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Singh AK, Kumar A, Arora S, Kumar R, Verma A, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Kumar P. Current insights and molecular docking studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14372. [PMID: 37817296 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a lethal disease that is prevalent worldwide. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) data, 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021. Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) is an excellent target for drug intervention. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first class of approved antiretroviral drugs. Later, a new type of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were approved as anti-HIV drugs. Zidovudine, didanosine, and stavudine are FDA-approved NRTIs, while nevirapine, efavirenz, and delavirdine are FDA-approved NNRTIs. Several agents are in clinical trials, including apricitabine, racivir, elvucitabine, doravirine, dapivirine, and elsulfavirine. This review addresses HIV-1 structure, replication cycle, reverse transcription, and HIV drug targets. This study focuses on NRTIs and NNRTIs, their binding sites, mechanisms of action, FDA-approved drugs and drugs in clinical trials, their resistance and adverse effects, their molecular docking studies, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sahil Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Bettonte S, Berton M, Stader F, Battegay M, Marzolini C. Intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine concentrations after switching from efavirenz-containing regimen. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3618-3628. [PMID: 37522811 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Intramuscular cabotegravir/rilpivirine (IM CAB/RPV) are metabolized by UGT1A1/CYP3A4. Efavirenz induces both enzymes; therefore, switching from an efavirenz-containing regimen to IM CAB/RPV could possibly result in suboptimal levels. Due to their long dosing interval, clinical studies with IM CAB/RPV are challenging. We used physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling to simulate the switch from efavirenz to IM CAB/RPV. METHODS First, we developed the drug models and verified the performance of the PBPK model to predict the pharmacokinetics of IM cabotegravir, IM rilpivirine and efavirenz by comparing the simulations against observed clinical data. Second, we verified the ability of the model to predict the effect of residual induction with observed data for the switch from efavirenz to dolutegravir or rilpivirine. Finally, we generated a cohort of 100 virtual individuals (20-50 years, 50% female, 18.5-30 kg/m2 ) to simulate IM CAB/RPV concentrations after discontinuing efavirenz in extensive and slow metabolizers of efavirenz. RESULTS IM CAB concentrations were predicted to decrease by 11% (95% confidence interval 7-15%), 13% (6-21%) and 8% (0-18%) at day 1, 7 and 14 after efavirenz discontinuation. CAB concentrations were predicted to remain above the minimal efficacy threshold (i.e., 664 ng/mL) throughout the switch period both in extensive and slow metabolizers of efavirenz. Similarly, IM RPV concentrations were modestly decreased with the lowest reduction being 10% (6-14%) on day 7 post last efavirenz dose. CONCLUSION Our simulations indicate that switching from an efavirenz-containing regimen to IM CAB/RPV does not put at risk of having a time window with suboptimal drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bettonte
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Berton
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catia Marzolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Gawali R, Bhosale R, Nagesh N, Masand VH, Jadhav S, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA. Design, synthesis, docking studies and biological screening of 2-pyrimidinyl-2, 3-dihydro-1 H-naphtho [1, 2- e][1, 3] oxazines as potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37811783 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2266766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel substituted 2-pyrimidinyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1, 3]oxazine analogs have been designed and synthesized based on structure-activity relationships from 2-naphthol, substituted pyrimidinyl amines and formalin through ring closure by one-pot three component reaction. These derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity, cell cycle assay and their inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerization. From the MTT assay, it is clear that most of the synthesized compounds displayed potent cytotoxic activities on HeLa (cervical cancer) and B16F10 (melanoma) cancerous cell lines. The compounds 6b and 6k were found to be more effective against HeLa cell lines and exhibited significant cytotoxicity (with IC50 values 1.26 ± 0.12 µM and 1.16 ± 0.27 µM respectively), accumulation of HeLa cells in G2/M phase and exhibiting induced apoptosis. The immunohistochemistry and fluorescence assays showed that these compounds 6b and 6k inhibited the microtubule assembly in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) at 2 µM concentration. Furthermore, molecular docking studies of these molecules revealed their better-fit potential as anticancer molecules and have a high affinity for colchicine binding site, indicating more inhibitory potential at the cellular level. Our studies suggest that the newly synthesized compounds may become promising leads for the development of new anti-cancer agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Gawali
- Department of Chemistry, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts & Science, Solapur, India
| | - Raghunath Bhosale
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, P. A. H. Solapur University, Solapur, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEX II, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijay H Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, India
| | - Shravan Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts & Science, Solapur, India
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kharwade R, Mahajan N, More S, Warokar A, Mendhi S, Dhobley A, Palve D. Effect of PEGylation on drug uptake, biodistribution, and tissue toxicity of efavirenz-ritonavir loaded PAMAM G4 dendrimers. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:200-218. [PMID: 36695103 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2173230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present investigations aimed to compare the efficiency of PAMAM G4 (PG4) and PEGylated PAMAM G4 (PPG4) dendrimers as novel nanocarriers for the treatment of HIV-1. Synthesized PG4 and PPG4 dendrimers were confirmed by electrospray ionization and particle size with its morphology. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug efavirenz (EFV) with a booster dose of ritonavir (RTV) was encapsulated into PG4 and PPG4 formerly noted as PG4ER and PPG4ER, respectively. Further, evaluated for dendrimers mediated solubilization, drug release, cytotoxicity, drug uptake, plasma, and tissue pharmacokinetics, and histopathology. PG4ER and PPG4ER both promoted a prolonged release of EFV in weakly acidic pH 4 up to 84 h and 132 h, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assay and drug uptake study showed that PPG4ER was safe and biocompatible up to 12.5 µg/ml. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of EFV and RTV was significantly increased by PPG4ER with prolonged t1/2 up to three times as compared to free EFV-RTV and PG4ER. Histopathological analysis showed remarkably lower tissue toxicity in PPG4ER as compared to free EFV-RTV. Therefore, overall data suggested that PPG4 has a great potential for prolonged release of EFV and RTV with enhanced bioavailability and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kharwade
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Sachin More
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Amol Warokar
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Sachin Mendhi
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Akshay Dhobley
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Devendra Palve
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, India
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Chen BH, Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Hou Q, Yuan JL, Zhan G, Yang QQ, Huang W. Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [4+2] annulation of vinyl benzoxazinanones with pyrazolone 4,5-diones to access spirobenzoxazine frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1233-1236. [PMID: 36632696 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06621a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a palladium-catalyzed general synthetic strategy to access an attractive and decorated set of chiral spiro derivatives of benzoxazine compounds is unveiled utilizing vinyl benzoxazinanones reacted with pyrazolone 4,5-diones, which extends the application of vinyl benzoxazinanones with ketones. This asymmetric catalytic [4+2] cycloaddition reaction demonstrates a broad substrate scope with functional group tolerance in yields of up to 76% and up to 96% ee. A facile scale-up and straightforward conversion to diversely substituted products verify the synthetic utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Qiumeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China.
