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Spohrs J, Kühnle V, Mikusky D, Sanhüter N, Macchia A, Nickel S, Abler B. Plasma Endocannabinoid Levels in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Healthy Controls. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17452. [PMID: 38139281 PMCID: PMC10743563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder and presents a complex therapeutic challenge due to limited treatment modalities. Recent focus has converged on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a prospective modulator of psychopathological processes in BPD. To address this hypothesis, we analysed plasma endocannabinoid concentrations, specifically anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in a cohort of 49 female BPD patients and 32 matched healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we examined the effect of the FAAH polymorphism rs324420 and correlates with psychopathology. The results indicate heightened AEA levels and, by trend, augmented 2-AG levels within the patient group, as compared to the HC group. Significant between group differences in AEA levels were evident in the CC genotype (FAAH_rs324420) but not in A-allele carriers while the commonly observed difference in AEA levels between A-allele carriers as compared to the CC genotype was not evident in patients. An effect of genotype was found with higher ratings of depression (Beck's depression inventory, BDI-II) in the CC genotype compared to A-allele carriers (FAAH_rs32442), particularly in the patients. Significant alterations in AEA (and by trend in 2-AG) in patients with BPD may relate to compensatory ECS activity. The finding that the effect is most pronounced in CC homozygotes, might point towards a countermeasure to balance physiologically lower baseline AEA levels. The findings warrant further research to develop potentially beneficial psychopharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Spohrs
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology, Military Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Valentin Kühnle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.K.); (D.M.); (N.S.); (A.M.); (S.N.)
| | - David Mikusky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.K.); (D.M.); (N.S.); (A.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Niklas Sanhüter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.K.); (D.M.); (N.S.); (A.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Ana Macchia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.K.); (D.M.); (N.S.); (A.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Sandra Nickel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.K.); (D.M.); (N.S.); (A.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Birgit Abler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.K.); (D.M.); (N.S.); (A.M.); (S.N.)
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2
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Mikaeili H, Habib AM, Yeung CWL, Santana-Varela S, Luiz AP, Panteleeva K, Zuberi S, Athanasiou-Fragkouli A, Houlden H, Wood JN, Okorokov AL, Cox JJ. Molecular basis of FAAH-OUT-associated human pain insensitivity. Brain 2023; 146:3851-3865. [PMID: 37222214 PMCID: PMC10473560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide and new treatments are needed urgently. One way to identify novel analgesic strategies is to understand the biological dysfunctions that lead to human inherited pain insensitivity disorders. Here we report how the recently discovered brain and dorsal root ganglia-expressed FAAH-OUT long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) gene, which was found from studying a pain-insensitive patient with reduced anxiety and fast wound healing, regulates the adjacent key endocannabinoid system gene FAAH, which encodes the anandamide-degrading fatty acid amide hydrolase enzyme. We demonstrate that the disruption in FAAH-OUT lncRNA transcription leads to DNMT1-dependent DNA methylation within the FAAH promoter. In addition, FAAH-OUT contains a conserved regulatory element, FAAH-AMP, that acts as an enhancer for FAAH expression. Furthermore, using transcriptomic analyses in patient-derived cells we have uncovered a network of genes that are dysregulated from disruption of the FAAH-FAAH-OUT axis, thus providing a coherent mechanistic basis to understand the human phenotype observed. Given that FAAH is a potential target for the treatment of pain, anxiety, depression and other neurological disorders, this new understanding of the regulatory role of the FAAH-OUT gene provides a platform for the development of future gene and small molecule therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Mikaeili
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Abdella M Habib
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Charlix Wai-Lok Yeung
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sonia Santana-Varela
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana P Luiz
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kseniia Panteleeva
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sana Zuberi
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrei L Okorokov
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Fezza F, Mastrangelo N, Maccarrone M. Radiometric Assay of NAPE-PLD Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:225-232. [PMID: 36152190 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is a prominent enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acid amides, a family of bioactive lipids including anandamide as the prototypical member. Here, we describe a NAPE-PLD assay based on radioactive substrates and product separation by thin layer chromatography (TLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolina Mastrangelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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4
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Telch MJ, Fischer CM, Zaizar ED, Rubin M, Papini S. Use of Cannabidiol (CBD) oil in the treatment of PTSD: Study design and rationale for a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 122:106933. [PMID: 36154908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of illness for PTSD is staggering and confers significant interference in work, social functioning, as well as increased risk for other physical and mental health problems. Recently, there's been considerable attention paid to the potential therapeutic use of cannabidiol (CBD) products in the treatment of a variety of physical and mental health problems. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a logical therapeutic target for combating PTSD and other fear-based disorders given that cannabinoid receptors and other molecular mediators crucial for ECS signaling are richly expressed in a variety of brain regions that govern the regulation of learned fear and defensive behavior. METHODS This is an 8-week single-site Phase II randomized double-blind placebo-controlled fixed dose clinical trial. Participants recruited throughout the United States (N = 150) meeting DSM-5 criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder are randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: (a) 300 mg CBD Isolate; (b) 300 mg CBD Broad Spectrum; and (c) Placebo oil. The primary outcome is PTSD symptom severity as indexed by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) assessed at post treatment (Week 9) and follow-up (Week 13). Secondary outcomes including patient-rated depression, overall disability, anxiety, quality of life, and alcohol use are assessed weekly throughout the trial. Safety and CBD adherence are assessed daily throughout the trial. CONCLUSION This is the first placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating (a) CBD for the treatment of PTSD; and (b) the first study to test the relative efficacy of CBD Isolate vs CBD Broad Spectrum. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registered (12/12/2019), trial identifier NCT04197102. PROTOCOL VERSION issued 08/04/2022, protocol amendment number #2019-05-0123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Telch
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States; Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| | - Caitlin M Fischer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States; Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Eric D Zaizar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States; Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Mikael Rubin
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, United States
| | - Santiago Papini
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, United States
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Zaizar ED, Papini S, O'Connor P, Telch MJ. Impact of cannabidiol-rich hemp extract oil on reconsolidation disruption of naturalistic interoceptive aversive memory in humans: Protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 119:106847. [PMID: 35811050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical experiments with rodents demonstrate that cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotomimetic constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, disrupts reconsolidation of aversive memories conditioned in the laboratory when administered within the memory reconsolidation window (< 6 h. post-retrieval) by indirectly activating cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). Based on these findings, we aim to test whether administration of 300 mg CBD-rich hemp extract oil following fear reactivation of an aversive interoceptive threat memory can disrupt reconsolidation of naturalistic aversive memories in humans. More specifically, naturalistic interoceptive aversive memories, a form of transdiagnostic fear memory that contributes to the pathogenesis of fear-related disorders such as panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and illness anxiety disorder. METHODS For this proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled double-blind trial, volunteers (n = 99) reporting elevated fears of somatic sensations will be stratified on biological sex and randomized to one of three intervention arms: (a). CBD-rich oil administered within the reconsolidation window, (b) Placebo oil administered within the reconsolidation window; or (c) CBD-rich oil administered outside of the reconsolidation window. Change in emotional reactivity to a 35% CO2 challenge from baseline to two-week follow-up will serve as our primary outcome. CONCLUSION Study findings may contribute towards the development of a novel brief transdiagnostic intervention guided by reconsolidation theory for individuals prone to fear-related psychiatric disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04726475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Zaizar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, USA; Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Santiago Papini
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, USA
| | - Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Michael J Telch
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, USA; Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
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6
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Lipiński PFJ, Matalińska J. Fentanyl Structure as a Scaffold for Opioid/Non-Opioid Multitarget Analgesics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052766. [PMID: 35269909 PMCID: PMC8910985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies in the search for safe and effective analgesic drugs is the design of multitarget analgesics. Such compounds are intended to have high affinity and activity at more than one molecular target involved in pain modulation. In the present contribution we summarize the attempts in which fentanyl or its substructures were used as a μ-opioid receptor pharmacophoric fragment and a scaffold to which fragments related to non-opioid receptors were attached. The non-opioid ‘second’ targets included proteins as diverse as imidazoline I2 binding sites, CB1 cannabinoid receptor, NK1 tachykinin receptor, D2 dopamine receptor, cyclooxygenases, fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase and σ1 receptor. Reviewing the individual attempts, we outline the chemistry, the obtained pharmacological properties and structure-activity relationships. Finally, we discuss the possible directions for future work.
