1
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Hillebrand L, Liang XJ, Serafim RAM, Gehringer M. Emerging and Re-emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: An Update. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7668-7758. [PMID: 38711345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors and other types of covalent modalities have seen a revival in the past two decades, with a variety of new targeted covalent drugs having been approved in recent years. A key feature of such molecules is an intrinsically reactive group, typically a weak electrophile, which enables the irreversible or reversible formation of a covalent bond with a specific amino acid of the target protein. This reactive group, often called the "warhead", is a critical determinant of the ligand's activity, selectivity, and general biological properties. In 2019, we summarized emerging and re-emerging warhead chemistries to target cysteine and other amino acids (Gehringer, M.; Laufer, S. A. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 62, 5673-5724; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153). Since then, the field has rapidly evolved. Here we discuss the progress on covalent warheads made since our last Perspective and their application in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Julia Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A M Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Hlophe YN, Joubert AM. Vascular endothelial growth
factor‐C
in activating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 and chemokine receptor‐4 in melanoma adhesion. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5743-5754. [DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette N. Hlophe
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Anna M. Joubert
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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3
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Bikomeye JC, Terwoord JD, Santos JH, Beyer AM. Emerging mitochondrial signaling mechanisms in cardio-oncology: beyond oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H702-H720. [PMID: 35930448 PMCID: PMC9529263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00231.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many anticancer therapies (CTx) have cardiotoxic side effects that limit their therapeutic potential and cause long-term cardiovascular complications in cancer survivors. This has given rise to the field of cardio-oncology, which recognizes the need for basic, translational, and clinical research focused on understanding the complex signaling events that drive CTx-induced cardiovascular toxicity. Several CTx agents cause mitochondrial damage in the form of mitochondrial DNA deletions, mutations, and suppression of respiratory function and ATP production. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the cardiovascular complications of clinically used CTx agents and discuss current knowledge of local and systemic secondary signaling events that arise in response to mitochondrial stress/damage. Mitochondrial oxidative stress has long been recognized as a contributor to CTx-induced cardiotoxicity; thus, we focus on emerging roles for mitochondria in epigenetic regulation, innate immunity, and signaling via noncoding RNAs and mitochondrial hormones. Because data exploring mitochondrial secondary signaling in the context of cardio-oncology are limited, we also draw upon clinical and preclinical studies, which have examined these pathways in other relevant pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Bikomeye
- Doctorate Program in Public and Community Health, Division of Epidemiology and Social Sciences, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Janée D Terwoord
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, Utah
| | - Janine H Santos
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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4
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Forster M, Liang XJ, Schröder M, Gerstenecker S, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Laufer S, Gehringer M. Discovery of a Novel Class of Covalent Dual Inhibitors Targeting the Protein Kinases BMX and BTK. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9269. [PMID: 33291717 PMCID: PMC7730235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine TEC kinases are key regulators of the immune system and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diverse hematological malignancies. In contrast to the substantial efforts in inhibitor development for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), specific inhibitors of the other TEC kinases, including the bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (BMX), remain sparse. Here we present a novel class of dual BMX/BTK inhibitors, which were designed from irreversible inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) 3 targeting a cysteine located within the solvent-exposed front region of the ATP binding pocket. Structure-guided design exploiting the differences in the gatekeeper residues enabled the achievement of high selectivity over JAK3 and certain other kinases harboring a sterically demanding residue at this position. The most active compounds inhibited BMX and BTK with apparent IC50 values in the single digit nanomolar range or below showing moderate selectivity within the TEC family and potent cellular target engagement. These compounds represent an important first step towards selective chemical probes for the protein kinase BMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Julia Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schröder
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Gerstenecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI) and German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Walter NM, Wentsch HK, Bührmann M, Bauer SM, Döring E, Mayer-Wrangowski S, Sievers-Engler A, Willemsen-Seegers N, Zaman G, Buijsman R, Lämmerhofer M, Rauh D, Laufer SA. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Type I 1/ 2 p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitors with Excellent Selectivity, High Potency, and Prolonged Target Residence Time by Interfering with the R-Spine. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8027-8054. [PMID: 28834431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported 1a (skepinone-L) as a type I p38α MAP kinase inhibitor with high potency and excellent selectivity in vitro and in vivo. However, as a type I inhibitor, it is entirely ATP-competitive and shows just a moderate residence time. Thus, the scope was to develop a new class of advanced compounds maintaining the structural binding features of skepinone-L scaffold like inducing a glycine flip at the hinge region and occupying both hydrophobic regions I and II. Extending this scaffold with suitable residues resulted in an interference with the kinase's R-Spine. By synthesizing 69 compounds, we could significantly prolong the target residence time with one example to 3663 s, along with an excellent selectivity score of 0.006 and an outstanding potency of 1.0 nM. This new binding mode was validated by cocrystallization, showing all binding interactions typifying type I1/2 binding. Moreover, microsomal studies showed convenient metabolic stability of the most potent, herein reported representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas M Walter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike K Wentsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mike Bührmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universitaet Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Silke M Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eva Döring
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Mayer-Wrangowski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universitaet Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Sievers-Engler
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Willemsen-Seegers
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V. (NTRC) , Pivot Park, RE1210, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V. (NTRC) , Pivot Park, RE1210, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Buijsman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V. (NTRC) , Pivot Park, RE1210, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universitaet Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universitaet Tuebingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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6
