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Blackner JJ, Rooney DM, Hollett JW, McCubbin JA. Ferrocenium Boronic Acid Catalyzed Deoxygenative Coupling of Alcohols with Carbon- and Nitrogen-Based Borate and Silane Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:8505-8511. [PMID: 37285506 PMCID: PMC10337667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A boronic acid catalyzed carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond-forming reaction for the functionalization of various π-activated alcohols has been developed. Ferrocenium boronic acid hexafluoroantimonate salt was identified as an effective catalyst in the direct deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with a variety of potassium trifluoroborate and organosilane nucleophiles. In a comparison between these two classes of nucleophiles, the use of organosilanes leads to higher reaction yields, increased diversity of the alcohol substrate scope, and high E/Z selectivity. Furthermore, the reaction proceeds under mild conditions and yields up to 98%. Computational studies provide a rationalization for a mechanistic pathway for the retention of E/Z stereochemistry when E or Z alkenyl silanes are used as nucleophiles. This methodology is complementary to existing methodologies for deoxygenative coupling reactions involving organosilanes, and it is effective with a variety of organosilane nucleophile sub-types, including allylic, vinylic, and propargylic trimethylsilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J. Blackner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deirdre M. Rooney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Joshua W. Hollett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - J. Adam McCubbin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
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2
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Sarkar S, Banerjee A, Ngai MY. Synthesis of Ketonylated Carbocycles via Excited-State Copper-Catalyzed Radical Carbo-Aroylation of Unactivated Alkenes. ChemCatChem 2023; 15:e202201128. [PMID: 38105796 PMCID: PMC10723085 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202201128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbocycles are core skeletons in natural and synthetic organic compounds possessing a wide diversity of important biological activities. Herein, we report the development of an excited-state copper-catalyzed radical carbo-aroylation of unactivated alkenes to synthesize ketonylated tetralins, di- and tetrahydrophenanthrenes, and cyclopentane derivatives. The reaction is operationally simple and features mild reaction conditions that tolerate a broad range of functional groups. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest a reaction pathway beginning with photoexcitation of [CuI-BINAP]2 and followed by a single electron transfer (SET), radical aroylation of unactivated alkenes, radical cyclization, and re-aromatization, affording the desired ketonylated carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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3
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Schaduangrat N, Malik AA, Nantasenamat C. ERpred: a web server for the prediction of subtype-specific estrogen receptor antagonists. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11716. [PMID: 34285834 PMCID: PMC8274494 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) are responsible for breast cancer metastasis through their involvement of clinical outcomes. Estradiol and hormone replacement therapy targets both ERs, but this often leads to an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancers as well as thromboembolism. A major challenge is posed for the development of compounds possessing ER subtype specificity. Herein, we present a large-scale classification structure-activity relationship (CSAR) study of inhibitors from the ChEMBL database which consisted of an initial set of 11,618 compounds for ERα and 7,810 compounds for ERβ. The IC50 was selected as the bioactivity unit for further investigation and after the data curation process, this led to a final data set of 1,593 and 1,281 compounds for ERα and ERβ, respectively. We employed the random forest (RF) algorithm for model building and of the 12 fingerprint types, models built using the PubChem fingerprint was the most robust (Ac of 94.65% and 92.25% and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 89% and 76% for ERα and ERβ, respectively) and therefore selected for feature interpretation. Results indicated the importance of features pertaining to aromatic rings, nitrogen-containing functional groups and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Finally, the model was deployed as the publicly available web server called ERpred at http://codes.bio/erpred where users can submit SMILES notation as the input query for prediction of the bioactivity against ERα and ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Tandon N, Luxami V, Tandon R, Paul K. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Tamoxifen and Analogues in Medicinal Chemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Tandon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara 144411 India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147 001 India
| | - Runjhun Tandon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara 144411 India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147 001 India
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5
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Fontalis A, Kenanidis E, Kotronias RA, Papachristou A, Anagnostis P, Potoupnis M, Tsiridis E. Current and emerging osteoporosis pharmacotherapy for women: state of the art therapies for preventing bone loss. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1123-1134. [PMID: 30958709 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1594772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacological options to address the imbalance between bone resorption and accrual in osteoporosis include anti-resorptive and osteoanabolic agents. Unique biologic pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been targeted in the quest for new emerging therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of existing pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis in women and explore state-of-the-art and emerging therapies to prevent bone loss, with an emphasis on the mechanism of action, indications and side effects. EXPERT OPINION Bisphosphonates appear to be a reliable and cost-effective option, whereas denosumab has introduced a simpler dosing regimen and may achieve a linear increase in bone mineral density (BMD) with no plateau being observed, along with continuous anti-fracture efficacy. Abaloparatide, a parathyroid-hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-analogue, approved by the FDA in April 2017, constitutes the first new anabolic osteoporosis drug in the US for nearly 15 years and has also proven its anti-fracture efficacy. Romosozumab, a sclerostin inhibitor, which induces bone formation and suppresses bone resorption, has also been developed and shown a significant reduction in fracture incidence; however, concerns have arisen with regard to increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fontalis
