1
|
Wang Z, Qu S, Yuan J, Tian W, Xu J, Tao R, Sun S, Lu T, Tang W, Zhu Y. Review and prospects of targeted therapies for Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK). Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117514. [PMID: 37984216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. The dysregulation of SYK is closely related to the occurrence and development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. SYK has become an attractive target for drug discovery due to its important biological functions. This article reviews the biological function of SYK, the relationship between SYK and disease, and therapies targeting SYK. In addition, inspired by new technologies such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and phosphatase recruiting chimeras (PHORCs), we propose the development of new therapeutic approaches for targeting SYK, such as SYK PROTACs and SYK PHORCs, which may overcome deficiencies of existing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shu Qu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jiahao Yuan
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Wen Tian
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jinglei Xu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Rui Tao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shilong Sun
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weifang Tang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu X, Liu B, Ruan Z, Chen M, Li C, Shi H, Huang X, Yu H, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Sun J, Wei Y, Xu W, Dong J. TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Downregulation of ITGAL and Syk by the Effects of Cycloastragenol in OVA-Induced Asthmatic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6842530. [PMID: 36329800 PMCID: PMC9626231 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6842530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cycloastragenol (CAG) has been reported to alleviate airway inflammation in ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced asthmatic mice. However, its specific mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study is aimed at investigating the effects of CAG on asthma, comparing its efficacy with dexamethasone (DEX), and elucidating the mechanism of CAG's regulation. METHODS The asthma mouse model was induced by OVA. CAG at the optimal dose of 125 mg/kg was given every day from day 0 for 20-day prevention or from day 14 for a 7-day treatment. We observed the preventive and therapeutic effects of CAG in asthmatic mice by evaluating the airway inflammation, AHR, and mucus secretion. Lung proteins were used for TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis to enunciate its regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS The early administration of 125 mg/kg CAG before asthma happened prevented asthmatic mice from AHR, airway inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion, returning to nearly the original baseline. Alternatively, the administration of CAG during asthma also had the same therapeutic effects as DEX. The proteomic analysis revealed that the therapeutical effects of CAG were associated with 248 differentially expressed proteins and 3 enriched KEGG pathways. We then focused on 3 differentially expressed proteins (ITGAL, Syk, and Vav1) and demonstrated that CAG treatment downregulated ITGAL, Syk, and Vav1 by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CAG exerts preventive and protective effects on asthma by inhibiting ITGAL, Syk, and the downstream target Vav1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojun Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Ruan
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanlin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaolong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hehua Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding Y, Tang W, Pei F, Fu L, Ma P, Bai J, Lin M, Liu Y, Hou Q. Brusatol Derivative-34 Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation Via Inhibition of the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:587417. [PMID: 33859559 PMCID: PMC8042380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.587417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brusatol derivative-34 (Bru-34), a derivative of brusatol, has been shown significantly anti-inflammatory activity in mice in our previously work. However, to our knowledge, there were very limited studies on how Bru-34 affected airway inflammation. Thus, in this present study, the effects and potential mechanisms of Bru-34 on allergic airway inflammation were examined both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that Bru-34 attenuated the allergic airway inflammation in mice, with significant decreasing of the inflammatory cells and mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and attenuation of the histopathological alterations in the lung tissues. In addition, Bru-34 significantly inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines in antigen induced rat basophilic leukemia -2H3 (RBL-2H3) cells. What’s more, Bru-34 significantly decreased the expression of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), p-Syk, cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), p-cPLA2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p-NF-κB both in allergic mice lung tissue and antigen induced RBL-2H3 cells. Furthermore, the collaborative effects of Bru-34 with inhibitors against Syk, cPLA2, and NF-κB, showed that Syk was an important target of Bru-34, and cPLA2 and NF-κB played important roles in the coordinated inflammatory response. In conclusion, Bru-34 could significantly modulate the allergic airway inflammation, and its potential mechanism was revealed at least partially via down-regulating of Syk-cPLA2 -NF-κB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Fu
- National Medical Products Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jinye Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Mingbao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Yunbao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li E, Lin N, Hao R, Fan X, Lin L, Hu G, Lin S, He J, Zhu Q, Jin H. 5-HMF induces anaphylactoid reactions in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1402-1411. [PMID: 33102144 PMCID: PMC7578535 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Excessive exposure to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), which is a common impurity in various sugar-containing products, induces serious side effects. Our previous study revealed that 5-HMF exerted immune sensitizing potential when injected into rodents. In this study, we explored 5-HMF mediated anaphylactoid reactions and its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS We investigated anaphylactoid reactions in Brown Norway (BN) rats and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice to identify 5-HMF mediated in vivo anaphylactoid reactions. RBL-2H3 and P815 cell degranulation models were also established, and degranulation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, filamentous actin (F-actin) microfilament staining, and western blot assays were performed in these cells. RESULTS We showed that 5-HMF induced anaphylactoid reactions by increasing blood vessel permeability in mice, and significantly elevating histamine (His) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx-1) levels in rat serum. Moreover, after incubation with 5-HMF, β-hexosaminidase (β-Hex), His, IL-4 and IL-6 levels were all significantly increased, thereby inducing cellular degranulation in RBL-2H3 and P815 cells. Finally, 5-HMF also upregulated Lyn, Syk, p38 and JNK protein phosphorylation levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 5-HMF induces anaphylactoid reactions both in vivo and in vitro, therefore 5-HMF limits in sugar-containing products should receive more regulatory attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Encan Li
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ni Lin
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, 25 Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruirui Hao
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lin Lin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guang Hu
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qingfen Zhu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nanocarriers in effective pulmonary delivery of siRNA: current approaches and challenges. Ther Deliv 2020; 10:311-332. [PMID: 31116099 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on siRNA is increasing due to its wide applicability as a therapeutic agent in irreversible medical conditions. siRNA inhibits expression of the specific gene after its delivery from formulation to cytosol region of a cell. RNAi (RNA interference) is a mechanism by which siRNA is silencing gene expression for a particular disease. Numerous studies revealed that naked siRNA delivery is not preferred due to instability and poor pharmacokinetic performance. Nanocarriers based delivery of siRNA has the advantage to overcome physiological barriers and protect the integrity of siRNA from degradation by RNAase. Various diseases like lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, asthma, etc can be treated effectively by local lung delivery. The selective targeted therapeutic action in diseased organ and least off targeted cytotoxicity are the key benefits of pulmonary delivery. The current review highlights recent developments in pulmonary delivery of siRNA with novel nanosized formulation approach with the proven in vitro/in vivo applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Chen YJ, Xiang C, Jiang GW, Xu YD, Yin LM, Zhou DD, Liu YY, Yang YQ. Discovery of potential asthma targets based on the clinical efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112635. [PMID: 32004629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Standard therapy for asthma, a highly heterogeneous disease, is primarily based on bronchodilators and immunosuppressive drugs, which confer short-term symptomatic relief but not a cure. It is difficult to discover novel bronchodilators, although potential new targets are emerging. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas have been used to treat asthma for more than 2000 years, forming the basis for representative asthma treatments. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the efficacy of TCM formulas, anti-asthmatic herbal compounds bind proteins are potential targets for asthma therapy. This analysis will provide new drug targets and discovery strategies for asthma therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A list of candidate herbs for asthma was selected from the classical formulas (CFs) of TCM for the treatment of wheezing or dyspnea recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases (TCDMD) and from modern herbal formulas identified in the SAPHRON TCM Database using the keywords "wheezing" or "dyspnea". Compounds in the selected herbs and compounds that directly bind target proteins were acquired by searching the Herbal Ingredients' Targets Database (HITD), TCM Data Bank (TCMDB) and TCM Integrated Database (TCMID). Therapeutic targets of conventional medicine (CM) for asthma were collected by searching Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), DrugBank and PubMed as supplements. Finally, the enriched gene ontology (GO) terms of the targets were obtained using the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and protein-protein interactions (PPI) networks were constructed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING). The effects of two selected TCM compounds, kaempferol and ginkgolide A, on cellular resistance in human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) and pulmonary resistance in a mouse model were investigated. RESULTS The list of 32 candidate herbs for asthma was selected from 10 CFs for the treatment of wheezing or dyspnea recorded in TCDMD and 1037 modern herbal formulas obtained from the SAPHRON TCM Database. A total of 130 compounds from the 32 selected herbs and 68 herbal compounds directly bind target proteins were acquired from HITD and TCMDB. Eighty-eight therapeutic targets of CM for asthma were collected by searching TTD and PubMed as supplements. DAVID and STRING analyses showed targets of TCM formulas are primarily related to cytochrome P450 (CYP) family, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ribosomal protein. Both TCM formulas and CM act on the same types of targets or signaling pathways, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), steroid hormone receptors (SHRs), and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The proteins directly targeted by herbal compounds, TRPM8, TRPA1, TRPV3, CYP1B1, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1A1, PPARA, PPARD, NR1I2, MMP1, MMP2, ESR1, ESR2, RPLP0, RPLP1 and RPLP2, are potential targets for asthma therapy. In vitro results showed kaempferol (1 × 10-2 mM) and ginkgolide A (1 × 10-5 mM) significantly increased the cell index (P < 0.05 vs. histamine, n = 3) and therefore relaxed human ASMCs. In vivo results showed kaempferol (145 μg/kg) and ginkgolide A (205 μg/kg) significantly reduced pulmonary resistance (P < 0.05 vs. methacholine, n = 6). CONCLUSION Potential target discovery for asthma treatment based on the clinical effectiveness of TCM is a feasible strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Jiao Chen
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guang-Wei Jiang
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Dong Xu
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei-Miao Yin
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhou
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- International Union Laboratory on Acupuncture Based Target Discovery, International Joint Laboratory on Acupuncture Neuro-immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yue Yang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chellappan DK, Yee LW, Xuan KY, Kunalan K, Rou LC, Jean LS, Ying LY, Wie LX, Chellian J, Mehta M, Satija S, Singh SK, Gulati M, Dureja H, Da Silva MW, Tambuwala MM, Gupta G, Paudel KR, Wadhwa R, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Targeting neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:419-436. [PMID: 32048757 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential effector cells of immune system for clearing the extracellular pathogens during inflammation and immune reactions. Neutrophils play a major role in chronic respiratory diseases. In respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and others, there occurs extreme infiltration and activation of neutrophils followed by a cascade of events like oxidative stress and dysregulated cellular proteins that eventually result in apoptosis and tissue damage. Dysregulation of neutrophil effector functions including delayed neutropil apoptosis, increased neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathogenesis of asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease enable neutrophils as a potential therapeutic target. Accounting to their role in pathogenesis, neutrophils present as an excellent therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. This review highlights the current status and the emerging trends in novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, and other newer nanosystems that can target neutrophils and their molecular pathways, in the airways against infections, inflammation, and cancer. These drug delivery systems are promising in providing sustained drug delivery, reduced therapeutic dose, improved patient compliance, and reduced drug toxicity. In addition, the review also discusses emerging strategies and the future perspectives in neutrophil-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lim W Yee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Y Xuan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kishen Kunalan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lim C Rou
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leong S Jean
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Y Ying
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee X Wie
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin K Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mateus Webba Da Silva
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Phamacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Keshav R Paudel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park YH, Kim DK, Kim HS, Lee D, Lee MB, Min KY, Jo MG, Lee JE, Kim YM, Choi WS. WZ3146 inhibits mast cell Lyn and Fyn to reduce IgE-mediated allergic responses in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 383:114763. [PMID: 31526816 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play an important role as effector cells that cause allergic responses in allergic diseases. For these reasons, MC is considered an attractive therapeutic target for allergic disease treatment. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of WZ3146, N-[3-[5-chloro-2-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxyphenyl]prop-2-enamide, and the mechanisms of its actions on the MC activation and IgE-mediated allergic response by using three types of MCs such as rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells, mouse bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs), and human Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 (LAD2) cells. WZ3146 inhibited antigen-stimulated degranulation in a dose-dependent manner (IC50, ~ 0.35 μM for RBL-2H3 cells; ~ 0.39 μM for BMMCs; ~ 0.41 for LAD2 cells). WZ3146 also suppressed the production of histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, which mediate various allergic responses, in a dose-dependent manner. As the mechanism of WZ3146 to inhibit MCs, it inhibited the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the downstream signaling proteins of Syk such as linker for activation of T cell (LAT) and phospholipase (PL) Cγ1 in the signaling pathway of FcεRI. In addition, WZ3146 inhibited the activation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, WZ3146 did not inhibit degranulation of MCs by thapsigargin or ionomycin, which increase calcium concentration in cytosol. Notably, WZ3146 inhibited the activity of Lyn and Fyn, but not Syk. In an following animal experiment, WZ3146 inhibited IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, ~ 20 mg/kg). Taken together, in this study we show that the pyrimidine derivative, WZ3146, inhibits the IgE-mediated allergic response by inhibiting Lyn and Fyn Src-family kinases, which are initially activated by antigen stimulation in MCs. Therefore, we propose that WZ3146 could be used as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Park
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyun Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Bum Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Young Min
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Geun Jo
