vitro activity, namely the hydroxamic acid 16 (IC50 700 nM) and the carboxylic acid 40b (IC50 800 nM), while the boronic acid derivatives 3k (IC50 50 nM), 3l (IC50 120 nM), 3 m (IC50 180 nM) and 21 (IC50 35 nM) were found to be potent inhibitors of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens 16672, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens 16672, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiota Moutevelis-Minakakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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19
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Benzoxaboroles-Novel Autotaxin Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193419. [PMID: 31547058 PMCID: PMC6804080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular enzyme that hydrolyses lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which has a role in the mediation of inflammation, fibrosis and cancer. ATX is a drug target that has been the focus of many research groups during the last ten years. To date, only one molecule, Ziritaxestat (GLPG1690) has entered the clinic; it is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Other small molecules, with different binding modes, have been investigated as ATX inhibitors for cancer including compounds possessing a boronic acid motif such as HA155. In this work, we targeted new, improved inhibitors of ATX that mimic the important interactions of boronic acid using a benzoxaborole motif as the acidic warhead. Furthermore, we aimed to improve the plasma stability of the new compounds by using a more stable core spacer than that embedded in HA155. Compounds were synthesized, evaluated for their ATX inhibitory activity and ADME properties in vitro, culminating in a new benzoxaborole compound, 37, which retains the ATX inhibition activity of HA155 but has improved ADME properties (plasma protein binding, good kinetic solubility and rat/human plasma stability).
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20
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Lee MH, Lee DY, Balupuri A, Jeong JW, Kang NS. Pharmacophoric Site Identification and Inhibitor Design for Autotaxin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152808. [PMID: 31374894 PMCID: PMC6696049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a potential drug target that is associated with inflammatory diseases and various cancers. In our previous studies, we have designed several inhibitors targeting ATX using computational and experimental approaches. Here, we have analyzed topological water networks (TWNs) in the binding pocket of ATX. TWN analysis revealed a pharmacophoric site inside the pocket. We designed and synthesized compounds considering the identified pharmacophoric site. Furthermore, we performed biological experiments to determine their ATX inhibitory activities. High potency of the designed compounds supports the predictions of the TWN analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Hwi Lee
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Dae-Yon Lee
- LegoChem Biosciences, Inc., 8-26 Munoyeongseo-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34302, Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Jeong
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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21
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Xue J, Lai Y, Chi L, Tu P, Leng J, Liu CW, Ru H, Lu K. Serum Metabolomics Reveals That Gut Microbiome Perturbation Mediates Metabolic Disruption Induced by Arsenic Exposure in Mice. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1006-1018. [PMID: 30628788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination in drinking water has been a worldwide health concern for decades. In addition to being a well-recognized carcinogen, arsenic exposure has also been linked to diabetes, neurological effects, and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that gut microbiome is an important risk factor in modulating the development of diseases. We aim to investigate the role of gut microbiome perturbation in arsenic-induced diseases by coupling a mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics approach and an animal model with altered gut microbiome induced by bacterial infection. Serum metabolic profiling has revealed that gut microbiome perturbation and arsenic exposure induced the dramatic changes of numerous metabolite pathways, including fatty acid metabolism, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterols, and tryptophan metabolism, which were not or were less disrupted when the gut microbiome stayed normal. In summary, this study suggests that gut microbiome perturbation can exacerbate or cause metabolic disorders induced by arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Jiapeng Leng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27607 , United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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22
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Mathieu P, Boulanger MC. Autotaxin and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:18. [PMID: 30881959 PMCID: PMC6405425 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a complex trait disorder characterized by calcific remodeling of leaflets. Genome-wide association (GWA) study and Mendelian randomization (MR) have highlighted that LPA, which encodes for apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], is causally associated with CAVD. Apo(a) is the protein component of Lp(a), a LDL-like particle, which transports oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs). Autotaxin (ATX), which is encoded by ENPP2, is a member of the ecto-nucleotidase family of enzymes, which is, however, a lysophospholipase. As such, ATX converts phospholipids into lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA), a metabolite with potent and diverse biological properties. Studies have recently underlined that ATX is enriched in the Lp(a) lipid fraction. Functional experiments and data obtained in mouse models suggest that ATX mediates inflammation and mineralization of the aortic valve. Recent findings also indicate that epigenetically-driven processes lower the expression of phospholipid phosphatase 3 (PLPP3) and increased LysoPA signaling and inflammation in the aortic valve during CAVD. These recent data thus provide novel insights about how lipoproteins mediate the development of CAVD. Herein, we review the implication of lipoproteins in CAVD and examine the role of ATX in promoting the osteogenic transition of valve interstitial cells (VICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Research Center, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Department of Surgery, Research Center, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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23