- a Department of Oncology and Metabolism , University of Sheffield Medical School , Sheffield , UK.,b Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Northern General Hospital , Sheffield , UK
| | - Eustathios Kenanidis
- c Academic Orthopaedic Unit , Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece.,d Centre of Orthopaedic and Regenerative Medicine (CORE), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI) , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Rafail Angelos Kotronias
- e Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Afroditi Papachristou
- f Pharmacy Department , Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Panagiotis Anagnostis
- d Centre of Orthopaedic and Regenerative Medicine (CORE), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI) , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.,g Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Aristotle University Medical School , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Michael Potoupnis
- c Academic Orthopaedic Unit , Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece.,d Centre of Orthopaedic and Regenerative Medicine (CORE), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI) , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Eleftherios Tsiridis
- c Academic Orthopaedic Unit , Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece.,d Centre of Orthopaedic and Regenerative Medicine (CORE), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI) , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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6
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Ang HT, Rygus JPG, Hall DG. Two-component boronic acid catalysis for increased reactivity in challenging Friedel–Crafts alkylations with deactivated benzylic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6007-6014. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a boronic acid catalyst with perfluoropinacol as a co-catalyst improves the scope of Friedel–Crafts benzylations of arenes with electronically deactivated primary and secondary benzylic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Ting Ang
- Department of Chemistry
- Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Jason P. G. Rygus
- Department of Chemistry
- Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Dennis G. Hall
- Department of Chemistry
- Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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7
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Czarnecka A, Kowalska E, Bodzioch A, Skalik J, Koprowski M, Owsianik K, Bałczewski P. A selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group from ortho-dithioacetal-substituted diarylmethanols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1229-1237. [PMID: 29977391 PMCID: PMC6009171 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a successful deoxygenation reaction of ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanols which enables a selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group in presence of the 1,3-dithianyl moiety under reductive conditions. This reaction proceeds well with ZnI2/Na(CN)BH3 in dichloroethane or benzene for both unsubstituted and substituted aryls (by electron-rich groups). This is leading to formyl-protected diarylmethanes with potential application in the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals and optoelectronic materials. This synthetic approach gives an access to a wide variety of functionalized ortho-1,3-dithianylaryl(aryl)methanes in 26–95% yields and is recommended for the substrates containing sulfur atoms, for which transition metal-induced reactions fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czarnecka
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Emilia Kowalska
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Skalik
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Owsianik
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Group of Synthesis of Functional Materials, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Structural and Material Research, Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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8
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Johansson Seechurn CCC, Gazić Smilović I, Colacot T, Zanotti-Gerosa A, Časar Z. Development of concise two-step catalytic approach towards lasofoxifene precursor nafoxidine. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2691-2697. [PMID: 29678534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have elaborated a two-step catalytic approach to nafoxidine, a key precursor to lasofoxifene. Firstly, an efficient α-arylation of 6-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one with chlorobenzene was developed, which operates at low 0.1 mol% Pd-132 catalyst loading in the presence of 1.9 equivalents of sodium tert-butoxide at 60 °C in 1,4-dioxane and provides 6-methoxy-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one in 90% yield. Secondly, we have demonstrated that 6-methoxy-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one can be converted to nafoxidine in 61% yield via CeCl3 promoted reaction with (4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)lithium, which is formed in-situ from the corresponding arylbromide precursor and n-butyllithium. Altogether, the shortest two-step approach to nafoxidine from simple tetralone commodity starting material has been developed with overall 55% yield. The developed synthetic approach to nafoxidine has several beneficial aspects over the one used in the synthetic route primarily developed for the preparation of lasofoxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Gazić Smilović
- Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Colacot
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, Nolte Drive, West Deptford, USA
| | - Antonio Zanotti-Gerosa
