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Redman KJ, Wade L, Whitley R, Connick MJ, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. Seasonal Muscular Power Changes: Considerations of Concurrent Resistance and Field-Based Training in Professional Rugby League. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1620-1626. [PMID: 39074167 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Redman, KJ, Wade, L, Whitley, R, Connick, MJ, Kelly, VG, and Beckman, EM. Seasonal muscular power changes: considerations of concurrent resistance and field-based training in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1620-1626, 2024-A rugby league player's ability to develop or maintain lower-body power will be significantly influenced by the resistance and field-based training loads completed. This study aimed to examine the power changes across a rugby league season and to investigate the relationship of concurrent training and training experience on power changes. Eighteen rugby league players participated in this study. Lower-body power was evaluated using a countermovement jump throughout the season. Four measures of external training loads were collected. A Friedman's test was used to assess differences in power throughout different phases of the season. A series of Spearman's rank-order correlations were conducted to assess the relationship between percentage changes in power during the training block, external training loads, and training experience. Countermovement jump peak velocity significantly decreased from the start ( p = 0.006) and end of pre-season ( p = 0.022) to the late competition. Correlation analysis revealed a large significant association between early competition field-based external loads (relative ( rs = -0.571) and total distance ( rs = -0.628)) and change in peak power. Very large significant negative relationships were also observed between mid-competition volume load with change in peak force ( rs = -0.825) and peak power ( rs = -0.736). Training experience was not significantly associated with changes in muscular power variables throughout this study. Coaches should seek to monitor changes in peak power when competition begins and to assist with decision-making for potential adjustments to running volume and intensity during field-based sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyanne J Redman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Logan Wade
- Center for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, Department for Health, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Ryan Whitley
- Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark J Connick
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma M Beckman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Karamti MH, Zouhal H, Bousselmi M, Darragi M, Khannous H, Ben Hmid A, Zamali I, Ben Ahmed M, Laher I, Granacher U, Moussa AZB. Changes in Physical Fitness, Muscle Damage and Cognitive Function in Elite Rugby Players over a Season. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:223. [PMID: 39195599 PMCID: PMC11360730 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study proposes to monitor the physical, immune and cognitive responses and adaptations of elite rugby players throughout the season based on the loads performed. Anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests (e.g., muscle strength and power, linear and change-of-direction speed, cardiorespiratory fitness) and analyses of serum concentrations of markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase [CK] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were carried out over a sporting season (24 weeks) for 17 elite rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs) aged 18.91 ± 0.76 years. The physical fitness test results show improvements in the performance of both forwards and backs over the season (p < 0.05), with an advantage for backs compared with forwards in most tests (p < 0.05). Muscle damage markers decreased at the end of the season compared with the baseline levels for forwards (p < 0.05). CK levels were unchanged for the backs, but there were increased LDH concentrations at the end of the season compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Serum BDNF levels decreased for the total group between the second and third sampling (p < 0.05). The muscular and physical capacities of rugby players differ according to their playing position. Immune responses and adaptations, as well as BDNF levels, vary throughout the season and depend on the physical load performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Houssem Karamti
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX, University of Sfax, Sfax 3027, Tunisia; (M.H.K.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR APS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, CEDEX, 35044 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
| | - Mariem Bousselmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX, University of Sfax, Sfax 3027, Tunisia; (M.H.K.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Manel Darragi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX, University of Sfax, Sfax 3027, Tunisia; (M.H.K.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | | | - Ahlem Ben Hmid
- Clinical Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.B.H.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Imen Zamali
- Clinical Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.B.H.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Mélika Ben Ahmed
- Clinical Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.B.H.)
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amira Zouita Ben Moussa
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 1000, Tunisia
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Flannery L, Secomb JL, West MA, Compton HR, Dascombe BJ. The Strength and Power Profile of Junior and Senior Female Rugby League Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00526. [PMID: 39178121 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Flannery, L, Secomb, JL, West, MA, Compton, HR, and Dascombe, BJ. The strength and power profile of junior and senior female rugby league athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The purpose of this study was to compare the lower-body strength and power profiles of the various female rugby league (RL) competition levels, thereby establishing normative data for these athletes. Seventy-nine female RL athletes from 3 different competition levels: junior-state (n = 45, age: 17.5 ± 0.6 years), senior-state (n = 15, age: 24.3 ± 3.7 years), and senior-national (n = 19, age: 25.4 ± 4.0 years) participated in this study. All testing was completed in a single session at the beginning of preseason, with the following assessments performed: countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and bilateral and unilateral isometric hip adduction and abduction strength. One-way analyses of variance with Bonferroni post hoc analyses, revealed that junior-state athletes exhibited significantly lower IMTP peak force (PF) and relative PF (rPF), and CMJ height compared with the senior-state and senior-national athletes. Importantly, senior-national athletes demonstrated significantly greater body mass (80.9 ± 14.6 kg) than senior-state athletes (70.9 ± 8.1 kg), but no significant differences were identified between these athletes for any IMTP or CMJ measure. Finally, the senior-national athletes possessed significantly lower unilateral hip adduction rPF (0.13 ± 0.04 N·BW-1) and adduction to abduction strength ratio (0.92 ± 0.14) than senior-state athletes (0.17 ± 0.03 N·BW-1 and 1.04 ± 0.13, respectively), which may have implications for noncontact lower-body injury risk. This study highlights the importance of practitioners prescribing training to increase the lower-body strength and power of junior-state RL athletes. Whereas, for senior-state athletes progressing to senior-national levels, the focus should on maintaining or improving relative strength and power, while increasing their body mass to enhance preparedness for the greater contact demands at that level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layne Flannery
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Josh L Secomb
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
- Active Living and Learning Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Millicent A West
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Heidi R Compton
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
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Helme M, Emmonds S, Low C, Till K. A Novel Case Study Approach to the Investigation of Leg Strength Asymmetry and Rugby League Player's Multidirectional Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:941-947. [PMID: 38260986 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Helme, M, Emmonds, S, Low, C, and Till, K. A novel case study approach to the investigation of leg strength asymmetry and Rugby League player's multidirectional speed. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 941-947, 2024-Leg strength and multidirectional speed qualities have repeatedly been linked with increased performance during Rugby League (RL) match play and associated with career attainment. However, very little of this evidence for strength has been gained through unilateral measurements with no study available that has examined the impact of strength asymmetry, in this population, on speed qualities in RL players. Therefore, this study examined the association between unilateral strength, and as a novel development, the subject with the most extreme asymmetry was identified for further analysis. Fifty RL players undertook the rear foot elevated split squat 5 repetition maximum, 20-m linear sprint, and modified 505 change of direction test. The mean leg strength for the group was 88.92 ± 12.59 kg; when divided by body mass, the mean relative strength (REL) was 1.03 ± 0.17 kg·kg -1 , and the mean asymmetry was 3.21 ± 5.70%. The subject with the greatest asymmetry (subject A) had an imbalance of 33% and a mean leg strength of 75 kg (REL = 0.78 kg·kg -1 ) and a body mass 1 SD above the group mean. Analysis of the group's data and that of subject A did not indicate that leg strength asymmetry was either frequent or harmful, with respect to speed performance. However, relative leg strength was associated with both improved linear and multidirectional speed. Practitioners are recommended to prioritize the development of relative leg strength and disregard the aspiration for between leg performance symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Helme
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Low
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kevin Till
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Lombard WP, Lambert MI. Physical fitness metrics and their relationship to locomotor activity profiles among female international field hockey players across an Olympic cycle. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:341-353. [PMID: 38431456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study explored the correlations between physical fitness metrics and match locomotor activity profiles. Furthermore exploring the transformations of both fitness tests as well as match locomotor activities over an Olympic cycle. DESIGN Observational descriptive study. METHODS Fitness testing (n = 24) and match locomotor activity (n = 102) profiles were collected. A Pearson's product-moment correlation and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated to determine relationships between metrics for each year. A mixed-effects model was used for repeated measures to identify differences in the physical fitness tests and match locomotor activity profiles between years. RESULTS The YoYo intermittent reocvery testest level 1 changed significantly (p < 0.0001) and accounted for 29 % of the variance in average speed (p < 0.001, rrm (59) = 0.54) Upper and lower body muscular strength, also improved, evidenced by the 3RM bench press (p < 0.0001), and a 28 % (2017-2019) increase in 3RM squat (p < 0.0001). Also pull-ups increased from 4.2 ± 2.8 pull-ups (2017) to 10.0 ± 3.1 pull-ups (2020) (p < 0.0001) and. countermovement jump height increased over the study duration (p < 0.0001). Match total distances remained unchanged, while average speed increased significantly (p < 0.0001). High-speed running distance (p < 0.0003) and sprint counts (p < 0.0001), showed significant improvements over the study period. CONCLUSIONS The study underscores noteworthy improvements in physical attributes and performance metrics over an Olympic cycle. Contributing valuable insights for enhancing athletic performance in hockey players competing in the Olympics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne P Lombard
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; APA Training Systems Pty Ltd, South Africa; Lakshyan Academy of Sports, India.