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Frequency of CYP2B6 Alleles in Major Iranian Ethnicities, Affecting Response to Efavirenz. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:5754776. [PMID: 36320932 PMCID: PMC9605844 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5754776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Efavirenz is an antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug metabolized by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) enzyme. Cytochrome P450 2B6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2B6 gene. Polymorphisms of this gene play a crucial role in the metabolism of drugs such as Efavirenz. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of three clinically significant CYP2B6 polymorphisms (CYP2B6∗6 (516G > T), CYP2B6∗4 (785A > G), and CYP2B6∗5 (1459C > T)) in three major Iranian ethnicities. Methods One hundred forty-seven participants from three main Iranian ethnicities were included in this study. After DNA extraction, CYP2B6∗6 (516G > T), CYP2B6∗4 (785A > G), and CYP2B6∗5 (1459C > T) were genotyped using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Results The frequency of the mutated allele in the Iranian population for CYP2B6∗6 (516G > T) was 41.50 (95% CI: 35.81, 47.36), which was significantly lower than in Kurds (59.62, 95% CI: 45.10, 72.99). Similarly, Kurds had a higher frequency of mutated allele of CYP2B6∗5 (1459C > T) (46.15%, 95% CI: 32.23, 60.53) than in Iranians (24.49%, 95% CI: 19.68, 29.82). The frequency of A and G alleles of CYP2B6∗4 (785A > G) was 62.59% (95% CI: 56.78, 68.13) and 37.41 (95% CI: 31.87, 43.22), respectively. Conclusion Kurds are at higher risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and insufficient anti-HIV response compared to other Iranians.
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Mukhatayeva A, Mustafa A, Dzissyuk N, Issanov A, Mukhatayev Z, Bayserkin B, Vermund SH, Ali S. Antiretroviral therapy resistance mutations among HIV infected people in Kazakhstan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17195. [PMID: 36229577 PMCID: PMC9562405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Kazakhstan, the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has increased steadily by 39% since 2010. Development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resistance mutations (ARTRM) is a major hurdle in achieving effective treatment and prevention against HIV. Using HIV pol sequences from 602 PLHIV from Kazakhstan, we analyzed ARTRMs for their association with factors that may promote development of ARTRMs. 56% PLHIV were infected with HIV subtype A6 and 42% with CRF02_AG. The ARTRM Q174K was associated with increased viral load and decreased CD4+ cell count, while infection with CRF02_AG was associated with a lower likelihood of Q174K. Interestingly, CRF02_AG was positively associated with the ARTRM L10V that, in turn, was observed frequently with darunavir administration. Infection with CRF02_AG was positively associated with the ARTRM S162A that, in turn, was frequently observed with the administration of nevirapine, also associated with lower CD4 counts. Zidovudine or Nevirapine receipt was associated with the development of the ARTRM E138A, that, in turn, was associated with lower CD4 counts. Determination of a patient's HIV variant can help guide ART choice in Kazakhstan. For example, PLHIV infected with CRF02_AG will benefit less from darunavir and nevirapine, and emtricitabine should replace zidovudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainur Mukhatayeva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidana Mustafa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Natalya Dzissyuk
- Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Alpamys Issanov
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhussipbek Mukhatayev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Bauyrzhan Bayserkin
- Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Syed Ali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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Peng J, Ladumor MK, Unadkat JD. Estimation of fetal-to-maternal unbound steady-state plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,fetal ) of P-gp and/or BCRP substrate drugs using a maternal-fetal PBPK model. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:613-623. [PMID: 35149540 PMCID: PMC9073947 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are frequently prescribed drugs to treat chronic diseases (e.g., HIV infection), but little is known about the benefits and risks of these drugs to the fetus which are driven by fetal drug exposure. The latter can be estimated by fetal-to-maternal unbound plasma concentration at steady-state (Kp,uu,fetal). For drugs that are substrates of placental efflux transporters (i.e., P-gp or BCRP), is expected to be <1. Here, we estimated the in vivo of selective P-gp and/or BCRP substrate drugs by maternal-fetal (m-f)-PBPK modeling of umbilical vein (UV) plasma and maternal plasma (MP) concentrations obtained simultaneously at term from multiple maternal-fetal dyads. To do so, three drugs were selected: nelfinavir (P-gp substrate), efavirenz (BCRP substrate), and imatinib (P-gp/BCRP substrate). A m-f-PBPK model for each drug was developed and validated for the non-pregnant population and pregnant women using the Simcyp simulator (v20). Then, after incorporating placental passive diffusion clearance, the in vivo of the drug was estimated by adjusting the placental efflux clearance until the predicted UV/MP values best matched the observed data ( nelfinavir=0.41, efavirenz=0.39, imatinib=0.35). Furthermore, of nelfinavir and efavirenz at gestational week (GW) 25 and 15 were predicted to be 0.34, 0.23 and 0.33, 0.27 respectively. These values can be used to adjust dosing regimens of these drugs to optimize maternal-fetal drug therapy throughout pregnancy, to assess fetal benefits and risks of these dosing regimens, and to determine if these estimated in vivo values can be predicted from in vitro studies. Significance Statement The in vivo Kp,uu,fetal of nelfinavir (P-gp substrate), efavirenz (BCRP substrate), and imatinib (P-gp and BCRP substrate) was successfully estimated using m-f- PBPK modeling. These Kp,uu,fetal values can be used to adjust dosing regimens of these drugs to optimize maternal-fetal drug therapy throughout pregnancy, to assess fetal benefits and risks of these dosing regimens, and to determine if these estimated in vivo Kp,uu,fetal values can be predicted from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
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Endres S, Karaev E, Hanio S, Schlauersbach J, Kraft C, Rasmussen T, Luxenhofer R, Böttcher B, Meinel L, Pöppler AC. Concentration and composition dependent aggregation of Pluronic- and Poly-(2-oxazolin)-Efavirenz formulations in biorelevant media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1179-1192. [PMID: 34487937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs and drug candidates are poorly water-soluble. Intestinal fluids play an important role in their solubilization. However, the interactions of intestinal fluids with polymer excipients, drugs and their formulations are not fully understood. Here, diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), complemented by cryo-TEM were employed to address this. Efavirenz (EFV) as model drug, the triblock copolymers Pluronic® F-127 (PF127) and poly(2-oxazoline) based pMeOx-b-pPrOzi-b-pMeOx (pOx/pOzi) and their respective formulations were studied in simulated fed-state intestinal fluid (FeSSIF). For the individual polymers, the bile interfering nature of PF127 was confirmed and pure pOx/pOzi was newly classified as non-interfering. A different and more complex behaviour was however observed if EFV was involved. PF127/EFV formulations in FeSSIF showed concentration dependent aggregation with separate colloids at low formulation concentrations, a merging of individual particles at the solubility limit of EFV in FeSSIF and joint aggregates above this concentration. In the case of pOx/pOzi/EFV formulations, coincident diffusion coefficients for pOx/pOzi, lipids and EFV indicate joint aggregates across the studied concentration range. This demonstrates that separate evaluation of polymers and drugs in biorelevant media is not sufficient and their mixtures need to be studied to learn about concentration and composition dependent behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Endres
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Emil Karaev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Christian Kraft
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Tim Rasmussen
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany; Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Helsinki University, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany; Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Biology (HIRI), Wuerzburg DE-97070, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has horrified the human race and every government of the world, not only in the healthcare sector but also in terms of the economy, social disturbances, and large-scale growth of all nations. SARS-CoV-2, responsible for this pandemic, is a single member of a huge family of pathogenic viruses. Previous encounters with these viruses have taught the whole world that they can transform into more resistant and more harmful forms in a very short time. Antiviral medicines with characteristics of excellent potency, less resistance, and low toxicity are still challenging, and obtaining such drugs is a demanding arena in the field of pharmaceutical development. Antiviral medicines contain heterocyclic moieties with diverse substitutions and fusion. Among the potent heterocycles, imidazoles serve as one of the most crucial moieties in the field of drug discovery due to their ability to interact with the active target sites of living systems which provide enormous opportunities to discover new drugs with several modes of action. This chapter gives a systemic representation of design, discovery, and structure–activity relationship studies of the imidazole analogs as antiviral drugs in comparison to standard treatment used in the present-day scenario.