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Gehringer M, Forster M, Laufer SA. Solution-phase parallel synthesis of ruxolitinib-derived Janus kinase inhibitors via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:5-10. [PMID: 25405713 DOI: 10.1021/co500122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A solution-phase parallel synthesis of triazole-derived ruxolitinib analogues was developed in the current study. The method employs copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to build up the central triazole template. Product isolation by precipitation and centrifugation is straightforward and yields high purity compounds suited for biological profiling. A simple protocol for accessing the terminal alkyne precursors in high yields was established and a library of ruxolitinib-like triazoles featuring diverse functional groups was prepared. In addition, a model for the binding mode of ruxolitinib to Janus kinase (JAK) 2 is proposed. In contrast to previous models, the pose explains the compound selectivity for JAK1/JAK2 and is in accordance with published structure-activity data. On this basis, a structure-based design hypothesis for inverting the selectivity profile of ruxolitinib is deduced. Application of this strategy identified a moderately potent JAK3 inhibitor (35 nM) with high selectivity against other JAKs, potentially exploiting a covalent binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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7
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Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are serine/threonine kinases implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent advances in the development of novel inhibitors of JNKs will be reviewed. Significant progress in the design of JNK inhibitors displaying selectivity versus other kinases has been achieved within the past 4 years. However, the development of isoform selective JNK inhibitors is still an open task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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8
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A Convenient and Easy Purification Approach to High-Yield Synthesis of Gefitinib as an Anticancer Agent from Isovaniline. Pharm Chem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-014-1141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Vinh NB, Devine SM, Munoz L, Ryan RM, Wang BH, Krum H, Chalmers DK, Simpson JS, Scammells PJ. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Tetra-Substituted Thiophenes as Inhibitors of p38α MAPK. ChemistryOpen 2014; 4:56-64. [PMID: 25861571 PMCID: PMC4380954 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a role in several cellular processes and consequently has been a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. A number of known p38α MAPK inhibitors contain vicinal 4-fluorophenyl/4-pyridyl rings connected to either a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle. In this study, a small library of substituted thiophene-based compounds bearing the vicinal 4-fluorophenyl/4-pyridyl rings was designed using computational docking as a visualisation tool. Compounds were synthesised and evaluated in a fluorescence polarisation binding assay. The synthesised analogues had a higher binding affinity to the active phosphorylated form of p38α MAPK than the inactive nonphosphorylated form of the protein. 4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophen-3-yl)pyridine had a Ki value of 0.6 μm to active p38α MAPK highlighting that substitution of the core ring to a thiophene retains affinity to the enzyme and can be utilised in p38α MAPK inhibitors. This compound was further elaborated using a substituted phenyl ring in order to probe the second hydrophobic pocket. Many of these analogues exhibited low micromolar affinity to active p38α MAPK. The suppression of neonatal rat fibroblast collagen synthesis was also observed suggesting that further development of these compounds may lead to potential therapeutics having cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie B Vinh
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 (Australia)
| | - Shane M Devine
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 (Australia)
| | - Lenka Munoz
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia)
| | - Renae M Ryan
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia)
| | - Bing H Wang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 (Australia)
| | - Henry Krum
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 (Australia)
| | - David K Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 (Australia)
| | - Jamie S Simpson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 (Australia)
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 (Australia)
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10
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Gehringer M, Forster M, Pfaffenrot E, Bauer SM, Laufer SA. Novel hinge-binding motifs for Janus kinase 3 inhibitors: a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study on tofacitinib bioisosteres. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2516-27. [PMID: 25139757 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of cytosolic tyrosine kinases crucially involved in cytokine signaling. JAKs have been demonstrated to be valid targets in the treatment of inflammatory and myeloproliferative disorders, and two inhibitors, tofacitinib and ruxolitinib, recently received their marketing authorization. Despite this success, selectivity within the JAK family remains a major issue. Both approved compounds share a common 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine hinge binding motif, and little is known about modifications tolerated at this heterocyclic core. In the current study, a library of tofacitinib bioisosteres was prepared and tested against JAK3. The compounds possessed the tofacitinib piperidinyl side chain, whereas the hinge binding motif was replaced by a variety of heterocycles mimicking its pharmacophore. In view of the promising expectations obtained from molecular modeling, most of the compounds proved to be poorly active. However, strategies for restoring activity within this series of novel chemotypes were discovered and crucial structure-activity relationships were deduced. The compounds presented may serve as starting point for developing novel JAK inhibitors and as a valuable training set for in silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen (Germany), Fax: (+49) 7071-29-5037
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11
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Xu YY, Li SN, Yu GJ, Hu QH, Li HQ. Discovery of novel 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives as potent inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor with antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6084-91. [PMID: 23962660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of new compounds containing a 6-amino-substituted group or 6-acrylamide-substituted group linked to a 4-anilinoquinazoline nucleus have been discovered as potential EGFR inhibitors. These compounds proved efficient effects on antiproliferative activity and EGFR-TK inhibitory activity. Especially, N(6)-((5-bromothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-N(4)-(3-chlorophenyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine (5e), showed the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50=3.11μM for Hep G2, IC50=0.82μM for A549). The EGFR molecular docking model suggested that the new compound is nicely bound to the region of EGFR, and cell morphology by Hoechst stain experiment suggested that these compounds efficiently induced apoptosis of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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12
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Urich R, Wishart G, Kiczun M, Richters A, Tidten-Luksch N, Rauh D, Sherborne B, Wyatt PG, Brenk R. De novo design of protein kinase inhibitors by in silico identification of hinge region-binding fragments. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1044-52. [PMID: 23534475 PMCID: PMC3833278 DOI: 10.1021/cb300729y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein kinases constitute an attractive
family of enzyme targets
with high relevance to cell and disease biology. Small molecule inhibitors
are powerful tools to dissect and elucidate the function of kinases
in chemical biology research and to serve as potential starting points
for drug discovery. However, the discovery and development of novel
inhibitors remains challenging. Here, we describe a structure-based de novo design approach that generates novel, hinge-binding
fragments that are synthetically feasible and can be elaborated to
small molecule libraries. Starting from commercially available compounds,
core fragments were extracted, filtered for pharmacophoric properties
compatible with hinge-region binding, and docked into a panel of protein
kinases. Fragments with a high consensus score were subsequently short-listed
for synthesis. Application of this strategy led to a number of core
fragments with no previously reported activity against kinases. Small
libraries around the core fragments were synthesized, and representative
compounds were tested against a large panel of protein kinases and