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Hou L, Rong J, Haider A, Ogasawara D, Varlow C, Schafroth MA, Mu L, Gan J, Xu H, Fowler CJ, Zhang MR, Vasdev N, Ametamey S, Cravatt BF, Wang L, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Endocannabinoid System: Opportunities and Challenges in Radiotracer Development. J Med Chem 2020; 64:123-149. [PMID: 33379862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in a wide range of biological functions and comprises cannabinoid receptors and enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. Over the past 2 decades, significant advances toward developing drugs and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting different components of the ECS have been made. Herein, we summarized the recent development of PET tracers for imaging cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R) as well as the key enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), particularly focusing on PET neuroimaging applications. State-of-the-art PET tracers for the ECS will be reviewed including their chemical design, pharmacological properties, radiolabeling, as well as preclinical and human PET imaging. In addition, this review addresses the current challenges for ECS PET biomarker development and highlights the important role of PET ligands to study disease pathophysiology as well as to facilitate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiefeng Gan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry/Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, SR107, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Criscuolo E, De Sciscio ML, Fezza F, Maccarrone M. In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Major Cannabis-Derived Compounds as Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010048. [PMID: 33374180 PMCID: PMC7795171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that enhancing the endocannabinoid (eCB) tone, in particular of anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), has therapeutic potential in many human diseases. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane-bound enzyme principally responsible for the degradation of AEA, and thus it represents a relevant target to increase signaling thereof. In recent years, different synthetic and natural compounds have been developed and tested on rat FAAH, but little is known of their effect on the human enzyme. Here, we sought to investigate six major cannabis-derived compounds to compare their action on rat and human FAAHs. To this aim, we combined an in silico analysis of their binding mode and affinity, with in vitro assays of their effect on enzyme activity. This integrated approach allowed to disclose differences in efficacy towards rat and human FAAHs, and to highlight the role of key residues involved in the inhibition of both enzymes. This study suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of compounds targeted towards FAAH should be always tested in vitro on both rat and human enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Criscuolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00121 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Laura De Sciscio
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00121 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio snc, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 54, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (M.M.)
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Galaj E, Xi ZX. Possible Receptor Mechanisms Underlying Cannabidiol Effects on Addictive-like Behaviors in Experimental Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010134. [PMID: 33374481 PMCID: PMC7795330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a serious public health problem worldwide for which available treatments show limited effectiveness. Since the legalization of cannabis and the approval of cannabidiol (CBD) by the US Food and Drug Administration, therapeutic potential of CBD for the treatment of SUDs and other diseases has been widely explored. In this mini-review article, we first review the history and evidence supporting CBD as a potential pharmacotherapeutic. We then focus on recent progress in preclinical research regarding the pharmacological efficacy of CBD and the underlying receptor mechanisms on addictive-like behavior. Growing evidence indicates that CBD has therapeutic potential in reducing drug reward, as assessed in intravenous drug self-administration, conditioned place preference and intracranial brain-stimulation reward paradigms. In addition, CBD is effective in reducing relapse in experimental animals. Both in vivo and in vitro receptor mechanism studies indicate that CBD may act as a negative allosteric modulator of type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor and an agonist of type 2 cannabinoid (CB2), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. Through these multiple-receptor mechanisms, CBD is believed to modulate brain dopamine in response to drugs of abuse, leading to attenuation of drug-taking and drug-seeking behavior. While these findings suggest that CBD is a promising therapeutic candidate, further investigation is required to verify its safety, pharmacological efficacy and the underlying receptor mechanisms in both experimental animals and humans.
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10
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Fazio D, Criscuolo E, Piccoli A, Barboni B, Fezza F, Maccarrone M. Advances in the discovery of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: what does the future hold? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:765-778. [PMID: 32292082 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1751118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane-bound enzyme, that inactivates endogenous signaling lipids of the fatty acid amide family, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA). The latter compound has been shown to regulate a number of important pathophysiological conditions in humans, like feeding, obesity, immune response, reproductive events, motor coordination, and neurological disorders. Hence, direct manipulation of the endocannabinoid tone is thought to have therapeutic potential. A new opportunity to develop effective drugs may arise from multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) strategies, which brings the concept that a single compound can recognize different targets involved in the cascade of pathophysiological events. AREAS COVERED This review reports the latest advances in the development of new single targeted and dual-targeted FAAH inhibitors over the past 5 years. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, several FAAH inhibitors have been synthesized and investigated, yet to date none of them has reached the market as a systemic drug. Due to the diligence of inherent redundancy and robustness in many biological networks and pathways, multitarget inhibitors present a new prospect in the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Fazio
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Criscuolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccoli
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
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11
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Han P, Mao ZY, Li M, Si CM, Wei BG, Lin GQ. Synthesis of Amide Enol Carbamates and Carbonates through Cu(OTf)2-Catalyzed Reactions of Ynamides with t-Butyl Carbamates/Carbonates. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4740-4752. [PMID: 32162916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Han
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, 1 Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Mao
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-Mei Si
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Wilt SR, Rodriguez M, Le TNH, Baltodano EV, Salas A, Pecic S. Design, microwave-assisted synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of 4-phenylthiazoles as potent fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 95:534-547. [PMID: 32061147 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are endogenous lipids that activate cannabinoid receptors. Activation of these receptors produces anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane enzyme that hydrolases endocannabinoids; thus, inhibition of FAAH represents an attractive approach to develop new therapeutics for treating inflammation and pain. Previously, potent rat FAAH inhibitors containing 2-naphthyl- and 4-phenylthiazole scaffolds were identified, but up to the present time, very little structure-activity relationship studies have been performed on these moieties. We designed and synthesized several analogs containing these structural motifs and evaluated their inhibition potencies against human FAAH enzyme. In addition, we built and validated a homology model of human FAAH enzyme and performed docking experiments. We identified several inhibitors in the low nanomolar range and calculated their ADME predicted values. These FAAH inhibitors represent promising drug candidates for future preclinical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Wilt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Mark Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Thanh N H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Emily V Baltodano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Salas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
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13
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Dainese E, Oddi S, Simonetti M, Sabatucci A, Angelucci CB, Ballone A, Dufrusine B, Fezza F, De Fabritiis G, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid hydrolase FAAH is an allosteric enzyme. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2292. [PMID: 32041998 PMCID: PMC7010751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane-bound homodimeric enzyme that in vivo controls content and biological activity of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and other relevant bioactive lipids termed endocannabinoids. Parallel orientation of FAAH monomers likely allows both subunits to simultaneously recruit and cleave substrates. Here, we show full inhibition of human and rat FAAH by means of enzyme inhibitors used at a homodimer:inhibitor stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, implying that occupation of only one of the two active sites of FAAH is enough to fully block catalysis. Single W445Y substitution in rat FAAH displayed the same activity as the wild-type, but failed to show full inhibition at the homodimer:inhibitor 1:1 ratio. Instead, F432A mutant exhibited reduced specific activity but was fully inhibited at the homodimer:inhibitor 1:1 ratio. Kinetic analysis of AEA hydrolysis by rat FAAH and its F432A mutant demonstrated a Hill coefficient of ~1.6, that instead was ~1.0 in the W445Y mutant. Of note, also human FAAH catalysed an allosteric hydrolysis of AEA, showing a Hill coefficient of ~1.9. Taken together, this study demonstrates an unprecedented allosterism of FAAH, and represents a case of communication between two enzyme subunits seemingly controlled by a single amino acid (W445) at the dimer interface. In the light of extensive attempts and subsequent failures over the last decade to develop effective drugs for human therapy, these findings pave the way to the rationale design of new molecules that, by acting as positive or negative heterotropic effectors of FAAH, may control more efficiently its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Dainese
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Monica Simonetti
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalaura Sabatucci
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Alice Ballone
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University of Pompeu Fabra and Icrea, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatrice Dufrusine
- Faculty of Biosciences, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni De Fabritiis