| | - Michael I Lambert
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, Rhodes University, South Africa.
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Carron MA, Scanlan AT, Power CJ, Doering TM. What Tests are Used to Assess the Physical Qualities of Male, Adolescent Rugby League Players? A Systematic Review of Testing Protocols and Reported Data Across Adolescent Age Groups. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:106. [PMID: 37947891 PMCID: PMC10638136 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the physical qualities of male, adolescent rugby league players across age groups is essential for practitioners to manage long-term player development. However, there are many testing options available to assess these qualities, and differences in tests and testing protocols can profoundly influence the data obtained. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the most frequently used tests to assess key physical qualities in male, adolescent rugby league players (12-19 years of age); (2) examine the testing protocols adopted in studies using these tests; and (3) synthesise the available data from studies using the most frequently used tests according to age group. METHODS A systematic search of five databases was conducted. For inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research that contained original data published in a peer-reviewed journal; (2) report data specifically for male, adolescent rugby league players; (3) report the age for the recruited participants to be between 12 and 19 years; (4) report data for any anthropometric quality and one other physical quality and identify the test(s) used to assess these qualities; and (5) be published in English with full-text availability. Weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for each physical quality for each age group arranged in 1-year intervals (i.e., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 years) across studies. RESULTS 37 studies were included in this systematic review. The most frequently used tests to assess anthropometric qualities were body mass, standing height, and sum of four skinfold sites. The most frequently used tests to assess other physical qualities were the 10-m sprint (linear speed), 505 Agility Test (change-of-direction speed), Multistage Fitness Test (aerobic capacity), bench press and back squat one-repetition maximum tests (muscular strength), and medicine ball throw (muscular power). Weighted means calculated across studies generally demonstrated improvements in player qualities across subsequent age groups, except for skinfold thickness and aerobic capacity. However, weighted means could not be calculated for the countermovement jump. CONCLUSION Our review identifies the most frequently used tests, but highlights variability in the testing protocols adopted. If these tests are used in future practice, we provide recommended protocols in accordance with industry standards for most tests. Finally, we provide age-specific references for frequently used tests that were implemented with consistent protocols. Clinical Trial Registration This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021267795).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Carron
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia.
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Cody J Power
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
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Woodhouse LN, Bennett M, Tallent J, Patterson SD, Waldron M. The relationship between physical characteristics and match collision performance among elite international female rugby union players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1849-1858. [PMID: 36336974 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2144765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether anthropometric and physical abilities explained variance in match collision performance among international female rugby union players. Physical performance and anthropometric data for fifty-one international female rugby union players, and collision actions categorised as "effort" or "performance" variables, from 20 international matches, were analysed using partial least squares regression. Among forwards, variance in carries/min was explained (R2 = .22) by a combination of; body mass, skinfolds, acceleration momentum and negative associations with mean aerobic speed and single-leg isometric squat relative force (SLISO/kgBM). Variance in collision dominance among forwards was explained (R2 = .21) by lower skinfolds and higher acceleration momentum, while tackles/min (R2 = .19) were explained by greater jumping power and single-leg isometric squat (SLISO). Among backs, variance in tackles/min (R2 = .54) was explained by greater bench press, SLISO and SLISO/kgBM. Variance in collision dominance among backs was explained (R2 = .23) by negative and positive associations with body mass and SLISO/kgBM, respectively. These findings suggest the development of physical characteristics, such as body mass and composition, strength and power contribute towards successful collision actions among international female rugby union players. The contribution of different physical characteristics towards collision events is dependent on position, and whether the collision event is categorised by "performance" or "effort". It is suggested that physical training programmes should reflect this level of specificity.HighlightsAmong elite female rugby union forwards, acceleration momentum, body mass and skinfolds are positively associated with winning collisions and carrying the ball into contact more frequently, whilst tackle frequency is positively associated with relative leg strength and power output.Among elite female backs, the ability to win collisions is positively associated with relative leg power output, and negatively associated with body mass. Tackle frequency is associated with maximum upper- and lower-body strength in this group.Physical characteristics account for some of the variability in collision performance, but interpretation of these findings should consider that factors such as technique during collision events may account for a larger proportion of total variance.Sports science practitioners can improve collision performance, to varying degrees, by enhancing specific gross physical characteristics, according to a player's position and the tactical role they are expected to fulfil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nicholas Woodhouse
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, London, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Rugby House, Twickenham Stadium, London, UK
| | - Mark Bennett
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Dudley C, Johnston R, Jones B, Till K, Westbrook H, Weakley J. Methods of Monitoring Internal and External Loads and Their Relationships with Physical Qualities, Injury, or Illness in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Best-Evidence Synthesis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1559-1593. [PMID: 37071283 PMCID: PMC10356657 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing professionalisation of youth sports, training load monitoring is increasingly common in adolescent athletes. However, the research examining the relationship between training load and changes in physical qualities, injury, or illness in adolescent athletes is yet to be synthesised in a systematic review. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to systematically examine the research assessing internal and external methods of monitoring training load and physical qualities, injury, or illness in adolescent athletes. METHODS Systematic searches of SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and SCOPUS were undertaken from the earliest possible records to March 2022. Search terms included synonyms relevant to adolescents, athletes, physical qualities, injury, or illness. To be eligible for inclusion, articles were required to (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) include participants aged between 10 and 19 years and participating in competitive sport; (4) report a statistical relationship between a measure of internal and/or external load and physical qualities, injury or illness. Articles were screened and assessed for methodological quality. A best-evidence synthesis was conducted to identify trends in the relationships reported. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 4125 articles. Following screening and a review of references, 59 articles were included. The most commonly reported load monitoring tools were session ratings of perceived exertion (n = 29) and training duration (n = 22). Results of the best-evidence synthesis identified moderate evidence of positive relationships between resistance training volume load and improvement in strength, and between throw count and injury. However, evidence for other relationships between training load and change in physical qualities, injury, or illness were limited or inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners should consider monitoring resistance training volume load for strength training. Additionally, where appropriate, monitoring throw counts may be useful in identifying injury risk. However, given the lack of clear relationships between singular measures of training load with physical qualities, injury, or illness, researchers should consider multivariate methods of analysing training load, as well as factors that may mediate the load-response relationship, such as maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dudley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Campus, Brisbane, Australia.