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Zanotti-Gerosa A, Gazić Smilović I, Časar Z. Acid promoted Ir–P^N complex catalyzed hydrogenation of heavily hindered 3,4-diphenyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes: asymmetric synthesis of lasofoxifene tartrate. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00525c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric hydrogenation of minimally functionalized tetrasubstituted cyclic olefins has been developed using an Ir–P^N catalyst and an acid additive enabling the synthesis of lasofoxifene tartrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Gazić Smilović
- Lek Pharmaceuticals
- d.d
- Sandoz Development Center Slovenia
- SI-1526 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals
- d.d
- Sandoz Development Center Slovenia
- SI-1526 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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10
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Navaratne PV, Grenning AJ. Deconjugative alkylation/Heck reaction as a simple platform for dihydronaphthalene synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:69-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple platform for carbocycle synthesis by Knoevenagel adduct deconjugative alkylation/“pairing” reaction is described.
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11
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Carr M, Knox AJS, Lloyd DG, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Development of the β-lactam type molecular scaffold for selective estrogen receptor α modulator action: synthesis and cytotoxic effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:117-130. [PMID: 27476825 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1210136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) which are ligand inducible nuclear receptors are recognized as pharmaceutical targets for diseases such as osteoporosis and breast cancer. There is an increasing interest in the discovery of subtype Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). A series of novel β-lactam compounds with estrogen receptor modulator properties have been synthesized. The antiproliferative effects of these compounds on human MCF-7 breast tumor cells are reported, together with binding affinity for the ERα and ERβ receptors. The most potent compound 15g demonstrated antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 breast tumor cells (IC50 = 186 nM) and ERα binding (IC50 = 4.3 nM) with 75-fold ERα/β receptor binding selectivity. The effect of positioning of the characteristic amine containing substituted aryl ring (on C-4 or N-1 of the β-lactam scaffold) on the antiproliferative activity and ER-binding properties of the β-lactam compounds is rationalized in a molecular modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Carr
- a School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland and
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- a School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland and.,b School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David G Lloyd
- b School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- b School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- a School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland and
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailla Umareddy
- Research and Development Center, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Veera Reddy Arava
- Research and Development Center, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Hyderabad, India
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13
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O'Boyle NM, Pollock JK, Carr M, Knox AJS, Nathwani SM, Wang S, Caboni L, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. β-Lactam estrogen receptor antagonists and a dual-targeting estrogen receptor/tubulin ligand. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9370-82. [PMID: 25369367 DOI: 10.1021/jm500670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twelve novel β-lactams were synthesized and their antiproliferative effects and binding affinity for the predominant isoforms of the estrogen receptor (ER), ERα and ERβ, were determined. β-Lactams 23 and 26 had the strongest binding affinities for ERα (IC50 values: 40 and 8 nM, respectively) and ERβ (IC50 values: 19 and 15 nM). β-Lactam 26 was the most potent in antiproliferative assays using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and further biochemical analysis showed that it caused accumulation of cells in G2/M phase (mitotic blockade) and depolymerization of tubulin in MCF-7 cells. Compound 26 also induced apoptosis and downregulation of the expression of pro-survival proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Computational modeling predicted binding preferences for the dual ER/tubulin ligand 26. This series is an important addition to the known pool of ER antagonists and β-lactam 26 is the first reported compound that has dual-targeting properties for both the ER and tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and ‡School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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14
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Komm BS, Mirkin S. An overview of current and emerging SERMs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:207-22. [PMID: 24667357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are compounds that exhibit tissue-specific estrogen receptor (ER) agonist or antagonist activity, and are used for various indications, including treatment of breast cancer, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Endometrial safety has been a key differentiator between SERMs in clinical practice. For example, tamoxifen exhibits ER agonist activity in the uterus, resulting in an increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy, whereas raloxifene and bazedoxifene have neutral effects on the uterus. Based on their efficacy and long-term safety, SERMs are increasingly being prescribed for women who cannot tolerate other treatment options and for younger women at an increased risk of fracture who may remain on therapy for long periods of time. Continuing advances in the understanding of SERM mechanisms of action and structural interactions with the ER may lead to the development of new agents and combinations of agents to provide optimal treatments to meet the varying needs of postmenopausal women. One such example is the tissue selective estrogen complex, which partners a SERM with 1 or more estrogens, with the aim of blending the desired estrogen-receptor agonist activities of estrogens on vasomotor symptoms, vulvar-vaginal atrophy, and loss of bone mass with the tissue selectivity of a SERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Komm