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University of Pompeu Fabra and Icrea, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Medicine - Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Tripathi RKP. A perspective review on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:111953. [PMID: 31945644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an important enzyme creditworthy of hydrolyzing endocannabinoids and related-amidated signalling lipids, discovery of which has pioneered novel arena of pharmacological canvasses to unwrap its curative potency in various diseased circumstances. It presents contemporary basis for understanding molecules regulating and mediating inflammatory reactions, pain, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. FAAH inhibitors form vital approach for discovery of therapeutic agents that are concerned with local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, debarring adverse/unwanted secondary effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetics. During past decades, several molecules with excellent potency developed through tailor-made approaches entered into clinical trials, but none could reach market. Hence, hunt for novel, non-toxic and selective FAAH inhibitors are on horizon. This review summarizes present perception on FAAH in conjunction with its structure, mechanism of catalysis and biological functions. It also foregrounds recent development of molecules belonging to diverse chemical classes as potential FAAH inhibitors bobbing up from in-depth chemical, mechanistic and computational studies published since 2015-November 2019, focusing on their potency. This review will assist readers to obtain rationale on FAAH as potential target for addressing various disease conditions, acquiring significant knowledge on recently established inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials. New technologies including MD-MM simulations and 3D-QSAR studies allow mechanistic characterization of enzyme. Assessment of in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of existing FAAH inhibitors will facilitate researchers to design novel ligands utilizing modern drug design methods. The discussions will also impose precaution in decision making process, quashing possibility of late stage failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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15
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Lamani M, Malamas MS, Farah SI, Shukla VG, Almeida MF, Weerts CM, Anderson J, Wood JT, Farizatto KLG, Bahr BA, Makriyannis A. Piperidine and piperazine inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase targeting excitotoxic pathology. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115096. [PMID: 31629610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FAAH inhibitors offer safety advantages by augmenting the anandamide levels "on demand" to promote neuroprotective mechanisms without the adverse psychotropic effects usually seen with direct and chronic activation of the CB1 receptor. FAAH is an enzyme implicated in the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), which is a partial agonist of the CB1 receptor. Herein, we report the discovery of a new series of highly potent and selective carbamate FAAH inhibitors and their evaluation for neuroprotection. The new inhibitors showed potent nanomolar inhibitory activity against human recombinant and purified rat FAAH, were selective (>1000-fold) against serine hydrolases MGL and ABHD6 and lacked any affinity for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Evaluation of FAAH inhibitors 9 and 31 using the in vitro competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) assay confirmed that both inhibitors were highly selective for FAAH in the brain, since none of the other FP-reactive serine hydrolases in this tissue were inhibited by these agents. Our design strategy followed a traditional SAR approach and was supported by molecular modeling studies based on known FAAH cocrystal structures. To rationally design new molecules that are irreversibly bound to FAAH, we have constructed "precovalent" FAAH-ligand complexes to identify good binding geometries of the ligands within the binding pocket of FAAH and then calculated covalent docking poses to select compounds for synthesis. FAAH inhibitors 9 and 31 were evaluated for neuroprotection in rat hippocampal slice cultures. In the brain tissue, both inhibitors displayed protection against synaptic deterioration produced by kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity. Thus, the resultant compounds produced through rational design are providing early leads for developing therapeutics against seizure-related damage associated with a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Lamani
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael S Malamas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Shrouq I Farah
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vidyanand G Shukla
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael F Almeida
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Catherine M Weerts
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joseph Anderson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - JodiAnne T Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karen L G Farizatto
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
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16
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Ney LJ, Matthews A, Bruno R, Felmingham KL. Cannabinoid interventions for PTSD: Where to next? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:124-140. [PMID: 30946942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a promising method for pharmacological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite considerable research devoted to the effect of cannabinoid modulation on PTSD symptomology, there is not a currently agreed way by which the cannabinoid system should be targeted in humans. In this review, we present an overview of recent research identifying neurological pathways by which different cannabinoid-based treatments may exert their effects on PTSD symptomology. We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each of these different approaches, including recent challenges presented to favourable options such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. This article makes the strengths and challenges of different potential cannabinoid treatments accessible to psychological researchers interested in cannabinoid therapeutics and aims to aid selection of appropriate tools for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Ney
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anxiety- and trauma-related disorders are prevalent and debilitating mental illnesses associated with a significant socioeconomic burden. Current treatment approaches often have inadequate therapeutic responses, leading to symptom relapse. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical findings on the potential of cannabinoids as novel therapeutics for regulating fear and anxiety. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence from preclinical studies has shown that the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and the endocannabinoid anandamide have acute anxiolytic effects and also regulate learned fear by dampening its expression, enhancing its extinction and disrupting its reconsolidation. The findings from the relevant clinical literature are still very preliminary but are nonetheless encouraging. Based on this preclinical evidence, larger-scale placebo-controlled clinical studies are warranted to investigate the effects of cannabidiol in particular as an adjunct to psychological therapy or medication to determine its potential utility for treating anxiety-related disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni P. Papagianni
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Carl W. Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
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18
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Dato FM, Sheikh M, Uhl RZ, Schüller AW, Steinkrüger M, Koch P, Neudörfl JM, Gütschow M, Goldfuss B, Pietsch M. ω-Phthalimidoalkyl Aryl Ureas as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cholesterol Esterase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1833-1847. [PMID: 30004170 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase (CEase), a serine hydrolase thought to be involved in atherogenesis and thus coronary heart disease, is considered as a target for inhibitor development. We investigated recombinant human and murine CEases with a new fluorometric assay in a structure-activity relationship study of a small library of ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas. The urea motif with an attached 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group and the aromatic character of the ω-phthalimide residue were most important for inhibitory activity. In addition, an alkyl chain composed of three or four methylene groups, connecting the urea and phthalimide moieties, was found to be an optimal spacer for inhibitors. The so-optimized compounds 2 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)urea] and 21 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)urea] exhibited dissociation constants (Ki ) of 1-19 μm on the two CEases and showed either a competitive (2 on the human enzyme and 21 on the murine enzyme) or a noncompetitive mode of inhibition. Two related serine hydrolases-monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase-were inhibited by ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Dato
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Sheikh
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rocky Z Uhl
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra W Schüller
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Steinkrüger
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Reexamining Dis/Similarity-Based Tests for Rare-Variant Association with Case-Control Samples. Genetics 2018; 209:105-113. [PMID: 29545466 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A properly designed distance-based measure can capture informative genetic differences among individuals with different phenotypes and can be used to detect variants responsible for the phenotypes. To detect associated variants, various tests have been designed to contrast genetic dissimilarity or similarity scores of certain subject groups in different ways, among which the most widely used strategy is to quantify the difference between the within-group genetic dissimilarity/similarity (i.e., case-case and control-control similarities) and the between-group dissimilarity/similarity (i.e., case-control similarities). While it has been noted that for common variants, the within-group and the between-group measures should all be included; in this work, we show that for rare variants, comparison based on the two within-group measures can more effectively quantify the genetic difference between cases and controls. The between-group measure tends to overlap with one of the two within-group measures for rare variants, although such overlap is not present for common variants. Consequently, a dissimilarity or similarity test that includes the between-group information tends to attenuate the association signals and leads to power loss. Based on these findings, we propose a dissimilarity test that compares the degree of SNP dissimilarity within cases to that within controls to better characterize the difference between two disease phenotypes. We provide the statistical properties, asymptotic distribution, and computation details for a small sample size of the proposed test. We use simulated and real sequence data to assess the performance of the proposed test, comparing it with other rare-variant methods including those similarity-based tests that use both within-group and between-group information. As similarity-based approaches serve as one of the dominating approaches in rare-variant analysis, our results provide some insight for the effective detection of rare variants.
