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Yamashita N, Sato D, Mishima T. Change-of-Direction Performance and Its Deficits in Relation to Countermovement-Jump Height and Phase-Specific Performance Among Female Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1256-1263. [PMID: 39191375 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Jump and linear sprint performances both correlate with pro-agility performance. However, correlation does not imply causation, and potential confounders may affect the correlation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between change-of-direction (COD) performance and COD deficits (COD-D) in linear-sprint and countermovement-jump (CMJ) -related performance using multiple stepwise linear-regression models. METHODS The study included 42 female national-level intercollegiate athletes. The 10- and 20-m linear-sprint and pro-agility times, COD-D, CMJ height, and phase-specific force production and rate of force development during eccentric unloading, eccentric braking, and the concentric phases of CMJ were measured. Stepwise linear-regression analyses were used to predict the factors related to COD and COD-D. RESULTS CMJ height was the sole predictor in the 10-m pro-agility model (adjusted R2 = .234, P = .001). Modified Reactive Strength Index (standardized coefficient, -.710) and the lowest center-of-mass depth during the CMJ (standardized coefficient, .323) were predictors in the 20-m pro-agility model (adjusted R2 = .330, P < .001). For the 10- and 20-m COD-D models, the rate of force development at 30 and 60 milliseconds, respectively, during the concentric phase was the only predictor of performance (adjusted R2 = .183, P = .003 and .237, P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that athletes should concentrate on improving their CMJ height, increasing their ability to lower their center of mass more deeply, and increasing their instantaneous force-production abilities immediately after the eccentric braking phase of CMJ to improve their COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Yamashita
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Sports Science Center, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Senangun, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mishima
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Senangun, Japan
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2
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Henríquez M, Cornejo MI, Albaladejo-García C, Messiaen C, Roldan A, Yanci J, Reina R. Physical performance and technical specific skills of women football players with cerebral palsy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20831. [PMID: 39251832 PMCID: PMC11385890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the physical performance profile (ability to change direction, vertical and horizontal jump, sprint ability, and dribbling-specific skills) of the first women football players with cerebral palsy (CP) who participated in an international CP football competition, accounting for their sport classes. We also examined the relationships between the different physical performance variables. Forty-five female players with CP (24.9 ± 7.5 years) were categorised into three sport classes based on their impairment severity: 19 were FT1 (severe impairments); 21 FT2; and 5 FT3 (mild impairments). Various physical performance tests were conducted, including the 505 change of direction test; vertical and horizontal jumps; 10 m sprint test; and the dribbling speed test. Significant correlations were observed between the change of direction ability, sprint (r = 0.89; p < 0.01), and dribbling tests (r = 0.71; p < 0.01), as well as between horizontal jump and sprint time (r = - 0.74; p < 0.01). FT1 players demonstrated poorer performance compared to FT3 in the 505 test and standing broad jump (p < 0.05; dg = -1.79 and 1.22 respectively), but also lower vertical jump heights (p < 0.05; dg = -0.91 to -1.57) and increased time required for sprint (p < 0.05; dg = 0.88 to 1.16) and dribbling tests (p < 0.05; dg = 0.85 to 1.44) compared to both FT2 and FT3 players. These findings offer valuable insights into the physical performance characteristics of female footballers with CP, which can guide training and sport enhancement programs for this unique para-sport population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Chile
| | - María Isabel Cornejo
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Santo Tomas, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.
- Magíster en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte Aplicadas al Entrenamiento, Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomas, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Charlotte Messiaen
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Alba Roldan
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raul Reina
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Ruiz-Rios M, Setuain I, Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Tabar I. Physical Conditioning and Functional Injury-Screening Profile of Elite Female Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39179220 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the physical conditioning and functional injury-screening characteristics of elite female soccer players. METHODS This review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD4202346765). Searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science (from inception in March 2023 to July 2023). Updated searches were conducted in October 2023 and April 2024. Included studies were quantitative studies conducted on female soccer players. Main outcomes were functional and physical profiles. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment (Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and the Oxford Levels of Evidence scales) were performed. Mean differences between preseason and in-season testing periods were estimated by Hedges g effect size. Methods and results were reported according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS The search yielded 1727 articles, of which 10 were included. Overall methodological quality of the studies was strong, with a moderate level of evidence. Players exhibited mean maximal oxygen uptake of 52.6 (4.5) mL·min-1·kg-1, 20-m linear-sprint performance of 3.58 (0.18) seconds, countermovement jump of 31.0 (2.9) cm, unilateral countermovement jump of 14.4 (2.1) cm, and quadriceps and hamstring peak torque at 60°·s-1 of 133 (23) and 87 (17) N·m, respectively. Mean scores recorded during in-season were 2% to 22% better than in preseason (effect size: small to very large). CONCLUSIONS This review provides valuable normative physical conditioning and functional injury-risk assessment data for elite female soccer players. Coaches and conditioning staff can use these insights to interpret their own records and optimize their training processes. Furthermore, this study identifies methodological limitations to address in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Ruiz-Rios
- Society, Sports and Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health Group, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Igor Setuain
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Clinical Research Department, TDN, Advanced Rehabilitation Center, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN)-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibai Garcia-Tabar
- Society, Sports and Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health Group, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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4
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Aspin GL, Graham MK, Franklin JD, Hicks KM, Taylor JM. The Relationship Between the Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Acute Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training in Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00469. [PMID: 39016291 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aspin, GL, Graham, M, Franklin, J, Hicks, KM, and Taylor, JM. The relationship between the anaerobic speed reserve and acute responses to high-intensity interval training in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) is a popular method of profiling soccer players, often used to individualize training prescription. This study explored the reliability of ASR profiling, and the relationship between the ASR and acute physiological responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Acute physiological responses to different HIIT types were also compared. Thirteen subelite female soccer players aged 20.2 ± 4.6 years completed 6 exercise sessions. In sessions 1-2, players completed a 40-m sprint to assess maximal sprint speed (MSS) and 1600-m time-trial to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS), which were used to calculate ASR and assess test-retest reliability. In sessions 3-6, players completed 4 HIIT sessions (repeated-sprint training, sprint interval training, long intervals, and short intervals HIIT). Intensities for long and short intervals HIIT were individualized according to MAS. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and postsession blood lactates were recorded throughout. Relationships between the ASR and acute responses to HIIT, and between HIIT session comparisons in outcome measures were assessed. Anaerobic speed reserve (coefficient of variation ± 95% confidence limits; 3.1 ± 1.5%), MAS (1.8 ± 1.3%), and MSS (0.8 ± 0.6%) indicated acceptable reliability. Moderate correlations between ASR and RPE (r = 0.33), postsession blood lactate (r = 0.34), and HR (r = 0.37) were observed during long intervals HIIT. A strong correlation was observed between ASR and RPE during SIT (r = 0.50). Sprint interval training elicited higher RPE's and postsession blood lactate's than other HIIT sessions. Anaerobic speed reserve has good reliability and may influence acute physiological responses to HIIT in female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L Aspin
- Northumbria Sport, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K Graham
- School of Health and Life Sciences Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - John D Franklin
- School of Health and Life Sciences Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Taylor
- School of Health and Life Sciences Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
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Mainer-Pardos E, Bishop C, Gonzalo-Skok O. Seasonal Variations in Performance and Asymmetry Data for Jump and Change of Direction Abilities in Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00470. [PMID: 39016250 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mainer-Pardos, E, Bishop, C, and Gonzalo-Skok, O. Seasonal variations in performance and asymmetry data for jump and change of direction abilities in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The study aimed to evaluate the progression of the percentage-based change of direction (COD) deficit (%CODD) over a competitive season, along with its correlation with performance tests and to examine the impact of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry at 4 stages of the season. Forty-seven (U-16, U-18, and U-20), highly trained, female soccer players performed unilateral vertical jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ]) and horizontal jumping (HJ), 10-m sprint, and 180° change of direction (COD180) tests. The %CODD was also calculated. Significant group and time effects (p < 0.05) were observed in CMJ, HJ, 10-m sprint, and COD180 tests, with U-20 players generally outperforming the U-18 and U-16 groups. Nonsignificant differences were reported in the %CODD between any time point or groups throughout the season. Moderate or large significant (r = 0.44-0.64; p < 0.05) relationships were found between %CODD and 10 m. The direction of asymmetry within and between tests at all time points was slight to moderate (k = -0.29 to 0.57). Notwithstanding, 51% of the players showed the best performance in the horizontal jump with the same leg throughout the season, whereas only 36% in %CODD. This study highlights the importance of developing strategies to improve %CODD depending on the player's position demands. Finally, individually monitoring the magnitude and direction of asymmetry can help practitioners monitor the effects of training and competition throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
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Simonsson R, Piussi R, Högberg J, Sundberg A, Hamrin Senorski E. Rehabilitation and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:513-533. [PMID: 38811125 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rehabilitation after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction requires patience, devotion, and discipline. Rehabilitation should be individualized to each patient's specific need and sport. Return to sport is a continuum throughout the rehabilitation, and patients should not return to performance before passing a battery of muscle function tests and patient-reported outcomes, as well as change of direction-specific tests. Return to full participation should be an agreement between the patient, physical therapist, surgeon, and coach. For minimal risk for second ACL injury, patients should continue with maintenance and prevention training even after returning to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Simonsson
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Ramana Piussi
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Axel Sundberg
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Capio Ortho Center, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 4a, Gothenburg SE-413 13, Sweden
| | - Eric Hamrin Senorski
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Stampgatan 14, Gothenburg SE-411 01, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden; Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Swedish Olympic Committee, Olympiastadion 114 33, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Belamjahad A, Tourny C, Jebabli N, Clark CCT, Laher I, Hackney AC, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Effects of a Preseason Neuromuscular Training Program vs. an Endurance-Dominated Program on Physical Fitness and Injury Prevention in Female Soccer Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:76. [PMID: 38922502 PMCID: PMC11208342 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pre-season preparatory period is considered key for optimizing the physical fitness levels needed to withstand congested match periods and preventing injuries during the regular soccer season. This study contrasted the effects s of neuromuscular training (NMT) versus an endurance-dominated training (ET) program conducted during the preseason on measures of physical fitness and injury occurrence in female soccer players. METHODS Twenty-four female soccer players aged 17.0 ± 1.3 years from a professional soccer club participated in this study. Players were randomly assigned to NMT (n = 12) or ET (n = 12) groups according to their playing position. The preseason intervention program lasted six weeks, with three weekly sessions with a duration of 45-60 min per session. Exercises in the NMT group included muscle strengthening exercises, plyometrics, agility and dynamic stability exercises, while the ET group practiced a traditional pre-season training program consisting of running and sprinting exercises, fartlek, and high-intensity interval training. The training volumes were similar in the two study groups. Anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests (i.e., linear and change-of-direction speed, muscle strength and power tests) and the overall injury rate per 1000 h of exposure (training, match) were recorded throughout the season. RESULTS No between group differences were found at pre (T1). Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for the 5, 10, and 30-m linear sprint speed tests (p < 0.001, 2.16 < d < 2.58), the T-test (p = 0.024, d = 1.03), the squat (p < 0.001, d = 4.04), and the countermovement jump test (p < 0.001, d = 2.21), the Loughborough soccer passing test (LSPT) (p = 0.019, d = 1.08), and the 1-RM back squat test (p < 0.001, d = 2.53). Post-hoc tests indicated that NMT provided larger improvements for SJ, CMJ, 1-RM back squat, the 5-m sprint, 10-m sprint, 30-m sprint, T-test and LSPT compared to ET (1.07 > d > 2.77). The injury rate across the season was significantly lower in the NMT (5.1/1000 h exposure) compared to ET (11.8/1000 h exposure) (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The findings support that six-weeks of preseason NMT versus ET induced larger performance improvements, and significantly reduced injury occurrence in elite female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Belamjahad
- CETAPS UR 3832 (Research Center of Sport Science), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Claire Tourny
- CETAPS UR 3832 (Research Center of Sport Science), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Nidhal Jebabli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
- College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, B15 3TN, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- CETAPS UR 3832 (Research Center of Sport Science), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Université Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Rennes, Santé, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouer, France.