subjected to co-crystallization experiments. Each of the tested compounds
was active against at least one kinase, but not all kinases in the
panel were inhibited. A number of compounds showed high ligand efficiencies
for therapeutically relevant kinases; among them were MAPKAP-K3, SRPK1,
SGK1, TAK1, and GCK for which only few inhibitors are reported in
the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Urich
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, DD1 5EH,
U.K
| | - Grant Wishart
- Department of Chemistry, MSD, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, U.K
| | - Michael Kiczun
- Department of Chemistry, MSD, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, U.K
| | - André Richters
- Fakultät Chemie - Chemische
Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Naomi Tidten-Luksch
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, DD1 5EH,
U.K
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Fakultät Chemie - Chemische
Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Brad Sherborne
- Department of Chemistry, MSD, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, U.K
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, DD1 5EH,
U.K
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Institut für Pharmazie
und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Vinh NB, Simpson JS, Scammells PJ, Chalmers DK. Virtual screening using a conformationally flexible target protein: models for ligand binding to p38α MAPK. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:409-23. [PMID: 22527960 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have used virtual screening to develop models for the binding of aryl substituted heterocycles to p38α MAPK. Virtual screening was conducted on a number of p38α MAPK crystal structures using a library of 46 known p38α MAPK inhibitors containing a heterocyclic core substituted by pyridine and fluorophenyl rings (structurally related to SB203580) and a set of decoy compounds. Multiple protonation states and tautomers of active and decoy compounds were considered. Each docking model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and enrichment factors. The two best performing single crystal structures were found to be 1BL7 and 2EWA, with enrichment factors of 14.1 and 13.0 at 2% of the virtual screen respectively. Ensembles of up to four receptors of similar conformations were generated, generally giving good or very good performances with high ROC AUCs and good enrichment. The 1BL7-2EWA ensemble was able to outperform each of its constituent receptors and gave high enrichment factors of 17.3, 12.0, 8.0 at 2, 5 and 10% respectively, of the virtual screen. A ROC AUC of 0.94 was obtained for this ensemble. This method may be applied to other proteins where there are a large number of inhibitor classes with different binding site conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie B Vinh
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Haddad JJ. The immunopharmacologic potential of Semaxanib and new generation directed therapeutic drugs: Receptor tyrosine kinase regulation with anti-tumorigenensis/angiogenesis properties. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 20:103-23. [PMID: 23960782 PMCID: PMC3744945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signaling of messages emanating from cellular membranes through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a major mechanism for intercellular communication and transduction during development and metabolism, as well as in disease-associated processes. The phosphorylation status and signaling activity of RTKs are determined by a dynamic equilibrium of the activity of both RTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). RTKs are essentially a class of cell-surface receptors for growth factors and other extracellular ligands, the most conspicuous perhaps are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene family, which plays a fundamental role in the growth and differentiation of vascular, as well as lymphatic endothelial cells. In particular, VEGF is a major regulator of normal (physiologic) and abnormal (cancerous) angiogenesis, including that associated with tumors and cancer. Blockers/inhibitors and regulators of RTKs are indeed promising cancer interventions, their specific mechanisms are yet to be unraveled. In this cutting-edge synopsis, I elaborate on breakthroughs/advances and current concepts of RTK regulation, further shedding light on exploring the role of potential regulators, particularly the RTK inhibitor Semaxanib, and the mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis in an effort to understand a potentially alleviating pharmacologic therapeutic intervention. This survey also tackles the loopholes and shortcomings of the aforementioned inhibitory role of Semaxanib, especially its inefficacy and ultimate discontinuation of relevant clinical trials.
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15
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Goettert M, Schattel V, Koch P, Merfort I, Laufer S. Biological Evaluation and Structural Determinants of p38α Mitogen-Activated-Protein Kinase and c-Jun-N-Terminal Kinase 3 Inhibition by Flavonoids. Chembiochem 2010; 11:2579-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Ziegler K, Hauser DRJ, Unger A, Albrecht W, Laufer SA. 2-Acylaminopyridin-4-ylimidazoles as p38 MAP kinase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological and metabolic evaluations. ChemMedChem 2010; 4:1939-48. [PMID: 19731280 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeting cytokines has become an important focus in the treatment of many inflammatory disorders. p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) is the key enzyme in regulating the biosynthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Inhibition of p38 MAPK results in decreased expression of these cytokines. Tri- and tetrasubstituted pyridinylimidazoles are potent inhibitors of p38 MAPK. Substitution on the pyridinyl moiety allows the design of inhibitors that show increased selectivity and activity by targeting the enzyme's hydrophobic region II. The objective of this study was to synthesize novel 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivates and to characterize them not only for their ability to inhibit p38 MAPK and modulate cytokine release in human whole blood, but also to evaluate their metabolic stability. Biological data and metabolic studies demonstrate that the introduction of a 2-acylamino function at C2 of the pyridine results in highly efficient and metabolically stable inhibitors relative to C2-alkylamino derivatives. A series of novel candidates was investigated for metabolic stability in human liver microsomes and in human whole blood. Additionally, metabolic S-oxidation was investigated, and possible metabolites were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ziegler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Holm M, Lehmann F, Laufer S. [Medical chemistry and molecular mechanisms of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The viewpoint of pharmaceutical research]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:382-92. [PMID: 18729263 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200800279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Holm
- Studium der Pharmazie an der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
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18
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Kuhn D, Weskamp N, Hüllermeier E, Klebe G. Functional classification of protein kinase binding sites using Cavbase. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1432-47. [PMID: 17694525 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, drug-discovery processes focus on complete gene families. Tools for analyzing similarities and differences across protein families are important for the understanding of key functional features of proteins. Herein we present a method for classifying protein families on the basis of the properties of their active sites. We have developed Cavbase, a method for describing and comparing protein binding pockets, and show its application to the functional classification of the binding pockets of the protein family of protein kinases. A diverse set of kinase cavities is mutually compared and analyzed in terms of recurring functional recognition patterns in the active sites. We are able to propose a relevant classification based on the binding motifs in the active sites. The obtained classification provides a novel perspective on functional properties across protein space. The classification of the MAP and the c-Abl kinases is analyzed in detail, showing a clear separation of the respective kinase subfamilies. Remarkable cross-relations among protein kinases are detected, in contrast to sequence-based classifications, which are not able to detect these relations. Furthermore, our classification is able to highlight features important in the optimization of protein kinase inhibitors. Using small-molecule inhibition data we could rationalize cross-reactivities between unrelated kinases which become apparent in the structural comparison of their binding sites. This procedure helps in the identification of other possible kinase targets that behave similarly in "binding pocket space" to the kinase under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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19