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20
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Sloan ME, Gowin JL, Yan J, Schwandt ML, Spagnolo PA, Sun H, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Ramchandani VA. Severity of alcohol dependence is associated with the fatty acid amide hydrolase Pro129Thr missense variant. Addict Biol 2018; 23:474-484. [PMID: 28150397 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in reward and addiction. One of the two main endocannabinoid neurotransmitters, anandamide, is metabolized by fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme with a functional genetic polymorphism (FAAH Pro129Thr, rs324420). The Thr129 allele has been linked to problem drug and alcohol use, but the association has not been widely replicated and may be stronger for clinical measures of severity rather than categorical diagnosis. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the Thr129 allele was associated with both alcohol dependence (AD) diagnosis and severity in a sample of 1434 European American and African American individuals, 952 of whom were diagnosed with lifetime AD. Participants were genotyped for FAAH rs324420, and ancestry was determined via a genome-wide panel of ancestry informative markers. Subjects participated in Structured Clinical Interviews for psychiatric disorders and 90-day Timeline Followback interviews to assess recent alcohol use. European American participants with current AD had a higher Thr129 allele frequency than non-dependent controls. In European Americans with lifetime AD, there were significantly different distributions of drinking days and binge drinking days between the two genotype groups, with Thr129 carriers reporting a median of 10 fewer abstinent days and 13 more binge drinking days than Pro129/Pro129 homozygotes. In African American participants, there were no significant differences between Thr129 allele frequency in cases and controls and no significant differences in measures of AD severity by genotype. These findings provide evidence that the Pro129Thr missense variant is associated with AD severity in European Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Sloan
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Joshua L. Gowin
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Jia Yan
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Melanie L. Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Primavera A. Spagnolo
- Office of the Clinical Director; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Office of the Clinical Director; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Rockville MD USA
| | - David Goldman
- Office of the Clinical Director; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Rockville MD USA
| | - Vijay A. Ramchandani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
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21
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Fulmer ML, Thewke DP. The Endocannabinoid System and Heart Disease: The Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2018; 18:34-51. [PMID: 29412125 PMCID: PMC6020134 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180206161457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research has provided evidence for the role of the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease. This versatile system, consisting of two receptors (CB1 and CB2), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and metabolic enzymes has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states, ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. CB2 has gained much interest for its beneficial immunomodulatory role that can be obtained without eliciting psychotropic effects through CB1. Recent studies have shed light on a protective role of CB2 in cardiovascular disease, an ailment which currently takes more lives each year in Western countries than any other disease or injury. By use of CB2 knockout mice and CB2-selective ligands, knowledge of how CB2 signaling affects atherosclerosis and ischemia has been acquired, providing a major stepping stone between basic science and translational clinical research. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the endocannabinoid system in human pathologies and provide a review of the results from preclinical studies examining its function in cardiovascular disease, with a particular emphasis on possible CB2-targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie L. Fulmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Douglas P. Thewke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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22
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Maccarrone M. Metabolism of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide: Open Questions after 25 Years. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:166. [PMID: 28611591 PMCID: PMC5447297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis extracts have been used for centuries, but its main active principle ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was identified about 50 years ago. Yet, it is only 25 years ago that the first endogenous ligand of the same receptors engaged by the cannabis agents was discovered. This “endocannabinoid (eCB)” was identified as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (or anandamide (AEA)), and was shown to have several receptors, metabolic enzymes and transporters that altogether drive its biological activity. Here I report on the latest advances about AEA metabolism, with the aim of focusing open questions still awaiting an answer for a deeper understanding of AEA activity, and for translating AEA-based drugs into novel therapeutics for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of RomeRome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
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23
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Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of FAAH Inhibitor V158866: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Study in Healthy Volunteers. Drugs R D 2017; 16:181-91. [PMID: 26987975 PMCID: PMC4875922 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-016-0127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase 1 (FAAH) has been proposed as a novel mechanism for treating pain syndromes by increasing the levels of endogenous cannabinoids (ECs). This study describes the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of V158866, a reversible FAAH inhibitor, after first administration to man. METHODS 51 healthy male subjects were recruited into this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, adaptive dose, phase I single (Part A) and repeated ascending dose (Part B) study. The primary outcome was the safety and tolerability of V158866. Secondary outcomes were (1) pharmacokinetics of V158866 and (2) pharmacodynamics of V158866, as assessed by changes in plasma EC concentrations. RESULTS Single oral doses of 5-300 mg and repeated oral doses of 50-500 mg were evaluated. V158866 was well tolerated, with no apparent treatment-related effects on laboratory variables. V158866 was rapidly absorbed with a mean terminal elimination half-life of 9.6-18.3 h (Day 7; Part B). V158866 reached steady state within 2-3 days of administration, with an accumulation ratio, based on AUC0-24h, of approximately 2 on Day 7. V158866 showed a linear relationship between dose and AUC across the entire dose range. V158866 caused reversible, dose-related increases in plasma ECs. At hemi-equilibrium, there was a sigmoidal maximum effect relationship between plasma V158866 concentrations and changes in plasma ECs. CONCLUSIONS V158866 is well tolerated, with linear pharmacokinetics suitable for once-daily administration, and reversible effects on plasma ECs. Maximum increases in plasma ECs occur with V158866 doses of 300-500 mg/day.