- St Joseph's Nudgee College, Boondall, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Rich Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Premiership Rugby, London, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
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Reichert L, Müller T, Wieland B, Fleddermann MT, Zentgraf K. Upper-body isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213957. [PMID: 37398557 PMCID: PMC10312092 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagine blocking the opposing defense linemen in American football to protect your quarterback or creating gaps in the opponents' defense by setting blocks as a pivot player in handball. Such movements require a pushing action away from the body with the arms and stabilizing the whole body in different postural positions. Upper-body strength obviously plays an important role during American football and handball as well as in other game sports with opponent contact such as basketball. Yet, the availability of appropriate tests to measure upper-body strength serving sport-specific requirements seems limited. Therefore, a whole-body setup to measure isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes was developed. The purpose of the study was to verify validity and reliability of this setup and present empirical data from game sport athletes. In 119 athletes, isometric horizontal strength was measured in three game-like standing positions (upright, slightly leaning forward and clearly leaning forward), each in three weight-shift conditions (80% of body weight on the left leg, 50/50% on both legs, 80% on the right leg). Also, handgrip strength on both sides was measured in all athletes using a dynamometer. Linear regression indicated that handgrip strength is a significant predictor of upper-body horizontal strength in female (β = 0.70, p = 0.043) but not in male athletes (β = 0.31, p = 0.117). As an expertise-related factor, linear regression indicated that the number of years played at the top level is a predictor of the upper-body horizontal relative strength measure (β = 0.05, p = 0.03). Reliability analyses showed high levels of within-test reliability (ICC > 0.90) as well as test-retest reliability between two separate measurements (r > 0.77). The results indicate that the setup used in this study could be a valid tool for measuring performance-relevant upper-body horizontal strength in different game-like positions in professional game sport athletes.
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Helme M, Tee J, Emmonds S, Low C. The associations between unilateral leg strength, asymmetry and injury in sub-elite Rugby League players. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 62:58-64. [PMID: 37336061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between unilateral leg strength, associated asymmetries and the injuries suffered by sub-elite Rugby League (RL) players in one competitive season. DESIGN A prospective cohort design was used. METHOD Unilateral leg strength was measured using the rear foot elevated split squat five repetition maximum test. Injuries were recorded using the Orchard classification system and were used to quantify relative risk (RR), mean severity, burden, player availability and survival time. RESULTS No measures of leg strength were related to RR, relative leg strength was found to have a significant, but not meaningful correlation with total time lost to lower body injury, lower body injury burden and lower body injury survival time. CONCLUSIONS The data from the current study indicates a possible positive effect of increasing relative leg strength for injury outcomes in sub-elite RL players. This supports a heuristic that multi-joint lower body strength training for RL players has a potential dual effect of enhancing physical performance and reducing injury time loss, with minimal risk of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Helme
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, UK.
| | - Jason Tee
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - Chris Low
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Leeds Beckett University, UK
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11
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Heather O, Lander P, Rayner R. Practice to pitch: The relationship between force-velocity profiles and match-day performance of semi-professional rugby union players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1066767. [PMID: 37065808 PMCID: PMC10097986 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1066767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This exploratory study aimed to assess the relationship between athlete neuromuscular performance and rugby performance indicators. Specifically, the study looked at the force-velocity profiles (FVPs) derived from four common resistance exercises and their relationship with rugby performance indicators (RPIs). Methods The study recruited twenty-two semi-professional male rugby players (body mass 102.5 ± 12.6 kg, height 1.85 ± 0.74 m, age 24.4 ± 3.4 years) consisting of ten backs and twelve forwards. Prior to the first game of a Covid-impacted nine-match season, participants performed four common resistance exercises (barbell box squat, jammer push-press, sled pull, and sled push) at incremental loads to establish force-velocity profiles. During the season, rugby performance indicators (post-contact metres, tries, turnovers conceded, tackles, try assists, metres ran, defenders beaten, and tackle breaks) were collated from two trusted sources by a performance analyst. Correlational analyses were used to determine the relationship between the results of FVPs and RPIs. Results The study found a statistically significant, moderate, positive correlation between tackle-breaks and sled push V 0 (r = .35, p = .048). Significant, large, positive correlations were also found between tackles and jammer push-press V 0 (r = .53, p = .049) and tackle-breaks and sled pull F 0 (r = .53, p = .03). There was a significant, negative relationship between sled pull V 0 and tackle-breaks (r = -.49, p = .04). However, the largest, significant correlation reported was between metres ran and sled pull F 0 (r = .66, p = .03). Conclusion The study suggests that a relationship may exist between FVPs of particular exercises and RPIs, but further research is required to confirm this. Specifically, the results suggest that horizontal resistance training may be best to enhance RPIs (tackle-breaks, tackles, and metres ran). The study also found that maximal power was not related to any rugby performance indicator, which suggests that a specified prescription of either force or velocity dominant exercises to enhance RPIs may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ormond Heather
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Lander
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
| | - Russell Rayner
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: Russell Rayner
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12
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Donaldson T, Scantlebury M, Furness J, Kemp-Smith K, Newcomer S, Climstein M. Training Methods in the Sport of Surfing: A Scoping Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Caparrós T, Peña J, Baiget E, Borràs-Boix X, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Rodas G. Influence of Strength Programs on the Injury Rate and Team Performance of a Professional Basketball Team: A Six-Season Follow-Up Study. Front Psychol 2022; 12:796098. [PMID: 35178009 PMCID: PMC8845446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine possible associations between strength parameters, injury rates, and performance outcomes over six seasons in professional basketball settings. Thirty-six male professional basketball players [mean ± standard deviation (SD): age, 30.5 ± 4.7 years; height, 199.5 ± 9.5 cm; body mass, 97.9 ± 12.9 kg; BMI 24.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2] participated in this retrospective observational study, conducted from the 2008-09 to the 2013-14 season. According to their epidemiological records, each player followed an individual plan designed within different strength training programs: Functional (n = 16), Eccentric (n = 8), or Resistance (n = 12). Seven hundred and fourteen valid records were obtained from 170 individual strength tests during 31 sessions. Tests performed were leg press, squat, and jerk. Parameters recorded were force, power, velocity, peak velocity, and time to peak velocity for strength; time loss injury and muscle injury for injury rate; and games won, games lost, and championships for performance outcomes. All the strength variables and injuries are independent of the strength programs (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed very significant relationships between muscular injuries and time to peak velocity (r = 0.94; p < 0.01), significant relationships between force and games lost (r = 0.85; p < 0.05), and muscular injuries with games lost (r = -0.81; p < 0.05) per season. Mean values per season described a possible association of force, time to peak velocity, and muscular injuries with performance outcomes (R 2 = 0.96; p < 0.05). In this specific context, strength variables and injury rate data show no association with a single type of strength training program in this cohort of high-performance basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Caparrós
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Xantal Borràs-Boix
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Universitat de Vic – Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- FC Barcelona Medical Services, Sant Joan Despí, Spain
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14
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Predicting Rugby League Tackle Outcomes Using Strength and Power Principal Components. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:278-285. [PMID: 34853184 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tackling is a fundamental skill in collision sports such as rugby league. Given the complexity of tackling and multitude of strength and power variables available for analysis, this study aimed to predict tackle outcomes in professional rugby league based on strength and power principal components (PCs). METHODS Twenty-eight rugby league players participated in this study. Maximal strength was assessed via 1 repetition maximum on the back squat, bench press, and bench pull. Lower-body vertical and horizontal power were evaluated using a countermovement jump and standing broad jump. A postmatch analysis of 5 National Rugby League matches was conducted to examine tackling outcomes. PC analysis was performed on the strength and power assessments. The first PCs were retained in each analysis, and a series of Spearman rank-order correlations were conducted between the tackle outcomes and the retained PCs. The PCs significantly related to tackle outcomes were included in the multiple regression analyses to estimate their effect on tackle outcomes. RESULTS Strength PC was a significant predictor of play-the-ball speed in attack, accounting for 54% of the variance. Countermovement jump PC was a significant predictor of postcontact meters, explaining 19% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a range of tackle outcomes may be predicted from strength and power components. The coaching staff may choose to develop programs and testing designed to focus on these components, which may further develop players' tackle outcomes during competition.