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Laufer SA, Hauser DRJ, Domeyer DM, Kinkel K, Liedtke AJ. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles as Highly Potent and Specific ATP-Mimetic Inhibitors of p38 MAP Kinase: Focus on Optimized Interactions with the Enzyme’s Surface-Exposed Front Region. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4122-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701529q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominik R. J. Hauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David M. Domeyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Kinkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andy J. Liedtke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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20
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Triola G, Wetzel S, Ellinger B, Koch MA, Hübel K, Rauh D, Waldmann H. ATP competitive inhibitors of D-alanine-D-alanine ligase based on protein kinase inhibitor scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:1079-87. [PMID: 18321716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-Alanine-D-alanine ligase (DDl) is an essential enzyme in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and an important target for developing new antibiotics. Here, we describe a new approach to identify new inhibitor scaffolds for DDl based on similarity in the ATP binding region of different kinases and DDl. After an initial screening of several protein kinase inhibitors, we found that the Brutons's tyrosine kinase inhibitor LFM-A13, an analog of the Leflunomide metabolite A771726, inhibits DDl with a K(i) of 185 microM. A series of malononitrilamide and salicylamide derivatives of LFM-A13 has been synthesized to confirm the validity of this scaffold as an inhibitor of DDl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Triola
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Hauser DRJ, Scior T, Domeyer DM, Kammerer B, Laufer SA. Synthesis, biological testing, and binding mode prediction of 6,9-diarylpurin-8-ones as p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2060-6. [PMID: 17411025 DOI: 10.1021/jm061061w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the purine scaffold of ATP, derivatives of 6,9-diarylpurine-8-one were prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit p38 MAP kinase, a key enzyme in the cellular regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The inhibitor design combines the purine system of the authentic cosubstrate ATP with various phenyl moieties to explore the selectivity for the two hydrophobic regions of the kinase's ATP-binding cleft. The present study indicates a new binding mode of our scaffold to p38 MAP kinase, which comprises the desired structural features of ATP and the N-phenyl-N-purin-6-yl ureas previously published by Wan et al. Combinations of Autodock and FlexX docking with different scoring functions were used to assess the postulated binding mode. The predictive power of different docking-scoring combinations was determined. The presented results may form a solid basis for further optimization cycles since our theoretical findings are consistent with our experimental binding data and supported by the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R J Hauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Smith L, Wong WC, Kiselyov AS, Burdzovic-Wizemann S, Mao Y, Xu Y, Duncton MAJ, Kim K, Piatnitski EL, Doody JF, Wang Y, Rosler RL, Milligan D, Columbus J, Balagtas C, Lee SP, Konovalov A, Hadari YR. Novel tricyclic azepine derivatives: Biological evaluation of pyrimido[4,5-b]-1,4-benzoxazepines, thiazepines, and diazepines as inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5102-6. [PMID: 16887347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel tricyclic derivatives containing an oxazepine, thiazepine, or diazepine ring were studied for their EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity. While the oxazepines were in general more potent than thiazepines, the diazepines displayed somewhat different structure-activity relationships. Moreover, the diazepines, in contrast to the oxazepines, showed appreciable inhibitory activity against the KDR tyrosine kinase. Furthermore, both oxazepines and diazepines demonstrated significant ability to inhibit autophosphorylation of EGFR in DiFi cells (generally, IC(50) values in the single-digit micromolar to submicromolar range).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Smith
- Department of Chemistry, ImClone Systems Incorporated, 710 Parkside Avenue, Suite 2, Brooklyn, NY 11226, USA.
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23
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Kuhn D, Weskamp N, Schmitt S, Hüllermeier E, Klebe G. From the similarity analysis of protein cavities to the functional classification of protein families using cavbase. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:1023-44. [PMID: 16697007 PMCID: PMC7094329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the classification of protein binding sites using the physicochemical properties exposed to their pockets is presented. We recently introduced Cavbase, a method for describing and comparing protein binding pockets on the basis of the geometrical and physicochemical properties of their active sites. Here, we present algorithmic and methodological enhancements in the Cavbase property description and in the cavity comparison step. We give examples of the Cavbase similarity analysis detecting pronounced similarities in the binding sites of proteins unrelated in sequence. A similarity search using SARS M(pro) protease subpockets as queries retrieved ligands and ligand fragments accommodated in a physicochemical environment similar to that of the query. This allowed the characterization of the protease recognition pockets and the identification of molecular building blocks that can be incorporated into novel antiviral compounds. A cluster analysis procedure for the functional classification of binding pockets was implemented and calibrated using a diverse set of enzyme binding sites. Two relevant protein families, the alpha-carbonic anhydrases and the protein kinases, are used to demonstrate the scope of our cluster approach. We propose a relevant classification of both protein families, on the basis of the binding motifs in their active sites. The classification provides a new perspective on functional properties across a protein family and is able to highlight features important for potency and selectivity. Furthermore, this information can be used to identify possible cross-reactivities among proteins due to similarities in their binding sites.
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Key Words
- protein binding pockets
- classification of protein binding pockets
- cluster analysis of protein binding pockets
- protein kinases
- sars protease
- sam, s-adenosyl-methionine
- fad, flavine adenine dinucleotide
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- cov, coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
- ca, carbonic anhydrase
- cml, chronic myelogenous leukemia
- map, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- cdks, cyclin-dependent protein kinases
- hb, hydrogen bond
- rmsd, root-mean-square deviations
- upgma, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean
- ec, enzyme classification
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Busca P, McCort I, Prangé T, Le Merrer Y. Synthesis of C-Nucleosidic ATP Mimics as Potential FGFR3 Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Liu M, Xin Z, Clampit JE, Wang S, Gum RJ, Haasch DL, Trevillyan JM, Abad-Zapatero C, Fry EH, Sham HL, Liu G. Synthesis and SAR of 1,9-dihydro-9-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolin-4-ones as novel, selective c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2590-4. [PMID: 16527482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 1,9-dihydro-9-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolin-4-ones as c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors is described. These compounds were synthesized via the condensation of 2-nitrobenzaldehydes and hydroxypyrazoles. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) and kinase selectivity profile of the inhibitors are also discussed. Compound 16 was identified as a potent JNK inhibitor with good cellular potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA.