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24
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Hasenoehrl C, Storr M, Schicho R. Cannabinoids for treating inflammatory bowel diseases: where are we and where do we go? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:329-337. [PMID: 28276820 PMCID: PMC5388177 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1292851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years after the discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the psychoactive component of Cannabis, we are assessing the possibility of translating this herb into clinical treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Here, a discussion on the problems associated with a potential treatment is given. From first surveys and small clinical studies in patients with IBD we have learned that Cannabis is frequently used to alleviate diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. Single ingredients from Cannabis, such as THC and cannabidiol, commonly described as cannabinoids, are responsible for these effects. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists are also termed cannabinoids, some of which, like dronabinol and nabilone, are already available with a narcotic prescription. Areas covered: Recent data on the effects of Cannabis/cannabinoids in experimental models of IBD and in clinical trials with IBD patients have been reviewed using a PubMed database search. A short background on the endocannabinoid system is also provided. Expert commentary: Cannabinoids could be helpful for certain symptoms of IBD, but there is still a lack of clinical studies to prove efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoid-based medication for IBD patients, leaving medical professionals without evidence and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany,CONTACT Martin Storr Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich81377, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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25
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Dahlhaus H, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. (Indolylalkyl)piperidine carbamates as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:616-620. [PMID: 30108777 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00683c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenyl 4-[(indol-1-yl)alkyl]piperidine carbamates was synthesized and tested for inhibition of the endocannabinoid degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and for metabolic stability in rat liver S9 fractions and porcine blood plasma. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that variation of the length of the alkyl spacer connecting the indole and the piperidine heterocycle, introduction of substituents into the indole ring, replacement of the piperidine by a piperazine scaffold as well as opening of the piperidine ring system affect activity significantly. The metabolic stability of this compound class proved to be significantly higher than that of corresponding phenyl N-(indol-1-ylalkyl)carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Dahlhaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , University of Münster , Corrensstrasse 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 (251) 8333331
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , University of Münster , Corrensstrasse 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 (251) 8333331
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , University of Münster , Corrensstrasse 48 , D-48149 Münster , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 (251) 8333331
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26
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Okkerse P, van Amerongen G, de Kam ML, Stevens J, Butt RP, Gurrell R, Dahan A, van Gerven JM, Hay JL, Groeneveld GJ. The use of a battery of pain models to detect analgesic properties of compounds: a two-part four-way crossover study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:976-990. [PMID: 27862179 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to investigate the ability of a battery of pain models to detect analgesic properties of commonly used analgesics in healthy subjects. METHODS The battery consisted of tests eliciting electrical, mechanical and thermal (contact heat and cold pressor)-pain and included a UVB model, the thermal grill illusion and a paradigm of conditioned pain modulation. Subjects were administered fentanyl 3 μg kg-1 , phenytoin 300 mg, (S)-ketamine 10 mg and placebo (part I), or imipramine 100 mg, pregabalin 300 mg, ibuprofen 600 mg and placebo (part II). Pain measurements were performed at baseline and up to 10 h post-dose. Endpoints were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance. RESULTS Sixteen subjects (8 female) completed each part. The pain tolerance threshold (PTT) for electrical stimulation was increased (all P < 0.05) compared to placebo for (S)-ketamine (+10.1%), phenytoin (+8.5%) and pregabalin (+10.8%). The PTT for mechanical pain was increased by pregabalin (+14.1%). The cold pressor PTT was increased by fentanyl (+17.1%) and pregabalin (+46.4%). Normal skin heat pain detection threshold was increased by (S)-ketamine (+3.3%), fentanyl (+2.8%) and pregabalin (+4.1%). UVB treated skin pain detection threshold was increased by fentanyl (+2.6%) and ibuprofen (+4.0%). No differences in conditioned pain modulation were observed. CONCLUSION This study shows that these pain models are able to detect changes in pain thresholds after administration of different classes of analgesics in healthy subjects. The analgesic compounds all showed a unique profile in their effects on the pain tasks administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Okkerse
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jasper Stevens
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard P Butt
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Gurrell
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert Dahan
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Justin L Hay
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders continues to rise globally, yet remission rates and patient outcome remain less than ideal. As a result, novel treatment approaches for these disorders are necessary to decrease societal economic burden, as well as increase individual functioning. The recent discovery of the endocannabinoid system has provided an outlet for further research into its role in psychiatric disorders, because efficacy of targeted treatments have been demonstrated in medical illnesses, including cancers, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. The present review will investigate the role of the endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia, depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Controversy remains in prescribing medicinal cannabinoid treatments due to the fear of adverse effects. However, one must consider all potential limitations when determining the safety and tolerability of cannabinoid products, specifically cannabinoid content (ie, Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol vs cannabidiol) as well as study design. The potential efficacy of cannabinoid treatments in the psychiatric population is an emerging topic of interest that provides potential value going forward in medicine.
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28
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Zahov S, Garzinsky D, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. 1-Heteroarylpropan-2-ones as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: Studies on structure-activity relationships and metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:825-837. [PMID: 27989417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The serine hydrolase fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) catalyzes the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide, which possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. A new series of 1-heteroarylpropan-2-ones was synthesized and evaluated for FAAH inhibition. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that 1H-benzotriazol-1-yl, 1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-1-yl and 2H-tetrazol-2-yl substituents have the highest impact on inhibitory potency. Furthermore, attempts were made to increase the limited metabolic stability of the ketone functionality of these compounds towards metabolic reduction by introduction of shielding alkyl substituents in proximity of this serine reactive group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zahov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David Garzinsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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29
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Bilgin M, Born P, Fezza F, Heimes M, Mastrangelo N, Wagner N, Schultz C, Maccarrone M, Eaton S, Nadler A, Wilm M, Shevchenko A. Lipid Discovery by Combinatorial Screening and Untargeted LC-MS/MS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27920. [PMID: 27312775 PMCID: PMC4911551 DOI: 10.1038/srep27920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method for the systematic identification of picogram quantities of new lipids in total extracts of tissues and fluids. It relies on the modularity of lipid structures and applies all-ions fragmentation LC-MS/MS and Arcadiate software to recognize individual modules originating from the same lipid precursor of known or assumed structure. In this way it alleviates the need to recognize and fragment very low abundant precursors of novel molecules in complex lipid extracts. In a single analysis of rat kidney extract the method identified 58 known and discovered 74 novel endogenous endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related molecules, including a novel class of N-acylaspartates that inhibit Hedgehog signaling while having no impact on endocannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Bilgin
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Born
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Heimes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolina Mastrangelo
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome
| | - Nicolai Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilm
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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30