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Wen X, Song F, Yang L, Xu Q. Small-Sided Soccer Games Promote Greater Adaptations on Vertical Jump and Change-of-Direction Deficit and Similar Adaptations in Aerobic Capacity than High-Intensity Interval Training in Females. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:445-454. [PMID: 38841638 PMCID: PMC11149063 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both small-sided games (SSG) and short interval running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs over an 8-week period in fostering adaptations in aerobic capacity, change-of-direction abilities, and jumping performances of youth female soccer players. The study involved 48 female youth participants under the age of 19, competing at the regional level, who took part in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were assigned to either the SSG group, the HIIT group, or a control group, which involved regular in-field sessions. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after the 8-week training intervention, measuring aerobic capacity using the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), change of direction (COD) using the 5-0-5 test, and jumping performance using the countermovement jump test (CMJ). Time 5 group analysis revealed significant interactions in CMJ (p = 0.005; ηp2= 0.213) and VIFT (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.433), although no significant interaction were found in COD deficit (p = 0.246; ηp2 = 0.060). Within-group analysis revealed that SSG significantly improved CMJ (p < 0.001), COD deficit (p < 0.001), and VIFT (p < 0.001). HIIT group also significantly improved CMJ (p = 0.029), COD deficit (p = 0.001), and VIFT (p < 0.001). As conclusion, the study revealed that SSG promoted significantly improvements in VIFT, CMJ and COD deficit, being significantly better than control group, while HIIT was only significantly better than control in VIFT. SSG revealed to be effective approach for favoring key physical attributes of female soccer players, being an interesting and recommended training approach to increase the ecology of the training practice, while favoring physical positive adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - FaMing Song
- Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - LiuXi Yang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Hughes W, Healy R, Lyons M, Higginbotham C, Lane A, Beattie K. The Strength Characteristics of Elite and Subelite Female Gaelic Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1072-1081. [PMID: 38489587 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hughes, W, Healy, R, Lyons, M, Higginbotham, C, Lane, A, and Beattie, K. The strength characteristics of elite and subelite female Gaelic football players. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1072-1081, 2024-There is currently an underrepresentation of sports science research focused on the female athlete, specifically in the context of Gaelic football. The aims of this study are to (a) compare the strength characteristics of elite and subelite players and (b) establish normative-based values and percentile scores for the strength characteristics of female Gaelic football players. Ninety-two female Gaelic football players were recruited for this study and subsequently categorized as elite (intercounty n = 30, age; 25.1 ± 5.3 years, stature; 1.69 ± 0.06 m, mass; 69.5 ± 5.9 kg) or subelite (club n = 62, age; 25.4 ± 6.8 years, stature; 1.66 ± 0.06 m, mass; 65.1 ± 8.9 kg). The physical strength characteristics of the subjects were assessed through the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-5 repeated jump test. Statistically significant differences were found in the physical strength characteristics between the groups with elite players demonstrating greater peak force (large effect), relative peak force (moderate effect), and reactive strength index (large effect). Statistically significant differences were also observed for key CMJ phase characteristics with elite players producing greater RSI mod (moderate effect), jump height (large effect), and propulsion peak power (large effect) than subelite players. This study demonstrated that there are moderate to large differences between playing standards with elite players displaying superior reactive-, explosive-, and maximal-strength than their subelite counterparts. The strength characteristics evaluated in this study may be used in conjunction with other performance indices to distinguish between elite and subelite playing standards in female Gaelic football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hughes
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Robin Healy
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Clement Higginbotham
- Department of Mechanical, Polymer, and Design, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; and
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Aoife Lane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Kris Beattie
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
- SHE Research Group, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland
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10
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Roso-Moliner A, Gonzalo-Skok O, Villavicencio Álvarez VE, Calero-Morales S, Mainer-Pardos E. Analysing the Influence of Speed and Jumping Performance Metrics on the Percentage Change of Direction Deficit in Adolescent Female Soccer Players. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:466. [PMID: 38672737 PMCID: PMC11051186 DOI: 10.3390/life14040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies show that although female soccer players often have shorter change of direction (COD) deficits than males, indicating different biomechanical profiles, there is a lack of research on the impact of physical metrics on COD performance in females. The purpose of this work was to analyse whether performance metrics based on speed and jumping could explain the variation in %CODD in young female soccer players. Thirty-three highly trained adolescent female soccer players with an age of 16 ± 0.95 years, a body mass of 55.7 ± 7.22 kg, and a height of 160.4 ± 5.22 cm performed COD180 tests, 10 m and 30 m sprint tests, single-leg countermovement, and horizontal jumps. Acceleration in the first 10 m of a sprint was identified as a significant predictor of COD180 performance (R2 = 28%), (R2 = 50%), (p < 0.01), indicating that early sprint performance may largely determine an individual's ability to change direction. However, no predictors were found for %CODD. Significant correlations were observed between COD180 performance and %CODD, acceleration, linear speed, and horizontal jump performance (r = -0.59 to 0.70; p < 0.05). The study suggests that specific physical performance metrics, particularly early acceleration, are crucial for enhancing COD skills in female soccer players, emphasizing the need for targeted training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (E.M.-P.)
| | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Seville, Spain;
| | | | - Santiago Calero-Morales
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Quito 171103, Ecuador
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (E.M.-P.)
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11
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Reyes-Laredo F, Pareja-Blanco F, López-Lluch G, Rodríguez-Bies E. The Evolution of Physical Performance throughout an Entire Season in Female Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:52. [PMID: 38393272 PMCID: PMC10891543 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the evolution of performance throughout a season in team sports is scarce and mainly focused on men's teams. Our aim in this study was to examine the seasonal variations in relevant indices of physical performance in female football players. Twenty-seven female football players were assessed at week 2 of the season (preseason, PS), week 7 (end of preseason, EP), week 24 (half-season, HS), and week 38 (end of season, ES). Similar to the most common used conditioning tests in football, testing sessions consisted of (1) vertical countermovement jump (CMJ); (2) 20 m running sprint (T20); (3) 25 m side-step cutting maneuver test (V-CUT); and (4) progressive loading test in the full-squat exercise (V1-LOAD). Participants followed their normal football training procedure, which consisted of three weekly training sessions and an official match, without any type of intervention. No significant time effects were observed for CMJ height (p = 0.29) and T20 (p = 0.11) throughout the season. However, significant time effects were found for V-CUT (p = 0.004) and V1-LOAD (p = 0.001). V-CUT performance significantly improved from HS to ES (p = 0.001). Significant increases were observed for V1-LOAD throughout the season: PS-HS (p = 0.009); PS-ES (p < 0.001); EP-ES (p < 0.001); and HS-ES (p = 0.009). These findings suggest that, over the course of the season, female football players experience an enhancement in muscle strength and change of direction ability. However, no discernible improvements were noted in sprinting and jumping capabilities during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Reyes-Laredo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Centre of Developmental Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.R.-L.); (G.L.-L.)
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Sport and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Centre of Developmental Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.R.-L.); (G.L.-L.)