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Matralis AN, Afantitis A, Aidinis V. Development and therapeutic potential of autotaxin small molecule inhibitors: From bench to advanced clinical trials. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:976-1013. [PMID: 30462853 DOI: 10.1002/med.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several years after its isolation from melanoma cells, an increasing body of experimental evidence has established the involvement of Autotaxin (ATX) in the pathogenesis of several diseases. ATX, an extracellular enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is overexpressed in a variety of human metastatic cancers and is strongly implicated in chronic inflammation and liver toxicity, fibrotic diseases, and thrombosis. Accordingly, the ATX-LPA signaling pathway is considered a tractable target for therapeutic intervention substantiated by the multitude of research campaigns that have been successful in identifying ATX inhibitors by both academia and industry. Furthermore, from a therapeutic standpoint, the entry and the so far promising results of the first ATX inhibitor in advanced clinical trials against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lends support to the viability of this approach, bringing it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts. The present review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important series of ATX inhibitors developed so far. Special weight is lent to the design, structure activity relationship and mode of binding studies carried out, leading to the identification of advanced leads. The most significant in vitro and in vivo pharmacological results of these advanced leads are also summarized. Lastly, the development of the first ATX inhibitor entered in clinical trials accompanied by its phase 1 and 2a clinical trial data is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N Matralis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece.,NovaMechanics Ltd Cheminformatics Company, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
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24
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Ninou I, Kaffe E, Müller S, Budd DC, Stevenson CS, Ullmer C, Aidinis V. Pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 52:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Ninou I, Magkrioti C, Aidinis V. Autotaxin in Pathophysiology and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:180. [PMID: 29951481 PMCID: PMC6008954 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipid signaling is emerging as a druggable regulator of pathophysiological responses, and especially fibrosis, exemplified by the relative ongoing clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. In this review, we focus on ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), or as more widely known Autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. In turn, LPA is a bioactive phospholipid autacoid, forming locally upon increased ATX levels and acting also locally through its receptors, likely guided by ATX's structural conformation and cell surface associations. Increased ATX activity levels have been detected in many inflammatory and fibroproliferative conditions, while genetic and pharmacologic studies have confirmed a pleiotropic participation of ATX/LPA in different processes and disorders. In pulmonary fibrosis, ATX levels rise in the broncheoalveolar fluid (BALF) and stimulate LPA production. LPA engagement of its receptors activate multiple G-protein mediated signal transduction pathways leading to different responses from pulmonary cells including the production of pro-inflammatory signals from stressed epithelial cells, the modulation of endothelial physiology, the activation of TGF signaling and the stimulation of fibroblast accumulation. Genetic or pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuated disease development in animal models, thus providing the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
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26
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Takahashi K, Fukushima K, Tanaka K, Minami K, Ishimoto K, Otagaki S, Fukushima N, Honoki K, Tsujiuchi T. Involvement of LPA signaling via LPA receptor-2 in the promotion of malignant properties in osteosarcoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:316-324. [PMID: 29859140 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling via G protein-coupled LPA receptors mediates various biological effects in cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the roles of LPA receptors in the regulation of cellular functions during tumor progression in osteosarcoma cells. Long-term cisplatin (CDDP)-treated MG63-C and MG63-R7-C cells were generated from osteosarcoma MG-63 and highly-migratory MG63-R7 cells, respectively. LPAR2 and LPAR3 expression levels were significantly higher in MG63-C cells than in MG-63 cells, while LPAR1 expression was reduced. MG63-C cells were highly motile, compared with MG-63 cells. MG63-C cell motility was suppressed by LPA2 knockdown and enhanced by the LPA1/LPA3 antagonist, dioctanoylglycerol pyrophosphate. LPAR2 and LPAR3 expression levels were significantly elevated in MG63-R7-C cells in comparison with MG63-R7 cells. MG63-R7-C cells were found to be highly invasive, correlating with metalloproteinase-2 activation. MG63-R7-C cells formed large colonies, whereas colony formation was absent from MG63-R7 cells. Notably, MG63-R7-C cell activities were inhibited by LPA2 knockdown. These results suggest that LPA signaling via LPA2 plays an important role in the acquisition of malignant properties during tumor progression in MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kanako Minami
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kaichi Ishimoto
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shiho Otagaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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27