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Althaus J, Hake T, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. 1-(5-Carboxyindazol-1-yl)propan-2-ones as dual inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α and fatty acid amide hydrolase: bioisosteric replacement of the carboxylic acid moiety. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:131-140. [PMID: 27162011 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1178246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indazole-5-carboxylic acids with 3-aryloxy-2-oxopropyl residues in position 1 were previously reported to be potent dual inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In continuation of our structure-activity studies on cPLA2α and FAAH inhibitors, a number of derivatives of these substances characterized by bioisosteric replacement of the carboxylic acid functionality by inverse amides, sulfonylamides, carbamates and ureas were prepared. The biological evaluation of the obtained compounds showed that the carboxylic acid functionality of the lead compounds is of special importance for a pronounced inhibition of cPLA2α and FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Althaus
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Germany
| | - Theresa Hake
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Germany
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31
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Chen B, Ge SS, Zhao YC, Chen C, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling: an efficient approach to study serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the identification of serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yuan-Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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32
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Abstract
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is a prominent enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acid amides (FAAs), a family of bioactive lipids including anandamide (AEA) as the prototypical member. Here, we describe a NAPE-PLD assay based on radioactive substrates and product separation by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolina Mastrangelo
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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33
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Boileau I, Rusjan PM, Williams B, Mansouri E, Mizrahi R, De Luca V, Johnson DS, Wilson AA, Houle S, Kish SJ, Tong J. Blocking of fatty acid amide hydrolase activity with PF-04457845 in human brain: a positron emission tomography study with the novel radioligand [(11)C]CURB. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1827-35. [PMID: 26082009 PMCID: PMC4635238 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography with [(11)C]CURB was recently developed to quantify fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing the endocannabinoid anandamide. This study investigated the test-retest reliability of [(11)C]CURB as well as its in vivo specificity and the validity of the kinetic model by using the highly specific FAAH inhibitor, PF-04457845. Five healthy volunteers completed test-retest [(11)C]CURB scans 1 to 2 months apart and six subjects completed baseline and blocking scans on the same day after PF-04457845 (p.o.) administration (1, 4, or 20 mg; n=2 each). The composite parameter λk3 (an index of FAAH activity, λ=K1/k2) was estimated using an irreversible two-tissue compartment model with plasma input function. There were no clinically observable responses to oral PF-04457845 or [(11)C]CURB injection. Oral administration of PF-04457845 reduced [(11)C]CURB binding to a homogeneous level at all three doses, with λk3 values decreased by ⩾91%. Excellent reproducibility and good reliability (test-retest variability=9%; intraclass correlation coefficient=0.79) were observed across all regions of interest investigated. Our findings suggest that λk3/[(11)C]CURB is a reliable, highly sensitive, and selective tool to measure FAAH activity in human brain in vivo. Moreover, PF-04457845 is a highly potent FAAH inhibitor (>95% inhibition at 1 mg) in living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Human Brain Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Belinda Williams
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Human Brain Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Esmaeil Mansouri
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Human Brain Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas S Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Kish
- Human Brain Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Human Brain Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sadhasivam S, Zhang X, Chidambaran V, Mavi J, Pilipenko V, Mersha TB, Meller J, Kaufman KM, Martin LJ, McAuliffe J. Novel associations between FAAH genetic variants and postoperative central opioid-related adverse effects. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:436-42. [PMID: 25558980 PMCID: PMC4492912 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Opioid effects are potentiated by cannabinoid agonists including anandamide, an endocannabinoid. Inter-individual variability in responses to opioids is a major clinical problem. Multiple deaths and anoxic brain injuries occur every year because of opioid-induced respiratory depression (RD) in surgical patients and drug abusers of opioids and cannabinoids. This study aimed to determine specific associations between genetic variants of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and postoperative central opioid adverse effects in children undergoing tonsillectomy. This is a prospective genotype-blinded observational study in which 259 healthy children between 6 and 15 years of age who received standard perioperative care with a standard anesthetic and an intraoperative dose of morphine were enrolled. Associations between frequent polymorphisms of FAAH and central postoperative opioid adverse effects including, RD, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and prolonged stay in Post Anesthesia Recovery Room (postoperative anesthesia care unit, PACU) due to RD and PONV were analyzed. Five specific FAAH single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had significant associations with more than twofold increased risk for refractory PONV (adjusted P<0.0018), and nominal associations (P<0.05) with RD and prolonged PACU stay in white children undergoing tonsillectomy. The FAAH SNP, rs324420, is a missense mutation with altered FAAH function and it is linked with other FAAH SNPs associated with PONV and RD in our cohort; association between PONV and rs324420 was confirmed in our extended cohort with additional 66 white children. Specific FAAH polymorphisms are associated with refractory PONV, opioid-related RD, and prolonged PACU stay due to opioid adverse effects in white children undergoing tonsillectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vidya Chidambaran
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jagroop Mavi
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Valentina Pilipenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tesfaye B. Mersha
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Meller
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Bioinformatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John McAuliffe
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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35
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Lodola A, Castelli R, Mor M, Rivara S. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: a patent review (2009-2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1247-66. [PMID: 26413912 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1067683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide. FAAH inactivation is emerging as a strategy to treat several CNS and peripheral diseases, including inflammation and pain. The search for effective FAAH inhibitors has thus become a key focus in present drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Patents and patent applications published from 2009 to 2014 in which novel chemical classes are claimed to inhibit FAAH. EXPERT OPINION FAAH is a promising target for treating many disease conditions including pain, inflammation and mood disorders. In the last few years, remarkable efforts have been made to develop new FAAH inhibitors (either reversible and irreversible) characterized by excellent potency and selectivity, to complete the arsenal of tools for modulating FAAH activity. The failure of PF-04457845 in a Phase II study on osteoarthritis pain has not flattened the interest in FAAH inhibitors. New clinical trials on 'classical' FAAH inhibitors are now ongoing, and new strategies based on compounds with peculiar in vivo distribution (e.g., peripheral) or with multiple pharmacological activities (e.g., FAAH and COX) are under investigation and could boost the therapeutic potential of this class in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lodola
- a 1 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castelli
- b 2 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- c 3 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy +39 0521 905059 ; +39 0521 905006 ;
| | - Silvia Rivara
- a 1 Università degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Farmacia , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma, Italy
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36
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Omega-3 PUFAs Lower the Propensity for Arachidonic Acid Cascade Overreactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:285135. [PMID: 26301244 PMCID: PMC4537720 DOI: 10.1155/2015/285135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A productive view of the benefits from omega-3 (n-3) nutrients is that the dietary essential omega-6 (n-6) linoleic acid has a very narrow therapeutic window which is widened by n-3 nutrients. The benefit from moderate physiological actions of the arachidonic acid cascade can easily shift to harm from excessive pathophysiological actions. Recognizing the factors that predispose the cascade to an unwanted overactivity gives a rational approach for arranging beneficial interactions between the n-3 and n-6 essential nutrients that are initial components of the cascade. Much detailed evidence for harmful cascade actions was collected by pharmaceutical companies as they developed drugs to decrease those actions. A remaining challenge is to understand the factors that predispose the cascade toward unwanted outcomes and create the need for therapeutic interventions. Such understanding involves recognizing the similar dynamics for dietary n-3 and n-6 nutrients in forming the immediate precursors of the cascade plus the more vigorous actions of the n-6 precursor, arachidonic acid, in forming potent mediators that amplify unwanted cascade outcomes. Tools have been developed to aid deliberate day-to-day quantitative management of the propensity for cascade overactivity in ways that can decrease the need for drug treatments.