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, U729), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Rodríguez-Bies
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Sport and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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12
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Purdom TM, Levers KS, Ryan GA, Brown L, Giles J, McPherson C. Female Soccer Periodization on Anaerobic Power/Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2405-2410. [PMID: 37607390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purdom, TM, Levers, KS, Ryan, GA, Brown, L, Giles, J, and McPherson, C. Female soccer periodization on anaerobic power/capacity. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2405-2410, 2023-The purpose of this study was to observe changes in anaerobic power and capacity (resistance to fatigue) over an annual training cycle (ATC) in 14 Division I female soccer athletes (19.4 ± 1.0 years, 60.8 ± 5.4 kg, 164.9 ± 6.2 cm, 19.5 ± 3.2% body fat, and 48.9 ± 3.9 kg fat free mass). All subjects were evaluated across the ATC at 5 testing blocks (B1-B5) representing seasonal transitions: postcompetition I (B1), prespring (B2), postspring training (B3), precompetition (B4), and postcompetition II (B5) using 3 tests: countermovement vertical jump to measure peak vertical power (PVP), 40-yard sprint to measure peak horizontal power (PHP), and 35-m running anaerobic sprint test to measure anaerobic capacity via fatigue index (FI). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used with the Bonferroni post hoc test when relevant along with Cohen's d to evaluate effect size. Data are represented as mean ± SD ; significance set to p < 0.05. Significant performance increases were observed from postseason I to spring season training (B1-B3) in PVP (6.61 ± 3.18 and 7.71 ± 3.20; p < 0.01, d = 1.12) while changes occurred from prespring season to postspring season (B2-B3) in PVP (6.84 ± 3.15 and 7.71 ± 3.20; p = 0.03, d = 0.93) and PHP (6.65 ± 0.97 and 7.55 ± 1.26; p < 0.01, d = 1.06) with no change in body composition. No other significant changes were observed across the ATC ( p > 0.05). Increases in PHP and PVP occurred with directed training after B3 and then declined remaining so across the competitive season. Peak horizontal power and PVP may be more sensitive to coaching style and seasonal transition compared with FI and body composition changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Purdom
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Kyle S Levers
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gregory A Ryan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Piedmont University, Demorest, Georgia; and
| | - Lindsey Brown
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia
| | - Jacob Giles
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia
| | - Chase McPherson
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia
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13
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Richardson MC, English B, Chesterton P. The use of sand as an alternative surface for training, injury prevention and rehabilitation in English professional football and barriers to implementation: a cross-sectional survey of medical staff. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:413-421. [PMID: 36107139 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2125566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of sand as an alternative surface for training, injury prevention and rehabilitation interventions in English professional football. A Secondary aim was to explore the potential barriers to implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS All 92 teams from the male English professional football pyramid during the 2021-22 season were eligible to take part. A cross-sectional survey of the medical personnel (one per club) was conducted between June 2021 and December 2021 based on the RE-AIM framework. A total of 58 respondents (63% of all clubs) completed the survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Only 18 (31%) of the clubs surveyed used sand-based interventions across the last 3 seasons. Respondents felt sand-based interventions would be effective at improving physiological gains (median 4, interquartile range [IQR] 4-5) and as part of injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies (4, IQR 3-4) but were indifferent in relation to its potential to improve sporting performance (3, IQR 3-4). Barriers to implementation of sand-based interventions within wider football were a lack of facilities, lack of awareness of its potential benefits, lack of high-quality evidence and the surface not being specific to the sport. Medical staff also did not perceive that coaches' positively viewed sand interventions as a training or injury management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Richardson
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Bryan English
- Head of Medicine, Leicester City Football Club Training Ground, Seagrave, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Chesterton
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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14
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Sampaio T, Marinho D, Teixeira JE, Oliveira J, Morais J. Clustering U-14 Portuguese regional team football players by lower limb strength, power, dynamic balance, speed and change of direction: understanding the field position factor. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15609. [PMID: 37483964 PMCID: PMC10362840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to cluster U-14 Portuguese regional team football players based on variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction. Method The sample consisted of 22 young male soccer players (13.83 ± 0.44 years). A set of variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction was measured. Results Overall, a non-significant field position was observed. The countermovement jump (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.73), squat jump (p < 0.001), and 30 m linear sprint (p = 0.001) were the main variables responsible for establishing the clusters. Cluster 1 was characterized by a high slalom, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction) and a low composite score in the dynamic balance. Cluster 2 was characterized by high squat jump, countermovement jump, and reactive strength ratio (lower limb strength and power). Cluster 3 was characterized by low squat jump and countermovement jump (lower limb strength and power), and a high 30 m sprint, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction). Based on the results of the territorial map, the clusters consisted of: (i) cluster 1: two forwards, one midfielder, and five defenders; (ii) cluster 2: three forwards, two midfielders, and two defenders, and; (iii) cluster 3: four midfielders and three defenders. Conclusions Players from different field positions composed the three clusters. There was no cluster composed exclusively of players of the same field position. The development of individualized and specific enrichment training programs should consider a cluster analysis, as the positional effect can be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sampaio
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Teixeira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - João Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morais
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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15
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Bettariga F, Maestroni L, Martorelli L, Turner A, Bishop C. The Effects of a 6-Week Unilateral Strength and Ballistic Jump Training Program on the Force-Velocity Profiles of Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1390-1396. [PMID: 36662027 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bettariga, F, Maestroni, L, Martorelli, L, Turner, A, and Bishop, C. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1390-1396, 2023-The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the effects of a unilateral training program, compared with a control group, on a force-velocity (F-V) profile in soccer players and (b) to explore such effects on linear speed. Twenty-four soccer players, randomly assigned to a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training (UNI) ( n = 12) or a control group (CON) ( n = 12), performed 30-meter linear sprint test. Findings showed small-to-moderate improvements ( p < 0.05) in linear speed time ( g = 0.66-0.81) and in most F-V variables: maximal running velocity ( V0 ) ( g = 0 .81), maximal power output ( Pmax ) ( g = 0.49), maximal ratio of force ( RFmax ) ( g = 0.55), optimal velocity ( Vopt ) ( g = 0.83), and maximal speed ( g = 0.84) from pre- to post-intervention in the UNI group, whereas no meaningful changes were found in the CON group. The between-group comparison indicated small to large significant changes in V0 ( g = 0.95), RFmax ( g = 0.48), Vopt ( g = 0.95), maximal speed ( g = 0.98), and linear speed time performance ( g = 0.42-1.02), with the exception of the 0-5 meter distance, in favor of the UNI group. Thus, a unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program can be used to improve the F-V profile and linear speed performance of amateur soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- StudioErre, Brescia, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Luca Maestroni
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anthony Turner
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Bishop
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
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16
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Vagle M, Dalen-Lorentsen T, Moksnes H, Harøy J, Bjørneboe J, Andersen TE. Physical Performance Profiles in Norwegian Premier League Female Football: A Descriptive Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37201905 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To map anthropometric and physical performance profiles in Norwegian premier league female football players. METHODS During preseason, the physical qualities of 107 players were tested on Keiser leg press, countermovement jump, 40-meter sprint, and agility. Descriptive statistics were presented as mean (SD) and median [interquartile range]. Pearson correlations analyses were made for all performance tests, and results presented as R value with 95% CIs. RESULTS The female players were 22 (4) years of age, stature 169.0 (6.2) cm, body weight 65.3 (6.7) kg; force 2122 (312) N, power 1090 (140) W, sprint 40 m 5.75 (0.21) seconds, agility dominant 10.18 (0.32) seconds, nondominant 10.27 (0.31) seconds, and countermovement jump 32.6 (4.1) cm. Outfield players were faster and more agile than goalkeepers, a difference of 40 m, agility of dominant, and nondominant leg, respectively: 0.20 [0.09-0.32], 0.37 [0.21-0.54], and 0.28 [0.12-45]; P < .001. Goalkeepers and central defenders were taller and heavier compared with fullbacks, central midfielders, and wide midfielders (P ranging from <.02). A difference was found between dominant and nondominant legs for the agility test, showing that players are faster when changing direction with the dominant leg. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents anthropometric and physical performance profiles of Norwegian premier league female football players. We found no difference for the physical qualities strength, power, sprint, agility, and countermovement jump between any outfield playing positions in female premier league players. There was a difference between outfield players and goalkeepers for sprint and agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Vagle
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten,Norway
| | - Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
| | | | - Joar Harøy
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Norwegian FA Sports Medicine Clinic, Oslo,Norway
| | - John Bjørneboe
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Norwegian FA Sports Medicine Clinic, Oslo,Norway
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17
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Cadore EL, Grazioli R, Azevedo PHSM, Jeffreys I, Loturco I. Interrelationships Between Multiple Speed Tests in Youth Soccer: Are Players Equally Efficient at Performing Different Sprint and Change of Direction Tasks? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:848-853. [PMID: 36730627 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freitas, TT, Pereira, LA, Alcaraz, PE, Cadore, EL, Grazioli, R, Azevedo, PHSM, Jeffreys, I, and Loturco, I. Interrelationships between multiple speed tests in youth soccer: Are players equally efficient at performing different sprint and COD tasks? J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 848-853, 2023-We investigated the relationships between linear and multidirectional sprint tests in elite young soccer players, using different speed measurements and their associated deficits. Twenty-three under-17 and 17 under-16 soccer players performed, on the same day, 17-m linear sprint (with 10-m split times), curve sprints for "good" and "weak" sides (CSGS and CSWS, respectively), and zigzag and 505 change of direction (COD) tests. The Pearson's product moment test was used to determine the relationships among the tested variables. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Large and very large significant correlations were observed between CSGS and CSWS and 10-m ( r = 0.73 and r = 0.53, respectively; p < 0.0001) and 17-m sprint velocity ( r = 0.84 and r = 0.74, respectively; p < 0.0001). Moderate and significant associations were identified between zigzag and 17-m sprint performances ( r = 0.40; p = 0.02). No significant relationships were found between 505 performance and 17-m sprint velocity and between the different COD tasks ( p > 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between sprint performance at 10- and 17-m and both CS and COD deficits ( r values ranging from 0.37 to 0.54; p < 0.05). In general, higher linear sprinting velocities were associated with superior performances in smoother multidirectional tasks (i.e., CS and zigzag tests) but not in more aggressive COD maneuvers (i.e., 505). Faster athletes in linear actions presented greater CS and COD deficits. No associations were detected between the different COD measurements, supporting the notion that the technical and mechanical demands of COD actions are angle and velocity dependent. From a practical perspective, comprehensive speed testing batteries (i.e., incorporating linear sprints, CS, and different COD assessments) should be administered to young soccer players, to better understand their ability to change direction and sprint over multiple trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia,