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Nikolaou A, Ninou I, Kokotou MG, Kaffe E, Afantitis A, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Hydroxamic Acids Constitute a Novel Class of Autotaxin Inhibitors that Exhibit in Vivo Efficacy in a Pulmonary Fibrosis Model. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3697-3711. [PMID: 29620892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) generating the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Both ATX and LPA are involved in various pathological inflammatory conditions, including fibrosis and cancer, and have attracted great interest as medicinal targets over the past decade. Thus, the development of novel potent ATX inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed a novel class of ATX inhibitors containing the zinc binding functionality of hydroxamic acid. Such novel hydroxamic acids that incorporate a non-natural δ-amino acid residue exhibit high in vitro inhibitory potency over ATX (IC50 values 50-60 nM). Inhibitor 32, based on δ-norleucine, was tested for its efficacy in a mouse model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by bleomycin and exhibited promising efficacy. The novel hydroxamic ATX inhibitors provide excellent tools for the study of the role of the enzyme and could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of fibrosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" , Athens 16672 , Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" , Athens 16672 , Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" , Athens 16672 , Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
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28
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Balupuri A, Lee MH, Chae S, Jung E, Yoon W, Kim Y, Son SJ, Ryu J, Kang DH, Yang YJ, You JN, Kwon H, Jeong JW, Koo TS, Lee DY, Kang NS. Discovery and optimization of ATX inhibitors via modeling, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:397-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Jing T, Miao X, Jiang F, Guo M, Xing L, Zhang J, Zuo D, Lei H, Zhai X. Discovery and optimization of tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as novel ATX and EGFR dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1784-1796. [PMID: 29496411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to discovery autotaxin (ATX) and EGFR dual inhibitors with potential therapeutic effect on IPF-LC, a series of novel tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives possessing semicarbazones moiety were designed and synthesized. The preliminary investigation at the cellular level indicated six compounds (7h, 8a, 8c, 8d, 9a and 9d) displayed preferable anti-tumor activities against A549, H1975, MKN-45 and SGC cancer cells. Further enzymatic assay against EGFR kinase identified 8a and 9a as promising hits with IC50 values of 18.0 nM and 24.2 nM. Meanwhile, anti-inflammatory assessment against cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) cell and RAW264.7 macrophages led to the discovery of candidate 9a, which exhibited considerable potency both on inhibition rate of 77% towards CFs and on reducing NO production to 1.05 μM at 10 μg/mL. Simultaneously, 9a indicated preferable potency towards ATX with IC50 value of 29.1 nM. Significantly, a RT-PCR study revealed the function of 9a to down-regulate the mRNA expression of TGF-β and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. The molecular docking analysis together with the pharmacological studies validated 9a as a potential ATX and EGFR dual inhibitor for IPF-LC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Jing
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Miao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lingyun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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30
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Kuttruff CA, Ferrara M, Bretschneider T, Hoerer S, Handschuh S, Nosse B, Romig H, Nicklin P, Roth GJ. Discovery of BI-2545: A Novel Autotaxin Inhibitor That Significantly Reduces LPA Levels in Vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1252-1257. [PMID: 29259743 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to find new therapeutic interventions addressing the unmet medical need of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we initiated a program to identify new autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors. Starting from a recently published compound (PF-8380), we identified several highly potent ATX inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Further optimization efforts resulted in the identification of a single-digit nanomolar lead compound (BI-2545) that shows substantial lowering of LPA in vivo and is therefore considered a valuable tool for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Ferrara
- Boehringer Ingelheim
Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via G. Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, Italy
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31
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Reduced levels of N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 in the serum of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and the correlation with recurrence-free survival. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112598-112609. [PMID: 29348849 PMCID: PMC5762534 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We searched for metabolic biomarkers that may predict the prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC). To this end, a total of 237 serum samples were obtained from IHCC patients (n = 87) and healthy controls (n = 150), and serum metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two stratified algorithms were used to select the metabolites, the levels of which predicted the prognosis of IHCC patients. We performed MS/MS and multiple-reaction-monitoring MS analyses to identify and quantify the selected metabolites. Continuous biomarker levels were dichotomized based on cutoffs that maximized between-group differences in recurrence-free survival (RFS) in terms of the log-rank test statistic. These RFS differences were analyzed using the log-rank test, and survival curves were drawn with the aid of the Kaplan–Meier method. Six metabolites (l-glutamine, lysophosphatidylcholine [LPC] 16:0, LPC 18:0, N’-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide [2PY], fibrinopeptide A [FPA] and uric acid) were identified as candidate metabolic biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of IHCC patients. Of these metabolites, levels of l-glutamine, uric acid, LPC 16:0, and LPC 18:0 were significantly lower in the serum from IHCC patients, whereas levels of 2PY and FPA were significantly higher (p < 0.01). 2PY and LPC 16:0 showed significantly better RFS at low level than high level (2PY, median RFS: 15.16 months vs. 5.90 months, p = 0.037; LPC 16:0, median RFS: 15.62 months vs. 9.83 months, p = 0.035). The findings of this study suggest that 2PY and LPC 16:0 identified by metabolome-based approaches may be useful biomarkers for IHCC patients.