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15
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Scott TJ, Sanctuary CE, Tredrea MS, Gray AJ. Conceptualising Rugby League Performance Within an Ecological Dynamics Framework: Providing Direction for Player Preparation and Development. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:87. [PMID: 34817742 PMCID: PMC8613325 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Across team sports, it is critically important to appropriately define, evaluate and then aptly describe individual and team performance. This is of particular significance when we consider that performance models govern the direction of player preparation (short term) and development (long term) frameworks. Within the context of rugby league, this has traditionally been undertaken through hierarchical and linear processes. Such approaches have resulted in research and performance analysis techniques which aim to support these operational outcomes. Yet, these methods may deliver limited application on how or why match-play unfolds and therefore might be sub-optimal in providing insights to truly support coaches. In this paper, we propose the conceptualisation of rugby league performance through the lens of ecological dynamics, which may offer a different view to this traditional approach. We propose that this approach eliminates the silos of disciplinary information (e.g. technical, physical and medical) that may currently exist, allowing for a holistic approach to performance, preparation and development. Specifically, we consider that through the implementation of this ecological approach, all performance coaches (technical, physical and medical) may (co-)design learning environments that more collaboratively develop players for rugby league match-play. As a result, we put forward a new rugby league performance model from which preparation and development programs can be anchored toward. We conclude the paper by offering practical examples where these concepts are contextualised within the landscape familiar to practitioners working within rugby league.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannath J Scott
- Performance Department, New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney, Australia.
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - Colin E Sanctuary
- Performance Department, New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Matthew S Tredrea
- Performance Department, New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrian J Gray
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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16
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Woodhouse LN, Tallent J, Patterson SD, Waldron M. International female rugby union players' anthropometric and physical performance characteristics: A five-year longitudinal analysis by individual positional groups. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:370-378. [PMID: 34706619 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal changes in anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of International female rugby union players were evaluated across 5-seasons, according to field position. Sixty-eight international female rugby union players from a top 2 ranked international team, undertook anthropometric and physical performance measurements across five seasons. Anthropometric and physical performance changes occurred, with skinfolds decreasing between 2015 and 2017 and body mass increasing between 2017 and 2019. Single-leg isometric squat (SL ISO), 0-10 m momentum (0-10 Mom) and 20-30 m momentum (20-30Mom) were higher in 2018 and 2019 than all years. Front-row players were characterised by greater SL ISO and 1-RM bench press than inside and outside backs, with higher skinfolds and lower endurance levels than all positions. Between 2017 and 2019, front-row players had larger decreases and increases in endurance and one repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press, respectively, compared to all other positions. Forwards had the highest 0-10Mom and 20-30Mom, and scrum-half the lowest, while outside backs had faster 0-10, 30-40, and 40 m (TT40 m) times, and greater peak velocity (Vmax) compared to forward positions. These longitudinal findings show that physical performance has increased, with anthropometric and performance characteristics becoming more distinctive between positions, among elite female rugby union players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nicholas Woodhouse
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, London, UK.,Rugby Football Union, Queensland, London, UK
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland, Australia.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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17
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The efficacy of repetitions-in-reserve vs. traditional percentage-based resistance training: a 4-week pre-season randomized intervention in elite rugby league players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This two-experiment study aimed to examine (1) the accuracy and reliability of repetitions-in-reserve and (2) using a randomized trial, the efficacy of repetition-in-reserve compared to traditional percentage-based training during a 4-week pre-season strength training block in elite rugby league players.
Methods
In experiment 1, participants performed deadlift, bench press and weighted pull up exercises for 3, 6, and 9 repetitions to failure using self-selected loads. This was undertaken on two occasions, separated by 8-weeks. In experiment 2, participants were randomly separated into either repetitions-in-reserve or percentage-based training groups. They completed a 4-week pre-season training block with training prescribed based on the group to which they were assigned. Measures of body mass and 3 repetition max strength in the aforementioned exercises were measured pre and post intervention.
Results
Experiment 1 showed that repetitions-in-reserve exhibited generally acceptable levels of accuracy and moderate-good levels of reliability. However, the deadlift when the required number of repetitions was 6 and 9 and the bench press when number of repetitions was 9 were not associated with acceptable levels of accuracy and reliability, respectively. Experiment 2 showed that there were no differences between repetitions-in-reserve or percentage-based training group for the strength outcomes, although there were significant increases in body mass in the percentage-based group (pre = 85.6 ± 10.6 kg, post = 86.4 ± 10.8 kg).
Conclusion
Repetitions-in-reserve is generally associated with acceptable levels of accuracy and moderate-good levels of reliability, although there were some exceptions for the deadlift in relation to accuracy and bench press for reliability. Experiment 2 shows that although there were no differences between groups for the strength-based outcomes, significant increases in body mass in the percentage-based group may make this approach a more effective approach to prepare players for the rigors of the rugby league season.