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Sundermann T, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. Structure-activity relationship studies on 1-heteroaryl-3-phenoxypropan-2-ones acting as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α and fatty acid amide hydrolase: replacement of the activated ketone group by other serine traps. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:653-63. [PMID: 26153239 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1057721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are serine hydrolases. cPLA2α is involved in the generation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, FAAH terminates the anti-inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids. Therefore, inhibitors of these enzymes may represent new drug candidates for the treatment of inflammation. We have reported that certain 1-heteroarylpropan-2-ones are potent inhibitors of cPLA2α and FAAH. The serine reactive ketone group of these compounds, which is crucial for enzyme inhibition, is readily metabolized resulting in inactive alcohol derivatives. In order to obtain metabolically more stable inhibitors, we replaced this moiety by α-ketoheterocyle, cyanamide and nitrile serine traps. Investigations on activity and metabolic stability of these substances revealed that in all cases an increased metabolic stability was accompanied by a loss of inhibitory potency against cPLA2α and FAAH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sundermann
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoid signaling in female reproductive events: a potential therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1423-7. [PMID: 26126134 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1062878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30 years after the discovery in 1964 of the psychoactive ingredient of cannabis (Cannabis sativa), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, its endogenous counterparts were discovered and collectively termed endocannabinoids (eCBs): N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) in 1992 and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in 1995. Since then, intense research has identified additional eCBs and an ensemble of proteins that bind, synthesize and degrade them, the so-called eCB system. Altogether, these new compounds have been recognized as key mediators of several aspects of human pathophysiology, and in particular of female fertility. Here, the main features of the eCB system are presented, in order to put in a better perspective the relevance of eCB signaling in virtually all steps of human reproduction and to highlight emerging hopes that elements of this system might indeed become novel targets to combat fertility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- a 1 Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Center of Integrated Research , Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy +39 06 2254 19169 ; +39 06 2254 1456 ; .,b 2 European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome, Italy
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Sundermann T, Fabian J, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. 1-Heteroaryl-3-phenoxypropan-2-ones as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α and fatty acid amide hydrolase: Effect of the replacement of the ether oxygen with sulfur and nitrogen moieties on enzyme inhibition and metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2579-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Borsook D, Hargreaves R, Bountra C, Porreca F. Lost but making progress--Where will new analgesic drugs come from? Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:249sr3. [PMID: 25122640 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need for effective new pharmacotherapies for pain. The paucity of new drugs successfully reaching the clinic calls for a reassessment of current analgesic drug discovery approaches. Many points early in the discovery process present significant hurdles, making it critical to exploit advances in pain neurobiology to increase the probability of success. In this review, we highlight approaches that are being pursued vigorously by the pain community for drug discovery, including innovative preclinical pain models, insights from genetics, mechanistic phenotyping of pain patients, development of biomarkers, and emerging insights into chronic pain as a disorder of both the periphery and the brain. Collaborative efforts between pharmaceutical, academic, and public entities to advance research in these areas promise to de-risk potential targets, stimulate investment, and speed evaluation and development of better pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chas Bountra
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Frank Porreca
- Center for Pain and the Brain and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Griebel G, Pichat P, Beeské S, Leroy T, Redon N, Jacquet A, Françon D, Bert L, Even L, Lopez-Grancha M, Tolstykh T, Sun F, Yu Q, Brittain S, Arlt H, He T, Zhang B, Wiederschain D, Bertrand T, Houtmann J, Rak A, Vallée F, Michot N, Augé F, Menet V, Bergis OE, George P, Avenet P, Mikol V, Didier M, Escoubet J. Selective blockade of the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol impairs learning and memory performance while producing antinociceptive activity in rodents. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7642. [PMID: 25560837 PMCID: PMC4284516 DOI: 10.1038/srep07642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) represents a primary degradation enzyme of the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB), 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2-AG). This study reports a potent covalent MAGL inhibitor, SAR127303. The compound behaves as a selective and competitive inhibitor of mouse and human MAGL, which potently elevates hippocampal levels of 2-AG in mice. In vivo, SAR127303 produces antinociceptive effects in assays of inflammatory and visceral pain. In addition, the drug alters learning performance in several assays related to episodic, working and spatial memory. Moreover, long term potentiation (LTP) of CA1 synaptic transmission and acetylcholine release in the hippocampus, two hallmarks of memory function, are both decreased by SAR127303. Although inactive in acute seizure tests, repeated administration of SAR127303 delays the acquisition and decreases kindled seizures in mice, indicating that the drug slows down epileptogenesis, a finding deserving further investigation to evaluate the potential of MAGL inhibitors as antiepileptics. However, the observation that 2-AG hydrolysis blockade alters learning and memory performance, suggests that such drugs may have limited value as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Sandra Beeské
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Thibaud Leroy
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Nicolas Redon
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Agnès Jacquet
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Luc Even
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Qunyan Yu
- Global Oncology Division, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Heike Arlt
- Global Oncology Division, Cambridge, USA
| | - Timothy He
- Global Oncology Division, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Bertrand
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jacques Houtmann
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alexey Rak
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - François Vallée
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Nadine Michot
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Franck Augé
- Sanofi R&D, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Pascal George
- Therapeutic Strategic Unit Aging, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Vincent Mikol
- Lead Generation To Candidate Realization, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Demmer CS, Bunch L. Benzoxazoles and oxazolopyridines in medicinal chemistry studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:778-85. [PMID: 25487760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The benzoxazole heterocycle is often found in ligands targeting a plethora of receptors and enzymes. By analysis of published X-ray structures, this review aims at highlighting key interactions which the benzoxazole may engage in with its host protein. Furthermore, bioavailability, metabolism and the use of benzoxazole as a bioisostere are discussed. The review is extended to cover structure-activity relationship studies of 2-substituted benzoxazoles, 2-substituted oxazolopyridines, and in perspective, application of the recently published novel heterocycle oxazolopyrazine in medicinal chemistry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Demmer
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Bunch
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dempsey DR, Jeffries KA, Bond JD, Carpenter AM, Rodriguez-Ospina S, Breydo L, Caswell KK, Merkler DJ. Mechanistic and structural analysis of Drosophila melanogaster arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7777-93. [PMID: 25406072 PMCID: PMC4270386 DOI: 10.1021/bi5006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) catalyzes the penultimate step in the
biosynthesis of melatonin and other N-acetylarylalkylamides
from the corresponding arylalkylamine and acetyl-CoA. The N-acetylation
of arylalkylamines is a critical step in Drosophila melanogaster for the inactivation of the bioactive amines and the sclerotization
of the cuticle. Two AANAT variants (AANATA and AANATB) have been identified
in D. melanogaster, in which AANATA differs from
AANATB by the truncation of 35 amino acids from the N-terminus. We
have expressed and purified both D. melanogaster AANAT
variants (AANATA and AANATB) in Escherichia coli and
used the purified enzymes to demonstrate that this N-terminal truncation
does not affect the activity of the enzyme. Subsequent characterization
of the kinetic and chemical mechanism of AANATA identified an ordered
sequential mechanism, with acetyl-CoA binding first, followed by tyramine.
We used a combination of pH–activity profiling and site-directed
mutagenesis to study prospective residues believed to function in
AANATA catalysis. These data led to an assignment of Glu-47 as the
general base in catalysis with an apparent pKa of 7.0. Using the data generated for the kinetic mechanism,
structure–function relationships, pH–rate profiles,
and site-directed mutagenesis, we propose a chemical mechanism for
AANATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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44
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Attenuation of cystitis and pain sensation in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:968-76. [PMID: 25374388 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, such as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, also called anandamide), exert potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is primarily responsible for degradation of AEA, and deletion of FAAH increases AEA content in various tissues. Since FAAH has been shown to be present in the bladder of various species, we compared bladder function, severity of experimental cystitis, and cystitis-associated referred hyperalgesia in male wild-type (WT) and FAAH knock-out (KO) mice. Basal concentrations of AEA were greater, and the severity of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis was reduced in bladders from FAAH KO compared to WT mice. Cystitis-associated increased peripheral sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and enhanced bladder activity (as reflected by increased voiding frequency) were attenuated in FAAH KO compared to WT mice. Further, abundances of mRNA for several pro-inflammatory compounds were increased in the bladder mucosa after CYP treatment of WT mice, and this increase was inhibited in FAAH KO mice. These data indicate that endogenous substrates of FAAH, including the cannabinoid AEA, play an inhibitory role in bladder inflammation and subsequent changes in pain perception. Therefore, FAAH could be a therapeutic target to treat clinical symptoms of painful inflammatory bladder diseases.
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45
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Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes. Molecules 2014; 19:17078-106. [PMID: 25347455 PMCID: PMC6271436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators able to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets responsible for the pharmacological effects of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These bioactive lipids belong mainly to two classes of compounds: N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, being N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, their main representatives. During the last twenty years, an ever growing number of fatty acid derivatives (endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds) have been discovered and their activities biological is the subject of intense investigations. Here, the most recent advances, from a therapeutic point of view, on endocannabinoids, related compounds, and their metabolic routes will be reviewed.