- Pfizer Inc, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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15
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Mondal S, Panda G. Synthetic methodologies of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes (TRAMs) and medicinal properties of diaryl and triarylmethanes-an overview. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the synthesis of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes and the bioactivities of diaryl and triarylmethanes during 1995 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalan Mondal
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- Lucknow, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- Lucknow, India
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16
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CB2 cannabinoid receptor is a novel target for third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:144-9. [PMID: 24275139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of the third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene to bind and act on CB2 cannabinoid receptor. We have identified, for the first time, that CB2 is a novel target for bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene. Our results showed that bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene were able to compete for specific [(3)H]CP-55,940 binding to CB2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data also demonstrated that by acting on CB2, bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene concentration-dependently enhanced forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Furthermore, bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene caused parallel, rightward shifts of the CP-55,940, HU-210, and WIN55,212-2 concentration-response curves without altering the efficacy of these cannabinoid agonists on CB2, which indicates that bazedoxifene- and lasofoxifene-induced CB2 antagonism is most likely competitive in nature. Our discovery that CB2 is a novel target for bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene suggests that these third-generation SERMs can potentially be repurposed for novel therapeutic indications for which CB2 is a target. In addition, identifying bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene as CB2 inverse agonists also provides important novel mechanisms of actions to explain the known therapeutic effects of these SERMs.
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17
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Maximov PY, Lee TM, Jordan VC. The discovery and development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for clinical practice. CURRENT CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 8:135-55. [PMID: 23062036 PMCID: PMC3624793 DOI: 10.2174/1574884711308020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists or antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with postmenopausal women's health, including hormone responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen, a failed contraceptive is currently used to treat all stages of breast cancer, chemoprevention in women at high risk for breast cancer and also has beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene, a failed breast cancer drug, is the only SERM approved internationally for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they also have some potentially serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis or prevent and treat breast cancer. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potentially greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, have been investigated for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are available or are awaited for each SERM so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained. In this article, we describe the discovery and development of the group of medicines called SERMs. The newer SERMs in late development: ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene, are arzoxifene are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Y Maximov
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Research Building, Suite E204A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Theresa M Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - V. Craig Jordan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Research Building, Suite E204A, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Yu SY, Hu ZL, Zhang H, Wang S, Yao ZJ. Electronically unfavorable addition of electron-deficient olefins to isochromenylium tetrafluoroborates initiated by C-1 O-glycosylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Stolakis K, Nuti R. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of toremifene and its clinical implications for the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:505-13. [PMID: 22356442 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.665873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toremifene is a triphenylethylene selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that differs from tamoxifen in a single chloride ion addition on a side chain, resulting in a potentially more favorable toxicity profile. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of toremifene and its potential use for the treatment of osteoporosis. This article was based on articles found through a literature search containing the terms 'toremifene' and 'SERMs.' EXPERT OPINION Toremifene can be administered orally with an excellent bioavailability. The overall pharmacokinetic profile is remarkably similar to tamoxifen. Toremifene is highly metabolized in the liver and is eliminated primarily in the feces following enterohepatic circulation. Some of its metabolites retain biological activity. This SERM was approved by the FDA for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer and is under investigation for its potential skeletal benefits in men on androgen deprivation therapy. Despite the positive preclinical and clinical evidences for the prevention of bone loss and fractures, the chemopreventive effect on prostate cancer remains to be confirmed and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism was evidenced in a large Phase III trial. Thus, additional data are required to establish the full clinical profile of this compound and its potential advantages over antiresorptive agents commonly in use for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- University of Siena, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, Policlinico Le Scotte 53100-Siena, Italy.