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32
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Mathieu P, Arsenault BJ, Boulanger MC, Bossé Y, Koschinsky ML. Pathobiology of Lp(a) in calcific aortic valve disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:797-807. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1367286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit J. Arsenault
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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33
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Joncour A, Desroy N, Housseman C, Bock X, Bienvenu N, Cherel L, Labeguere V, Peixoto C, Annoot D, Lepissier L, Heiermann J, Hengeveld WJ, Pilzak G, Monjardet A, Wakselman E, Roncoroni V, Le Tallec S, Galien R, David C, Vandervoort N, Christophe T, Conrath K, Jans M, Wohlkonig A, Soror S, Steyaert J, Touitou R, Fleury D, Vercheval L, Mollat P, Triballeau N, van der Aar E, Brys R, Heckmann B. Discovery, Structure–Activity Relationship, and Binding Mode of an Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Series of Autotaxin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7371-7392. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Joncour
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Nicolas Desroy
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Xavier Bock
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Natacha Bienvenu
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laëtitia Cherel
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Denis Annoot
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Luce Lepissier
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Jörg Heiermann
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gregor Pilzak
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Monjardet
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | | | - René Galien
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Christelle David
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Nele Vandervoort
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Katja Conrath
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Mia Jans
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Wohlkonig
- VIB
Structural Biology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sameh Soror
- VIB
Structural Biology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- VIB
Structural Biology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Robert Touitou
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Damien Fleury
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Lionel Vercheval
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Patrick Mollat
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Heckmann
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston
Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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34
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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35
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Desroy N, Housseman C, Bock X, Joncour A, Bienvenu N, Cherel L, Labeguere V, Rondet E, Peixoto C, Grassot JM, Picolet O, Annoot D, Triballeau N, Monjardet A, Wakselman E, Roncoroni V, Le Tallec S, Blanque R, Cottereaux C, Vandervoort N, Christophe T, Mollat P, Lamers M, Auberval M, Hrvacic B, Ralic J, Oste L, van der Aar E, Brys R, Heckmann B. Discovery of 2-[[2-Ethyl-6-[4-[2-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperazin-1-yl]-8-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methylamino]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-5-carbonitrile (GLPG1690), a First-in-Class Autotaxin Inhibitor Undergoing Clinical Evaluation for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3580-3590. [PMID: 28414242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a circulating enzyme with a major role in the production of lysophosphatic acid (LPA) species in blood. A role for the autotaxin/LPA axis has been suggested in many disease areas including pulmonary fibrosis. Structural modifications of the known autotaxin inhibitor lead compound 1, to attenuate hERG inhibition, remove CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition, and improve pharmacokinetic properties, led to the identification of clinical candidate GLPG1690 (11). Compound 11 was able to cause a sustained reduction of LPA levels in plasma in vivo and was shown to be efficacious in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice and in reducing extracellular matrix deposition in the lung while also reducing LPA 18:2 content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Compound 11 is currently being evaluated in an exploratory phase 2a study in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desroy
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Xavier Bock
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Agnès Joncour
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Natacha Bienvenu
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laëtitia Cherel
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Emilie Rondet
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Picolet
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Annoot
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Alain Monjardet
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | | | - Roland Blanque
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Celine Cottereaux
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Nele Vandervoort
- Galapagos NV , Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Mollat
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Marieke Lamers
- Charles River Laboratories , Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
| | - Marielle Auberval
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Boska Hrvacic
- Fidelta Ltd. , Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Jovica Ralic
- Fidelta Ltd. , Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Line Oste
- Galapagos NV , Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV , Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Heckmann
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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36