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Deng KZ, Jia WL, Fernández-Ibáñez MÁT. Selective para-C-H Alkynylation of Aniline Derivatives via Pd/S,O-Ligand Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104107. [PMID: 34902180 PMCID: PMC9306564 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a nondirected para -selective C-H alkynylation of aniline derivatives by a Pd/S,O-ligand-based catalyst. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is compatible with a variety of substituted anilines. The scalability and further derivatizations of the alkynylated products have been also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zuan Deng
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, HIMS, NETHERLANDS
| | - Wen-Liang Jia
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, HIMS, NETHERLANDS
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Godela R, Kammari V, Gummadi S, Beda D. Concurrent estimation of lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz in blended mixture and triple combination tablet formulation by a new stability indicating RP-HPLC method. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
An easy, defined, rapid, and accurate reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and subsequently validated for the concurrent estimation of lamivudine, efavirenz, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in their pure blend and combined tablet formulation. An efficient and appropriate separation of the three analytes was attained with Zorbax eclipse XDB-Phenyl column, with a mobile phase of methanol: buffer (0.1% v/v formic acid in water) (73:27 v/v) at a flow rate of 1mL/min and isocratic elution by using 260nm as detection wavelength. Equal ratio of acetonitrile and water was used as diluent.
Results
The retention times of lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz were found at 2.6, 4.4, and 5.9 min respectively. The linear response for lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz was in the range of 15.0–45.0μg/mL, 15.0–45.0μg/mL, and 20.0–60.0 μg/mL respectively. The method validation was done in accordance to ICH guidelines and all validation parameters in compliance with ICH standards. The degradants produced by stress testing were well resolved from the peaks of active analytes, which stipulates the stability-indicating property of the method.
Conclusion
The method has the ability to separate lamivudine, efavirenz, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate concurrently in blended powder and their combined tablet. All degradants produced by application of stress conditions were separated with high resolution and determined with good sensitivity that ensures the stability-indicating property of the method. Thus, the projected method has high probability to adopt in the pharmaceutical industrial sector.
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13
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Meng XM, Li ZR, Zheng XY, Liu YX, Niu WJ, Qiu XY, Lu HZ. Effect of albumin and CYP2B6 polymorphisms on exposure of efavirenz: A population pharmacokinetic analysis in Chinese HIV-infected adults. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:105986. [PMID: 34474119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efavirenz is a vital component used to treat HIV-1 infection. Nevertheless, it shows large between-subject variability, which affects both its therapeutic response and adverse effects. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of gene polymorphisms and non-genetic factors on the variability of efavirenz pharmacokinetics and to propose the optimal dose regimens. METHODS A total of 769 plasma samples from 376 HIV-infected Han Chinese outpatients were collected to develop a population pharmacokinetic model using NONMEM software. The impact of patient demographics, laboratory tests, concomitant medication, and genetic polymorphisms of CYP2B6 and ABCB1 on efavirenz pharmacokinetics were explored. According to the final model, the model-informed dose optimization was conducted. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz was characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The typical values of the estimated apparent oral clearance, volume of distribution, and absorption rate constant in the final model were 9.44 L/h, 200 L, and 0.727 h - 1, respectively. Efavirenz clearance was significantly influenced by CYP2B6 variants, including rs2099361, rs3745274, and rs2279343, along with albumin and weight. The volume of distribution was affected by albumin and weight. Based on the CYP2B6 polymorphisms of patients, the recommended daily doses of efavirenz were 100 mg for CYP2B6 slow metabolizers, 400 or 600 mg for intermediate metabolizers, and 800 or 1000 mg for extensive metabolizers. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms of CYP2B6, along with albumin and weight, resulted as the predictors of efavirenz pharmacokinetic variability, which could be used in prescribing optimal efavirenz doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Min Meng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zi-Ran Li
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xin-Yin Zheng
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi-Xi Liu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wan-Jie Niu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qiu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Hong-Zhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
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14
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Castillo-Mancilla JR, Musinguzi N, Asiimwe S, Siedner MJ, Orrell C, Bangsberg DR, Haberer JE. High residual inflammation despite HIV viral suppression: Lessons learned from real-time adherence monitoring among people with HIV in Africa. HIV Med 2021; 23:465-473. [PMID: 34704355 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is associated with higher systemic inflammation in virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH); however, previous studies have mostly relied on subjective adherence measures and have not assessed this association by disease stage upon ART initiation. METHODS In the Monitoring Early Treatment Adherence study, adherence was monitored electronically in real time among adult, treatment-naïve PWH in Uganda and South Africa who initiated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/efavirenz during early-stage (CD4 > 350 cells/µL) or late-stage (CD4 < 200 cells/µL) disease. Participants who achieved viral suppression (< 400 copies/mL) at 6 months and remained suppressed after 12 months were analysed. The association between average ART adherence and plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble CD14 (sCD14) and D-dimer was evaluated using adjusted multivariable linear regression, stratified by disease stage. RESULTS In all, 488 PWH (61% women, mean age 35 years) were included in the analysis. Median ART adherence overall was 87%. In adjusted models, every 10% increase in average adherence was associated with a 3.0% decrease in IL-6 [95% confidence interval (CI): -5.9 to -0.01, p = 0.05] at 12 months. This relationship was observed in PWH with both early-stage (5.9%, 95% CI: -10.1 to -1.6, p = 0.009) and late-stage disease (3.7%, 95% CI: -7.2 to -0.2, p = 0.039). No significant associations were found with sCD14 or D-dimer. CONCLUSIONS Objective ART adherence measurement was inversely associated with systemic inflammation in PWH who achieved viral suppression after ART initiation in sub-Saharan Africa, with a greater association in those with early-stage HIV. This finding underscores the importance of ART adherence beyond establishing viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Musinguzi
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology-Massachusetts General Hospital Global Health Collaborative, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Stephen Asiimwe
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology-Massachusetts General Hospital Global Health Collaborative, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Catherine Orrell
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine & Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David R Bangsberg
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Hu Y, Ye L, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng H, Lin J, Cao W. An Efficient Construction of CF
3
‐Substituted Spirooxindole‐Fused Benzo[a]quinolizidines by a Three‐Component Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Hu
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Liufeiyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Instrumental Analysis and Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Instrumental Analysis and Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jin‐Hong Lin