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chao J, Han X, Liu K, Li Q, Peng Q, Lu S, Zhu X, Hu G, Dong Y, Hu C, Chen Y, Chen J, Khan FA, Chen H, Guo AA. Calves Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Mycoplasma bovis Strains Have Upregulated Th17 Inflammatory and Th1 Protective Responses, Respectively. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090656. [PMID: 31466385 PMCID: PMC6770603 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a critical bovine pathogen, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, the virulent HB0801 (P1) and attenuated HB0801-P150 (P150) strains of M. bovis were used to explore the potential pathogenesis and effect of induced immunity from calves’ differential transcriptomes post infection. Nine one-month-old male calves were infected with P1, P150, or mock-infected with medium and euthanized at 60 days post-infection. Calves in P1 group exhibited other clinical signs and pathological changes compared to the other two groups. Transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed seven and 10 hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P1 and P150 groups compared with mock-infected group, respectively. Then, P1-induced pathogenesis was predicted to be associated with enhanced Th17, and P150-induced immunity with Th1 response and expression of ubiquitination-associated enzymes. Association analysis showed that 14 and 11 DEGs were positively and negatively correlated with pathological changes, respectively. Furthermore, up-regulated expression in molecules critical to differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells in lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in P1 group was validated at RNA and protein levels. The results confirmed virulent and attenuated strains might be associated with biased differentiation of pro-inflammatory pathogenic Th17 and Th1 subsets respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingni Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Siyi Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guyue Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Farhan Anwar Khan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - And Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ganjoo A, Prabhakar C. In silico structural anatomization of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Pharmacophore modeling, 3D QSAR analysis and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Therapeutic inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase in inflammatory macrophages using PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Control Release 2018; 288:227-238. [PMID: 30219279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the leading cause of cirrhosis worldwide and the most rapidly growing indication for liver transplantation. Macrophages are the important cellular component in the inflammatory milieu in NASH. Inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators produced by macrophages causes significant tissue injury in many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, inhibition of the inflammatory macrophages would be a promising approach to attenuate NASH. In this study, we studied the implication of SYK pathway in NASH, and investigated PLGA nanoparticles-based delivery of SYK pathway inhibitor as an effective and promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of NASH. We found positive correlation between SYK expression with the pathogenesis of NASH and alcoholic hepatitis in patients. Importantly, SYK expression was significantly induced in M1-differentiated inflammatory macrophages. To inhibit SYK pathway specifically, we used a small-molecule inhibitor R406 that blocks Fc-receptor signaling pathway and reduces immune complex-mediated inflammation. R406 dose-dependently inhibited nitric-oxide release and M1-specific markers in M1-differentiated macrophages. Thereafter, we synthesized PLGA nanoparticles to deliver R406 to increase the drug pharmacokinetics for the efficient treatment of NASH. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of R406-PLGA in-vitro in differentiated macrophages, and in-vivo in Methionine-Choline-deficient (MCD)-diet induced NASH mouse model. R406-PLGA inhibited M1-specific differentiation markers in RAW and bone-marrow-derived macrophages. In-vivo, R406 and more strongly R406-PLGA ameliorated fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis in mice. R406 and more significantly R406-PLGA reduced ALT, AST, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels. These results suggest that delivery of SYK inhibitor using PLGA nanoparticles can be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Alhazmi A. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase as a Target Therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:255-263. [PMID: 29925062 DOI: 10.1159/000489863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which associates directly with extracellular receptors, and is critically involved in signal transduction pathways in a variety of cell types for the regulation of cellular responses. SYK is expressed ubiquitously in immune and nonimmune cells, and has a much wider biological role than previously recognized. Several studies have highlighted SYK as a key player in the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic gram-negative pathogen, which is responsible for systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals, accounting for a major cause of severe chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients and subsequently resulting in a progressive deterioration of lung function. Inhibition of SYK activity has been explored as a therapeutic option in several allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and hematological malignancies. This review focuses on SYK as a therapeutic target, and describes the possibility of how current knowledge could be translated for therapeutic purposes to regulate the immune response to the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alhazmi
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fu L, Guan J, Zhang Y, Ma P, Zhuang Y, Bai J, Ding Y, Hou Q, Gong W, Lin M, Zheng W, Zhang J. Tulobuterol patch alleviates allergic asthmic inflammation by blockade of Syk and NF-κB activation in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12154-12163. [PMID: 29552299 PMCID: PMC5844735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tulobuterol patch, one of strongest bronchodilators, was recently shown to improve bronchial hyperresponsiveness and significantly decrease the sputum eosinophil counts by combining with nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs on patients with asthma. However, there is limited study on the anti-inflammatory activities of tulobuterol patch and its potential machenism. Results The tulobuterol patch significantly ameliorated inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue, reduced the number of total leukocytes and its differential count, markedly reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-11 and IL-4 in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, as well as a reduction in IL-4/IFN-γ ratio. Tulobuterol patch exhibited the best effect on allergic inflammation compared with formoterol and salbutamol. Furthermore, tulobuterol patch treatment significantly suppressed the expression and activation of Syk and its downdream signaling NF-κB and p-NF-κB. Conclusions The present studies revealed that tulobuterol patch effectively ameliorated airway inflammatory responses in allergic asthma, and its mechanisms, at least partially, via down-regulating Syk/NF-κB pathway. Methods An ovalbumin induced allergic asthma mouse model were used, and the effects of tulobuterol patch on allergic airway inflammation were evaluated. Also, its anti-airway inflammatory potential was compared with two other β2-agonists, salbutamol and formoterol. Its possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms were identified by using western blotting and immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Beijing Shouer Pharmaceutical Factory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinye Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yasi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Gong
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingbao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Beijing Shouer Pharmaceutical Factory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patel D, Gaikwad S, Challagundla N, Nivsarkar M, Agrawal-Rajput R. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition ameliorates airway inflammation through modulation of NLRP3 inflammosome and Th17/Treg axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:375-384. [PMID: 29202301 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigates triggers spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signalling through dectin-1 activation, which is associated with deleterious airway inflammation. β-Glucan-induced dectin-1 signalling activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn rapidly produces IL-1β, a master regulator of inflammation. IL-1β expression results in Th17/Treg imbalance, pulmonary inflammation, and bystander tissue injury. This study reports that 3,4 methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene (MNS), a potent SYK inhibitor, markedly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Furthermore, SYK inhibition markedly decreased β-glucan-induced IL-1β expression, suggesting that SYK is indispensable for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Decreased IL-1β expression correlated with reduced Th17 response and enhanced immunosuppressive Treg response. Notably, SYK inhibition ameliorated inflammation caused by repeated intranasal β-glucan challenge in BALB/C mice. SYK inhibition also restored the Th17/Treg balance via decreased Th17 and increased Treg responses, as evidenced by decreased IL-17 and ror-γ levels. Additionally, inhibition of SYK increased IL-10 secreting CD4+FOXP3+ T cells that accompanied reduced T cell proliferation. Decreased IgA in the Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum also indicated the immunosuppressive potential of SYK inhibition. Histopathology data revealed that repeated β-glucan challenge caused substantial pulmonary damage, as indicated by septal thickening and interstitial lymphocytic, neutrophil and granulocyte recruitment. These processes were effectively prevented by SYK inhibition, resulting in lung protection. Collectively, our findings suggest that SYK inhibition ameliorates dectin-1- mediated detrimental pulmonary inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Therefore, SYK can be a new target gene in the therapeutic approach against fungal induced airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divyesh Patel