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18
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Redman KJ, Connick MJ, Beckman EM, Kelly VG. Monitoring Prescribed and Actual Resistance Training Loads in Professional Rugby League. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1604-1610. [PMID: 34009879 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Redman, KJ, Connick, MJ, Beckman, EM, and Kelly, VG. Monitoring prescribed and actual resistance training loads in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1604-1610, 2021-Coaches devote a considerable amount of time and effort prescribing and selecting exercises to elicit training adaptations. Adherence to the prescribed resistance training load may vary for a number of reasons. The aim of this study was to quantify the difference between prescribed and actual resistance training loads in a team of professional rugby league players. Training loads were quantified using volume load and training intensity throughout a season. The competition was categorized into preseason, early competition, mid-competition, and late competition. Twenty-seven players participated in this study. Four exercises were monitored: back squat, bench press, bench pull, and clean pull. A Friedman's test was used to assess differences between prescribed and actual training loads throughout different phases of the season, for different exercises, and during different weeks in a training block. There were significantly greater differences in prescribed and actual volume loads during the mid-competition in comparison to all other phases of the season (p < 0.01). Although players adherence to prescribed training intensity was significantly greater during the preseason compared with the remainder of the season (p < 0.05), they completed significantly less prescribed training load during week 1 in comparison to week 4 within a training block (p < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that regular monitoring of completed resistance training loads may be of greater importance to strength and conditioning coaches to assist in examining potential progress and fatigue or allow for more accurate prescription of load to enhance adaptation throughout a season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyanne J Redman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Mark J Connick
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma M Beckman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Dobbin N, Cushman S, Clarke J, Batsford J, Twist C. Differences in the vertical and horizontal force-velocity profile between academy and senior professional rugby league players, and the implications for strength and speed training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:184-191. [PMID: 33768773 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the vertical and horizontal force-velocity (FV) profile of academy and senior rugby league players. METHODS Nineteen senior and twenty academy players from one professional club participated in this study. The vertical FV profile was determined using a series of loaded squat jumps (0.4 to 80 kg) with jump height recorded. The horizontal FV profile involved a 30-m over-ground sprint with split times recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m. Theoretical maximal force (F0), velocity (V0) and power (Pmax), optimal F0 and V0, and activity specific variables (e.g. vertical FV imbalance) were determined. RESULTS Absolute F0 and Pmax from the vertical and horizontal profile were moderately different between groups (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.64-1.20, P <0.001-0.026), whilst for V0, differences were small (SMD = 0.33-0.41, P = 0.149-0.283). Differences in relative F0, Pmax and optimal F0 during both assessments were trivial to moderate (SMD = 0.03-0.82, P = 0.021-0.907). CONCLUSIONS These results highlight senior and academy players present with different FV profiles and highlight some potential developmental opportunities for senior and academy rugby league players that sport scientists, strength and conditioning and rugby coaches can implement when designing programmes and considering long-term athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dobbin
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK -
| | - Simon Cushman
- Department of Sport and Public Services, Reaseheath College, Reaseheath, UK
| | - Jon Clarke
- Performance Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
| | - Jakes Batsford
- Performance Department, Salford Red Devils Rugby League Football Club, Salford, UK
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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20
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Alonso-Aubin DA, Chulvi-Medrano I, Cortell-Tormo JM, Picón-Martínez M, Rial Rebullido T, Faigenbaum AD. Squat and Bench Press Force-Velocity Profiling in Male and Female Adolescent Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S44-S50. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Redman KJ, Wade L, Whitley R, Connick MJ, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. The Relationship Between Match Tackle Outcomes and Muscular Strength and Power in Professional Rugby League. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2853-2861. [PMID: 33470597 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Redman, KJ, Wade, L, Whitley, R, Connick, MJ, Kelly, VG, and Beckman, EM. The relationship between match tackle outcomes and muscular strength and power in professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Tackling is a fundamental skill in collision sports, such as rugby league. Match success is largely dependent on a player's ability to complete tackles and tolerate physical collisions. High levels of strength and power are key physical qualities necessary for effective tackling because players are required to generate large forces while pushing and pulling their opponents. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between tackle outcomes and strength and power qualities in professional rugby league. Fourteen rugby league players participated in this study. Maximal strength was assessed through 1 repetition maximum on the back squat, bench press, and bench pull. Lower-body vertical and horizontal powers were evaluated using a countermovement jump and standing broad jump (SBJ), respectively. Upper-body power was assessed on a plyometric push-up (PPU). Postmatch analysis of 5 National Rugby League matches was conducted to examine tackling outcomes. A series of Spearman's rank-order correlations were used to assess the relationship among match tackle outcomes and strength and power variables. Significant associations were observed between play-the-ball speed and SBJ peak power (rs = -0.74, p = 0.003), postcontact metres and PPU peak power (rs = 0.77, p = 0.002), losing the play-the-ball contest in defence with SBJ distance (rs = 0.70, p = 0.006), and ineffective tackles with PPU concentric impulse (rs = 0.70, p = 0.007). These results suggest the development and maintenance of full-body power to enhance the likelihood of positive tackle outcomes during professional rugby league match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyanne J Redman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia; Center for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, Department for Health, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance in Rugby Players: A Systematic Literature Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040091. [PMID: 33467306 PMCID: PMC7804886 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is a multi-joint test of whole-body force production relevant to rugby players. "Rugby AND (mid-thigh pull OR midthigh pull OR mid thigh pull" were searched in PubMed, Sportdiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Google Scholar; the final date of search was 24 January 2018. Data extraction from 24 articles included subject characteristics, force data, and IMTP testing procedures. Select ranges of peak forces reported were: Youth: 1162-2374 N; Academy: 1855-3104 N; Professional: 2254-3851 N. Rate of force development (RFD) at 100 and 200 ms ranged from 5521 to 11,892 N and 5403 to 8405 N, respectively, among professional rugby players. Studies' research design were of moderate quality, but most studies lacked detailed reporting of IMTP procedures. Variability of force characteristics derived from the IMTP within similar populations (e.g., approximately 200% difference in peak force between samples of professional rugby league players) as well as large and unexpected overlaps between dissimilar populations, limit conclusions about force production capabilities relative to playing level, likely due to limitations and lack of standardization of IMTP procedures. Greater uniformity in IMTP testing procedures and reporting is needed. This manuscript provides a guide for reporting needs when presenting results from an IMTP in research.
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Association of Jumping Ability and Maximum Strength With Dive Distance in Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:296-303. [PMID: 33276324 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between dive distance (DD) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, track start CMJ height, countermovement broad jump (CMBJ) distance, track start broad jump distance, and isometric midthigh pull peak force and relative peak force. METHODS A total of 27 (11 female and 16 male) regional-national-international-standard swimmers (mean [SD]; age = 19.5 [5.5] y; mass = 69.3 [10.5] kg; height = 1.77 [0.09] m) performed 3 trials of a track start dive, CMJ, track start CMJ, CMBJ, track start broad jump, and isometric midthigh pull. RESULTS Data were separated into pooled (females and males combined), females, and males. Large to very large correlations were found between DD and all variables tested for pooled data (r = .554-.853, P < .001-.008), with DD-CMBJ displaying the highest correlation (r = .853, P < .001). CMBJ accounted for 70% of the variance in DD. Females demonstrated moderate nonsignificant correlations between DD isometric midthigh pull (r = .379, P < .125). Males demonstrated very large significant correlations between DD-CMJ (r = .761, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS DD demonstrated strong correlations with jump performances and multijoint isometric force production in pooled data. Males showed stronger correlations than females due to being stronger and being able to perform the jumping/strength tasks to a higher standard. Enhanced jump performance and increased maximal force production may, therefore, enhance DD in swimmers.