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Cao
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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16
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Ray S, Narayanan A, Giske CG, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A, Nowak P. Altered Gut Microbiome under Antiretroviral Therapy: Impact of Efavirenz and Zidovudine. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1104-1115. [PMID: 33346662 PMCID: PMC8154435 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Millions
of individuals currently living with HIV globally are
receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) that suppresses viral replication
and improves host immune responses. The involvement of gut microbiome
during HIV infection has been studied, exposing correlation with immune
status and inflammation. However, the direct effect of ART on gut
commensals of HIV-infected individuals has been mostly overlooked
in microbiome studies. We used 16S rRNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq)
for determining the microbiota composition of stool samples from 16
viremic patients before and one year after ART. We also tested the
direct effect of 15 antiretrovirals against four gut microbes, namely, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides, and Prevotella to assess their in vitro antibacterial effect. 16S rRNA analysis of fecal samples showed
that effective ART for one year does not restore the microbiome diversity
in HIV-infected patients. A significant reduction in α-diversity
was observed in patients under non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors; (NNRTI; 2 NRTI+NNRTI; NRTIs are nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors) as compared to ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r;
2 NRTI+PI/r). Prevotella (P = 0.00001) showed a significantly decreased abundance in patients
after ART (n = 16). We also found the direct effect
of antivirals on gut microbes, where zidovudine (ZDV) and efavirenz
(EFV) showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella. EFV also inhibited the growth of E. faecalis. Therefore, we observed that ART does not reverse the HIV-induced
gut microbiome dysbiosis and might aggravate those microbiota alterations
due to the antibacterial effect of certain antiretrovirals (like EFV,
ZDV). Our results imply that restructuring the microbiota could be
a potential therapeutic target in HIV-1 patients under ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 52 Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Aswathy Narayanan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 52 Sweden
| | - Christian G. Giske
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 52 Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm 171 76,Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 52 Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 52 Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 52 Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
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17
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Slagman S, Fessner WD. Biocatalytic routes to anti-viral agents and their synthetic intermediates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1968-2009. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of biocatalytic strategies for the synthesis of anti-viral agents, offering guidelines for the development of sustainable production methods for a future COVID-19 remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Slagman
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Germany
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18
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Cao Y, Ahmadi R, Poor Heravi MR, Issakhov A, Ebadi AG, Vessally E. Recent trends in dehydroxylative trifluoro-methylation, -methoxylation, -methylthiolation, and -methylselenylation of alcohols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39593-39606. [PMID: 35492477 PMCID: PMC9044802 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This review studies on the direct dehydroxylative trifluoromethylation, trifluoromethoxylation, trifluoromethylthiolation, and trifluoromethylselenylation of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Roya Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alibek Issakhov
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Modelling, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Mathematics and Cybernetics, Kazakh British Technical University, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi
- Department of Agriculture, Jouybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
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19
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20
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Yan L, Yu F, Zhang H, Zhao H, Wang L, Liang Z, Zhang X, Wu L, Liang H, Yang S, Tang Y, Zhang F. Transmitted and Acquired HIV-1 Drug Resistance from a Family: A Case Study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3763-3770. [PMID: 33122923 PMCID: PMC7591230 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s272232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Yan
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linghang Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zaiyan Liang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Wu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Liang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Tang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Fujie Zhang Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing100015, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 10 84322581 Email
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21
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Lee CH, Franchi F, Angiolillo DJ. Clopidogrel drug interactions: a review of the evidence and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1079-1096. [PMID: 32835535 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1814254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cardiovascular disease are commonly affected by a number of comorbidities leading to a high prevalence of polypharmacy. Polypharmacy increases the probability of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Amongst these, DDIs involving clopidogrel, the most commonly utilized platelet P2Y12 inhibitor, is a topic of potential clinical concern. AREAS COVERED This article reviews DDIs between clopidogrel and drugs which are widely used in clinical practice. In particular, drugs shown to interfere with the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of clopidogrel and the clinical implications of these findings are reviewed. These drugs include inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, statins, calcium channel blockers, antidiabetic agents, and antimicrobial agents. For the references, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, or the Cochrane Library. EXPERT OPINION Clopidogrel-drug interactions are common. Most of these DDIs are limited to laboratory findings showing an impact on clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects. While variability in clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects is known to affect clinical outcomes, with high platelet reactivity being associated with thrombotic complications among patients undergoing coronary stenting, most studies assessing the clinical implications of clopidogrel-drug interactions have not shown to significantly affect outcomes. However, awareness of these DDIs remains important for optimizing the selection of concomitant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville , Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Francesco Franchi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville , Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville , Jacksonville, FL, USA
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22
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Synthesis, crystal structure, biological evaluation, docking study, and DFT calculations of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthol derivative. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Formulation and optimization of liquisolid compact for enhancing dissolution properties of efavirenz by using DoE approach. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:737-745. [PMID: 32550806 PMCID: PMC7292870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz displays low and variable bioavailability because of its poor aqueous solubility and high log P-value. The present investigation was aimed to improve the dissolution profile of efavirenz by using a simple, scalable and cost-effective technique of liquisolid compact. The drug was dissolved in Trancutol-HP for preparing the liquid medicament which was subsequently mixed with carrier and coating material to make free-flowing and compressible powder. 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the formulation in which the Neusilin US2/Corn starch ratios and carrier/coating material ratio were selected as independent variables. The results of in-vitro dissolution test proved that liquisolid compacts have significantly higher dissolution rate than tablets containing pure drug. Results of DSC and XRD studies suggested that the high dissolution of the drug from the liquisolid compacts was possibly because of the drug either being in an amorphous state or being molecularly dispersed within the internal matrix of compacts.