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Sagar Gaikwad
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Naveen Challagundla
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alhazmi A, Choi J, Ulanova M. Syk inhibitor R406 downregulates inflammation in an in vitro model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:182-190. [PMID: 29020462 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are characterized by strong inflammation of infected tissues, anti-inflammatory therapies in combination with antibiotics have been considered for the treatment of associated diseases. Syk tyrosine kinase is an important regulator of inflammatory responses, and its specific inhibition was explored as a therapeutic option in several inflammatory conditions; however, this has not been studied in bacterial infections. We used a model of in vitro infection of human monocytic cell line THP-1 and lung epithelial cell line H292 with both wild-type and flagella-deficient mutant of P. aeruginosa strain K, as well as with clinical isolates from cystic fibrosis patients, to study the effect of a small molecule Syk inhibitor R406 on inflammatory responses induced by this pathogen. One-hour pretreatment of THP-1 cells with 10 μmol/L R406 resulted in a significant downregulation of the expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, and phosphorylated signaling proteins ERK2, JNK, p-38, and IκBα, as well as significantly decreased TNF-α release by infected H292 cells. The results suggest that Syk is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses to P. aeruginosa, and R406 may potentially be useful in dampening the damage caused by severe inflammation associated with this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alhazmi
- a Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- b Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- a Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.,b Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ellis JM, Altman MD, Cash B, Haidle AM, Kubiak RL, Maddess ML, Yan Y, Northrup AB. Carboxamide Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Inhibitors: Leveraging Ground State Interactions To Accelerate Optimization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1151-1155. [PMID: 27994755 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of a series of highly potent and kinome selective carbon-linked carboxamide spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors with favorable drug-like properties is described. A pervasive Ames liability in an analogous nitrogen-linked carboxamide series was obviated by replacement with a carbon-linked moiety. Initial efforts lacked on-target potency, likely due to strain induced between the hinge binding amide and solvent front heterocycle. Consideration of ground state and bound state energetics allowed rapid realization of improved solvent front substituents affording subnanomolar Syk potency and high kinome selectivity. These molecules were also devoid of mutagenicity risk as assessed via the Ames test using the TA97a Salmonella strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Ellis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brandon Cash
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrew M. Haidle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L. Kubiak
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew L. Maddess
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan B. Northrup
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Identification of potential crucial gene network related to seasonal allergic rhinitis using microarray data. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:231-237. [PMID: 27435592 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal a potential key gene network associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). The microarray data GSE50101 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus were used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SAR patients and healthy controls. Then, functional enrichment analysis was conducted using Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. Afterwards, the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of DEGs were obtained from STRING, and the PPI network was constructed. In addition, the PPI network module was analyzed. In total, 98 up-regulated and 63 down-regulated DEGs were identified from the SAR samples, comparing the healthy controls. The up-regulated DEGs were mainly enriched in the Gene Ontology terms about cell death (e.g., DUSP1 and JUN) and pathways related to immune (e.g., FOS and JUN). The down-regulated DEGs were mainly enriched in regulation of transcription (e.g., CEBPD and SCML1). In the PPI network, a set of genes was predicted to interact with each other, such as FOS, JUN, and CEBPD. Furthermore, genes in the network module (e.g., FOS, JUN and CEBPD) was mainly enriched in regulation of transcription, and pathways about immune, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, and toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Several genes related to immunity and regulation of transcription, such as FOS, JUN, and CEBPD, may play crucial roles during the process of SAR through the interactions with each other.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shen J, Li X, Zhang Z, Luo J, Long H, Tu Z, Zhou X, Ding K, Lu X. 3-aminopyrazolopyrazine derivatives as spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:690-698. [PMID: 27264434 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase is a new promising target for drug discovery to treat human cancer and inflammatory disorders. A series of pyrazolopyrazine-3-amine and pyrazolopyrimidine-3-amine derivatives was designed and synthesized as new spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The efforts yielded compound 6h with promising spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition in both enzymatic and B-lymphoma cell proliferation assays. Additionally, compound 6h dose dependently inhibited the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase signal in human B-cell lymphoma cells. Compound 6h might serve as a lead for further development of new spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huoyou Long
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shim J, Kennedy RH, Weatherly LM, Hutchinson LM, Pelletier JH, Hashmi HN, Blais K, Velez A, Gosse JA. Arsenic inhibits mast cell degranulation via suppression of early tyrosine phosphorylation events. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1446-59. [PMID: 27018130 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic is a global health concern. We previously documented an inhibitory effect of inorganic Arsenite on IgE-mediated degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells (Hutchinson et al., 2011; J. Appl. Toxicol. 31: 231-241). Mast cells are tissue-resident cells that are positioned at the host-environment interface, thereby serving vital roles in many physiological processes and disease states, in addition to their well-known roles in allergy and asthma. Upon activation, mast cells secrete several mediators from cytoplasmic granules, in degranulation. The present study is an investigation of Arsenite's molecular target(s) in the degranulation pathway. Here, we report that arsenic does not affect degranulation stimulated by either the Ca(2) (+) ionophore A23187 or thapsigargin, which both bypass early signaling events. Arsenic also does not alter degranulation initiated by another non-IgE-mediated mast cell stimulant, the G-protein activator compound 48/80. However, arsenic inhibits Ca(2) (+) influx into antigen-activated mast cells. These results indicate that the target of arsenic in the degranulation pathway is upstream of the Ca(2) (+) influx. Phospho-Syk and phospho-p85 phosphoinositide 3-kinase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays data show that arsenic inhibits early phosphorylation events. Taken together, this evidence indicates that the mechanism underlying arsenic inhibition of mast cell degranulation occurs at the early tyrosine phosphorylation steps in the degranulation pathway. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Shim
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Rachel H Kennedy
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Lisa M Weatherly
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Lee M Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Jonathan H Pelletier
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Hina N Hashmi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Kayla Blais
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Alejandro Velez
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Choi JS, Hwang HJ, Kim SW, Lee BI, Lee J, Song HJ, Koh JS, Kim JH, Lee PH. Highly potent and selective pyrazolylpyrimidines as Syk kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4441-6. [PMID: 26384287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolylpyrimidine scaffold based Syk inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities and selectivity. Lead optimization efforts provided compounds with potent Syk inhibition in both enzymatic and TNF-α release assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Sik Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea; Oscotec Inc., 694-1 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jun Hwang
- Oscotec Inc., 694-1 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Won Kim
- Oscotec Inc., 694-1 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Lee
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyoo Lee
- Genosco, 767C Concord Avenue, 2nd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ho-Juhn Song
- Genosco, 767C Concord Avenue, 2nd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jong Sung Koh
- Genosco, 767C Concord Avenue, 2nd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Oscotec Inc., 694-1 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea.