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia,
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Grazioli
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Guarani Football Club, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
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18
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Warneke K, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Kadlubowski B, Sander A, Wirth K, Keiner M. The influence of age and sex on speed-strength performance in children between 10 and 14 years of age. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1092874. [PMID: 36895629 PMCID: PMC9989187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1092874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Speed-strength performance is important during human movements such as jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) tasks, which are a substantial part of sports practice. Sex and age seem to influence performance output in young persons; however, few studies have focused on the influence of sex and age measured via standard protocols of performance diagnostics. Method: Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age and sex on linear sprint (LS), COD sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, squat-jump (SJ) height, and drop-jump (DJ) height performance in untrained children and adolescents via a cross-sectional analysis. This study comprised 141 untrained male and female participants 10-14 years of age. Results: The results showed the influence of age in male participants on speed-strength performance, while in female participants, age did not significantly influence performance parameters. Moderate to high correlations between sprint and jump performance (r = 0.69-0.72), sprint and COD sprint performance (r = 0.58-0.72), and jump and COD sprint performance (r = 0.56-0.58) were found. Discussion: Based on the data from this study, it appears that the growth phase of age 10-14 does not necessarily lead to improvements in athletic performance. To ensure holistic motor development, female subjects in particular should be provided with specific training interventions with a focus on strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Carl Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Sander
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Preissler AAB, Schons P, Clemente FM, de Vargas GD, Klein LM, Silva AF, Nobari H, Kruel LFM. Correlations between linear sprint with the ball, linear sprint without the ball, and change-of-direction without the ball in professional female soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:39. [PMID: 36593266 PMCID: PMC9807573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of female soccer is related to the increase in high-intensity actions and choosing the abilities that best characterize the players' performance. Determining the capabilities that best describe the players' performance becomes essential for coaches and technical staff to obtain the results more efficiently within the competitive calendar. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the correlations between performance in the 20-m sprint tests with and without the ball and the Zigzag 20-m change-of-direction (COD) test without the ball in professional female soccer players. Thirty-three high-level professional female soccer players performed the 20-m sprint tests without a ball, 20-m sprint tests with the ball, and the Zigzag 20-m COD test without the ball. The shortest time obtained in the three trials was used for each test. The fastest time in the three trials was used for each test to calculate the average test speed. The Pearson product-moment correlation test was applied to analyze the correlation between the performance in the tests. Pearson's product-moment correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between the performance in the trials, with a significance level of α < 0.05. The average speed in the 20-m sprint tests with ball showed very large and significant correlations with the speed in the Zigzag 20-m COD test (r = 0.822; p < 0.001; 95% CI = 0.666 to 0.909). The 20-m sprint tests with ball and 20-m sprint tests without ball showed moderate, positive and significant correlation (r = 0.363; p = 0.038; 95% CI = 0.023-0.628). The tests of 20-m sprint tests without ball and Zigzag 20-m COD test also showed moderate, positive and significant correlation (r = 0.415; p = 0.016; 95% CI = 0.084-0.664). The female-female soccer players with a better ability to change direction may also have a better technical ability to drive the ball at high speed. However, they will not necessarily be the fastest in the linear sprint without the ball. Coaches and technical staff may choose to perform tests seeking efficiency and practicality, especially in a congested competitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Avelino Birk Preissler
- Faculdade SOGIPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Swimming Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Room 18, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Pedro Schons
- Faculdade SOGIPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Swimming Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Room 18, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Droescher de Vargas
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Swimming Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Room 18, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Lucas Moraes Klein
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Swimming Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Room 18, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal.,The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania.
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Swimming Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Room 18, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, RS, 90690-200, Brazil
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20
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Hernandez-Martinez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Vera-Assaoka T, Castillo-Cerda M, Carter-Truillier B, Herrera-Valenzuela T, López-Fuenzalida A, Nobari H, Valdés-Badilla P. Warm-up stretching exercises and physical performance of youth soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1127669. [PMID: 36875040 PMCID: PMC9975542 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1127669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare the effects of standard warm-up versus warm-up using stretching exercises on the physical performance of male youth soccer players. Eighty-five male soccer players (age: 10.3 ± 4.3 years; body mass index: 19.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) were assessed for countermovement jump height (CMJ, cm), 10 m, 20 m and 30 m running sprint speed (s) and ball kicking speed (km/h) for the dominant and non-dominant leg under five (randomized) warm-up conditions. Using 72 h of recovery between conditions, the participants completed a control condition (CC) and four experimental conditions, including static stretching (SSC), dynamic stretching (DSC), ballistic stretching (BSC), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNFC) exercises. All warm-up conditions had a duration of 10 minutes. The main results indicate that no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between warm-up conditions compared to CC in CMJ (CC = 28.1 ± 4.9; SSC = 28.4 ± 4.9; DSC = 30.9 ± 4.8; BSC = 30.9 ± 5.2; PNFC = 28.4 ± 5.0), 10 m sprint (CC = 2.42 ± 0.4; SSC = 2.50 ± 0.4; DSC = 2.30 ± 0.3; BSC = 2.27 ± 0.3; PNFC = 2.53 ± 0.4), 20 m sprint (CC = 5.42 ± 0.9; SSC = 5.59 ± 0.9; DSC = 5.37 ± 0.9; BSC = 5.40 ± 0.9; PNFC = 5.44 ± 0.9), 30 m sprint (CC = 8.05 ± 1.3; SSC = 8.27 ± 1.3; DSC = 8.01 ± 1.3; BSC = 8.00 ± 1.3; PNFC = 8.12 ± 1.3), ball kicking speed for dominant (CC = 56.2 ± 4.9; SSC = 55.3 ± 5.2; DSC = 56.9 ± 5.8; BSC = 57.3 ± 5.8; PNFC = 55.7 ± 5.2) and non-dominant leg (CC = 52.8 ± 3.4; SSC = 51.8 ± 4.6; DSC = 53.5 ± 5.4; BSC = 53.6 ± 4.9; PNFC = 52.5 ± 4.0). In conclusion, compared to standard warm-up, stretching-based warm-up exerts no effect on male youth soccer players jump height, sprint speed and ball kicking speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hernandez-Martinez
- Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María Castillo-Cerda
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | | | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- School of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio López-Fuenzalida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Intervention and Therapeutic Approach, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.,Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brașov, Brașov, Romania
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
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21
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Azevedo PHSM, Bishop C, Loturco I. Percentage-Based Change of Direction Deficit: A New Approach to Standardize Time- and Velocity-Derived Calculations. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3521-3526. [PMID: 34446644 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freitas, TT, Pereira, LA, Alcaraz, PE, Azevedo, PHSM, Bishop, C, and Loturco, I. Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3521-3526, 2022-Change of direction (COD) efforts are crucial in team sports, and an extensive body of research has been devoted to investigating this complex and multifaceted skill. Most studies have assessed players' ability to change direction by reporting completion time or average velocity in different COD tasks. However, it has been argued that these variables may not accurately portray an athlete's true capability to quickly change direction. In this context, new metrics such as the COD Deficit (CODD) have been proposed to provide complementary information on the efficiency to change direction. The current literature presents 2 different CODD computations: time-derived and velocity-derived calculations. Despite both being consistent and representing the same phenomenon, the decision of using one or the other may produce different outcomes, thus influencing coaches' decisions and training strategies. To overcome this issue, we propose a new approach to the computation of the CODD, based on the difference in percentage between linear sprint and COD abilities, in an attempt to standardize the estimation of this variable and simplify the evaluation of COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom.,UK Strength and Conditioning Association, Lytham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Sport and Exercise, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales
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22
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McQuilliam SJ, Clark DR, Erskine RM, Brownlee TE. Mind the gap! A survey comparing current strength training methods used in men's versus women's first team and academy soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:597-604. [PMID: 35473477 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2070267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Much less is known about strength and conditioning (S&C) practice in women's versus men's soccer. The aim of this study was to compare S&C practice between coaches working in men's or women's soccer, at first team or academy level, worldwide. METHODS A total of 170 participants, who were involved with S&C support at their soccer club (in Europe, USA and South America, within men's or women's first team or academy settings) completed a comprehensive online survey, designed to evaluate (i) their academic qualifications and S&C coaching experience; and their preferred methods for (ii) physical testing; (iii) strength and power development; (iv) plyometric training; (v) speed development; and (vi) periodization. RESULTS Women's academies had fewer weekly in-season S&C sessions than men's academies (1.6±0.6 vs. 2.3±0.9, p=0.005). Relatively, fewer women's academy S&C coaches (6%) used Olympic weightlifting movements than men's academy S&C coaches (32%, p=0.030). Relatively, more women's academy coaches (47%) used the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) compared to men's academy coaches (15%, p=0.006), but relatively more women's vs. men's first team coaches (61% vs. 38%, p=0.028) and women's vs. men's academy (61% vs. 38% coaches, p=0.049) utilised rating of perceived exertion-based load prescriptions. CONCLUSION Notable differences in S&C practice exist between coaches of men's and women's soccer squads, particularly at academy level. Fewer weekly S&C sessions in women academy players may have implications for physical development, while the greater use of subjective load prescriptions in both academy and first team women's squads may lead to sub-optimal performance gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McQuilliam