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Peterson GM, Naunton M, Tichelaar LK, Gennari L. Lasofoxifene: selective estrogen receptor modulator for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45:499-509. [PMID: 21467260 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1p604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review literature evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of lasofoxifene (CP-336156), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is not approved for use in the US. DATA SOURCES Literature was accessed through the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1985-June 2010) using the terms lasofoxifene and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also manually reviewed. The Food and Drug Administration and Pfizer provided additional information. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All clinical trials evaluating lasofoxifene were included in this review. In addition, all articles evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of lasofoxifene in humans were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS Lasofoxifene is a third-generation SERM with markedly higher in vitro and in vivo potency and oral bioavailability than other SERMs. The drug has produced significant improvements in bone density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in preclinical studies and in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. In these trials, lasofoxifene has shown a favorable safety profile, with adverse events including hot flushes, leg cramps, and increased vaginal moisture. One 2-year major comparative study in postmenopausal women determined that lasofoxifene and raloxifene were equally effective at increasing total hip bone mineral density (BMD), while lasofoxifene had a significantly greater effect on lumbar spine BMD. CONCLUSIONS Osteoporosis is a significant health problem. While the results of further clinical trials are needed to define the risks and benefits of treatment, particularly relating to fractures, lasofoxifene may prove to be an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women.
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, De Paola V, Nuti R. Lasofoxifene: Evidence of its therapeutic value in osteoporosis. CORE EVIDENCE 2010; 4:113-29. [PMID: 20694069 PMCID: PMC2899785 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s6001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is a common disorder in elderly subjects and represents a major public health problem, affecting up to 40% postmenopausal women and 15% of men. Among the several therapeutical interventions, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was traditionally seen as the gold standard for preventing osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, as well as for the management of menopausal symptoms. However HRT, especially if administered long-term, may lead to an increased risk of breast and, when unopposed by progestins, endometrial cancers. Alternative therapies include bisphosphonates and raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). While the former have been associated with suboptimal adherence, the latter was considerably less potent than estrogen and its effect in the prevention of nonvertebral fractures remain uncertain. Aims: The purpose of this article is to review the clinical trials of lasofoxifene, a new SERM for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The medical literature was reviewed for appropriate articles containing the terms “lasofoxifene” and SERMs”. Evidence review: There are three (phase II or phase III) clinical trials that clearly demonstrate efficacy and safety of this new SERM in the suppression of bone loss and the prevention of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Moreover, lasofoxifene treatment also reduced breast cancer risk and the occurrence of vaginal atrophy. Place in therapy: With its increased potency and efficacy on the prevention of nonvertebral fractures lasofoxifene may be an alternative and cost-effective therapy for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte 53100-Siena, Italy
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: focus on lasofoxifene. Clin Interv Aging 2010; 5:19-29. [PMID: 20169039 PMCID: PMC2817938 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) represent a class with a growing number of compounds that act as either estrogen receptor agonists or antagonists in a tissue-specific manner. This article reviews lasofoxifene, a new-generation SERM that has completed phase III development for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Consistent with preclinical observations, this new SERM demonstrated improved skeletal efficacy over raloxifene and at an oral dose of 0.5 mg/day was effective in the prevention of both vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. At the same dosage, lasofoxifene treatment also reduced estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer risk and the occurrence of vaginal atrophy, but, like the other SERMs, was associated with hot flushes and an increased risk of venous thromboembolic events. With its increased efficacy on the prevention of nonvertebral fractures than current available SERMs and its positive effects on the vagina, this new compound may represent an alternative and cost-effective therapy for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Rogers A, Glover SJ, Eastell R. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, trial to determine the individual response in bone turnover markers to lasofoxifene therapy. Bone 2009; 45:1044-52. [PMID: 19665601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lasofoxifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator that is being developed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is currently used to diagnose osteoporosis. BMD response to therapy, however, is often not apparent until at least one year following start of treatment. Biochemical markers of bone turnover may provide an early indication of BMD response in individual patients. The aims of the study were: 1) to determine the variability in bone turnover markers (BTM) to estimate a value for least significant change (LSC); 2) to determine the number of subjects with a response to lasofoxifene greater than LSC; 3) to determine the number of subjects whose bone turnover is decreased to the lower half of the reference range and 4) to evaluate the use of bone turnover markers to predict the change in bone density in response to lasofoxifene. Fifty-one postmenopausal osteopenic women, ages 55 to 77 (mean 63.7) years, were recruited with 44 women completing the 2 year follow up. Participants received either lasofoxifene (0.25 mg/d) or placebo, in a 1:1 ratio. Duplicate measurements of BTM (bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP), N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), serum beta crosslinked C-telopeptides of type I collagen (sbeta-CTX), urinary crosslinked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (U-NTX)) were made at baseline and 6 months with single measurements at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Duplicate measurements of BMD at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH) and distal forearm (DF) were made by DXA at baseline, one and two years in all subjects. Almost all women (92 to 96%), treated with lasofoxifene, had a reduction in serum-based bone turnover markers greater than LSC, and 52 to 80% had serum-based bone turnover markers in the lower half of the reference range, by six months of lasofoxifene therapy. The change in mean LSBMD from baseline, was significantly greater in the lasofoxifene group compared to placebo at 1 and 2 years (+2.5% and +3.4%, respectively, P<0.0001). Change in PINP and U-NTX at 6 months correlated inversely with change in LS and TH BMD at one and two years. The use of lasofoxifene therapy leads to significant decreases in bone turnover by 4 weeks of lasofoxifene therapy as a group, with a decrease in BTM greater than LSC occurring in almost all women taking lasofoxifene by 6 months. By this time, in over half of women taking lasofoxifene, BTM reached the lower half of the reference range. Our results suggest that bone turnover markers are useful for monitoring response to lasofoxifene. Changes occur early and relate to the BMD response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rogers
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Gennari L. Lasofoxifene, a new selective estrogen receptor modulator for the treatment of osteoporosis and vaginal atrophy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:2209-20. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560903127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Berrodin TJ, Chang KCN, Komm BS, Freedman LP, Nagpal S. Differential biochemical and cellular actions of Premarin estrogens: distinct pharmacology of bazedoxifene-conjugated estrogens combination. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:74-85. [PMID: 19036900 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of estrogen-based therapies and the selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator (SERM), raloxifene, which are approved for postmenopausal osteoporosis, is associated with side effects such as uterine/breast hyperproliferation, thromboembolism, and hot flashes. A combination of a new SERM, bazedoxifene (BZA), and Premarin (conjugated estrogens; CE) is under investigation to mitigate the estrogen/SERM side effects with promising results in Phase III clinical trials. To explore the mechanism of BZA/CE action, we investigated the recruitment of cofactor peptides to ERalpha by components of CE and a mixture containing the 10 major components of CE with or without three different SERMs. Here, we demonstrate differential recruitment of cofactor peptides to ERalpha by the individual CE components using a multiplex nuclear receptor-cofactor peptide interaction assay. We show that estrone and equilin are partial agonists in comparison with 17beta-estradiol in recruiting cofactor peptides to ERalpha. Further, CE was more potent than 17beta-estradiol in mediating ERalpha interaction with cofactor peptides. Interestingly, BZA was less potent than other SERMs in antagonizing the CE-mediated cofactor peptide recruitment to ERalpha. Finally, in accordance with these biochemical findings, 17beta-estradiol and CE, as well as SERM/CE combinations, showed differential gene regulation patterns in MCF-7 cells. In addition, BZA showed antagonism of a unique set of CE-regulated genes and did not down-regulate the expression of a number of CE-regulated genes, the expression of which was effectively antagonized by the other two SERMs. These results indicate that SERMs in combination with CE exhibit differential pharmacology, and therefore, combinations of other SERMs and estrogen preparations may not yield the same beneficial effects that are observed in clinic by pairing BZA with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Berrodin