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gomes P, Slocum C, Smith LM, Abelson MB. Challenges faced in clinical trials for chronic allergic conjunctivitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
22
|
Abelson MB, Shetty S, Korchak M, Butrus SI, Smith LM. Advances in pharmacotherapy for allergic conjunctivitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1219-31. [PMID: 25943976 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allergy is the fifth leading group of chronic diseases, affecting as much as 40% of the first-world population. Its pathophysiology has a genetic component, and is driven by the immune system's sensitized response to antigens and environmental factors. As research continues to uncover the mediators responsible for ocular allergy, the development of novel drugs should progress. AREAS COVERED A literature review of allergic conjunctivitis, ocular allergy and their treatment was performed using PubMed and Medline. Additional information is also included from clinicaltrials.gov and associated web sites for drugs currently in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION The initial step of therapy remains identification and avoidance of allergic triggers. The mainstay of treatment is the new generation of dual-acting antihistamines. Drugs that improve the magnitude and duration of relief, with greater subject responder rates, are gradually making their way into the clinic. Allergic conjunctivitis is a relatively easy disease to study because of the availability of models such as the conjunctival allergen challenge. New classes of drugs that target inflammatory pathways or mediators involved in the early and late-phase allergic response are being screened in these models and we are making progress in identifying the next generation of anti-allergic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Abelson
- Harvard University, Department of Ophthalmology, Ora, Inc. , 300 Brickstone Square, Andover MA 01810 , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li GB, Ji S, Yang LL, Zhang RJ, Chen K, Zhong L, Ma S, Yang SY. LEADOPT: An automatic tool for structure-based lead optimization, and its application in structural optimizations of VEGFR2 and SYK inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:523-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
24
|
Ellis JM, Altman MD, Bass A, Butcher JW, Byford AJ, Donofrio A, Galloway S, Haidle AM, Jewell J, Kelly N, Leccese EK, Lee S, Maddess M, Miller JR, Moy LY, Osimboni E, Otte RD, Reddy MV, Spencer K, Sun B, Vincent SH, Ward GJ, Woo GHC, Yang C, Houshyar H, Northrup AB. Overcoming Mutagenicity and Ion Channel Activity: Optimization of Selective Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1929-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5018169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Ellis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan Bass
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John W. Butcher
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan J. Byford
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anthony Donofrio
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sheila Galloway
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrew M. Haidle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James Jewell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nancy Kelly
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erica K. Leccese
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sandra Lee
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Maddess
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - J. Richard Miller
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lily Y. Moy
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ekundayo Osimboni
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan D. Otte
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - M. Vijay Reddy
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kerrie Spencer
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Binyuan Sun
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stella H. Vincent
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J. Ward
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Grace H. C. Woo
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chiming Yang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hani Houshyar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan B. Northrup
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wex E, Thaler E, Blum S, Lamb D. A novel model of IgE-mediated passive pulmonary anaphylaxis in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116166. [PMID: 25541997 PMCID: PMC4277472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are central effector cells in allergic asthma and are augmented in the airways of asthma patients. Attenuating mast cell degranulation and with it the early asthmatic response is an important intervention point to inhibit bronchoconstriction, plasma exudation and tissue oedema formation. To validate the efficacy of novel pharmacological interventions, appropriate and practicable in vivo models reflecting mast cell-dependent mechanisms in the lung, are missing. Thus, we developed a novel model of passive pulmonary anaphylaxis in rats. Rats were passively sensitized by concurrent intratracheal and intradermal (ear) application of an anti-DNP IgE antibody. Intravenous application of the antigen, DNP-BSA in combination with Evans blue dye, led to mast cell degranulation in both tissues. Quantification of mast cell degranulation in the lung was determined by (1) mediator release into bronchoalveolar lavage, (2) extravasation of Evans blue dye into tracheal and bronchial lung tissue and (3) invasive measurement of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. Quantification of mast cell degranulation in the ear was determined by extravasation of Evans blue dye into ear tissue. We pharmacologically validated our model using the SYK inhibitor Fostamatinib, the H1-receptor antagonist Desloratadine, the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist Formoterol. Fostamatinib was equally efficacious in lung and ear. Desloratadine effectively inhibited bronchoconstriction and ear vascular leakage, but was less effective against pulmonary vascular leakage, perhaps reflecting the differing roles for histamine receptor sub-types. DSCG attenuated both vascular leakage in the lung and bronchoconstriction, but with a very short duration of action. As an inhaled approach, Formoterol was more effective in the lung than in the ear. This model of passive pulmonary anaphylaxis provides a tissue relevant readout of early mast cell activity and pharmacological benchmarking broadly reflects responses observed in patients with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wex
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Thaler
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sylvia Blum
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Lamb
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Merkel OM, Rubinstein I, Kissel T. siRNA delivery to the lung: what's new? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:112-28. [PMID: 24907426 PMCID: PMC4160355 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been thought of as the general answer to many unmet medical needs. After the first success stories, it soon became obvious that short interfering RNA (siRNA) is not suitable for systemic administration due to its poor pharmacokinetics. Therefore local administration routes have been adopted for more successful in vivo RNAi. This paper reviews nucleic acid modifications, nanocarrier chemistry, animal models used in successful pulmonary siRNA delivery, as well as clinical translation approaches. We summarize what has been published recently and conclude with the potential problems that may still hamper the efficient clinical application of RNAi in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Thomas Kissel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moy LY, Jia Y, Caniga M, Lieber G, Gil M, Fernandez X, Sirkowski E, Miller R, Alexander JP, Lee HH, Shin JD, Ellis JM, Chen H, Wilhelm A, Yu H, Vincent S, Chapman RW, Kelly N, Hickey E, Abraham WM, Northrup A, Miller T, Houshyar H, Crackower MA. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates allergen-mediated airway constriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1085-92. [PMID: 23889698 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0200oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a key activator of signaling pathways downstream of multiple surface receptors implicated in asthma. SYK function has been extensively studied in mast cells downstream of the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεR1. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a role for SYK in models of allergic inflammation, but a role in airway constriction has not been demonstrated. Here, we have used a potent and selective pharmacological inhibitor of SYK to determine the role of SYK in allergen-mediated inflammation and airway constriction in preclinical models. Attenuation of allergic airway responses was evaluated in a rat passive anaphylaxis model and rat and sheep inhaled allergen challenge models, as well as an ex vivo model of allergen-mediated airway constriction in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacological inhibition of SYK dose-dependently blocked IgE-mediated tracheal plasma extravasation in rats. In a rat ovalbumin-sensitized airway challenge model, oral dosing with an SYK inhibitor led to a dose-dependent reduction in lung inflammatory cells. Ex vivo analysis of allergen-induced airway constriction in ovalbumin-sensitized brown Norway rats showed a complete attenuation with treatment of a SYK inhibitor, as well as a complete block of allergen-induced serotonin release. Similarly, allergen-mediated airway constriction was attenuated in ex vivo studies from nonhuman primate lungs. Intravenous administration of an SYK inhibitor attenuated both early- and late-phase allergen-induced increases in airway resistance in an Ascaris-sensitive sheep allergen challenge model. These data support a key role for SYK signaling in mediating allergic airway responses.
Collapse
|
28
|
Braddock M. Cambridge Healthtech Institute's Third Annual Anti-inflammatories: Small Molecules Meeting, April 17 th– 18 th2012, San Diego, USA. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.707194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Click-modified anandamide siRNA enables delivery and gene silencing in neuronal and immune cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12330-3. [PMID: 22812910 DOI: 10.1021/ja303251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry of alkyne-modified RNA with different receptor ligand azides was used to prepare 3'-folate, 3'-cholesterol, and, as a new entity, 3'-anandamide-modified RNA in high yields and excellent purity. The anandamide-modified RNA shows surprisingly high transfection properties and enables the delivery of siRNA even into difficult-to-transfect RBL-2H3 cells which model neuronal uptake. Furthermore, the system was employed in human immune cells (BJAB), demonstrating silencing effects similar to those of a cationic, benchmark transfection reagent. In addition, the anandamide conjugates were found to be nontoxic. The reported chemistry and the described properties of the anandamide siRNA extend the possibilities of using siRNA-based gene silencing in neuronal and immune cells.