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Nicholson G, Bennett T, Thomas A, Pollitt L, Hopkinson M, Crespo R, Robinson T, Price RJ. Inter-limb asymmetries and kicking limb preference in English premier league soccer players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:982796. [PMID: 36060629 PMCID: PMC9428458 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.982796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (1) to quantify interlimb asymmetries in EPL soccer players in the context of kicking limb preference and (2) to establish the relationship between interlimb asymmetries and measures of physical performance. Twenty-two players (age: 21.8 ± 4.4 years) from an EPL club performed a running gait assessment (20 km/h) and unilateral countermovement jumps, a CoD assessment (modified 505 test), and an isokinetic knee extension/flexion protocol using each leg. Asymmetries were quantified using the percentage difference method and Pearson's correlations were used to quantify the association between variables. Players displayed the greatest level of asymmetry in isokinetic strength measures (5.9–12.7%) and lower levels of asymmetry in gait (1.6–7.7%), jump (0.9–7.0%) and CoD (1.9–3.5%) assessments. The influence of the preferred kicking limb was most evident in the isokinetic assessment with the players showing dominance in the preferred limb for knee flexor strength and in the non-preferred limb for knee extensor strength. These manifested in the asymmetry values calculated for the hamstring:quadricep (H:Q) ratios at 60°/s (8.80 ± 7.82%) and 240°/s (11.22 ± 7.04%) and in the functional H:Q ratio (12.67 ± 8.25%). The asymmetry values for peak extensor moment at 240°/s showed a significant correlation (ρ = −0.55, p = 0.034) with 10 m time in the CoD assessment. These findings provide benchmark asymmetry data for soccer practitioners and reveal that kicking limb preferences may bring about interlimb differences in the H:Q ratio which raises important considerations in the design of testing batteries and injury reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Nicholson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Gareth Nicholson
| | - Tim Bennett
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Thomas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lysander Pollitt
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Hopkinson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rubén Crespo
- Leeds United Football Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Robinson
- Leeds United Football Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rob J. Price
- Leeds United Football Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
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24
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Falces-Prieto M, González-Fernández FT, García-Delgado G, Silva R, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Relationship between sprint, jump, dynamic balance with the change of direction on young soccer players' performance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12272. [PMID: 35851296 PMCID: PMC9293905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to determine the relationship between linear sprinting and jump performance, dynamic balance and change of direction on young soccer players. Ninety-four healthy young highly trained male soccer players belonging to the same high-performance academy agreed to participate in the study [twenty-seven soccer players U16 (14.8 ± 0.4 years; height: 170.6 ± 5.6 cm; body mass 64.7 ± 8.4 kg)] and [sixty-seven soccer players U19 (16.6 ± 1.3 years; height: 173.7 ± 7.2 cm; body mass 66.7 ± 8.0 kg)]. Participants completed 3 testing sessions, 7 days apart. Data from a CMJ, Crossover Hop Test, 10-m sprint test, 505 COD tests and the 90° COD test were collected. Moderate correlations were found in some of the cases (r values were between 0.2 and 0.5 in all cases, being p < 0.05), indicating that linear sprinting, jumping performance and dynamic balance are influential factors in agility but are not the main limiting factor. The highest correlation was found between the cross-over hop test and the 505 COD test (r = 0.44; p < 0.001). The main evidence from the current study suggested that linear sprinting, jumping performance and dynamics balance are determinants of COD, namely explaining the variations in such a skill. The current study revealed that short-distance sprint and jumping performance significantly explain the variations of COD performance on young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Falces-Prieto
- Research Center High Performance Soccer, Marcet Academy, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel García-Delgado
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran.
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25
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Azócar-Gallardo J, Campos-Uribe V, García-García JM. Relationship between explosive strength characteristics with change of direction speed in junior and cadet karate athletes. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Explosive strength and change of direction speed (CODS) are relevant physical abilities in karate. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the characteristics of explosive strength and the 5-m linear sprint (5M) with CODS performance and ii) to examine the influential characteristics of explosive strength on CODS performance. METHODS: Eighteen cadet and junior karate athletes, eight females and ten males were evaluated. The physical abilities assessments included: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5M and CODS. Also, pre-stretch percentage increase (PSA), eccentric utilization index (EUR) reactive strength index (RSI) were calculated. RESULTS: Superior performance (p< 0.05) was documented in SJ, CMJ and CODS in male vs. female. Also, significant correlations between CODS with SJ and CMJ (r=-0.70 to -0.80; R2=-0.51 to -0.73; p< 0.05, respectively) and correlations (r=-0.14 to -0.22; R2= 0.01 to 0.04; p> 0.05) between CODS with RSI, EUR and PSA. Multiple regression model documented that only SJ significantly influenced CODS performance in male (R2= 60%; p= 0.009) and female (R2= 71%; p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: CODS correlate with SJ and CMJ. In particular, SJ influence CODS independently of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sports Training Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- School of Sports and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jairo Azócar-Gallardo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Life and Wellness Quality Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Victor Campos-Uribe
- Programa de Vida Saludable, Actividad Física y Deporte, Undergraduate Studies Universidad de Talca Campus Curicó, Curicó, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sports Training Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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26
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Kozinc Ž, Pleša J, Šarabon N. Questionable Utility of the Eccentric Utilization Ratio in Relation to the Performance of Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211754. [PMID: 34831507 PMCID: PMC8623165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The difference between squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), termed eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), is frequently suggested as an outcome that can be used in athletic training design. Unlike performance in SJ and CMJ, which is associated with sports performance, the association between EUR and sports performance is almost unexplored. This study aimed to investigate whether EUR is associated with performance in approach jump, linear sprint and change of direction (CoD) tasks in volleyball players. Forty-five male volleyball players performed SJ, CMJ, 25 m linear sprint, approach jump and two CoD tasks (505 test and modified T-test). EUR was calculated based on jump height, peak power, peak force and average power. SJ and CMJ variables showed moderate to high correlation with approach jump performance (r = 0.42–0.70), small correlation with modified T-test (r = 0.33–0.40) and small to moderate correlation with sprint time (r = 0.35–0.49). EUR showed only small associations with performance variables (r = 0.31–0.34). In all linear regression models with performance outcomes as dependent variables, the CMJ height was always the only statistically significant predictor. Our results support the recent arguments that the EUR offers limited insight into the neuromuscular capabilities of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (Ž.K.); (J.P.)
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (Ž.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (Ž.K.); (J.P.)
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Tehnološki Park 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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27
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Iaia FM, Alberti G, Pasta G, Trecroci A. Association of phase angle and appendicular upper and lower body lean soft tissue with physical performance in young elite soccer players: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1015-1022. [PMID: 34546027 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soccer, a better understanding of the bioimpedance parameters with physical performance may be useful to efficiently monitor and interpret players' performance variation throughout a certain period of the season. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between phase angle (PhA) and arms and legs lean soft tissue (ALST and LLST) with physical performance in young elite soccer players. METHODS Fifteen young male elite soccer players (age = 14.2±1.2 years, BMI = 20.51±1.38 kg/m2) participated in this investigation. Raw bioimpedance parameters (reactance, resistance, and phase angle) were obtained by a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device. Then, ALST and LLST were estimated. All players underwent a physical testing battery including countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m and 20-m sprint, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YoYo IRTL1) in the domains of anaerobic and aerobic performance, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that LST (total, arms and legs) positively correlated with CMJ (0.64 < r < 0.69; p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with 10-m (-0.59 < r < -0.63; p < 0.05) and 20-m sprint (-0.67 < r < -0.73; p < 0.001), while PhA positively correlated with CMJ (r = 0.57; p < 0.05) and negatively correlated (r = -0.54; p < 0.05) only with 20-m sprint. No significant association was found between the BIA-related parameters (PhA and LST) and Yo- Yo IRT level 1. CONCLUSIONS The present findings highlight the existing association of PhA and LST with jumping and sprinting performance in young elite soccer players. This result supports the use of BIA-related measures as a simple and practical approach to monitoring anaerobic performance changes, rather than aerobic, over time throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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28
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Jones S, Mullen R, Clair Z, Wrigley R, Andersen TE, Williams M. Field based lower limb strength tests provide insight into sprint and change of direction ability in academy footballers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2178-2186. [PMID: 34418145 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Conducting field-based strength assessments is embedded within football academy development processes. Yet, there is a limited understanding of how hip and groin strength assessments relate to vital game-based tasks such as sprinting and change of direction (COD) performance. Our aim was to explore field-based strength assessments and their relationships with both sprint and COD performance in male academy footballers. Participants (n = 146; age 14.2 ± 2.2 years; stature 166.3 ± 15.4 cm; body mass 55.6 ± 15.6 kg) performed maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), Nordic hamstring strength (NHS), isometric hip adductor (ADD)/abductor (ABD), 5 m, 10 m, 20 m sprints, and modified 505 agility test. All strength measures were allometrically scaled to account for body weight. Between-limb differences were reported as imbalance scores. Principal component analysis reduced sprint and COD variables to a single "running ability" component score. Scaled strength and imbalance, when controlled for age, were associated with "running ability" (adjusted R2 = 0.78, p < 0.001). Significant effects on "running ability" included the following: age, CMJ impulse, NHS, and hip-ADD. When the sprint and COD variables were explored independently, age and CMJ-impulse were featured in all sprint and COD models. For 10 m and 20 m sprint distances, hip-ADD emerged as a significant effect. Mean 505 performance was explained by age, CMJ-impulse, hip-ADD, but also with the addition of NHS. Our findings suggest that insight into the underpinning strength qualities of "running ability" of academy footballers can be obtained from a suite of field-based tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jones
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom.,VBV De Graafschap Youth Academy, VBV De Graafschap Football Club, Doetinchem, Netherlands.,Hubei I-star Youth Academy, Hubei I-star Football Club, Wuhan, China
| | - Rich Mullen
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Clair
- Blackburn Rovers Ladies Football Club, Blackburn, United Kingdom
| | - Russ Wrigley
- Blackburn Rovers Youth Academy, Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, United Kingdom
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morgan Williams
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