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26
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Hennequin LFA, Ballard P, Boyle FT, Delouvrié B, Ellston RPA, Halsall CT, Harris CS, Hudson K, Kendrew J, Pease JE, Ross HS, Smith P, Vincent JL. Novel 4-anilinoquinazolines with C-6 carbon-linked side chains: synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of potent, orally active, EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2672-6. [PMID: 16516473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of a novel subseries of 4-anilinoquinazoline EGFR inhibitors substituted at the C-6 position with carbon-linked side chains has been investigated. This exploration has led to the discovery of novel aminomethyl carboxamides with good biological, pharmacokinetic and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent F A Hennequin
- AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. La Pompelle, B.P. 1050, Chemin de Vrilly, 51689 Reims, Cedex 2, France.
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27
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Legraverend M, Grierson DS. The purines: potent and versatile small molecule inhibitors and modulators of key biological targets. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3987-4006. [PMID: 16503144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to highlight the wide range of biological activities displayed by purines, with particular emphasis on new purine-based agents which find potential application as chemical-biology tools and/or therapeutic agents. The expanding interest in the biological properties of polyfunctionalized purine derivatives issues, in large part, from the development of rapid high-throughput screening essays for new protein targets, and the corresponding development of efficient synthetic methodology adapted to the construction of highly diverse purine libraries. Purine-based compounds have found new applications as inducers of interferon and lineage-committed cell dedifferentiation, agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors, ligands of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors, and as inhibitors of HSP90, Src kinase, p38alpha MAP kinase, sulfotransferases, phosphodiesterases, and Cdks. The scope of application of purines in biology is most certainly far from being exhausted. Testing purine derivatives against the multitude of biological targets for which small molecule probes have not yet been found should thus be a natural reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Legraverend
- UMR 176 CNRS-Institut Curie, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie, Bât. 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France.
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28
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Laufer SA, Domeyer DM, Scior TRF, Albrecht W, Hauser DRJ. Synthesis and biological testing of purine derivatives as potential ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:710-22. [PMID: 15689155 DOI: 10.1021/jm0408767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of ATP adenine, a series of adenine and purine derivatives was prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit a spectrum of disease-related kinases. There has been scant research investigating the potential of cosubstrate derived kinase inhibitors for other kinases than CDKs. Our inhibitor design combined the purine system from the original cosubstrate ATP and phenyl moieties in order to explore possible interactions with the different regions of the ATP binding site in several disease-related protein kinases. There have been a number of hits for the assayed substances, which led us to conclude that the spectrum of compounds may prove to be a valuable tool kit for the evaluation of bonding and selectivity patterns for a wide variety of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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30
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31
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Connell RD. Cancer chemotherapeutics - angiogenesis agents: October 1999 - March 2000. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.6.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gill A, Cleasby A, Jhoti H. The Discovery of Novel Protein Kinase Inhibitors by Using Fragment-Based High-Throughput X-ray Crystallography. Chembiochem 2005; 6:506-12. [PMID: 15696598 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the application of a high-throughput X-ray crystallographic fragment-based screening methodology to identify low-molecular-weight leads for structure-based optimisation into protein kinase inhibitors. The identification of two novel p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors (with IC50=65 and 150 nM) starting from low-molecular-weight fragments is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gill
- Astex Technology, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, UK.
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34
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Lai JYQ, Langston S, Adams R, Beevers RE, Boyce R, Burckhardt S, Cobb J, Ferguson Y, Figueroa E, Grimster N, Henry AH, Khan N, Jenkins K, Jones MW, Judkins R, Major J, Masood A, Nally J, Payne H, Payne L, Raphy G, Raynham T, Reader J, Reader V, Reid A, Ruprah P, Shaw M, Sore H, Stirling M, Talbot A, Taylor J, Thompson S, Wada H, Walker D. Preparation of kinase-biased compounds in the search for lead inhibitors of kinase targets. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:310-30. [PMID: 15593285 DOI: 10.1002/med.20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation of approximately 13,000 compounds for rapid identification of hits in high-throughput screening (HTS). These compounds were designed as potential serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The library consists of various scaffolds, e.g., purines, oxindoles, and imidazoles, whereby each core scaffold generally includes the hydrogen bond acceptor/donor properties known to be important for kinase binding. Several of these are based upon literature kinase templates, or adaptations of them to provide novelty. The routes to their preparation are outlined. A variety of automation techniques were used to prepare >500 compounds per scaffold. Where applicable, scavenger resins were employed to remove excess reagents and when necessary, preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for purification. These compounds were screened against an 'in-house' kinase panel. The success rate in HTS was significantly higher than the corporate compound collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Y Q Lai
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals R&D Limited, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB1 6ET, United Kingdom