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Farquhar MJ, Humphreys IS, Rudge SA, Wilson GK, Bhattacharya B, Ciaccia M, Hu K, Zhang Q, Mailly L, Reynolds GM, Ashcroft M, Balfe P, Baumert TF, Roessler S, Wakelam MJO, McKeating JA. Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor signalling regulates hepatitis C virus replication. J Hepatol 2017; 66:919-929. [PMID: 28126468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem with an estimated 170 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals at risk of progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autotaxin (ATX, gene name: ENPP2) is a phospholipase with diverse roles in the physiological and pathological processes including inflammation and oncogenesis. Clinical studies have reported increased ATX expression in chronic hepatitis C, however, the pathways regulating ATX and its role in the viral life cycle are not well understood. METHODS In vitro hepatocyte and ex vivo liver culture systems along with chimeric humanized liver mice and HCC tissue enabled us to assess the interplay between ATX and the HCV life cycle. RESULTS HCV infection increased hepatocellular ATX RNA and protein expression. HCV infection stabilizes hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and we investigated a role for these transcription factors to regulate ATX. In vitro studies show that low oxygen increases hepatocellular ATX expression and transcriptome analysis showed a positive correlation between ATX mRNA levels and hypoxia gene score in HCC tumour tissue associated with HCV and other aetiologies. Importantly, inhibiting ATX-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling reduced HCV replication, demonstrating a positive role for this phospholipase in the viral life cycle. LPA activates phosphoinositide-3-kinase that stabilizes HIF-1α and inhibiting the HIF signalling pathway abrogates the pro-viral activity of LPA. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a model where HCV infection increases ATX expression which supports viral replication and HCC progression. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem with infected individuals at risk of developing liver disease that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Autotaxin generates the biologically active lipid lysophosphatidic acid that has been reported to play a tumorigenic role in a wide number of cancers. In this study we show that hepatitis C virus infection increases autotaxin expression via hypoxia inducible transcription factor and provides an environment in the liver that promotes fibrosis and liver injury. Importantly, we show a new role for lysophosphatidic acid in positively regulating hepatitis C virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Farquhar
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Isla S Humphreys
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Garrick K Wilson
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Ke Hu
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Laurent Mailly
- INSERM U1110, University of Strasbourg, 3 Rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Peter Balfe
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM U1110, University of Strasbourg, 3 Rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK.
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37
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Banerjee S, Norman DD, Lee SC, Parrill AL, Pham TCT, Baker DL, Tigyi GG, Miller DD. Highly Potent Non-Carboxylic Acid Autotaxin Inhibitors Reduce Melanoma Metastasis and Chemotherapeutic Resistance of Breast Cancer Stem Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1309-1324. [PMID: 28112925 PMCID: PMC7938327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, aka. ENPP2) is the main source of the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in biological fluids. This study reports on inhibitors of ATX derived by lead optimization of the benzene-sulfonamide in silico hit compound 3. The new analogues provide a comprehensive structure-activity relationship of the benzene-sulfonamide scaffold that yielded a series of highly potent ATX inhibitors. The three most potent analogues (3a, IC50 ∼ 32 nM; 3b, IC50 ∼ 9 nM; and 14, IC50 ∼ 35 nM) inhibit ATX-dependent invasion of A2058 human melanoma cells in vitro. Two of the most potent compounds, 3b and 3f (IC50 ∼ 84 nM), lack inhibitory action on ENPP6 and ENPP7 but possess weak antagonist action specific to the LPA1 G protein-coupled receptor. In particular, compound 3b potently reduced in vitro chemotherapeutic resistance of 4T1 breast cancer stem-like cells to paclitaxel and significantly reduced B16 melanoma metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Derek D. Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
- Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Truc Chi T. Pham
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Gabor G. Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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38
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Takahashi K, Fukushima K, Fukushima N, Honoki K, Tsujiuchi T. Enhanced cellular functions through induction of LPA 2 by cisplatin in fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 431:29-35. [PMID: 28205098 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple biophysical lipid which interacts with at least six subtypes of G protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPA1-LPA6). In cancer cells, LPA signaling via LPA receptors is involved in the regulation of malignant properties, such as cell growth, motility, and invasion. The aim of this study was to assess whether LPA receptors regulate cellular functions of fibrosarcoma cells treated with anticancer drug. HT1080 cells were maintained by the stepwise treatment of cisplatin (CDDP) at a range of 0.01 to 1.0 µM for approximately 6 months. The cell motile and invasive activities of long-term CDDP-treated (HT-CDDP) cells were significantly stimulated by LPA treatment, while HT-CDDP cells in the static state showed the low cell motile and invasive activities in comparison with HT1080 cells. Since the expression level of LPAR2 gene was markedly elevated in HT-CDDP cells, LPA2 knockdown cells were generated from HT-CDDP cells. The cell motile and invasive activities of HT-CDDP cells were reduced by LPA2 knockdown. In colony assay, large-sized colonies formed by long-term CDDP treatment were suppressed by LPA2 knockdown. In addition, LPA2 knockdown cells reduced LPA production by autotaxin (ATX), correlating with ATX expression level. These results suggest that LPA signaling via LPA2 may play an important role in the regulation of cellular functions in HT1080 cells treated with CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukushima