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Stokes KA, Jones B, Bennett M, Close GL, Gill N, Hull JH, Kasper AM, Kemp SP, Mellalieu SD, Peirce N, Stewart B, Wall BT, West SW, Cross M. Returning to Play after Prolonged Training Restrictions in Professional Collision Sports. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:895-911. [PMID: 32483768 PMCID: PMC7799169 DOI: 10.1055/a-1180-3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has resulted in widespread training disruption in many sports. Some athletes have access to facilities and equipment, while others have limited or no access, severely limiting their training practices. A primary concern is that the maintenance of key physical qualities (e. g. strength, power, high-speed running ability, acceleration, deceleration and change of direction), game-specific contact skills (e. g. tackling) and decision-making ability, are challenged, impacting performance and injury risk on resumption of training and competition. In extended periods of reduced training, without targeted intervention, changes in body composition and function can be profound. However, there are strategies that can dramatically mitigate potential losses, including resistance training to failure with lighter loads, plyometric training, exposure to high-speed running to ensure appropriate hamstring conditioning, and nutritional intervention. Athletes may require psychological support given the challenges associated with isolation and a change in regular training routine. While training restrictions may result in a decrease in some physical and psychological qualities, athletes can return in a positive state following an enforced period of rest and recovery. On return to training, the focus should be on progression of all aspects of training, taking into account the status of individual athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University
Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Ltd, Leeds, United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Bennett
- Rugby Union of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM),
Swansea University College of Engineering, Swansea, United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores
University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Irelan
- Professional Rugby Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nicholas Gill
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand
- Te HuatakiWaiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand
| | - James H. Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andreas M. Kasper
- Professional Rugby Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Simon P.T. Kemp
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen D. Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan
University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Sport Science & Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board,
Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bob Stewart
- Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen W. West
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Matthew Cross
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
- Professional Rugby Department, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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25
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Henriques-Neto D, Minderico C, Peralta M, Marques A, Sardinha LB. Test-retest reliability of physical fitness tests among young athletes: The FITescola ® battery. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020; 40:173-182. [PMID: 32056351 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring physical fitness in young athletes is essential to improve physical performance, identify talents and develop injury prevention programs. The aim of this investigation was to analyse the reliability of the physical fitness tests from the FITescola® battery in young athletes with different sports backgrounds and competition levels. Participants comprised of 138 young athletes (boys n = 92) aged 9 and 18 years old. Eight physical fitness tests assessing six components of physical fitness were performed: cardiorespiratory fitness (PACER); upper body muscular fitness (push-up); flexibility (sit and reach); lower-body muscular fitness (horizontal and vertical jump); agility (4 × 10 shuttle run); and speed (sprint at 20 m and 40 m). Each test was performed twice, with a one-week interval (7 days) between duplicate tests. No differences between duplicate tests were found (p > .05), except for the speed at 20 m in boys (p < .001) and speed at 40 m in girls (p = .006). The battery of tests had good or excellent reliability and concordance of the ICC between the two trials (ICC ≥ 0.75) with exception for the 20 m speed run in girls that presented moderate reliability (ICC = 0.57). The Bland-Altman plots showed high reliability for all the fitness tests for both sexes. Hence, The FITescola® battery may be a novel tool to assess the physical fitness of large groups of young athletes from different sports backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Henriques-Neto
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Comité Olímpico de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Miguel Peralta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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26
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Influence of Physical Characteristics and Match Outcome on Technical Errors During Rugby League Match Play. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1043-1049. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the relationship between technical errors during rugby league games, match success, and physical characteristics. Methods: A total of 27 semiprofessional rugby league players participated in this study (24.8 [2.5] y, 183.5 [5.3] cm, 97.1 [11.6] kg). Aerobic fitness, strength, and power were assessed prior to the start of the competitive season before technical performance was tracked during 22 competitive fixtures. Attacking errors were determined as any error that occurred in possession of the ball that resulted in a handover to the opposition. Defensive errors included line breaks, penalties, and missed or ineffective tackles. Match outcome, the zone on the field in which each error occurred, and the number of errors in an error chain (≤60 s between errors) were assessed. Results: During a loss, there were more defensive errors in the 0- to 40-m zone than when a match was won (effect size = 0.99 [0.04–1.94]). Error chains were a predictor of conceding a try (P = .0001, r2 = .22), with the odds ratio increasing to 2.33 when there were 7 errors per chain. High lower-body strength was associated with fewer defensive errors for backs (Bayes factor = 3.67) and forwards (Bayes factor = 19.31); relative bench press was also important for backs (Bayes factor = 3.21). Conclusions: Fewer defensive errors occur in the 0- to 40-m zone during winning matches; lower-body strength is strongly associated with fewer defensive errors in rugby league players.
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27
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Sartori S, Whiteley R. Pectoralis major ruptures during rugby league tackling - Case series with implications for tackling technique instruction. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1298-1303. [PMID: 31542338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Document the mechanism and incidence of pectoralis major ruptures in a professional rugby league cohort, and compare to any existing data. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Case series which documents 3 such injuries incurred while effecting a tackle in 3 rugby league players from the same squad (of 36) in the same season. RESULTS At the initial point of contact, all three players were in a similar shoulder position of outer-range abduction and horizontal abduction and subsequently it appeared their pectoralis major was torn while attempting to effect the tackle. CONCLUSIONS Complete tears of the pectoralis major muscle are rare but significant injuries often requiring surgical intervention to restore full function in collision sport athletes. In this same season, the organisation changed their defensive approach which may have contributed to these injuries. Each player was managed with acute surgical repair and returned to play at the same level. Suggestions are made to consider the possible training injury implications of changing tackle technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar.