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Slon-Usakiewicz JJ, Ng W, Foster JE, Dai JR, Deretey E, Toledo-Sherman L, Redden PR, Pasternak A, Reid N. Frontal Affinity Chromatography with MS Detection of EphB2 Tyrosine Kinase Receptor. 1. Comparison with Conventional ELISA. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5094-100. [PMID: 15456253 DOI: 10.1021/jm049733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FAC-MS offers a convenient method for measuring the relative binding strengths of ligands in a mixture and enables a rapid ranking and identification of ligands in the mixture as potential hits against immobilized targets. Using immobilized EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase as the target and known kinase inhibitors, the results of FAC-MS screening (% shift) have been shown to correlate with the binding constant, K(d), and with IC(50) results from the more traditional ELISA assay. Therefore, since FAC-MS can accommodate a wide variety of target proteins, its applications could play a broad role in drug discovery not only at the hit discovery stage but also during the subsequent more rigorous screening at the hit-to-lead and lead optimization stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Slon-Usakiewicz
- Protana, Inc., Lead Discovery and Optimization Division, 251 Attwell Drive, Toronto, Ontario M9W 7H4, Canada
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Abstract
Protein kinases play a crucial role in signal transduction and also in cellular proliferation, differentiation and various regulatory mechanisms. The inhibition of growth-related kinases, especially tyrosine kinases, might therefore provide new therapies for diseases such as cancer. Due to the enormous progress that has been made in the past few years in the identification of the human genome, in molecular and cell biology technologies, in structural biology and in bioinformatics, the number of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases that have been identified as valuable molecular targets has greatly increased. Currently, more than 20 different tyrosine kinase targets are under evaluation in drug discovery projects in oncology. The progress made in the crystallisation of protein kinases, in most cases complexed with ATP-site-directed inhibitors, has confirmed that the ATPbinding domain of tyrosine kinases is an attractive target for rational drug design; more than 20 ATP-competitive, low molecular weight inhibitors are in various phases of clinical evaluation. Meanwhile, clinical proof-of-concept (POC) has been achieved with several antibodies and small molecules targeted against tyrosine kinases. With Herceptin, Glivec and Iressa (registered in Japan), the first kinase drugs have entered the market. This review describes the preclinical and clinical status of low molecular weight drugs targeted against different tyrosine kinases (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [VEGFR], platelet-derived growth factor receptor [PDGFR], Kit, Fms-like tyrosine kinase [Flt]-3), briefly describes new targets, and provides a critical analysis of the current situation in the area of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Traxler
- Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Research, CH4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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37
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Hou T, Zhu L, Chen L, Xu X. Mapping the binding site of a large set of quinazoline type EGF-R inhibitors using molecular field analyses and molecular docking studies. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2003; 43:273-87. [PMID: 12546563 DOI: 10.1021/ci025552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the current work, three-dimensional QSAR studies for one large set of quinazoline type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) inhibitors were conducted using two types of molecular field analysis techniques: comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). These compounds belonging to six different structural classes were randomly divided into a training set of 122 compounds and a test set of 13 compounds. The statistical results showed that the 3D-QSAR models derived from CoMFA were superior to those generated from CoMSIA. The most optimal CoMFA model after region focusing bears significant cross-validated r(2)(cv) of 0.60 and conventional r(2) of 0.92. The predictive power of the best CoMFA model was further validated by the accurate estimation to these compounds in the external test set, and the mean agreement of experimental and predicted log(IC(50)) values of the inhibitors is 0.6 log unit. Separate CoMFA models were conducted to evaluate the influence of different partial charges (Gasteiger-Marsili, Gasteiger-Hückel, MMFF94, ESP-AM1, and MPA-AM1) on the statistical quality of the models. The resulting CoMFA field map provides information on the geometry of the binding site cavity and the relative weights of various properties in different site pockets for each of the substrates considered. Moreover, in the current work, we applied MD simulations combined with MM/PBSA (Molecular mechanics/Possion-Boltzmann Surface Area) to determine the correct binding mode of the best inhibitor for which no ligand-protein crystal structure was present. To proceed, we define the following procedure: three hundred picosecond molecular dynamics simulations were first performed for the four binding modes suggested by DOCK 4.0 and manual docking, and then MM/PBSA was carried out for the collected snapshots. The most favorable binding mode identified by MM/PBSA has a binding free energy about 10 kcal/mol more favorable than the second best one. The most favorable binding mode identified by MM/PBSA can give satisfactory explanation of the SAR data of the studied molecules and is in good agreement with the contour maps of CoMFA. The most favorable binding mode suggests that with the quinazoline-based inhibitor, the N3 atom is hydrogen-bonded to a water molecule which, in turn, interacts with Thr 766, not Thr 830 as proposed by Wissner et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 3244). The predicted complex structure of quinazoline type inhibitor with EGF-R as well as the pharmacophore mapping from CoMFA can interpret the structure activities of the inhibitors well and afford us important information for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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38
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Skibo EB, Huang X, Martinez R, Lemus RH, Craigo WA, Dorr RT. Pyrimidoquinazoline-based antitumor agents. Design of topoisomerase II to DNA cross-linkers with activity against protein kinases. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5543-55. [PMID: 12459022 DOI: 10.1021/jm020285l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrimidoquinazoline analogues, possessing either 4,5-g or 5,4-g fusion, were studied with respect to cytotoxicity, topoisomerase II inhibitory activity, in vivo activity, and DNA cleavage and DNA-protein cross-linking properties. These analogues were designed as electron-deficient anthraquinones with dual alkylating centers to cross-link DNA with topoisomerase II. Our studies verified the presence of DNA-protein cross-linking in vitro as well as topoisomerase II poisoning by pyrimidoquinazoline analogues. In addition, COMPARE analysis revealed that the pyrimidoquinazolines possess inhibitory activity against both topoisomerase II and protein kinases, such as the paullones, a dual property observed in other antineoplastic agents influencing phosphoester transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Skibo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-1604, USA.