- Nuclear Receptor Biology, Women's Health & Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
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Punyadeera C, Kamps R, Defrère S, Dijcks F, de Goeij A, Ederveen A, Dunselman G, Groothuis P. Effects of selective oestrogen receptor modulators on proliferation in tissue cultures of pre- and postmenopausal human endometrium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:102-9. [PMID: 18832036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We characterised the effects of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERM) in explant cultures of human endometrium tissue. Endometrium tissues were cultured for 24h in Millicell-CM culture inserts in serum-free medium in the presence of vehicle, 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2, 1nM), oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 164.384 (40nM), and 4-OH-tamoxifen (40nM), raloxifene (4nM), lasofoxifene (4nM) and acolbifene (4nM). Protein expression of ERalpha, ERbeta1 and Ki-67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The proliferative fraction was assessed by counting the number of Ki-67 positive cells. Nuclear staining of ER( and ER(1 was observed in the glandular epithelium and stroma of pre- and postmenopausal endometrium. ER(1 protein was also localized in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. Treating premenopausal endometrium tissue with 17beta-E2 increased the fraction of Ki-67 positive cells (p<0.001) by 55% in glands compared to the control. Raloxifene (4nM) increased (p<0.05) the Ki-67 positive fraction. All other SERMS did not affect proliferation in this model. Treating postmenopausal endometrium with 17(-E2 increased (p<0.001) the fraction of Ki-67 positive cells by 250% in glands compared to the control. A similar effect was also seen for 4-OH-tamoxifen, whereas the rest of SERMs did not stimulate proliferation. We demonstrated that oestradiol increases the fraction of proliferating cells in short term explant cultures of postmenopausal endometrium. In addition, we were able to reveal the agonistic properties of 4-OH-tamoxifen and confirm that raloxifene and next-generation SERMs acolbifene and lasofoxifene were neutral on the human postmenopausal endometrium.
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Abstract
One of the major social issues nowadays is the aging society. Korea is already an aging society, and 63 cities and districts are ultra-aged societies where the rate of people older than 65 yr exceeds 20%. Among them, more than 67% are women. These statistics reveal the importance of healthcare for older women. Disease and disability of older women are very closely related to the loss of female sex hormones after menopause. Major hormone-dependent aging problems in women such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), urinary incontinence, and coronary atherosclerosis were surveyed in this review, and the key role of hormones in those diseases and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were summarized. We expect that this review would provide some understanding of factors that must be considered to give optimal care to older women for healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hwa Jung
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jae Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Prakash C, Johnson KA, Schroeder CM, Potchoiba MJ. Metabolism, distribution, and excretion of a next generation selective estrogen receptor modulator, lasofoxifene, in rats and monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1753-69. [PMID: 18515329 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disposition of lasofoxifene (LAS; 6-phenyl-5-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ol. tartrate) was investigated in rats and monkeys after oral administration of a single oral dose of [(14)C]LAS. Total mean recoveries of the radiocarbon were 96.7 and 94.3% from rats and monkeys, respectively. The major route of excretion in both species was the feces, and based on a separate study in the bile duct-cannulated rat, this likely reflects excretion in bile rather than incomplete absorption. Whole-body autoradioluminography suggested that [(14)C]LAS radioequivalents distributed rapidly in the rat with most tissues achieving maximal concentrations at 1 h. Half-life of radioactivity was longest in the uvea (124 h) and shortest in the spleen ( approximately 3 h). LAS was extensively metabolized in both rats and monkeys because no unchanged drug was detected in urine and/or bile. Based on area under the curve((0-24)) values, >78% of the circulating radioactivity was due to the metabolites. A total of 22 metabolites were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the structures of the metabolites, six metabolic pathways of LAS were identified: hydroxylation at the tetraline ring, hydroxylation at the aromatic ring attached to tetraline, methylation of the catechol intermediates by catechol-O-methyl transferase, oxidation at the pyrrolidine ring, and direct conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid. LAS and its glucuronide conjugate (M7) were the major circulating drug-related moieties in both rats and monkeys. However, there were notable species-related qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolic profiles. The catechol (M21) and its sulfate conjugate (M10) were observed only in monkeys, whereas the glucuronide conjugate of the methylated catechol (M8) and hydroxy-LAS (M9) were detected only in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Abstract