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28
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den Hollander S, Lambert M, Jones B, Hendricks S. Tackle and ruck technique proficiency within academy and senior club rugby union. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2578-2587. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1648121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve den Hollander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Western Province Rugby Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Western Province Rugby Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Jones
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Western Province Rugby Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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29
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Jalilvand F, Banoocy NK, Rumpf MC, Lockie RG. Relationship Between Body Mass, Peak Power, and Power-to-Body Mass Ratio on Sprint Velocity and Momentum in High-School Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1871-1877. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Daniels M, Highton J, Twist C. Pre-season training responses and their associations with training load in elite rugby league players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1612529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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31
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Loturco I, Suchomel T, James LP, Bishop C, Abad CCC, Pereira LA, McGuigan MR. Selective Influences of Maximum Dynamic Strength and Bar-Power Output on Team Sports Performance: A Comprehensive Study of Four Different Disciplines. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1820. [PMID: 30618830 PMCID: PMC6304672 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the selective influences of one-repetition maximum (1RM) values [assessed in the half-squat (HS)] and bar-power production [assessed in both HS and jump squat (JS) exercises] on the physical performance of male and female team sport athletes from four different sports. Three-hundred and three elite players (31 Olympians) from four different disciplines (47 male soccer players, 58 female soccer players, 28 male handball players, 58 female handball players, 49 male rugby players, and 63 male futsal players) participated in this study. The physical tests were performed over 2 consecutive days for soccer and rugby players, and in 1 day for the remaining athletes. On the first day, rugby and soccer athletes performed squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ), and HS 1RM. On the second day, they executed HS and JS tests (to assess the maximum bar-power output) and the linear and change-of-direction (COD) speed tests. For the other players, the sequence of the measurements was the same; however, they did not perform the HS exercise. Athletes were separated, using a median split analysis, into two distinct groups, according to their bar-power output in both JS and HS exercises and their performance in HS 1RM. The magnitude-based inferences method was used to examine the differences between "higher" and "lower" performance groups. Overall, the bar-power outputs were better connected to improved acceleration, speed, and jump performance than the 1RM measures. From these findings, it is possible to infer that players able to produce higher bar-power outputs are likely to sprint faster and jump higher. Therefore, coaches involved in team sports are strongly encouraged to use the bar-power method to evaluate the athletic performance of their players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, United States
| | - Lachlan P. James
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael R. McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Relationship Between 2 Standardized Tackling Proficiency Tests and Rugby League Match-Play Tackle Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:770-776. [PMID: 29140179 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between 2 different assessments of tackling ability, physical qualities, and match-play performance in semiprofessional rugby league players. A total of 18 semiprofessional rugby league players (mean [SD]: age = 23.1 [2.0] y and body mass = 98.8 [11.8] kg) underwent tests of upper- and lower-body strength and power. Tackling ability was assessed using video analysis of under- and over-the-ball tackle drills. A total of 2360 tackles were analyzed from match play. Over-the-ball tackle ability was positively related to the proportion of dominant tackles (Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients [rs] = .52; 95% confidence interval [CI] .07-.79, P = .03) and average play-the-ball speeds (rs = .50; 95% CI .04-.78, P = .03) and negatively related to tackles that conceded offloads (rs = -.55; 95% CI -.78 to .04, P = .04). Under-the-ball tackle ability was significantly related to the proportion of dominant tackles (rs = .57; 95% CI .14-.82, P = .01) and missed tackles (rs = -.48; 95% CI -.77 to .02, P = .05). Good over-the-ball tacklers performed proportionally more dominant tackles, allowed significantly fewer offloads, and had longer average play-the-ball speeds. Good under-the-ball tacklers missed proportionately fewer tackles. This study suggests that both the under-the-ball and over-the-ball standardized tackle assessments are associated with varying indicators of match-play tackle performance and justifies the practical utility of these tests to assess and develop both types of tackles.
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Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between 2 tests of tackling ability, muscle strength, and power in semiprofessional rugby league players. Thirty-one players, 19 first-grade and 12 second-grade, underwent tests of muscle strength (1-repetition-maximum bench press, chin-up, and squat) and power (plyometric push-up and countermovement jump). Tackling ability was assessed via video analysis of under-and over-the-ball tackle drills. The first-grade players had significantly greater scores in both the under-the-ball (P = .03, effect size [ES] = 0.84, 95% CI 0.07–1.50) and over-the-ball tackling-ability tests (P < .001, ES =1.86, 95% CI 0.83–2.52) than the second-grade players. A large, significant relationship was found between under- and over-the-ball tackling ability (r = .55, 95% CI .24–.76, P = .001). Lower-body strength (r = .37, 95% CI .02–.64, P = .04) was moderately associated with under-the-ball tackling ability, whereas over-the-ball tackling ability was moderately associated with plyometric push-up performance (r = .39, 95% CI .04–.65, P = .03). This study found that over-the-ball tackling ability was significantly associated with under-the-ball tackling in semiprofessional rugby league players. Furthermore, it was found that, compared with the second-grade players, the first-grade players had superior tackle ability in both tackle drills. In this study it was observed that plyometric push-up peak power was significantly related to over-the-ball tackling ability and absolute lower-body strength was associated with under-the-ball tackling ability. These findings provide skill coaches and strength and conditioning staff a greater understanding of elements that contribute to effective tackling ability.
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34
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Criterion and Construct Validity of an Isometric Midthigh-Pull Dynamometer for Assessing Whole-Body Strength in Professional Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:235-239. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Speranza MJ, Gabbett TJ, Greene DA, Johnston RD, Townshend AD. Tackle characteristics and outcomes in match-play rugby league: the relationship with tackle ability and physical qualities. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1361041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - David A. Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Rich D. Johnston
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Townshend
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
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36
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Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The Importance of Muscular Strength in Athletic Performance. Sports Med 2017; 46:1419-49. [PMID: 26838985 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses previous literature that has examined the influence of muscular strength on various factors associated with athletic performance and the benefits of achieving greater muscular strength. Greater muscular strength is strongly associated with improved force-time characteristics that contribute to an athlete's overall performance. Much research supports the notion that greater muscular strength can enhance the ability to perform general sport skills such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction tasks. Further research indicates that stronger athletes produce superior performances during sport specific tasks. Greater muscular strength allows an individual to potentiate earlier and to a greater extent, but also decreases the risk of injury. Sport scientists and practitioners may monitor an individual's strength characteristics using isometric, dynamic, and reactive strength tests and variables. Relative strength may be classified into strength deficit, strength association, or strength reserve phases. The phase an individual falls into may directly affect their level of performance or training emphasis. Based on the extant literature, it appears that there may be no substitute for greater muscular strength when it comes to improving an individual's performance across a wide range of both general and sport specific skills while simultaneously reducing their risk of injury when performing these skills. Therefore, sport scientists and practitioners should implement long-term training strategies that promote the greatest muscular strength within the required context of each sport/event. Future research should examine how force-time characteristics, general and specific sport skills, potentiation ability, and injury rates change as individuals transition from certain standards or the suggested phases of strength to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Exercise Science, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, 18301, USA.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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37
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Abstract