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39
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Mu F, Lee DJ, Pryor DE, Hamel E, Cushman M. Synthesis and investigation of conformationally restricted analogues of lavendustin A as cytotoxic inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4774-85. [PMID: 12361405 DOI: 10.1021/jm0202270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted analogues were synthesized in order to elucidate the possible effects of different amide conformations of lavendustin A derivatives on cytotoxicity in cancer cell cultures and on inhibition of tubulin polymerization. The conformationally restricted analogues were based on the oxazinedione and isoindolone ring systems. In addition, the amide bond was replaced by both cis and trans alkene moieties. Surprisingly, the results indicated very little effect of conformational restriction on biological activity. Because all of the compounds synthesized had similar cytotoxicities and potencies as tubulin polymerization inhibitors, the side chain present on the aniline ring system does not appear to be important in the biological effects of the lavendustins. The hydroquinone ring of lavendustin A may be a more important determinant of the biological activity than the structure surrounding the aniline ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Mu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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40
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Manley PW, Cowan-Jacob SW, Buchdunger E, Fabbro D, Fendrich G, Furet P, Meyer T, Zimmermann J. Imatinib: a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38 Suppl 5:S19-27. [PMID: 12528769 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)80599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the pathophysiology of a large number of cancer types provides a strategy to target cancer cells with minimal effect on normal cells. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play a pivotal role in intracellular signaling; to regulate signal transduction pathways, there are approximately 700 protein kinases and 100 protein phosphatases encoded within the human genome. In cancer, as well as in other proliferative diseases, unregulated cell proliferation, differentiation and survival frequently results from abnormal protein phosphorylation. Although it is often possible to identify a single kinase that plays a pivotal role in a given disease, the development of drugs based upon protein kinase inhibition has been hampered by unacceptable side effects resulting from a lack of target selectivity. With the growing understanding of the molecular biology of protein tyrosine kinases and the use of structural information, the design of potential drugs directed towards the bind adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site of a single target has become possible. These advances have transferred emphasis away from the identification of potent kinase inhibitors and more towards issues of target selectivity, cellular efficacy, therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability. In this paper, the relationship between molecular biology and drug discovery methods, as utilized for the identification of anticancer drugs, will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Manley
- Novartis Pharma Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Abstract
Protein kinases have a fundamental role in signal transduction pathways, and aberrant kinase activity has been observed in many diseases. In recent years, kinase inhibition has become a major area for therapeutic intervention and a variety of kinase inhibitor pharmacophores has been described. This review illustrates some of the efforts and results in the field of structure-based design of protein kinase inhibitors. The methods and results discussed here illustrate the power of structure-based design in lead discovery, for example via virtual screening and in guiding the optimization of the pharmacological properties of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scapin
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY50 105, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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42
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Fabbro D, Ruetz S, Buchdunger E, Cowan-Jacob SW, Fendrich G, Liebetanz J, Mestan J, O'Reilly T, Traxler P, Chaudhuri B, Fretz H, Zimmermann J, Meyer T, Caravatti G, Furet P, Manley PW. Protein kinases as targets for anticancer agents: from inhibitors to useful drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 93:79-98. [PMID: 12191602 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many components of mitogenic signaling pathways in normal and neoplastic cells have been identified, including the large family of protein kinases, which function as components of signal transduction pathways, playing a central role in diverse biological processes, such as control of cell growth, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. The development of selective protein kinase inhibitors that can block or modulate diseases caused by abnormalities in these signaling pathways is widely considered a promising approach for drug development. Because of their deregulation in human cancers, protein kinases, such as Bcr-Abl, those in the epidermal growth factor-receptor (HER) family, the cell cycle regulating kinases such as the cyclin-dependent kinases, as well as the vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor kinases involved in the neo-vascularization of tumors, are among the protein kinases considered as prime targets for the development of selective inhibitors. These drug-discovery efforts have generated inhibitors and low-molecular weight therapeutics directed against the ATP-binding site of various protein kinases that are in various stages of development (up to Phase II/III clinical trials). Three examples of inhibitors of protein kinases are reviewed, including low-molecular weight compounds targeting the cell cycle kinases; a potent and selective inhibitor of the HER1/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase, the pyrollopyrimidine PKI166; and the 2-phenyl-aminopyrimidine STI571 (Glivec(R), Gleevec) a targeted drug therapy directed toward Bcr-Abl, the key player in chronic leukemia (CML). Some members of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, in particular HER1 and HER2, have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, suggesting that inhibition of HER signaling would be a viable antiproliferative strategy. The pyrrolo-pyrimidine PKI166 was developed as an HER1/HER2 inhibitor with potent in vitro antiproliferative and in vivo antitumor activity. Based upon its clear association with disease, the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase in CML represents the ideal target to validate the clinical utility of protein kinase inhibitors as therapeutic agents. In a preclinical model, STI571 (Glivec(R), Gleevec) showed potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity that was selective for Abl, c-Kit, and the platelet-derived growth factor-receptor. Phase I/II studies demonstrated that STI571 is well tolerated, and that it showed promising hematological and cytogenetic responses in CML and clinical responses in the c-Kit-driven gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriano Fabbro
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Pharma Inc., WKL-125.4.10, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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43
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Abstract
Protein kinases play critical roles in signal transduction pathways by transmitting extracellular signals across the cell membrane to distant locations in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The development of protein kinase inhibitors has been hindered by the broad overlapping substrate specificities exhibited by these enzymes. The design of bisubstrate analog inhibitors could provide for the enhancement of specificity and potency in protein kinase inhibition. Bisubstrate analog inhibitors form a special group of protein kinase inhibitors that mimic two natural substrates/ligands and that simultaneously associate with two regions of given kinases. Most bisubstrate analogs have been designed to mimic the phosphate donor (ATP) and the acceptor components (Ser-, Thr-, or Tyr-containing peptides). Recent studies have emphasized the importance of maintaining a specific distance between these two components to achieve potent inhibition. In this review, we present a discussion of the methods for designing protein kinase inhibitors by mechanism-based approaches. Emphasis is given to bivalent approaches, with an interpretation of what has been learned from more and less successful examples. Future challenges in this area are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Brignola PS, Lackey K, Kadwell SH, Hoffman C, Horne E, Carter HL, Stuart JD, Blackburn K, Moyer MB, Alligood KJ, Knight WB, Wood ER. Comparison of the biochemical and kinetic properties of the type 1 receptor tyrosine kinase intracellular domains. Demonstration of differential sensitivity to kinase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:1576-85. [PMID: 11696537 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105907200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ErbB-2, and ErbB-4 are members of the type 1 receptor tyrosine kinase family. Overexpression of these receptors, especially ErbB-2 and EGFR, has been implicated in multiple forms of cancer. Inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity are being evaluated clinically for cancer therapy. The potency and selectivity of these inhibitors may affect the efficacy and toxicity of therapy. Here we describe the expression, purification, and biochemical comparison of EGFR, ErbB-2, and ErbB-4 intracellular domains. Despite their high degree of sequence homology, the three enzymes have significantly different catalytic properties and substrate kinetics. For example, the catalytic activity of ErbB-2 is less stable than that of EGFR. ErbB-2 uses ATP-Mg as a substrate inefficiently compared with EGFR and ErbB-4. The three enzymes have very similar substrate preferences for three optimized peptide substrates, but differences in substrate synergies were observed. We have used the biochemical and kinetic parameters determined from these studies to develop an assay system that accurately measures inhibitor potency and selectivity between the type 1 receptor family. We report that the selectivity profile of molecules in the 4-anilinoquinazoline series can be modified through specific aniline substitutions. Moreover, these compounds have activity in whole cells that reflect the potency and selectivity of target inhibition determined with this assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry S Brignola