- Division of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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39
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A rhodium(III)-based inhibitor of autotaxin with antiproliferative activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Antonopoulou G, Magrioti V, Kokotou MG, Nikolaou A, Barbayianni E, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoamide inhibitors of cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 with reduced lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4544-4554. [PMID: 27522578 PMCID: PMC5014611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic GIVA phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) initiates the eicosanoid pathway of inflammation and thus inhibitors of this enzyme constitute novel potential agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Traditionally, GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors have suffered systemically from high lipophilicity. We have developed a variety of long chain 2-oxoamides as inhibitors of GIVA PLA2. Among them, AX048 was found to produce a potent analgesic effect. We have now reduced the lipophilicity of AX048 by replacing the long aliphatic chain with a chain containing an ether linked aromatic ring with in vitro inhibitory activities similar to AX048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antonopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, MC 0601, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA.
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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41
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Hegade VS, Bolier R, Oude Elferink RPJ, Beuers U, Kendrick S, Jones DEJ. A systematic approach to the management of cholestatic pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Frontline Gastroenterol 2016; 7:158-166. [PMID: 28839853 PMCID: PMC5369477 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2015-100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pruritus (itch) is an important symptom of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), an archetypal cholestatic liver disease. Cholestatic pruritus can be a debilitating symptom causing significant deterioration in patients' quality of life. Effective management of pruritus in PBC involves awareness among clinicians to adequately assess its severity, and treatment with specific drug therapies in line with current practice guidelines. In PBC, antipruritic drugs are not universally effective and/or have significant side effects, and despite best efforts with various combinations of drugs, some patients remain significantly symptomatic, eventually opting for invasive or experimental treatments. Therefore, there is a clear unmet need for better alternative treatments for patients with refractory or intractable cholestatic pruritus. Recent advances in the understanding of pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus and bile acid physiology have raised hopes for novel therapies, some of which are currently under trial. In this review, we aim to provide a practical guide to the management of this important and complex problem, discussing current knowledge and recent advances in the pathogenesis, summarise the evidence base for available therapeutic approaches and update potential novel future therapies for the management of pruritus in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Hegade
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ruth Bolier
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald PJ Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart Kendrick
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David EJ Jones
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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42
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Castagna D, Budd DC, Macdonald SJF, Jamieson C, Watson AJB. Development of Autotaxin Inhibitors: An Overview of the Patent and Primary Literature. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5604-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Castagna
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - David C. Budd
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnel
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnel
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
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43
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Katsifa A, Kaffe E, Nikolaidou-Katsaridou N, Economides AN, Newbigging S, McKerlie C, Aidinis V. The Bulk of Autotaxin Activity Is Dispensable for Adult Mouse Life. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143083. [PMID: 26569406 PMCID: PMC4646642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, Enpp2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalysing the production of lysophosphatidic acid, a pleiotropic growth factor-like lysophospholipid. Increased ATX expression has been detected in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and different types of cancer, while genetic interventions have proven a role for ATX in disease pathogenesis. Therefore, ATX has emerged as a potential drug target and a large number of ATX inhibitors have been developed exhibiting promising therapeutic potential. However, the embryonic lethality of ATX null mice and the ubiquitous expression of ATX and LPA receptors in adult life question the suitability of ATX as a drug target. Here we show that inducible, ubiquitous genetic deletion of ATX in adult mice, as well as long-term potent pharmacologic inhibition, are well tolerated, alleviating potential toxicity concerns of ATX therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aris N. Economides
- Genome Engineering Technologies Group and Skeletal Diseases TFA Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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44
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Hirane M, Ishii S, Tomimatsu A, Fukushima K, Takahashi K, Fukushima N, Honoki K, Tsujiuchi T. Different induction of LPA receptors by chemical liver carcinogens regulates cellular functions of liver epithelial WB-F344 cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1573-1583. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miku Hirane