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24
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Law JKC, Butler LT, Hamill MM. Predictors of Discontinuation of Efavirenz as Treatment for HIV, Due to Neuropsychiatric Side Effects, in a Multi-Ethnic Sample in the United Kingdom. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:459-466. [PMID: 31931589 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV) is one of the most commonly prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART) medications for human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults because of its favorable pharmacokinetic profile and well-documented efficacy. Nonetheless, neuropsychiatric adverse events (AE) occur in almost half of the EFV users and it is the main reason for treatment discontinuation. To identify the sociodemographic characteristics and reported neuropsychiatric side effects that placed EFV users at an increased risk of discontinuation in a multi-ethnic sample in the United Kingdom. A retrospective medical records analysis of patients prescribed EFV-containing ART in an outpatient sexual health clinic between 2010 and 2016. One hundred forty-nine medical records were reviewed. Fifty-five patients discontinued EFV within the study period. About 55.7% of patients suffered from at least one neuropsychiatric AE, the most commonly recorded symptoms were depression, vivid dreams, dizziness, and sleep disturbance. There was an inverse relationship between number of AE and EFV continuation [adjust odds ratio (OR) = 0.12; confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.03-0.44, p < .05]. Furthermore, neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression (adjust OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.30-6.96, p < .05), sleep disturbance (adjust OR = 3.00; 95% CI = 1.10-8.19, p < .05), and vivid dreams (adjust OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.05-6.00, p < .05), were independent predictors of EFV discontinuation. The findings revealed that patients who did not experience any neuropsychiatric side effects were eight times more likely to stay on an EFV-containing regimen than those who suffered from more than three symptoms. Additionally, patients who experienced depression or sleep disturbance were at threefold elevated risk of discontinuing an EFV-based regimen. The implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Kai Chun Law
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie T Butler
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew M Hamill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Sexual Health, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, United Kingdom
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25
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Singh RK, Dhiman A, Chaudhary S, Prasad DN, Kumar S. Current Progress in the Multicomponent Catalytic Synthesis of Amidoalkyl- Naphthols: An Update. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666200217100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amidoalkyl-2-naphthol is one of the vital synthetic intermediates which occupy
an imperative position in medicinal chemistry due to its amazing biological, pharmacological
as well as industrial and synthetic applications. Owing to its diverse pharmaceutical
activities, hundreds of scientific literature are available, signifying the efficient synthesis
of this intermediate using various catalysts. Most of these literature methods suffer from
low yield and harsh reaction conditions that further ignited the researcher to explore for
another green catalyst and fresh methodologies. This review summarizes the last five
years progress in the catalytic synthesis of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols using various heterogenous,
homogenous and nanocatalysts along with their mechanism of action. Various
advantages like green synthesis, atom economy, clean reaction profile and catalyst recovery
are discussed which facilitate the scientist to probe and stimulate the study on this scaffold. In the end, the
catalysts and reactions condition are organized into the tables for swift at a glance understanding of different
catalysts used with their yield and time taken for the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, District Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Ashima Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, District Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Shallu Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, District Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Deo Nandan Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, District Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, District Gurugram-122103, Haryana, Faridabad, India
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26
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Hirano K, Yoshioka K, Umezu K, Kagawa T, Sumii Y, Shibata N. One-step Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)malonates by Trifluoromethylation of 2-Oxomalonates with Ruppert-Prakash Reagent. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hirano
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yoshioka
- KUMIAI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD, 4-26 Ikenohata 1-chome, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8782, Japan
| | - Kazuto Umezu
- KUMIAI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD, 4-26 Ikenohata 1-chome, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8782, Japan
| | - Takumi Kagawa
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988 Kaiseicho, Shunan, Yamaguchi 746-0006, Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Avenue, 321004 Jinhua, P. R. China
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Park D, Jette CI, Kim J, Jung W, Lee Y, Park J, Kang S, Han MS, Stoltz BM, Hong S. Enantioselective Alkynylation of Trifluoromethyl Ketones Catalyzed by Cation‐Binding Salen Nickel Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:775-779. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongseong Park
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Carina I. Jette
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Ok Jung
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida P.O.Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Current address: Process R&D CenterSK biotek 325 Exporo Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34124 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Kang
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Sukwon Hong
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
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Park D, Jette CI, Kim J, Jung W, Lee Y, Park J, Kang S, Han MS, Stoltz BM, Hong S. Enantioselective Alkynylation of Trifluoromethyl Ketones Catalyzed by Cation‐Binding Salen Nickel Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongseong Park
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Carina I. Jette
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Ok Jung
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida P.O.Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Current address: Process R&D CenterSK biotek 325 Exporo Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34124 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Kang
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Sukwon Hong
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, De Clercq E, Li G. Current and emerging non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for HIV-1 treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:813-829. [PMID: 31556749 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1673367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are essential components of highly active antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1 infections. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of approved and emerging NNRTIs. Areas covered: This review covers the latest trend of NNRTIs regarding their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of drug action, drug resistance as well as new applications such as two-drug regimens and long-acting formulations. Expert opinion: Since the first NNRTI, nevirapine, was approved in 1996, antiviral drug discovery led to the approval of seven NNRTIs, including nevirapine, delavirdine (discontinued), etravirine, elsulfavirine, efavirenz, rilpivirine, and doravirine. The latter three compounds with favorable pharmacodynamic profiles and minimal adverse effects are often combined with one integrase inhibitor or two NRTIs in once-daily fixed-dose tablets. NNRTI-anchored regimens have been approved as initial therapies in treatment-naïve patients (efficacy: 72% to 86%) or maintaining therapies in virologically-suppressed patients (efficacy: 91% to 95%). Future development of NNRTIs includes: (i) better resistance and cross-resistance profiles; (ii) reduction of drug burden by optimizing two-drug or three-drug combinations; and (iii) improvement of patient adherence by novel long-acting formulations with weekly or monthly administration. Overall, NNRTIs play an important role in the management of HIV-1 infections, especially in resource-limited countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