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Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Datson N, Lolli L, Drust B, Atkinson G, Weston M, Gregson W. Inter-methodological quantification of the target change for performance test outcomes relevant to elite female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:248-261. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1942538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Iaia FM, DI Baldassarre A, Pasta G, Manetti P, Alberti G, Trecroci A. Relationship of regional and whole body morphology to vertical jump in elite soccer players: a data-driven approach. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1162-1169. [PMID: 34080815 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyse the relationship of regional and whole body morphology to vertical jump performance and to compare the morphological features outlining high and low performers in professional soccer players. METHODS Twenty-one male soccer players were recruited. Whole and regional (upper and lower limbs) features were obtained in the form of body dimensional measurements. Then, all players were tested for vertical jump performance. A data-driven approach was used to group players according to their jump performance parameters (high vs low). RESULTS The regional morphological features presented higher correlations with vertical jump than whole body features. High and low performers were significantly different among upperand lower-limb morphology. No differences were observed among whole body features. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, rather than the whole body, the use of morphological features linked to specific body regions may ensure a better interpretation of the soccer players' physical potential in jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela DI Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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32
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Oterhals G, Lorås H, Pedersen AV. Age at Nomination Among Soccer Players Nominated for Major International Individual Awards: A Better Proxy for the Age of Peak Individual Soccer Performance? Front Psychol 2021; 12:661523. [PMID: 34108918 PMCID: PMC8182689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual soccer performance is notoriously difficult to measure due to the many contributing sub-variables and the variety of contexts within which skills must be utilised. Furthermore, performance differs across rather specialised playing positions. In research, soccer performance is often measured using combinations of, or even single, sub-variables. All too often these variables have not been validated against actual performance. Another approach is the use of proxies. In sports research, the age of athletes when winning championship medals has been used as a proxy for determining their age of peak performance. In soccer, studies have used the average age of players in top European leagues or in the Champions League to determine the age of individual peak performance. Such approaches have methodological shortcomings and may underestimate the peak. We explore the use of a new proxy, the age at nomination for major individual awards, to determine the average age at peak individual soccer performance. A total of 1,981 players nominated for major awards from 1956 to 2019 were included, and a subset of 653 retired players was extracted, thus including players’ complete careers. Players’ average ages at nomination, at their first nomination, and at their last ever nomination were calculated, and differences across playing positions were calculated together with changes over time in the average age at peak. Based on our proxy, the age of individual peak soccer performance occurs around 27–28 years, varying across playing positions from 26 to 31 years. A player’s first peak, on average, seems to coincide with known peaks of physiological variables; their last-ever peak occurs long after physiological performance has started to decline, indicating that the decline can be compensated for by other variables. The peak age is higher than previously reported for soccer; however, it is similar to those in other team ball sports. The average age at peak performance has increased over time, especially in the last decade. Our approach of using proxies for unearthing information about hidden features of otherwise immeasurable complex performance appears to be viable, and such proxies may be used to validate sub-variables that measure complex behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Oterhals
- Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Håvard Lorås
- Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arve Vorland Pedersen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Kobal R, Freitas TT, Fílter A, Requena B, Barroso R, Rossetti M, Jorge RM, Carvalho L, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Curve Sprint in Elite Female Soccer Players: Relationship with Linear Sprint and Jump Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052306. [PMID: 33652735 PMCID: PMC7956260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between linear sprint, curve sprint (CS), change of direction (COD) speed, and jump performance in a sample of 17 professional female soccer players. All athletes performed squat and countermovement jumps, single leg horizontal triple jumps, 17 m linear sprints, CS tests, and a 17 m Zigzag COD test. A Pearson product–moment test was performed to determine the relationships among the assessed variables. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Nearly perfect associations (r > 0.9) were found between linear and CS velocities. Players faster in linear sprints and CS exhibited greater COD deficits. No significant associations were found between COD deficit and either body mass or sprint momentum. Jumping ability was significantly correlated with linear sprint and CS performance, but not to COD performance. These findings may be used by coaches and practitioners to guide testing and training prescriptions in this population. The associations observed here suggest that training methods designed to improve linear sprint and CS velocities may benefit from the implementation of vertically and horizontally oriented plyometric exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport—Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Fílter
- Football Science Institute (FSI), 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Faculty of Sport-University of Pablo de Olavide (UPO), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Football Science Institute (FSI), 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.F.); (B.R.)
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Marcelo Rossetti
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Renato M. Jorge
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF037 1DL, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3702-5284
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Utility of an Isometric Midthigh Pull Test to Assess Lower Body Muscular Strength in Professional Netball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:719-726. [PMID: 33561817 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study established the relationship between isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) peak force and court-based jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) performance in professional netball players. The change in IMTP peak force in response to sport-specific training was also examined. METHODS IMTP peak force and court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD were collected in 18 female athletes contracted to a Suncorp Super Netball team. Linear regression models established the relationship between absolute and normalized strength values and court-based performance measures in the participant cohort. Changes in IMTP peak force and court-based performance measures were examined following 2 consecutive preseason training blocks in a subset of participants. RESULTS The IMTP peak force values normalized to body mass were found to be determinants of court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD performance in the participant cohort (R2 = .34-.65, P ≤ .016). The participants showed increases in absolute (mean ± SE = 398 ± 68.5 N, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.70 [-0.05 to 1.35]) and normalized IMTP peak force (mean ± SE = 4.6 ± 0.78 N·kg-1, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.47 [-0.04 to 0.97]) over 2 consecutive training blocks that coincided with improvements in jumping, sprinting, and COD performances. CONCLUSION IMTP peak force is a determinant of court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD performance and is sensitive to training in professional netball players. These results support the utility of the IMTP test to monitor the development and maintenance of maximal lower body muscular strength in these athletes.
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Ruscello B, Castagna C, Carbonaro R, Gabrielli PR, D'Ottavio S. Fitness profiles of elite male Italian teams handball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:656-665. [PMID: 33480511 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the fitness profile of the Italian national male Team-Handball players of different competitive level. METHODS Forty-one male handball players from the senior (N.=21, height 1.90±0.06m, body mass 94.04±11.59kg, BMI 26.13±2.45) to the junior category (N.=20, height 1.86±0.06m, body weight 84.99±12.52kg, BMI: 24.56±3.35) Italian National Teams participated in this study. Players were tested for lower and upper limbs muscle strength, change of direction ability and specific endurance. Lower limbs explosive strength was assessed with squat (SJ) countermovement (CMJ), stiff leg (stiffness) jumps. Explosive strength was assessed by measuring kinematic aspects of squat and bench exercises. Change of direction ability was assessed with the 505 test. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIR1) was considered for specific endurance. RESULTS Large and significant differences (d>1; partial η2>0.14; P<0.01) between senior and junior national team players were found in anthropometrics, jumping, power, sprint, agility, and aerobic fitness (junior body weight accounting for 10% less than the senior one, P=0.021; SJ and CMJ in juniors smaller than the seniors by 15% and 12%, P=0.000 and P=0.001, respectively). Similar differences were found among positional roles (goalkeepers, backs, centers, pivots, wings), suggesting practical implications for training. CONCLUSIONS The differences between the competitive level and the playing role in relevant handball performance were reported in Italian national team players. The magnitude of the differences suggests the need of individual training approach when dealing with the young handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy - .,Italian Team Handball Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Handball), Technical Department, Performance Unit, Rome, Italy -
| | - Carlo Castagna
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Italian Team Handball Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Handball), Technical Department, Performance Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Carbonaro
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Italian Team Handball Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Handball), Technical Department, Performance Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto Gabrielli
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy.,Italian Team Handball Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Handball), Technical Department, Performance Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Ottavio
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy.,Italian Team Handball Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Handball), Technical Department, Performance Unit, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Poehling RA, Tsai MC, Manson SA, Koehle MS, Meylan CMP. Physical performance development in a female national team soccer program. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:597-602. [PMID: 33390301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Significant resources are invested in maximizing player performance without extensive knowledge of the athletic progression of elite female soccer players during their career. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the change in physical performance characteristics in 12- to 34-year-old female soccer players in a national team program. DESIGN Mixed-longitudinal study. METHODS Physical performance was assessed across five years and 657 testing occasions (n = 143) using anthropometrics, 40 m sprint (10 m split), broad jump, countermovement jump, squat jump, and 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). RESULTS Using a Gaussian mixture model, Youth and Senior groups were bifurcated at approximately 23 years old. Subsequent linear mixed models for each group and variable identified significant improvements in the Youth group in maximal speed (30-40 m split), broad jump, countermovement jump, and final velocity30-15IFT (p ≤ 0.002), and a decrease in squat jump height with increasing age (p = 0.04). The Senior group recorded slower 10 m sprint time and a decrease in squat jump height with increasing age (p < 0.001). Body mass increased from 12 to 34 years old (Youth and Senior: p ≤ 0.001). The Youth group significantly differed in the rate of change compared to the Senior group in body mass, 10 m sprint time, countermovement jump, squat jump, and final velocity30-15IFT (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This information can be used to identify average rates of physical performance improvement and decay to help guide optimal physical training and maximize the longevity of a female soccer players' career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Poehling
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Canada; Canada Soccer, Canada; Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Canada.
| | | | | | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Canada
| | - Cesar M P Meylan
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Canada; Canada Soccer, Canada; Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Canada
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de Albuquerque Freire L, Tannure M, Sampaio M, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Aedo-Muñoz E, Sobarzo Soto DA, Brito CJ, Miarka B. COVID-19-Related Restrictions and Quarantine COVID-19: Effects on Cardiovascular and Yo-Yo Test Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:589543. [PMID: 33391113 PMCID: PMC7775546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the quarantine's effects during a serious viral outbreak on the cardiovascular and performance associated with the Yo-Yo test in a sample of professional soccer players. 20 high-level soccer players (n = 20; age: 26 ± 4 years-old; weight: 76.85 ± 6.7 kg; height: 179 ± 6 cm) participated in this study. The intermittent Yo-Yo test was performed pre- and post- COVID-19 quarantine in a random order. During each test, the soccer players' running performance outcomes were monitored using a portable 5-Hz GPS with a 100 Hz accelerometer and a paired t-test was conducted at a p-value of ≤ 0.05. The main results demonstrated significant differences between pre- versus post-COVID-19 quarantine in the following variables: relative distance (161.7 ± 5.9 > 141.1 ± 33.8 m/min), maximal speed (18.7 ± 0.9 > 18.2 ± 0.6 km/h), acceleration (60 ± 20 frequency > 52 ± 16 frequency), deceleration (34 ± 13 frequency > 27 ± 6 frequency), sprints > 19 km/h [0.8 (0.2;3)% >0.5 (0;0.5)%], and in high intensity running distance [16.48 (2.68;41.64)m > 0.827 (0.164;3.0)m]. We concluded that COVID-19-related restrictions and quarantine COVID-19 demonstrated adverse effects on professional soccer players' Yo-Yo tests performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Albuquerque Freire
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Tannure
- Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chilean High Performance Center, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Fights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Influence of linear-sprint performance, concentric power and maximum strength on change of direction performance in elite youth soccer players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChange of direction (COD) performance has an essential role in soccer. In the literature, there is a wide range of explained variance in correlation analyses between linear-sprint performance, concentric power and maximum strength and COD performance. Therefore this study has (1) analyzed the influence of linear-sprint performance, concentric power and maximum strength on COD performance in elite youth soccer players and (2) compared the calculated influence on the different COD tests. To answer the research questions, 67 elite youth soccer players were tested. The linear-sprint (10 m, [LS]) performance, concentric power (squat jump [SJ]) and maximum strength (1 repetition maximum [1 RM]) and COD (measured via the Illinois agility test [IAT], the 505 agility test [505], the agility test of the German Soccer Association [GewT], and the triangle test [TriT]) were assessed. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship. Benjamini and Hochberg’s method, which was used to control the study-wise false discovery rate, was 0.05. The LS performance had the greatest impact on COD performance with a wide range of explained variance between the different COD tests (r2 = 0.18 to 0.39). However, SJ compared to LS performance had lower influence, but also a wide range of explained variance (r2 = −0.02 to −0.29). Correlations for 1 RM and COD test were calculated with r2 = −0.01 to −0.09. Thus, (1) the greater the similarity between the performance tests (i.e., LS, SJ, 1 RM) and the COD tests, the higher the explained variance between the variables in question. Furthermore, (2) as the different COD tests are affected to different degrees by linear-sprint, concentric power and maximum strength performance, it might be concluded that the tests have a different physiological requirement profile. Therefore, coaches and sport scientists must review and select different tests with logical validity, based on the requirement profiles of soccer.
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Train the Engine or the Brakes? Influence of Momentum on the Change of Direction Deficit. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:90-96. [PMID: 33120363 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, it is unclear which physical characteristics may underpin the change of direction deficit (COD-D). This investigation sought to determine if momentum, speed-, and jump-based measures may explain variance in COD-D. METHODS Seventeen males from a professional soccer academy (age, 16.76 [0.75] y; height, 1.80 [0.06] m; body mass, 72.38 [9.57] kg) performed 505 tests on both legs, a 40-m sprint, and single-leg countermovement and drop jumps. RESULTS The regression analyses did not reveal any significant predictors for COD-D on either leg. "Large" relationships were reported between the COD-D and 505 time on both limbs (r = .65 to .69; P < .01), but COD-D was not associated with linear momentum, speed-, or jump-based performances. When the cohort was median split by COD-D, the effect sizes suggested that the subgroup with the smaller COD-D was 5% faster in the 505 test (d = -1.24; P < .001) but 4% slower over 0-10 m (d = 0.79; P = .33) and carried 11% less momentum (d = -0.81; P = .17). CONCLUSION Individual variance in COD-D may not be explained by speed- and jump-based performance measures within academy soccer players. However, when grouping athletes by COD-D, faster athletes with greater momentum are likely to display a larger COD-D. It may, therefore, be prudent to recommend more eccentric-biased or technically focused COD training in such athletes and for coaches to view the COD action as a specific skill that may not be represented by performance time in a COD test.
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Bongiovanni T, Trecroci A, Cavaggioni L, Rossi A, Perri E, Pasta G, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Importance of anthropometric features to predict physical performance in elite youth soccer: a machine learning approach. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:213-224. [PMID: 32835528 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1809410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the contribution of soccer players' anthropometric features to predict their physical performance. Sixteen players, from a professional youth soccer academy, were recruited. Several anthropometric features such as corrected arm muscle area (AMAcorr), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and right and left suprapatellar girths (RSPG and LSPG) were employed in this study. Players' physical performance was assessed by the change of direction (COD), sprint (10-m and 20-m), and vertical jump (CMJ) tests, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1). Using an extra tree regression (ETR) model, the anthropometric features permitted to accurately predict 10-m sprint, 20-m sprint and Yo-Yo IRTL 1 performance (p < 0.05). ETR showed that upper-body features as AMAcorr, and AMC affected 10-m and 20-m sprint performances, while lower-body features as RSPG and LSPG influenced the Yo-Yo IRTL 1 (Overall Gini importance ≥ 0.22). The model predicting COD and CMJ presented a poor level of prediction, suggesting that other factors, rather than anthropometric features, may concur to predict their changes in performance. These findings demonstrated that the upper- and lower-body anthropometric features are strictly related to sprint and aerobic fitness performance in elite youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Nutrition, Hydration & Body Composition Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Cavaggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Perri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Griffin J, Horan S, Keogh J, Dodd K, Andreatta M, Minahan C. Contextual factors influencing the characteristics of female football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:218-232. [PMID: 32744042 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Women's football participation rates are projected to increase to 60 million worldwide by 2026, doubling the current participation. Growing investment and the increase in research in women's football has had a positive effect on the level of performance over the last 10 years. The present review aimed to examine the literature on the physical and physiological characteristics of female football players from 2010 to 2019 to reflect the recent changes in professionalism. Characteristics investigated include anthropometry, strength, speed, endurance, power, change of direction and repeated sprint ability. These characteristics are presented in relation to playing position, age and competition-level. Results revealed that goalkeepers (171 cm, 66 kg) and defenders (168 cm, 61 kg) were the tallest and had the greatest body mass, while attackers were the fastest players over 20 m (3.05 s) and 30 m (4.38 s) and midfielders had the highest endurance (55.4 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) (P<0.05). Characteristics tended to improve with age until full biological maturity around 17 to 18 years of age. Competition comparisons demonstrated international players have significantly greater speed, repeated sprint ability, power and endurance characteristics (P<0.05). By identifying influential factors, coaches may be able to optimize their training and physical assessment practices, to better expose players to the required stimulus to develop these characteristics considered crucial to improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Griffin
- Griffith Sports Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia -
| | - Sean Horan
- Unit of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Justin Keogh
- Unit of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Center New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Dodd
- Guam Football Association, Barrigada, Guam
| | | | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Gross M, Lüthy F. Anaerobic Power Assessment in Athletes: Are Cycling and Vertical Jump Tests Interchangeable? Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050060. [PMID: 32397456 PMCID: PMC7281183 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regularly assessing anaerobic power is important for athletes from sports with an explosive strength component. Understanding the differences and overlap between different assessment methods might help coaches or smaller-scale testing facilities maximize financial and temporal resources. Therefore, this study investigated the degree to which cycling sprint and vertical jump tests are interchangeable for determining peak mechanical leg power output in strength-trained athletes. Professional skiers (n = 19) performed unloaded squat jumps (SJ) and other jump forms on a force plate and a six-second cycling sprint (6sCS) test on an ergometer on six occasions over two years. Along with cross-sectional correlations between cycling and jumping power, correlations between longitudinal percent changes and agreement between magnitude-based inferences about individual changes were assessed. Among the tested jump forms, SJ reflected 6sCS best. However, despite extremely large cross-sectional correlation coefficients (0.92) between 6sCS and SJ, and moderate (Pearson’s r = 0.32 for 6sCS with SJ over one-year time spans) to large (r = 0.68 over shorter time spans) correlation coefficients on percent changes, magnitude-based inferences agreed in only around 50% of cases. Thus, for making qualitative assessments about the development of anaerobic power over time in athletes, cycling sprint and squat jump tests are not interchangeable. Rather, we recommend employing the test form that best reflects athletes’ strength and conditioning training.