- Division of Molecular Oncology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
| | - Shuhei Ishii
- Division of Molecular Oncology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
| | - Ayaka Tomimatsu
- Division of Molecular Oncology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
| | - Kaori Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Oncology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
| | - Kaede Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Oncology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Nara Medical University; Kashihara Nara Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Molecular Oncology; Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University; Kowakae, Higashiosaka Osaka Japan
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45
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Venkatraman G, Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Recent advances in targeting the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in vivo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:272-84. [PMID: 27533936 PMCID: PMC4946318 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that signals through six G-protein-coupled receptors. This signaling is required for embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling processes. LPA is produced from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine by autotaxin (ATX), and is degraded outside cells by a family of three enzymes called the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). In many pathological conditions, particularly in cancers, LPA concentrations are increased due to high ATX expression and low LPP activity. In cancers, LPA signaling drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and decreased efficacy of radiotherapy. Hence, targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis is an attractive strategy for introducing novel adjuvant therapeutic options. In this review, we will summarize current progress in targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis with inhibitors of autotaxin activity, LPA receptor antagonists, LPA monoclonal antibodies, and increasing low LPP expression. Some of these agents are already in clinical trials and have applications beyond cancer, including chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Raie T Bekele
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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46
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Benesch MGK, Ko YM, Tang X, Dewald J, Lopez-Campistrous A, Zhao YY, Lai R, Curtis JM, Brindley DN, McMullen TPW. Autotaxin is an inflammatory mediator and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:593-607. [PMID: 26037280 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme that converts extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidate (LPA). In cancers, LPA increases tumour growth, metastasis and chemoresistance by activating six G-protein coupled receptors. We examined >200 human thyroid biopsies. Autotaxin expression in metastatic deposits and primary carcinomas was four- to tenfold higher than in benign neoplasms or normal thyroid tissue. Autotaxin immunohistochemical staining was also increased in benign neoplasms with leukocytic infiltrations. Malignant tumours were distinguished from benign tumours by high tumour autotaxin, LPA levels and inflammatory mediators including IL1β, IL6, IL8, GMCSF, TNFα, CCL2, CXCL10 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA. We determined the mechanistic explanation for these results and revealed a vicious regulatory cycle in which LPA increased the secretion of 16 inflammatory modulators in papillary thyroid cancer cultures. Conversely, treating cancer cells with ten inflammatory cytokines and chemokines or PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB increased autotaxin secretion. We confirmed that this autotaxin/inflammatory cycle occurs in two SCID mouse models of papillary thyroid cancer by blocking LPA signalling using the autotaxin inhibitor ONO-8430506. This decreased the levels of 16 inflammatory mediators in the tumours and was accompanied by a 50-60% decrease in tumour volume. This resulted from a decreased mitotic index for the cancer cells and decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the tumours. Our results demonstrate that the autotaxin/inflammatory cycle is a focal point for driving malignant thyroid tumour progression and possibly treatment resistance. Inhibiting autotaxin activity provides an effective and novel strategy for decreasing the inflammatory phenotype in thyroid carcinomas, which should complement other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Yi M Ko
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Jay Dewald
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Ana Lopez-Campistrous
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Yuan Y Zhao
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Raymond Lai
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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Mori S, Araki M, Ishii S, Hirane M, Fukushima K, Tomimatsu A, Takahashi K, Fukushima N, Tsujiuchi T. LPA signaling through LPA receptors regulates cellular functions of endothelial cells treated with anticancer drugs. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:147-54. [PMID: 26116018 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling via LPA receptors provides a variety of cellular functions, including angiogenesis. In this study, to assess an involvement of LPA receptors in cell motile activities of endothelial cells during chemotherapy, F-2 cells were treated with cisplatin (CDDP) and doxorubicin (DOX) at a concentration of 0.01 μM every 24 h for at least 1 month. The treatment of CDDP and DOX inhibited the expression levels of the LPA receptor-1 (Lpar1), Lpar2, and Lpar3 genes in F-2 cells. The cell motile activities of CDDP and DOX treated cells were relatively lower than those of untreated cells. Next, we investigated whether cancer cells could stimulate the cell motile activities of F-2 cells treated with CDDP and DOX. For cell motility assay, CDDP- and DOX-treated cells were co-cultured with pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. The cell motile activities of CDDP- and DOX-treated cells were significantly enhanced by the existence of PANC-1 cells, correlating with the LPA receptor expressions. In addition, the elevated cell motile activities were suppressed by the pretreatment of an autotaxin inhibitor S32826. These results suggest that LPA signaling via LPA receptors may regulate the cell motile activities of F-2 cells treated with anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Mori