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Zhao X, Yang S, Ebrahimiasl S, Arshadi S, Hosseinian A. Synthesis of six-membered cyclic carbamates employing CO2 as building block: A review. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Shilaih M, Angst DC, Marzel A, Bonhoeffer S, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD. Antibacterial effects of antiretrovirals, potential implications for microbiome studies in HIV. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:91-94. [PMID: 28497768 DOI: 10.3851/imp3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being used by more than 18 million people our understanding of the extent of the effects of antiretrovirals on the human body and other organisms remains incomplete. In addition, the direct effect of antiretrovirals on the gut microbiota of HIV-infected individuals has been largely overlooked in microbiome studies concerned with HIV-infected individuals. METHODS Here we tested 25 antiretrovirals on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli using a broth microdilution assay to assess whether these drugs have an antibacterial effect. RESULTS We found that several widely used antiretroviral drugs have in vitro antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative commensal bacteria. Efavirenz inhibited the growth of B. subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/ml (in all three replicates), while 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and zidovudine inhibited the growth of E. coli with an MIC of 16-32 µg/ml and 0.016-0.125 µg/ml (respectively). CONCLUSIONS Given the large and increasing number of individuals on antiretrovirals, and the lifelong nature of HIV treatment, this proof-of-concept report could have several potential implications, including an impact of antiretrovirals on bacterial coinfections, as well as potentials for drug discovery and repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaned Shilaih
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C Angst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Marzel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Short Term Stability Testing of Efavirenz-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080397. [PMID: 31398820 PMCID: PMC6723231 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The short term stability of efavirenz-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle and nanostructured lipid carrier dispersions was investigated. Hot High Pressure Homogenization with the capability for scale up production was successfully used to manufacture the nanocarriers without the use of toxic organic solvents for the first time. Glyceryl monostearate and Transcutol® HP were used as the solid and liquid lipids. Tween® 80 was used to stabilize the lipid nanocarriers. A Box-Behnken Design was used to identify the optimum operating and production conditions viz., 1100 bar for 3 cycles for the solid lipid nanoparticles and 1500 bar for 5 cycles for nanostructured lipid carriers. The optimized nanocarriers were predicted to exhibit 10% efavirenz loading with 3% and 4% Tween® 80 for solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, respectively. Characterization of the optimized solid lipid nanoparticle and nanostructured lipid carrier formulations in relation to shape, surface morphology, polymorphism, crystallinity and compatibility revealed stable formulations with particle sizes in the nanometer range had been produced. The nanocarriers had excellent efavirenz loading with the encapsulation efficiency >90%. The optimized nanocarriers exhibited biphasic in vitro release patterns with an initial burst release during the initial 0-3 h followed by sustained release over a 24 h period The colloidal systems showed excellent stability in terms of Zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency when stored for 8 weeks at 25 °C/60% RH in comparison to when stored at 40 °C/75% RH. The formulations manufactured using the optimized conditions and composition proved to be physically stable as aqueous dispersions.
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Gao J, Pan Y, Li Y, Li Y. 1-(2-Amino-5-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-one. IUCRDATA 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314619010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound, C8H5ClF3NO, the F—C—C=O grouping shows a syn conformation [torsion angle = 1.1 (3)°] and an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, N—H...F and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into [010] chains.
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Lübtow MM, Haider MS, Kirsch M, Klisch S, Luxenhofer R. Like Dissolves Like? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Partial Solubility Parameters to Predict Polymer-Drug Compatibility in Ultrahigh Drug-Loaded Polymer Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3041-3056. [PMID: 31318531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, our understanding of the molecular interactions between drugs and polymers in drug-loaded polymer micelles does not extend much beyond concepts such as "like-dissolves-like" or hydrophilic/hydrophobic. However, polymer-drug compatibility strongly affects formulation properties and therefore the translation of a formulation into the clinics. Specific interactions such as hydrogen-bonding, π-π stacking, or coordination interactions can be utilized to increase drug loading. This is commonly based on trial and error and eventually leads to an optimized drug carrier. Unfortunately, due to the unique characteristics of each drug, the deduction of advanced general concepts remains challenging. Furthermore, the introduction of complex moieties or specifically modified polymers hampers systematic investigations regarding polymer-drug compatibility as well as clinical translation. In this study, we reduced the complexity to isolate the crucial factors determining drug loading. Therefore, the compatibility of 18 different amphiphilic polymers for five different hydrophobic drugs was determined empirically. Subsequently, the obtained specificities were compared to theoretical compatibilities derived from either the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters or the Hansen solubility parameters. In general, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters were less suited to correctly estimate the experimental drug solubilization compared to the Hansen solubility parameters. The latter were able to correctly predict some trend regarding good and poor solubilizers, yet the overall predictive strength of Hansen solubility parameters is clearly unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lübtow
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Malik Salman Haider
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Marius Kirsch
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stefanie Klisch
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Würzburg , Röntgenring 11 , 97070 Würzburg , Germany
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Monfared A, Ebrahimiasl S, Babazadeh M, Arshadi S, Vessally E. Recent advances in decarboxylative trifluoromethyl(thiol)ation of carboxylic acids. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hirano K, Gondo S, Punna N, Tokunaga E, Shibata N. Gas/Liquid-Phase Micro-Flow Trifluoromethylation using Fluoroform: Trifluoromethylation of Aldehydes, Ketones, Chalcones, and N-Sulfinylimines. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:406-410. [PMID: 30976483 PMCID: PMC6442697 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A micro-flow nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds using gaseous fluoroform was developed. This method also allows the first micro-flow transformation of N-sulfinylimines into trifluoromethyl amines with excellent diastereoselectivity. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of this micro-flow synthesis, the formal micro-flow synthesis of Efavirenz is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hirano
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Satoshi Gondo
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Nagender Punna
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Department of Nanopharmaceutical SciencesNagoya Institute of TechnologyGokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya466-8555Japan
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing MaterialsZhejiang Normal University688 Yingbin Avenue321004 JinhuaChina
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Punna N, Harada K, Zhou J, Shibata N. Pd-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cyclization of Trifluoromethyl Vinyl Benzoxazinanones with Sulfur Ylides: Access to Trifluoromethyl Dihydroquinolines. Org Lett 2019; 21:1515-1520. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagender Punna