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Granero-Gil P, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Rojas-Valverde D, de la Cruz E, Pino-Ortega J. Influence of playing position and laterality in centripetal force and changes of direction in elite soccer players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232123. [PMID: 32324801 PMCID: PMC7179881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to: (a) assess centripetal force (CentF) and changes of direction (COD) in elite soccer players according to playing position (central defender, CD; lateral defender, LD; central midfielder, CM; lateral midfielder, LM; forward, FW), laterality (right-footed vs. left-footed) and field zone (central vs. lateral), and (b) analyze the relationship between anthropometric characteristics (age, weight, height, body mass and fat mass) and non-linear locomotion workload. Thirty professional soccer players (age: 26.57±5.56 years) were tracked during the 2017–2018 season during friendly, national and international matches (38 total games) using inertial measurement devices. CentF and COD were the variables extracted for analysis. A one-way ANOVA was used for playing position comparison, a t-test for laterality and field zone, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to analyze relationships between anthropometric characteristics and dependent variables. There were differences by playing position in COD (556.33-to-412.18), R20COD (484.36-to-354.81) and R60COD (48.38-to-38.61) (p < .01; ωp2 = 0.03-to-0.05; CD>CM>LD>LM = FW); in CODHIA (49.75-to-37.11), R20CODHIA (16.04-to-9.11) and R60CODHIA (10.64-to-9.11) (p < .01; ωp2 = 0.03-to-0.07; CM>FW>LM>CD = LD); in CODSPRINT (14.56-to-8.40) and R20CODSPRINT (3.29-to-1.40) (p < .01; ωp2 = 0.03-to-0.04; FW = LM = CM>CD = LD); and in CentFMAX both in clockwise (992.04-to-902.09N) and counterclockwise (999.24-to-872.61N) directions (p < .02; ωp2 = 0.02-to-0.07; FW = CD>CM = LM = LD). The highest values of counterclockwise CentF were performed by left-footed players in the central zone (p < .001; d = 0.71-to-1.44) and clockwise CentF by right-footed players (p < .001; d = 0.04-to-0.55) in the lateral field zone. Moderate correlations were found between age, body mass and high intensity/sprints COD and repeated COD ability (p < .05; r = 0.235-to-0.383). Therefore, team staff should consider anthropometric characteristics, playing position, laterality and field zone to individualize training workload related to non-linear locomotion in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulino Granero-Gil
- Fitness Coach of PFC CSKA Moscow and Russian Football Union, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Optimization of Training and Sport Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Research Center of Sport and Health Diagnosis (CIDISAD), School of Human Movement Science and Quality of Life, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Group in Updates for Sport Training and Physical Conditioning (GAEDAF), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Ernesto de la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Influence of Contextual Variables in the Changes of Direction and Centripetal Force Generated during an Elite-Level Soccer Team Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030967. [PMID: 32033182 PMCID: PMC7036788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study of the contextual variables that affect soccer performance is important to be able to reproduce the competition context during the training sessions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of match outcome as related to goal difference (large win, >2 goals, LW; narrow win, 1–2 goals, NW; drawing, D; narrow loss, 1–2 goals, NL; or large loss, >2 goals, LL), match location (home, H; away, A; neutral, N), type of competition (international, INT; national, NAT; friendly, F), phase of the season (summer preseason, SPS; in-season 1, IS1; winter preseason, WPS; in-season 2), and the field surface (natural grass, NG; artificial turf, TF) on the change of direction (COD) and centripetal force (CentF) generated during official games. Thirty male elite-level soccer players (age: 26.57 ± 5.56 years) were assessed while using WIMU PROTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) in 38 matches during the 2017–2018 season, selecting for analysis the number of COD at different intensities and the CentF, depending on the turn direction. Statistical analyses comprised a one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post-hoc and t-test for independent samples. The main results showed that the match outcome (ωp2 = 0.01–0.04; NW = D = NL > LL), match location (ωp2 = 0.01–0.06; A = N > H), type of competition (ωp2 = 0.01–0.02; INT > NAT > F), and period of the season (ωp2 = 0.01–0.02; SPS = IS1 = WPS > IS2) all exert some influence. No effect was found for the playing surface. Therefore, match outcome, match location, type of competition, and period of the season influence the demands of centripetal force and changes of direction. These aspects should be considered in the design of training sessions and microcycle workload planning during the season to improve competitive success.
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Altmann S, Ringhof S, Neumann R, Woll A, Rumpf MC. Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220982. [PMID: 31412057 PMCID: PMC6693781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Speed is an important prerequisite in soccer. Therefore, a large number of tests have been developed aiming to investigate several speed skills relevant to soccer. This systematic review aimed to examine the validity and reliability of speed tests used in adult soccer players. Methods A systematic search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated speed tests in adult soccer players and reported validity (construct and criterion) or reliability (intraday and interday) data. The tests were categorized into linear-sprint, repeated-sprint, change-of-direction sprint, agility, and tests incorporating combinations of these skills. Results In total, 90 studies covering 167 tests were included. Linear-sprint (n = 67) and change-of-direction sprint (n = 60) were studied most often, followed by combinations of the aforementioned (n = 21) and repeated-sprint tests (n = 15). Agility tests were examined fewest (n = 4). Mainly based on construct validity studies, acceptable validity was reported for the majority of the tests in all categories, except for agility tests, where no validity study was identified. Regarding intraday and interday reliability, ICCs>0.75 and CVs<3.0% were evident for most of the tests in all categories. These results applied for total and average times. In contrast, measures representing fatigue such as percent decrement scores indicated inconsistent validity findings. Regarding reliability, ICCs were 0.11–0.49 and CVs were 16.8–51.0%. Conclusion Except for agility tests, several tests for all categories with acceptable levels of validity and high levels of reliability for adult soccer players are available. Caution should be given when interpreting fatigue measures, e.g., percent decrement scores. Given the lack of accepted gold-standard tests for each category, researchers and practitioners may base their test selection on the broad database provided in this systematic review. Future research should pay attention to the criterion validity examining the relationship between test results and match parameters as well as to the development and evaluation of soccer-specific agility tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altmann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Neumann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Department for Social and Health Sciences in Sport, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael C. Rumpf
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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46
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Pichardo AW, Oliver JL, Harrison CB, Maulder PS, Lloyd RS, Kandoi R. The Influence of Maturity Offset, Strength, and Movement Competency on Motor Skill Performance in Adolescent Males. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E168. [PMID: 31323944 PMCID: PMC6680597 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the extent to which maturity offset, strength, and movement competency influences motor skill performance in adolescent boys. One hundred and eight secondary school boys completed anthropometric and physical testing on two non-consecutive days for the following variables: Maturity offset, isometric mid-thigh pull absolute (IMTPABS) and relative (IMTPREL) peak force, resistance training skills quotient, 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprint time, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, anaerobic endurance performance, and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The IMTPREL displayed significant small to large correlations with all performance variables (r = 0.27-0.61), whereas maturity offset was significantly correlated with IMTPABS (r = 0.69), sprint (r = 0.29-0.33), jump (r = 0.23-0.34), and SMBT (r = 0.32). Absolute and relative strength were the strongest predictors of all performance variables and combined with maturity to explain 21%-76% of the variance. Low and average relative strength boys were nearly eight times (odds ratio: 7.80, confidence interval: 1.48-41.12, p < 0.05) and nearly four times (odds ratio: 3.86, confidence interval: 0.95-15.59, p < 0.05) more likely to be classified as lower competency compared to high relative strength boys. Relative strength has more influence on motor skill performance than maturity when compared with movement competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Pichardo
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Craig B Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Peter S Maulder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, 51 Akoranga Road, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, 51 Akoranga Road, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Rohan Kandoi
- Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato University of Technology, 51 Akoranga Road, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
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Kadlubowski B, Keiner M, Hartmann H, Wirth K, Frick U. The Relationship between Change of Direction Tests in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050111. [PMID: 31091766 PMCID: PMC6571937 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Change of direction (COD) is a performance-limiting factor in team sports. However, there are no exact definitions describing which physical abilities limit COD performance in soccer. Nevertheless, different COD tests are used or have been recommended as being equally effective in the professional practice of measuring COD performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different COD tests, and to test the independence and generalizability of these COD tests in soccer. As such, 27 elite youth soccer players were randomly recruited and were tested in different COD tests (i.e., Illinois agility test (IAT), T agility test (TT), 505 agility test (505), Gewandtheitslauf (GewT), triangle test (Tri-t), and square test (SQT)). Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the COD tests. The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used to control for the false discovery rate of the study at 0.05. This investigation calculated explained variances of 10% to 55% between performances in the different COD tests. This suggested that the tests covered different aspects or task-specific characteristics of the COD. Therefore, coaches and sport scientists should review and select different tests with a logical validity, based on the requirement profiles of the corresponding sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kadlubowski
- Germany University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
- DSC Arminia Bielefeld e. V, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Michael Keiner
- Germany University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
| | - Hagen Hartmann
- Germany University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany.
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Ulrich Frick
- Institute of sport science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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González-García J, Morencos E, Balsalobre-Fernández C, Cuéllar-Rayo Á, Romero-Moraleda B. Effects of 7-Week Hip Thrust Versus Back Squat Resistance Training on Performance in Adolescent Female Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040080. [PMID: 30987169 PMCID: PMC6524379 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip thrust (HT) is a loaded bridging exercise that requires more hip extension than a back squat (SQ) does, while in a back squat, triple flex extension occurs. Due to the specificity of each exercise, it is claimed that HT gains can be better transferred to actions where hip extension occurs. In addition, strength improvements during squatting can be transferred in a greater way to vertical plane movement, such as vertical jumping. However, its effects on the performance of female soccer players are unclear. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to analyze a 7-week training program on performance variables using either HT or SQ exercises in female adolescent soccer players without lifting experience (N = 24, age = 16.82 ± 1.56 years, height = 1.64 ± 0.55 cm, body mass = 58.35 ± 6.28 kg). Players were randomized into three groups: A back squat group (SQG; N = 8), hip thrust group (HTG; N = 8), and control group (CG; N = 8). Participants in the HTG and SQG joined a progressive resistance training program twice per week for 7 weeks with either HT or SQ exercises. A countermovement jump, 10–20 m sprint, T-test, and barbell velocity during HTs and SQs (with the load that represents ~60 and ~80% RM) were measured before and after the intervention. The HTG showed greater improvements in the 10-m sprint (d = 0.7), 20-m sprint (d = 0.46), T-test (d = 0.36), and barbell velocity at 80% repetition maximal (RM) (d = 0.53) and 60% RM (d = 1.02) during hip thrusts, while the SQG showed higher barbell velocity at 80% RM (d = −0.7) during back squats. These results may be useful for strength and conditioning coaches working with adolescent female soccer athletes, since both strengthening exercises improved performance in different ways due to the nature of the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Morencos
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, Education and Humanities Faculty, Francisco de Vitoria University, UFV, Bulding E, Ctra. M-515 Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- LFE Research Group, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángel Cuéllar-Rayo
- Education and Health Faculty, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain.
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