- Department of Systems Research, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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45
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Traxler P, Bold G, Buchdunger E, Caravatti G, Furet P, Manley P, O'Reilly T, Wood J, Zimmermann J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: from rational design to clinical trials. Med Res Rev 2001; 21:499-512. [PMID: 11607931 DOI: 10.1002/med.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play a crucial role in signal transduction as well as in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and various regulatory mechanisms. The inhibition of growth related kinases, especially tyrosine kinases, might provide new therapies for diseases such as cancer. The progress made in the crystallization of protein kinases has confirmed that the ATP-binding domain of tyrosine kinases is an attractive target for drug design. Three successful examples of drug design at Novartis using a tyrosine kinase as a molecular target are described. PKI166, a pyrrolo[2,3,-d]pyrimidine derivative, is a dual inhibitor of both the EGFR and the ErbB2 kinases. The compound entered clinical trials in 1999, based on its favorable preclinical profile: potent inhibition of EGF-mediated signalling in cells, in vivo antitumor activity in several EGFR overexpressing xenograft tumor models in nude mice, long-lasting inhibition of EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor tissue, good oral bioavailability in animals, and no prohibitive in vitro and in vivo toxicity findings. The anilino-phthalazine derivative PTK787/ZK222584 (Phase I, co-developed by Schering AG, Berlin) is a potent and selective inhibitor of both the KDR and Flt-1 kinases with interesting anti-angiogenic and pharmacokinetic properties (orally bioavailable). STI571 (Glivec, Gleevec), a phenylamino-pyrimidine derivative, is a potent inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase, which is present in 95% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The compound specifically inhibits proliferation of v-Abl and Bcr-Abl expressing cells (including cells from CML patients) and shows anti-tumor activity as a single agent in animal models at well-tolerated doses. Pharmacologically relevant concentrations are achieved in the plasma of animals (oral administration). Promising data from phase I and II clinical trials in CML patients (98% haematological response rate in Phase I) support the fact that the STI571 represents a new treatment modality for CML. In addition, potent inhibition of the PDGFR and c-Kit tyrosine kinases also indicates its possible clinical use in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Traxler
- Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bridges
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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47
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Sawyer T, Boyce B, Dalgarno D, Iuliucci J. Src inhibitors: genomics to therapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1327-44. [PMID: 11772255 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.7.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Following the milestone discoveries that identified Src as the first known protein tyrosine kinase and as a prototype oncogene, as well as Src transgenic studies to validate it as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis, intense efforts are being made to create Src inhibitor drugs. Drug discovery strategies focused on both the non-catalytic and catalytic domains of Src have successfully resulted in promising Src inhibitor lead compounds with potential therapeutic applications for osteoporosis, cancer, and other diseases. Some noteworthy examples of Src inhibitors are described, and their chemical diversity, structure-based design, and biological activities in vitro and in vivo are illustrated. The potency, selectivity, and in vivo efficacy of key Src inhibitors are being investigated in molecular, cellular and animal models. Consequently, Src inhibitor drug development is imminent, and current studies are well-poised to achieve the ultimate milestone of a Src inhibitor therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sawyer
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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48
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Evans DB, Traxler P, García-Echeverría C. Molecular approaches to receptors as targets for drug discovery. EXS 2001; 89:123-39. [PMID: 10997286 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8393-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Many receptors have been selected as viable drug discovery targets. One particular class of receptors that have received much interest and so far relatively good success are the receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs). Typically, RPTKs are activated following the binding of the peptide growth factor ligand to its receptor. The RPTKs play crucial roles in signal transduction pathways that regulate a number of cellular functions, such as cell differentiation and proliferation, both under normal physiological conditions as well as in a variety of pathological disorders. A variety of different tumour types have been shown to have dysfunctional RPTKs, either as a result of excess production of the growth factor, the receptor or both, or via mutations in the RPTKs structure. Irrespective of the cause, this leads to the over-activity of the particular RPTK system and in turn to the aberrant and inappropriate cellular signalling within the tumour cell. RPTKs are attractive targets in the search for therapeutic agents, not only against cancers but also against many other disease indications. Although an ever-increasing number of RPTKs have been selected as viable molecular targets for drug discovery programmes, four examples will be covered in this article. These are the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGR-R) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF-R), with the main emphasis of interest being on their role in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Evans
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Sun L, McMahon G. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by synthetic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2000; 5:344-353. [PMID: 10893547 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases have emerged as crucial targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. More recently, growth factor ligands and their respective receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been shown to be required for tumor cell growth. This latter aspect includes tumor angiogenesis where the growth of tumors leads to compensatory effects on host cells in the tumor microenvironment leading to the growth of microvessels. The purpose of this review is to focus on synthetic chemical approaches to block RTKs associated with tumor angiogenesis as a means to limit the growth and spread of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- SUGEN, 230 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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50
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Abstract
Several tyrosine and serine/threonine protein kinases have emerged in the last few years as attractive targets in the search for new therapeutic agents being applicable in many different disease indications. Initially, inhibition of these protein kinases by ATP site-directed inhibitors was considered less prone to success, but medicinal chemists from both academia and industry have been able to impart potency and selectivity to a limited number of scaffolds by modulating and fine-tuning the interactions of the modified template with the ATP binding site of the selected kinase. The chemical templates that have been used in the synthesis of ATP site-directed protein kinase inhibitors are reviewed with emphasis on the kinase inhibitors that have entered or are about to enter clinical trials. Examples have been selected to illustrate how structure-based design approaches and new methods to increase compound diversity have had an impact on this area of research.
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