Collapse
|
30
|
Effect of locally administered Syk siRNA on allergen-induced arthritis and asthma. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:52-9. [PMID: 22796951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New approaches for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatic arthritis (RA) and inflammatory lung disease (asthma) are needed because a significant population of patients do not experience sustained relief with currently available therapies. The tyrosine kinase Syk plays a crucial role in inflammatory signaling pathways and has gained much attention as a potential target for treatment of inflammatory disorders. We have shown that our Syk siRNA injected directly into limb joints of arthritic mice, diminishes joint swelling and reduces levels of Syk kinase and inflammatory cytokines in joint tissue. Further, our Syk siRNA, administered via nasal instillation, inhibits recruitment of inflammatory cells to the bronchoalveolar fluid of allergen-sensitized mice. We propose that targeting Syk via localized application of Syk siRNA provides an opportunity for specific knockdown of Syk kinase with minimal potential for systemic effects.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wex E, Bouyssou T, Duechs MJ, Erb KJ, Gantner F, Sanderson MP, Schnapp A, Stierstorfer BE, Wollin L. Induced Syk deletion leads to suppressed allergic responses but has no effect on neutrophil or monocyte migration in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3208-18. [PMID: 21830208 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a key mediator of immunoreceptor signaling in immune cells. Thus, interfering with the function of Syk by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition might influence a variety of allergic and autoimmune processes. Since conventional Syk knockout mice are not viable, studies addressing the effect of Syk deletion in adult animals have been limited. To further explore functions of Syk in animal models of allergy and to shed light on the role of Syk in the in vivo migration of neutrophils and monocytes, we generated inducible Syk knockout mice. These mice harbor a floxed Syk gene and a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the ubiquitously active Rosa26-promoter. Thus, treatment of mice with tamoxifen leads to the deletion of Syk in all organs. Syk-deleted mice were analyzed in mast cell-dependent models and in models focusing on neutrophil and monocyte migration. We show that Syk deletion in adult mice reduces inflammatory responses in mast cell-driven animal models of allergy and asthma but has no effect on the migration of neutrophils and monocytes. Therefore, the inducible Syk knockout mice presented here provide a valuable tool to further explore the role of Syk in disease-related animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wex
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Antagonistic regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator cell surface expression by protein kinases WNK4 and spleen tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4076-86. [PMID: 21807898 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05152-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the WNK (with-no-lysine [K]) subfamily of protein kinases regulate various ion channels involved in sodium, potassium, and chloride homeostasis by either inducing their phosphorylation or regulating the number of channel proteins expressed at the cell surface. Here, we describe findings demonstrating that the cell surface expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is also regulated by WNK4 in mammalian cells. This effect of WNK4 is independent of the presence of kinase and involves interaction with and inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), which phosphorylates Tyr512 in the first nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) of CFTR. Transfection of catalytically active Syk into CFTR-expressing baby hamster kidney cells reduces the cell surface expression of CFTR, whereas that of WNK4 promotes it. This is shown by biotinylation of cell surface proteins, immunofluorescence microscopy, and functional efflux assays. Mutation of Tyr512 to either glutamic acid or phenylalanine is sufficient to alter CFTR surface levels. In human airway epithelial cells, downregulation of endogenous Syk and WNK4 confirms their roles as physiologic regulators of CFTR surface expression. Together, our results show that Tyr512 phosphorylation is a novel signal regulating the prevalence of CFTR at the cell surface and that WNK4 and Syk perform an antagonistic role in this process.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Inflammatory diseases are one of the major health issues and have become a major focus in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. To date, drugs prescribed for treatment of these diseases target enzymes that are not specific to the immune system resulting in adverse effects. The main challenge of this research field is, therefore, identifying targets that act specifically on the diseased tissue. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review summarizes drug discovery efforts on kinases that have been identified as key players mediating inflammation and autoimmune disorders. In particular, we discuss recent developments on well-established targets such as mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK3, spleen tyrosine kinase, p38α and lymphocyte specific kinase but provide also a perspective on emerging targets. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will obtain an overview of drug discovery efforts on kinases in inflammation, recent clinical and preclinical data and developed inhibitor scaffolds. In addition, the reader will be updated on issues in target validation of current drug targets and the potential of selected novel kinase targets in this important disease area. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Cellular signaling networks that regulate inflammatory response are still poorly understood making rational selection of targets challenging. Recent data suggest that kinase targets that are specific to the immune system and mediate signals immediately downstream of surface receptors are most efficacious in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Müller
- University of Oxford, Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK + 44 1865 617584 ; + 44 1865 617575 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Spleen tyrosine kinases: biology, therapeutic targets and drugs. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:517-30. [PMID: 20553955 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an intriguing protein tyrosine kinase involved in signal transduction in a variety of cell types, and its aberrant regulation is associated with different allergic disorders and antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and allergic rhinitis. Syk also plays an important part in the uncontrolled growth of tumor cells, particularly B cells. For these reasons, Syk is considered one of the most interesting biological targets of the last decade, as proved by the great number of papers and patents published, and the possibility of treating these pathologies by means of Syk kinase inhibitors has led to a great interest from the pharmaceutical and biotech industry.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-receptor spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk; EC 2.7.10.2) is involved in signal transduction in a variety of cell types. In particular, it is a key mediator of immune receptors signaling in host inflammatory cells (B cells, mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils), important for both allergic and antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Deregulated Syk kinase activity also allows growth factor-independent proliferation and transforms bone marrow-derived pre-B cells that are able to induce leukemia. Consequently, the development of Syk kinase inhibitors could conceivably treat these disorders and so they have became a major focus in the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. OBJECTIVE In this review, we analyze the structure and role of Syk kinase, the use of small molecules, interacting with ATP-binding site, as inhibitors of kinase activity and finally the potential of using inhibitors of Syk kinase expression to attenuate pathological conditions. CONCLUSION Syk kinase inhibition is suggested as a powerful tool for the therapy of different pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padova Unit, c/o Dept. Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sanderson MP, Gelling SJ, Rippmann JF, Schnapp A. Comparison of the anti-allergic activity of Syk inhibitors with optimized Syk siRNAs in FcepsilonRI-activated RBL-2H3 basophilic cells. Cell Immunol 2009; 262:28-34. [PMID: 20053395 PMCID: PMC7124319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) binds ITAM-bearing receptors in a wide variety of cell types. One such example is the activation of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils via the stimulation of the FcepsilonRI receptor by IgE/allergen complexes. The possible role of Syk in inflammatory signaling cascades has led to the development of pharmacological agents designed to block the Syk catalytic domain as potential novel therapeutics. Whilst the enzymatic activity of Syk lends towards the design of small-molecule inhibitors, other attention has focused on the possibility of targeting Syk expression using anti-sense oligonucleotides as an alternate means of anti-inflammatory therapy. In this study, we compared the ability of multiple optimized Syk siRNA sequences and small-molecule Syk inhibitors to block FcepsilonRI-mediated signal transduction, degranulation and TNFalpha secretion in the basophilic cell line RBL-2H3. We also characterized the specificity of each siRNA sequence with regards to off-target induction of the interferon-inducible gene IFIT1. We identified a single siRNA sequence, which displayed a favorable profile of efficient Syk knockdown, blockage of FcepsilonRI-mediated signal transduction, degranulation and TNFalpha secretion and a lack of IFIT1 induction. The effect of this siRNA was comparable to that of the Syk kinase domain inhibitors BAY61-3606 and R406. The identification of an active and specific Syk siRNA could be a basis for the development of therapeutic Syk siRNAs against inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Sanderson
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee YG, Chain BM, Cho JY. Distinct role of spleen tyrosine kinase in the early phosphorylation of inhibitor of κBα via activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase and Akt pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:811-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