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46
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Hicks JW, Parkes J, Tong J, Houle S, Vasdev N, Wilson AA. Radiosynthesis and ex vivo evaluation of [(11)C-carbonyl]carbamate- and urea-based monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:688-94. [PMID: 24969632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are the two primary enzymes that regulate the tone of endocannabinoid signaling. Although new PET radiotracers have been discovered for imaging FAAH in vivo, no such radiotracer exists for imaging MAGL. Here we report the radiosynthesis of five candidate MAGL radiotracers and their ex vivo evaluations in mice and rats. METHODS Candidate carbamate and urea MAGL inhibitors were radiolabeled at the carbonyl position by [(11)C]CO2 fixation. Radiotracers were administered (tail-vein injection) to rodents and brain uptake of radioactivity measured at early and late time points ex vivo. Specificity of uptake was explored by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors (2 mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to radiotracer administration. RESULTS All five candidate MAGL radiotracers were prepared in high specific activity (>65 GBq/μmol) and radiochemical purity (>98%). Moderate brain uptake (0.2-0.8 SUV) was observed for each candidate while pretreatment did not reduce uptake for four of the five tested. For two candidates ([(11)C]12 and [(11)C]14), high retention of radioactivity was observed in the blood (ca. 10 and 4 SUV at 40 min) which was blocked by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors. The most promising candidate, [(11)C]18, demonstrated moderate brain uptake (ca. 0.8 SUV) which showed circa 50% blockade by pretreatment with unlabeled 18. CONCLUSION One putative and four reported potent and selective MAGL inhibitors have been radiolabeled via [(11)C]CO2 fixation as radiotracers for this enzyme. Despite the promising in vitro pharmacological profile, none of the five candidate radiotracers exhibited in vivo behavior suitable for PET neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Hicks
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Jun Parkes
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Junchao Tong
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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Nader J, Rapino C, Gennequin B, Chavant F, Francheteau M, Makriyannis A, Duranti A, Maccarrone M, Solinas M, Thiriet N. Prior stimulation of the endocannabinoid system prevents methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum through activation of CB2 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:214-21. [PMID: 24709540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine toxicity is associated with cell death and loss of dopamine neuron terminals in the striatum similar to what is found in some neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the brain, and new pharmacological tools have been developed to increase their endogenous tone. In this study, we evaluated whether ECS stimulation could reduce the neurotoxicity of high doses of methamphetamine on the dopamine system. We found that methamphetamine alters the levels of the major endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in the striatum, suggesting that the ECS participates in the brain responses to methamphetamine. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a cannabis-derived agonist of both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, or inhibitors of the main enzymes responsible for the degradation of AEA and 2-AG (URB597 and JZL184, respectively), blunted the decrease in striatal protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase induced by methamphetamine. In addition, antagonists of CB2, but not of CB1, blocked the preventive effects of URB597 and JZL184, suggesting that only the former receptor subtype is engaged in neuroprotection exerted by ECS stimulation. Finally, we found that methamphetamine increases striatal levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, an effect that was blocked by ECS stimulation. Altogether, our results indicate that stimulation of ECS prior to the administration of an overdose of methamphetamine considerably reduces the neurotoxicity of the drug through CB2 receptor activation and highlight a protective function for the ECS against the toxicity induced by drugs and other external insults to the brain. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Benzodioxoles/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Carbamates/pharmacology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/toxicity
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Male
- Methamphetamine/toxicity
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Neurotoxicity Syndromes/metabolism
- Neurotoxicity Syndromes/prevention & control
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Nader
- INSERM, U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction, F-86022 Poitiers, France; University of Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Cinzia Rapino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Benjamin Gennequin
- INSERM, U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction, F-86022 Poitiers, France; University of Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Francois Chavant
- University of Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France; Pharmacology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Maureen Francheteau
- INSERM, U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction, F-86022 Poitiers, France; University of Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 35, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Solinas
- INSERM, U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction, F-86022 Poitiers, France; University of Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- INSERM, U1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction, F-86022 Poitiers, France; University of Poitiers, U1084, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
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Nasser Y, Bashashati M, Andrews CN. Toward modulation of the endocannabinoid system for treatment of gastrointestinal disease: FAAHster but not "higher". Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:447-54. [PMID: 24641009 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used to treat various afflictions throughout the centuries, including nausea, vomiting, and pain. It has also been used recreationally for its psychotropic properties, which can include a pleasurable 'high' feeling and a decrease in anxiety and tension; however, other may experience dysphoria. Changes in cognition and psychomotor performance are also well-known with cannabis use. In recent years, our understanding of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has progressed dramatically; the objective of identifying agents which may allow modulation of the ECS without significant psychotropic side effects may be possible. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an important enzyme for the degradation of anandamide and other endogenous cannabinoids, is a promising target to achieve this goal. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Fichna and colleagues report on a novel selective FAAH inhibitor, PF-3845, with potent antinociceptive and antidiarrheal effects in a mouse model. In this context, we briefly review the components of the ECS, discuss pharmacologic targets for indirect cannabinoid receptor stimulation, and describe recent research with cannabinoids for gut disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nasser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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49
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Mechanisms of endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by anandamide in isolated human pulmonary arteries. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:477-86. [PMID: 24682422 PMCID: PMC3984660 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids contract, relax or do not affect vessels with different calibre and tone in the pulmonary circulation in four species. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanisms involved in the anandamide-induced relaxation of human pulmonary arteries (hPAs). Studies were performed in the isolated hPAs pre-constricted with the prostanoid TP receptor agonist, U-46619. To detect fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) expression, Western blots were used. Anandamide concentration dependently relaxed the endothelium-intact hPAs pre-constricted with U-46619. The anandamide-induced relaxation was virtually abolished by removal of the endothelium and strongly attenuated by inhibitors of cyclooxygenases (indomethacin, COX-1/COX-2, and nimesulide, COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (N (G) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) given separately or in combination, FAAH (URB597), and the prostanoid IP receptor antagonist, RO1138452. The anandamide-evoked relaxation in the endothelium-intact vessels was attenuated in KCl pre-constricted preparations or by the inhibitor of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, iberiotoxin. In experiments performed in the presence of URB597 to exclude effects of anandamide metabolites, the antagonist of the endothelial cannabinoid receptor, O-1918, diminished the anandamide-evoked relaxation whereas the antagonists of cannabinoid CB1, CB2 and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors, AM251, SR144528 and capsazepine, respectively, had no effect. Western blot studies revealed the occurrence of FAAH protein in the hPAs. The present study shows that anandamide breakdown products, cyclooxygenase pathways, nitric oxide, potassium channels and the O-1918-sensitive cannabinoid receptor play a role in the anandamide-induced relaxation of the hPAs with intact endothelium.
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Patel JZ, Parkkari T, Laitinen T, Kaczor AA, Saario SM, Savinainen JR, Navia-Paldanius D, Cipriano M, Leppänen J, Koshevoy IO, Poso A, Fowler CJ, Laitinen JT, Nevalainen T. Chiral 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones as highly selective FAAH inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8484-96. [PMID: 24083878 DOI: 10.1021/jm400923s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, identification of chiral 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones as potent and selective FAAH inhibitors has been described. The separated enantiomers showed clear differences in the potency and selectivity toward both FAAH and MAGL. Additionally, the importance of the chirality on the inhibitory activity and selectivity was proven by the simplification approach by removing a methyl group at the 3-position of the 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one ring. The most potent compound of the series, the S-enantiomer of 3-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (JZP-327A, 51), inhibited human recombinant FAAH (hrFAAH) in the low nanomolar range (IC50 = 11 nM), whereas its corresponding R-enantiomer 52 showed only moderate inhibition toward hrFAAH (IC50 = 0.24 μM). In contrast to hrFAAH, R-enantiomer 52 was more potent in inhibiting the activity of hrMAGL compared to S-enantiomer 51 (IC50 = 4.0 μM and 16% inhibition at 10 μM, respectively). The FAAH selectivity of the compound 51 over the supposed main off-targets, MAGL and COX, was found to be >900-fold. In addition, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) indicated high selectivity over other serine hydrolases. Finally, the selected S-enantiomers 51, 53, and 55 were shown to be tight binding, slowly reversible inhibitors of the hrFAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayendra Z Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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