Recent clinical data on selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have provided the basis for reassessment of the SERM concept. The molecular basis of SERM activity involves binding of the ligand SERM to the estrogen receptor (ER), causing conformational changes which facilitate interactions with coactivator or corepressor proteins, and subsequently initiate or suppress transcription of target genes. SERM activity is intrinsic to each ER ligand, which accomplishes its unique profile by specific interactions in the target cell, leading to tissue selective actions. We discuss the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects of early SERMs, such as clomiphene citrate, used for treatment of ovulation induction, and the triphenylethylene, tamoxifen, which has ER antagonist activity in the breast, and is used for prevention and treatment of ER-positive breast cancer. Since the development of tamoxifen, other triphenylethylene SERMs have been studied for breast cancer prevention, including droloxifene, idoxifene, toremifene, and ospemifene. Other SERMs have entered clinical development more recently, including benzothiophenes (raloxifene and arzoxifene), benzopyrans (ormeloxifene, levormeloxifene, and EM-800), lasofoxifene, pipendoxifene, bazedoxifene, HMR-3339, and fulvestrant, an anti-estrogen which is approved for breast cancer treatment. SERMs have effects on tissues containing ER, such as the breast, bone, uterine and genitourinary tissues, and brain, and on markers of cardiovascular risk. Current evidence indicates that each SERM has a unique array of clinical activities. Differences in the patterns of action of SERMs suggest that each clinical end point must be evaluated individually, and conclusions about any particular SERM can only be established through appropriate clinical trials.
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Prakash C, Johnson KA, Gardner MJ. Disposition of Lasofoxifene, a Next-Generation Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, in Healthy Male Subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1218-26. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Space JS, Opio AM, Nickerson B, Jiang H, Dumont M, Berry M. Validation of a dissolution method with HPLC analysis for lasofoxifene tartrate low dose tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:1064-71. [PMID: 17560750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A dissolution method with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was validated for an immediate release low dose tablet formulation. The method was validated to meet requirements for a global regulatory filing and this validation included specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy and range. Validation of precision included an intermediate precision study using an experimental design in order to satisfy Japanese regulatory requirements. In addition, filter suitability, standard and sample solution stability and method robustness were demonstrated. A statistical design of experiments was used for the robustness evaluation of both the dissolution method and the HPLC analysis method. All results were acceptable and confirmed that the method is suitable for its intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sean Space
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Analytical Research and Development Department, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Valleggi F, Martini G, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis: current state of development. Drugs Aging 2007. [PMID: 17503894 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724050.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with aging, including hormone-responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen and toremifene are currently used to treat advanced breast cancer and also have beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is the only SERM approved worldwide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they may also be responsible for some potentially very serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis. Moreover, both preclinical and clinical reports suggest that tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene are considerably less potent than estrogen. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potential greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, are currently under investigation for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models of osteoporosis, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are awaited so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy.
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Bai C, Flores O, Schmidt A. Opportunities for development of novel therapies targeting steroid hormone receptors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:725-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.5.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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