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Araki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ishii
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Miku Hirane
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tomimatsu
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kaede Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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Tabuchi S. The autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid-lysophosphatidic acid receptor cascade: proposal of a novel potential therapeutic target for treating glioblastoma multiforme. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:56. [PMID: 26084470 PMCID: PMC4477515 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Its prognosis is one of the worst among all cancer types, and it is considered a fatal malignancy, incurable with conventional therapeutic strategies. As the bioactive multifunctional lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is well recognized to be involved in the tumorigenesis of cancers by acting on G-protein-coupled receptors, LPA receptor (LPAR) antagonists and LPA synthesis inhibitors have been proposed as promising drugs for cancer treatment. Six LPARs, named LPA1-6, are currently recognized. Among them, LPA1 is the dominant LPAR in the CNS and is highly expressed in GBM in combination with the overexpression of autotaxin (ATX), the enzyme (a phosphodiesterase, which is a potent cell motility-stimulating factor) that produces LPA.Invasion is a defining hallmark of GBM. LPA is significantly related to cell adhesion, cell motility, and invasion through the Rho family GTPases Rho and Rac. LPA1 is responsible for LPA-driven cell motility, which is attenuated by LPA4. GBM is among the most vascular human tumors. Although anti-angiogenic therapy (through the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) was established, sufficient results have not been obtained because of the increased invasiveness triggered by anti-angiogenesis. As both ATX and LPA play a significant role in angiogenesis, similar to VEGF, inhibition of the ATX/LPA axis may be beneficial as a two-pronged therapy that includes anti-angiogenic and anti-invasion therapy. Conventional approaches to GBM are predominantly directed at cell proliferation. Recurrent tumors regrow from cells that have invaded brain tissues and are less proliferative, and are thus quite resistant to conventional drugs and radiation, which preferentially kill rapidly proliferating cells. A novel approach that targets this invasive subpopulation of GBM cells may improve the prognosis of GBM. Patients with GBM that contacts the subventricular zone (SVZ) have decreased survival. A putative source of GBM cells is the SVZ, the largest area of neurogenesis in the adult human brain. GBM stem cells in the SVZ that are positive for the neural stem cell surface antigen CD133 are highly tumorigenic and enriched in recurrent GBM. LPA1 expression appears to be increased in these cells. Here, the author reviews research on the ATX/LPAR axis, focusing on GBM and an ATX/LPAR-targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaharu Tabuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, 730 Ezu, Tottori, 680-0901, Japan.
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Broström JM, Ye ZW, Axmon A, Littorin M, Tinnerberg H, Lindh CH, Zheng H, Ghalali A, Stenius U, Jönsson BAG, Högberg J. Toluene diisocyanate: Induction of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis and its association with airways symptoms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:222-31. [PMID: 26072274 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diisocyanates are industrial chemicals which have a wide range of applications in developed and developing countries. They are notorious lung toxicants and respiratory sensitizers. However, the mechanisms behind their adverse effects are not adequately characterized. Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzyme producing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and the ATX-LPA axis has been implicated in lung related inflammatory conditions and diseases, including allergic asthma, but not to toxicity of environmental low-molecular-weight chemicals. We investigated effects of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) on ATX induction in human lung epithelial cell models, and we correlated LPA-levels in plasma to biomarkers of TDI exposure in urine collected from workers exposed to <5ppb (parts per billion). Information on workers' symptoms was collected through interviews. One nanomolar TDI robustly induced ATX release within 10min in vitro. A P2X7- and P2X4-dependent microvesicle formation was implicated in a rapid ATX release and a subsequent protein synthesis. Co-localization between purinergic receptors and ATX was documented by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The release was modulated by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and by extracellular ATP. In workers, we found a dose-response relationship between TDI exposure biomarkers in urine and LPA levels in plasma. Among symptomatic workers reporting "sneezing", the LPA levels were higher than among non-symptomatic workers. This is the first report indicating induction of the ATX-LPA axis by an environmental low-molecular-weight chemical, and our data suggest a role for the ATX-LPA axis in TDI toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Broström
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Littorin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Huiyuan Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Barbayianni E, Kaffe E, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, as a promising therapeutic target in chronic inflammation and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:76-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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