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Harada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Avenue, 321004 Jinhua, China
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Shen YB, Li SS, Sun YM, Yu L, Hao ZH, Liu Q, Xiao J. Organocatalytic C(sp3)–H Functionalization of 5-Methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran Derivatives with Trifluoropyruvates via a Sequential exo-Tautomerization/Carbonyl-Ene Process. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2779-2785. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Bin Shen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yun-Ming Sun
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liping Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Hao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Gawali R, Trivedi J, Bhansali S, Bhosale R, Sarkar D, Mitra D. Design, synthesis, docking studies and biological screening of 2-thiazolyl substituted -2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3]oxazines as potent HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:310-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Johnston J, Orrell C, Smith P, Joubert A, Wiesner L. A validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of efavirenz in 0.2 mg hair samples from human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:657-664. [PMID: 29421849 PMCID: PMC5882196 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug levels in hair provide a longer window of detection, compared to plasma drug levels, and therefore hair analysis has the advantage of assessing adherence over a longer period of time. No methods for the analysis of antiretroviral drugs in hair currently exist in South Africa, and worldwide there is only one validated method for the determination of efavirenz in hair that has been published. METHODS Efavirenz was extracted from 0.2 mg of hair through a simultaneous pulverization and extraction step. Separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell C18 column using an isocratic elution with a total run time of 3 min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer set to electrospray ionization in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detection. The method was validated over the concentration range 0.625-40 ng/mg. RESULTS Using ten times less hair than in a previously published method, the lower limit of quantitation was validated at 0.625 ng/mg. The interday and intraday assay precision, expressed as the percentage coefficient of variation (CV), for spiked calibration standards and quality control samples was lower than 7% and accuracy ranged from 97 to 110%. For quality controls prepared from authentic hair the CV was less than 12%. The extraction efficiency for authentic quality control samples was determined to be 83% after repeated extractions of the same samples. CONCLUSIONS This paper reports the first quantitative method for the determination of efavirenz in hair to be developed in South Africa. The validated method allowed for the successful monitoring of efavirenz in hair collected from HIV-infected patients as part of a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Johnston
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Orrell
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anton Joubert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Das P, Gondo S, Nagender P, Uno H, Tokunaga E, Shibata N. Access to benzo-fused nine-membered heterocyclic alkenes with a trifluoromethyl carbinol moiety via a double decarboxylative formal ring-expansion process under palladium catalysis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3276-3281. [PMID: 29732106 PMCID: PMC5915791 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct access to pharmaceutically attractive benzo-fused nine-membered heterocyclic alkenes 3 with a trifluoromethyl carbinol moiety was achieved via a palladium-catalyzed double-decarboxylative formal ring-expansion process from six-membered trifluoromethyl benzo[d][1,3]oxazinones 1 to nine-membered trifluoromethyl benzo[c][1,5]oxazonines 3 in the presence of vinylethylene carbonates 2. Generation of a Pd-π-allyl zwitterionic intermediate was proposed in the catalytic cycle. The trifluoromethyl group in the benzoxazinanones 1 plays an important role throughout the transformation. Diastereoselective chemical transformations of products 3 were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulakesh Das
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences , Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Satoshi Gondo
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences , Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Punna Nagender
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences , Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Hiroto Uno
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences , Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences , Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences , Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso, Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan .
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials , Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Avenue , 321004 Jinhua , China
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Khan HPA, Chakraborty TK. Diversity-Oriented Approach to N-Heterocyclic Compounds from α-Phenyl-β-enamino Ester via a Mitsunobu-Michael Reaction Sequence. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2027-2039. [PMID: 29334224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we delineate a novel route for the diastereoselective construction of diversely substituted N-heterocyclic ring systems as valuable scaffolds for natural products and pharmaceuticals, starting from an easily accessible prochiral α-phenyl-β-enamino ester. The reaction sequence relies on the unexplored reactivity of α-phenyl-β-enamino ester as a nucleophilic partner in the Mitsunobu reaction to forge the N-tethered alkene-alcohol/thiol/amine intermediate, which was subjected to an intramolecular hetero-Michael addition reaction under mild conditions to furnish the respective N-heterocyclic compounds embedded with an exocyclic chiral center in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. The methodology is amenable for a broad range of substrates based on a metal-free approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina P A Khan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, India
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Daudon M, Frochot V, Bazin D, Jungers P. Drug-Induced Kidney Stones and Crystalline Nephropathy: Pathophysiology, Prevention and Treatment. Drugs 2018; 78:163-201. [PMID: 29264783 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced calculi represent 1-2% of all renal calculi. The drugs reported to produce calculi may be divided into two groups. The first one includes poorly soluble drugs with high urine excretion that favour crystallisation in the urine. Among them, drugs used for the treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency, namely atazanavir and other protease inhibitors, and sulphadiazine used for the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis, are the most frequent causes. Besides these drugs, about 20 other molecules may induce nephrolithiasis, such as ceftriaxone or ephedrine-containing preparations in subjects receiving high doses or long-term treatment. Calculi analysis by physical methods including infrared spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction is needed to demonstrate the presence of the drug or its metabolites within the calculi. Some drugs may also provoke heavy intra-tubular crystal precipitation causing acute renal failure. Here, the identification of crystalluria or crystals within the kidney tissue in the case of renal biopsy is of major diagnostic value. The second group includes drugs that provoke the formation of urinary calculi as a consequence of their metabolic effects on urinary pH and/or the excretion of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, citrate, uric acid or other purines. Among such metabolically induced calculi are those formed in patients taking uncontrolled calcium/vitamin D supplements, or being treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide or topiramate. Here, diagnosis relies on a careful clinical inquiry to differentiate between common calculi and metabolically induced calculi, of which the incidence is probably underestimated. Specific patient-dependent risk factors also exist in relation to urine pH, volume of diuresis and other factors, thus providing a basis for preventive or curative measures against stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Daudon
- CRISTAL Laboratory, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire des Lithiases, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France.