Aim To investigate the effect of push-up training with a similar load of to 40% of 1- repetition maximumal (1RM) bench press on muscle hypertrophy and strength gain in men. Methods Eighteen male participants (age, 20.2 ± 0.73 years, range: 19-22 years, height: 169.8 ± 4.4 cm, weight: 64.5 ± 4.7 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: bench press at 40%1RM (bench-press group, n = 9) or push-ups with position adjusted (e.g. kneeling) to the same load of bench-press 40%1RM (push-up group, n = 9), performed twice per week for 8 weeks. Muscle thickness at three sites (biceps, triceps, and pectoralis major), bench-press 1RM, maximum repetition at 40%1RM, and power output (medicine ball throw) were measured before and after the training period. Results Significant increases in 1RM and muscle thickness (triceps and pectoralis major) were observed in bench-press group (1RM, from 60.0 ± 12.1 kg to 65.0 ± 12.1 kg, p < 0.01; triceps, from 26.3 ± 3.7 mm to 27.8 ± 3.8 mm, p < 0.01; pectoralis major, from 17.0 ± 2.8 mm to 20.8 ± 4.8 mm, p < 0.01) and in the push-up group (1RM, from 61.1 ± 12.2 kg to 64.2 ± 12.5 kg, p < 0.01; triceps, 27.7 ± 5.7 mm to 30.4 ± 6.6 mm, p < 0.01; pectoralis major, from 17.0 ± 2.8 mm to 20.8 ± 4.8 mm, p < 0.01). Biceps thickness significantly increased only in the bench-press group (28.4 ± 3.3 mm to 31.5 ± 3.7 mm, p < 0.01). Neither power output performance nor muscle endurance capacity changed in either group. Conclusions Push-up exercise with similar load to 40%1RM bench press is comparably effective for muscle hypertrophy and strength gain over an 8-week training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan
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38
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Greene DA, Varley B, Duncan CS, Gabbett TJ. Assessment of body composition in junior representative and first grade rugby league players using dual x-ray absorptiometry. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1331043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Varley
- School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig S. Duncan
- School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
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39
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Rivière M, Louit L, Strokosch A, Seitz LB. Variable Resistance Training Promotes Greater Strength and Power Adaptations Than Traditional Resistance Training in Elite Youth Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:947-955. [PMID: 27465633 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rivière, M, Louit, L, Strokosch, A, and Seitz, LB. Variable resistance training promotes greater strength and power adaptations than traditional resistance training in elite youth rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 947-955, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine the strength, velocity, and power adaptations in youth rugby league players in response to a variable resistance training (VRT) or traditional free-weight resistance training (TRAD) intervention. Sixteen elite youth players were assigned to a VRT or TRAD group and completed 2 weekly upper- and lower-body strength and power sessions for 6 weeks. Training programs were identical except that the VRT group trained the bench press exercise with 20% of the prescribed load coming from elastic bands. Bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and bench press mean velocity and power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM were measured before and after the training intervention, and the magnitude of the changes was determined using effect sizes (ESs). The VRT group experienced larger increases in both absolute (ES = 0.46 vs. 0.20) and relative (ES = 0.41 vs. 0.19) bench press 1RM. Similar results were observed for mean velocity as well as both absolute and relative mean power at 35, 45, 65, 75, and 85% of 1RM. Furthermore, both groups experienced large gains in both velocity and power in the heavier loads but small improvements in the lighter loads. The improvements in both velocity and power against the heavier loads were larger for the VRT group, whereas smaller differences existed between the 2 groups in the lighter loads. Variable resistance training using elastic bands may offer a greater training stimulus than traditional free-weight resistance training to improve upper-body strength, velocity, and power in elite youth rugby league players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Rivière
- 1Catalans Dragons, Perpignan, France; 2University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; 3University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom; and 4Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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40
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Roe G, Darrall-Jones J, Till K, Phibbs P, Read D, Weakley J, Rock A, Jones B. The effect of physical contact on changes in fatigue markers following rugby union field-based training. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:647-655. [PMID: 28276911 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1287960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repeated physical contact in rugby union is thought to contribute to post-match fatigue; however, no evidence exists on the effect of contact activity during field-based training on fatigue responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of contact during training on fatigue markers in rugby union players. Twenty academy rugby union players participated in the cross-over study. The magnitude of change in upper- and lower-body neuromuscular function (NMF), whole blood creatine kinase concentration [CK] and perception of well-being was assessed pre-training (baseline), immediately and 24 h post-training following contact and non-contact, field-based training. Training load was measured using mean heart rate, session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and microtechnology (Catapult Optimeye S5). The inclusion of contact during field-based training almost certainly increased mean heart rate (9.7; ±3.9%) and sRPE (42; ±29.2%) and resulted in likely and very likely greater decreases in upper-body NMF (-7.3; ±4.7% versus 2.7; ±5.9%) and perception of well-being (-8.0; ±4.8% versus -3.4; ±2.2%) 24 h post-training, respectively, and almost certainly greater elevations in [CK] (88.2; ±40.7% versus 3.7; ±8%). The exclusion of contact from field-based training almost certainly increased running intensity (19.8; ±5%) and distance (27.5; ±5.3%), resulting in possibly greater decreases in lower-body NMF (-5.6; ±5.2% versus 2.3; ±2.4%). Practitioners should be aware of the different demands and fatigue responses of contact and non-contact, field-based training and can use this information to appropriately schedule such training in the weekly microcycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Roe
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Kevin Till
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Dale Read
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Andrew Rock
- c Bath Rugby Club, Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford , Bath , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
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Edwards S, Austin AP, Bird SP. The Role of the Trunk Control in Athletic Performance of a Reactive Change-of-Direction Task. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:126-139. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Influence of Fatigue on Tackling Ability in Rugby League Players: Role of Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Aerobic Qualities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163161. [PMID: 27798634 PMCID: PMC5087954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of repeated high-intensity effort exercise on tackling ability in rugby league players, and determined the relationship between physical qualities and tackling ability under fatigued conditions in these athletes. Eleven semi-professional rugby league players underwent measurements of speed (10 m and 40 m sprint), upper-body strength (4 repetition maximum [RM] bench press and weighted chin-up), upper-body muscular endurance (body mass maximum repetition chin-up, body mass maximum repetition dips), lower-body strength (4RM squat), and estimated maximal aerobic power (multi-stage fitness test). Tackling ability was assessed using a standardized one-on-one tackling test, before, during, and following four bouts of repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) exercise. The relationship between physical qualities and fatigue-induced decrements in tackling ability were determined using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. Each cycle of the RHIE protocol induced progressive reductions in tackling ability. A moderate reduction (Effect Size = ~-1.17 ± 0.60, -34.1 ± 24.3%) in tackling ability occurred after the fourth cycle of the RHIE protocol. Players with greater relative lower-body strength (i.e. 4RM squat/kg) had the best tackling ability under fatigued conditions (r = 0.72, p = 0.013). There were no significant relationships between tackling ability under fatigued conditions and any other physical quality. These findings suggest that lower-body strength protects against fatigue-induced decrements in tackling ability. The development of lower-body strength should be a priority to facilitate the development of robust tackling skills that are maintained under fatigue.
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Speranza MJA, Gabbett TJ, Greene DA, Johnston RD, Sheppard JM. Changes in Rugby League Tackling Ability During a Competitive Season: The Relationship With Strength and Power Qualities. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:3311-3318. [PMID: 27379964 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Speranza, MJA, Gabbett, TJ, Greene, DA, Johnston, RD, and Sheppard, JM. Changes in rugby league tackling ability during a competitive season: the relationship with strength and power qualities. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3311-3318, 2017-This study examined the relationship between changes in tackling ability, and muscular strength and power during a semiprofessional rugby league competitive season. Twelve semiprofessional rugby league players (mean ± SD age, 23.3 ± 2.0 years) underwent tests of upper- and lower-body strength and power during the preseason period. Tackling ability was tested using video analysis of a standardized one-on-one tackling drill. Players repeated these tests after round 15 of a 25-match competitive season. Changes in 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat (rs = 0.70; p < 0.02) and squat relative to body mass (rs = 0.73; p < 0.01) were significantly related to changes in tackling ability. Players with the greatest improvements in tackling ability (i.e., "responders") retained 1RM squat (effect size, ES = 0.85, p = 0.09) and squat relative to body mass (ES = 0.82, p = 0.15) to a greater extent than the "nonresponders." The results of this study suggest that players who retained lower-body strength were able to improve tackling ability during the competitive season, whereas reductions in lower-body strength were associated with decrements in tackling ability. This study highlights the importance of the development and maintenance of lower-body muscular strength for effective tackling performance throughout the rugby league season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy M Sheppard
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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