38
|
Discovery and SAR of novel 4-thiazolyl-2-phenylaminopyrimidines as potent inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6231-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
39
|
Tsang E, Giannetti AM, Shaw D, Dinh M, Tse JKY, Gandhi S, Ho H, Wang S, Papp E, Bradshaw JM. Molecular mechanism of the Syk activation switch. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32650-9. [PMID: 18818202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806340200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many immune signaling pathways require activation of the Syk tyrosine kinase to link ligation of surface receptors to changes in gene expression. Despite the central role of Syk in these pathways, the Syk activation process remains poorly understood. In this work we quantitatively characterized the molecular mechanism of Syk activation in vitro using a real time fluorescence kinase assay, mutagenesis, and other biochemical techniques. We found that dephosphorylated full-length Syk demonstrates a low initial rate of substrate phosphorylation that increases during the kinase reaction due to autophosphorylation. The initial rate of Syk activity was strongly increased by either pre-autophosphorylation or binding of phosphorylated immune tyrosine activation motif peptides, and each of these factors independently fully activated Syk. Deletion mutagenesis was used to identify regions of Syk important for regulation, and residues 340-356 of the SH2 kinase linker region were identified to be important for suppression of activity before activation. Comparison of the activation processes of Syk and Zap-70 revealed that Syk is more readily activated by autophosphorylation than Zap-70, although both kinases are rapidly activated by Src family kinases. We also studied Syk activity in B cell lysates and found endogenous Syk is also activated by phosphorylation and immune tyrosine activation motif binding. Together these experiments show that Syk functions as an "OR-gate" type of molecular switch. This mechanism of switch-like activation helps explain how Syk is both rapidly activated after receptor binding but also sustains activity over time to facilitate longer term changes in gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Tsang
- Department of Inflammation Discovery, Roche Palo Alto LLC, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Speich HE, Grgurevich S, Kueter TJ, Earhart AD, Slack SM, Jennings LK. Platelets undergo phosphorylation of Syk at Y525/526 and Y352 in response to pathophysiological shear stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1045-54. [PMID: 18715989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.90644.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques can lead to partial vascular occlusions that produce abnormally high levels of arterial wall shear stress. Such pathophysiological shear stress can promote shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA), which has been linked to acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and stroke. This study investigated the role of the tyrosine kinase Syk in shear-induced human platelet signaling. The extent of Syk tyrosine phosphorylation induced by pathophysiological levels of shear stress (100 dyn/cm(2)) was significantly greater than that resulting from physiological shear stress (10 dyn/cm(2)). With the use of phospho-Syk specific antibodies, these data are the first to show that key regulatory sites of Syk at tyrosines 525/526 (Y525/526) and tyrosine 352 (Y352) were phosphorylated in response to pathophysiological shear stress. Increased phosphorylation at both sites was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of Syk using two different Syk inhibitors, piceatannol and 3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl-methylene)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide (OXSI-2), and by inhibition of upstream Src-family kinases (SFKs). Shear-induced response at the Syk 525/526 site was ADP dependent but not contingent on glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa ligation or the generation of thromboxane (Tx) A(2). Pretreatment with Syk inhibitors not only reduced SIPA and Syk phosphorylation in isolated platelets, but also diminished, up to 50%, the platelet-mediated thrombus formation when whole blood was perfused over type-III collagen. In summary, this study demonstrated that Syk is a key molecule in both SIPA and thrombus formation under flow. Pharmacological regulation of Syk may prove efficacious in treating occlusive vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Speich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bajpai M, Chopra P, Dastidar SG, Ray A. Spleen tyrosine kinase: a novel target for therapeutic intervention of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:641-59. [PMID: 18447591 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last few years, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and in defining the role of relevant cells and molecules in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Various therapies, both biological (anti-TNF, anti-interleukins [e.g., IL-1]) and small molecule inhibitors have been explored for the treatment of RA. OBJECTIVE To date, no single signaling pathway inhibitor as wide acting as the corticosteroids, is known. However, treatment with corticosteroids is also associated with allied side effects. Despite a lot of efforts in the category of small molecule inhibitors, no inhibitor is available to deal with RA at both fronts (inflammation and tissue damage), without causing immense side effects. METHOD This present review explores the role of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in the pathogenesis of RA and also discusses how it may meet the present day therapeutic requirements for the treatment of RA. This review gives an in-depth discussion on the role of Syk signaling in RA, the possibilities of using Syk as a target and also discusses the possible side effects that could be associated with its inhibition. CONCLUSION We propose Syk inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malini Bajpai
- Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No-20, Sector-18, Gurgaon-122001-Haryana, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ulanova M, Asfaha S, Stenton G, Lint A, Gilbertson D, Schreiber A, Befus D. Involvement of Syk protein tyrosine kinase in LPS-induced responses in macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:117-25. [PMID: 17621553 DOI: 10.1177/0968051907079125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Syk kinase is best known as a critical component of immunoreceptor signaling in leukocytes. Activation of Syk following cross-linking of Fcgamma and Fcepsilon receptors on macrophages, mast cells, and other cells induces various inflammatory events. We hypothesized that Syk is involved in inflammatory responses induced by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We studied the role of Syk using its inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides, or small interfering RNA. Our data demonstrated that in vivo inhibition of Syk caused down-regulation of LPS-induced responses in rat alveolar macrophages. In in vitro experiments, inhibition of Syk in rat peritoneal macrophages, as well as in human myelomonocyte cell line THP-1 also caused a decrease in LPS-induced cytokine release. Our data support the hypothesis that, in macrophages, Syk is involved in LPS-induced intracellular signaling pathways leading to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Understanding the role of Syk in LPS-induced signaling may help in developing new therapeutic tools for inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Liposomes
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Syk Kinase
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Braddock M. 11th annual Inflammatory and Immune Diseases Drug Discovery and Development Summit 12-13 March 2007, San Francisco, USA. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:909-17. [PMID: 17501702 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.6.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Strategic Research Institute (SRi) hosted the 11th International Inflammation and Immune Diseases Drug Discovery and Development World Summit in San Francisco during 12-13 March 2007. The summit comprised keynote sessions and two parallel tracks and focussed on targeting mechanisms for drug discovery and development, which modulate the immune response and which have anti-inflammatory activity in a number of human diseases. Indications included psoriasis, hepatitis C, allergic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, multiple sclnerosis, cardiovascular disease and asthma. Data were presented supporting all stages of drug discovery from target identification and validation through to lead identification and optimisation to both early- and late-stage clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Discovery Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is characterized by a hypersensitive immune response in the upper airways to seasonal or perennial allergens leading to episodes of sneezing, itching, runny nose and nasal congestion. These symptoms are mainly the manifestations of a large number of mediators released by mast cells and basophils localized in the nasal mucosa, following their activation via allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors. Current medications antagonize the action of distinct mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes for symptom relief, or block the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to suppress allergic inflammation. Notably, rather than neutralizing individual mediators, Syk kinase inhibitors can block the allergen-induced release of all mast cell mediators and the production of most eicosanoids and cytokines. Thus, Syk kinase represents an attractive therapeutic target for acute and chronic allergic inflammation. Syk kinase inhibitors are now entering clinical trials. Using cell-based structure-activity relationships with primary human mast cells, a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine Syk kinase inhibitors was developed. One of these compounds, referred to as R112, exhibited suitable characteristics for intranasal delivery and was tested for safety and efficacy in allergic rhinitis patients. In a park environment, R112 showed remarkable amelioration of acute allergic rhinitis symptoms with rapid onset of action. These results demonstrate the clinical significance of inhibiting Syk in allergic upper airway disorders.