- INSERM, UMRS 1155 UPMC, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Frochot
- Laboratoire des Lithiases, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS 1155 UPMC, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- CNRS, UPMC, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Paul Jungers
- Department of Nephrology, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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44
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Unraveling the binding characteristics of the anti-HIV agents abacavir, efavirenz and emtricitabine to bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic and molecular simulation approaches. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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Zheng Y, Zhang L, Meggers E. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Key Propargylic Alcohol Intermediates of the Anti-HIV Drug Efavirenz. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lilu Zhang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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46
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Shiva Kumar K, Kumar NP, Rajesham B, Kishan G, Akula S, Kancha RK. Silver-catalyzed synthesis of pyrrolopiperazine fused with oxazine/imidazole via a domino approach: evaluation of anti-cancer activity. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03608f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ag-Catalyzed synthesis of pyrrolopiperazine fused with oxazine/imidazole by the reaction of δ-alkynyl aldehydes and nucleophilic amines was performed. Several of these compounds were found to exhibit anti-cancer activity against cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Shiva Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Osmania University
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | | | | | | | - Sravani Akula
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory
- CPMB
- Osmania University
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Rama Krishna Kancha
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory
- CPMB
- Osmania University
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
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47
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Bengtson AM, Pence BW, Eaton EF, Edwards JK, Eron JJ, Mathews WC, Mollan K, Moore RD, O’Cleirigh C, Geng E, Mugavero MJ. Patterns of efavirenz use as first-line antiretroviral therapy in the United States: 1999-2015. Antivir Ther 2018; 23:363-372. [PMID: 29424697 PMCID: PMC6085156 DOI: 10.3851/imp3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efavirenz has been a mainstay of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for over 15 years in the US. Its association with neuropsychiatric side effects may influence clinical prescribing and management. METHODS We included HIV-infected adults enrolled in care at seven sites across the US, who initiated combination ART between 1999 and 2015. We examined the proportion initiating and continuing on efavirenz, overall and by mental health status. Log binomial and Cox models were used to estimate associations between mental health, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and initiating or switching from efavirenz as first-line ART. RESULTS Of the 8,230 participants included, 3,710 (45%) initiated efavirenz. In multivariable analyses, prior mono- or dual-ART, ART initiation after 2006, being female, intravenous drug use, antidepressant prescription, previous mental health diagnosis and baseline CD4+ T-cell count >350 cells/mm3 were inversely associated with initiating efavirenz. Participants initiating efavirenz had a faster time to a regimen switch, compared with those initiating an efavirenz-free regimen (P-value <0.01). Among efavirenz initiators, starting efavirenz in more recent time periods and a previous mental health diagnosis were associated with faster time to switching from efavirenz. Despite this, 40-50% of participants with a previous mental health diagnosis initiated and continued on efavirenz for much of the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Multiple clinical factors, including mental health diagnoses, appeared to influence efavirenz use. While mental health diagnosis status and more recent treatment starts were associated with shorter duration of efavirenz therapy, a previous mental health diagnosis did not preclude efavirenz initiation or continuation in many participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian W Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ellen F Eaton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jessie K Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William C Mathews
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katie Mollan
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard D Moore
- School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Connall O’Cleirigh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elvin Geng
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Mugavero
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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48
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Ichikawa T, Tsujino H, Miki T, Kobayashi M, Matsubara C, Miyata S, Yamashita T, Takeshita K, Yonezawa Y, Uno T. Allosteric activation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by efavirenz facilitates midazolam binding. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1227-1236. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1412540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
| | - Takahiro Miki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
| | - Masaya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
| | - Chiaki Matsubara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
| | - Sara Miyata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
| | - Taku Yamashita
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan ,
| | - Kohei Takeshita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan , and
| | - Yasushige Yonezawa
- High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University ,
Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama
, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Uno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan ,
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49
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Huang SH, Lin SW, Chang SY, Lin YT, Chiang C, Hsiao CF, Sun HY, Liu WC, Su YC, Hung CC, Chang SC. Prediction of plasma efavirenz concentrations among HIV-positive patients taking efavirenz-containing combination antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16187. [PMID: 29170492 PMCID: PMC5701031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the predictors of plasma mid-dose concentrations (C12) of efavirenz by enrolling 456 HIV-positive patients who had received 2 nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors plus efavirenz (600 mg daily) for 2 weeks or longer and had their CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism and efavirenz C12 determined. The median efavirenz C12 was 2.41 mg/L (IQR, 1.93–3.14). In analysis of covariance models, patients with CYP2B6 516GT and TT genotypes compared to those with GG genotype had higher efavirenz C12 (for GT genotype, an increase by 0.976 mg/L [95%CI, 0.765–1.188], and TT genotype, 4.871 mg/L [95%CI, 4.126–5.616]), while per 10-kg increment in weight decreased C12 by 0.199 mg/L (95%CI, 0.111–0.287). Models incorporating CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism and weight had moderate predictive values in predicting efavirenz C12 ≥ 2 mg/L (ROC area under curve = 0.706 [95%CI, 0.656–0.756]). In the absence of CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism, weight ≤58 kg provided better predictabilities for efavirenz C12 ≥ 2 mg/L (probability, 77.1% [95%CI, 69.0–83.5%] for weight = 50 kg and 70.6% [95%CI, 64.1–76.4%] for weight = 58 kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hsi Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Chiang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Hsiao
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shan-Chwen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Marzolini C, Rajoli R, Battegay M, Elzi L, Back D, Siccardi M. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions with Efavirenz Involving Simultaneous Inducing and Inhibitory Effects on Cytochromes. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 56:409-420. [PMID: 27599706 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral drugs are among the therapeutic agents with the highest potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). In the absence of clinical data, DDIs are mainly predicted based on preclinical data and knowledge of the disposition of individual drugs. Predictions can be challenging, especially when antiretroviral drugs induce and inhibit multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes simultaneously. METHODS This study predicted the magnitude of the DDI between efavirenz, an inducer of CYP3A4 and inhibitor of CYP2C8, and dual CYP3A4/CYP2C8 substrates (repaglinide, montelukast, pioglitazone, paclitaxel) using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach integrating concurrent effects on CYPs. In vitro data describing the physicochemical properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of efavirenz and CYP3A4/CYP2C8 substrates as well as the CYP-inducing and -inhibitory potential of efavirenz were obtained from published literature. The data were integrated in a PBPK model developed using mathematical descriptions of molecular, physiological, and anatomical processes defining pharmacokinetics. Plasma drug-concentration profiles were simulated at steady state in virtual individuals for each drug given alone or in combination with efavirenz. The simulated pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs given alone were compared against existing clinical data. The effect of efavirenz on CYP was compared with published DDI data. RESULTS The predictions indicate that the overall effect of efavirenz on dual CYP3A4/CYP2C8 substrates is induction of metabolism. The magnitude of induction tends to be less pronounced for dual CYP3A4/CYP2C8 substrates with predominant CYP2C8 metabolism. CONCLUSION PBPK modeling constitutes a useful mechanistic approach for the quantitative prediction of DDI involving simultaneous inducing or inhibitory effects on multiple CYPs as often encountered with antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Marzolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rajith Rajoli
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigia Elzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Bellinzona, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Back
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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