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhu Y, Herlaar E, Masuda ES, Burleson GR, Nelson AJ, Grossbard EB, Clemens GR. Immunotoxicity assessment for the novel Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor R406. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 221:268-77. [PMID: 17490694 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a novel pharmaceutical target for treatment of allergic, autoimmune, and neoplastic disorders. Previous studies have indicated that Syk signaling plays critical roles in regulating the lymphohematopoietic system. These observations prompted us to investigate whether inhibition of Syk would promote immunotoxicity. In a series of studies, rats were treated orally with R406, at dose levels up to and including 100 mg/kg/day (or its prodrug R788 at dose levels up to and including 100 mg/kg/day, reduced to 50 mg/kg/day for females as MTD was exceeded), a potent Syk inhibitor, twice daily for 28 days. In addition to standard toxicological assessments, immunophenotyping by flow cytometric analysis, and a study of humoral immune response measuring anti-KLH IgM and IgG levels, were undertaken. Other immunotoxicity studies included three host resistance models in female Balb/c mice to further ascertain effects of R406 on innate and acquired immunity. Following R406 treatment, expected immunomodulating effects (e.g., decreased thymic and spleen weight, hypocellularity of bone marrow, and reduced lymphocyte counts, including T and B cells) were observed in the rat studies. These changes essentially resolved during a 14-day treatment-free recovery period. A KLH challenge in rats demonstrated no adverse effects on IgG or IgM response. R788/406, administered orally at dose levels up to and including 80 mg/kg/day for 28 days, did not affect bacterial or viral clearance in the Listeria, Streptococcal, or Influenza host resistance mouse models, respectively. This correlated with previous in vitro macrophage and neutrophil function assays (assessing migration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst and microbicidal activity), which revealed that R406 did not adversely affect macrophage or neutrophil function in innate immune responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate that R406 has minimal functional immunotoxicity notwithstanding its lymphocytopenic effect, suggesting that inhibition of Syk might not lead to unacceptable mechanism-based adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1180 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chapter 24 Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Biology, Inhibitors and Therapeutic Applications. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
47
|
Ulanova M, Marcet-Palacios M, Muñoz S, Asfaha S, Kim MK, Schreiber AD, Befus AD. Involvement of Syk kinase in TNF-induced nitric oxide production by airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:431-7. [PMID: 17070777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently found that Syk is widely expressed in lung epithelial cells (EC) and participates in beta1 integrin signaling. In this study, we assessed the role of Syk in regulation of NO production. Stimulation of human bronchial EC line HS-24 by TNF caused an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Inhibition of Syk using siRNA or piceatannol down-regulated the iNOS expression and reduced NO production. This effect occurred in EC simultaneously stimulated via beta1 integrins, suggesting that TNF and beta1 integrins provide co-stimulatory signals. Inhibition of Syk down-regulated TNF-induced p38 and p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kappaB. Thus, TNF-induced activation of pro-inflammatory signaling in EC leading to enhanced expression of iNOS and NO production was dependent on Syk. Syk-mediated signaling regulates NO production at least partly via activating the MAPK cascade. Understanding the role of Syk in airway EC may help in developing new therapeutic tools for inflammatory lung disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Heijink IH, Van Oosterhout AJM. Strategies for targeting T-cells in allergic diseases and asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:489-500. [PMID: 16814862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T helper (Th) 2 lymphocytes play a crucial role in the initiation, progression and persistence of allergic diseases, including asthma. Drugs that interfere with the activation of T-cells or more selectively Th2-specific signaling molecules and drugs that prevent the selective migration into lung tissue are promising novel strategies for the treatment of allergic asthma. Although the mainstay asthma therapy of inhaled glucocorticoids is rather effective, targeting Th2 cells may be an important alternative in childhood. Regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) have a physiological role in protection of unwanted immune responses to auto-antigens and allergens. Literature data indicate that an imbalance between Th2 and Treg cells may underlie development and disease expression of allergic asthma. Drugs or immunotherapies that stimulate these counter-Treg cells may limit aberrant Th2 responses leading to suppression of symptoms. Furthermore, these types of treatments may offer the perspective of disease modification and long-term relief of symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I H Heijink
- Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen University, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Duta F, Ulanova M, Seidel D, Puttagunta L, Musat-Marcu S, Harrod KS, Schreiber AD, Steinhoff U, Befus AD. Differential expression of spleen tyrosine kinase Syk isoforms in tissues: effects of the microbial flora. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 126:495-505. [PMID: 16708245 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is expressed widely in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. The widespread distribution of Syk and its involvement in host defense and allergic reactions, prompted us analyze the influence of microbial exposure on Syk expression. We compared the distribution of Syk in various tissues of germ-free and conventional mice using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and real time RT-PCR. Total Syk expression was similar between germ-free and conventional mice. Since it has been claimed that Syk isoforms are differentially expressed, we studied the distribution and abundance of Syk (L) and Syk (S) isoforms in tissues from these mice. In contrast to previous reports, we found broad tissue expression of Syk (S). Interestingly, in germ-free mice the amount of Syk (S) but not Syk L protein was selectively increased in lung and spleen. In summary, our study reveals new and broad tissue expression of both Syk isoforms and demonstrates that lack of microbial flora results in selectively increased expression of Syk (S) isoform in lung and spleen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Duta
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|