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Mastrofini GF, McFadden BA, Chandler AJ, Lints BS, Cintineo HP, Rhoades ND, Vincenty CS, Stray-Gundersen SO, Lane AD, Arent SM. The effects of a brand-specific, hemp-derived cannabidiol product on physiological, biochemical, and psychometric outcomes in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2370430. [PMID: 38904150 PMCID: PMC11195455 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2370430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phyto-cannabinoid derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. CBD exhibits various interactions at receptor sites, prompting the research of its potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, psychological, and pain-relieving effects. This study aimed to investigate the physiological, biochemical, and psychometric effects of a brand-specific, hemp-derived CBD product in healthy adults over a 12-week observation period. METHODS 54 healthy males and females (age = 25 ± 7y; BMI = 24.82 ± 3.25 kg/m2) recruited from a large Southeastern University completed the study. Participants arrived at the laboratory after > 8 h of fasting, and > 48 h without alcohol consumption and vigorous exercise. Following baseline measurements (height, weight, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood work), participants were stratified by sex and randomized to either CBD or placebo groups. Products were administered double-blinded, with both given in liquid form containing medium-chain triglyceride oil, while the CBD product specifically contained 50 mg/mL of CBD. Participants were instructed to consume 1 mL of their product twice daily and were given enough product to last until their next laboratory visit. Data were collected at baseline and on days 30 ± 3, 60 ± 3, and 90 ± 3. Blood was drawn for analysis of immune and inflammatory biomarkers. Chronic pain among participants was calculated using urine samples according to the foundational pain index (FPI). Self-reported psychometric questionnaires were utilized (Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Profile of Mood States,10-item Likert scale for perceived pain) to assess stress, sleep quality, mood state, and body discomfort. To determine overall wellbeing, participants completed a daily survey indicating if they missed work or school due to illness. Change from baseline was calculated for each measure, and mixed effects models were used to determine differences between groups over time while adjusting for baseline values (α = 0.05). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS There were no Group-by-Time interactions or Group or Time main effects for immune or inflammatory biomarkers (p > 0.05). Analyses revealed no Group-by-Time interactions or main effects observed for perceived stress, sleep quality, overall mood disturbance, and all the profile of mood state subscales (p > 0.05), except "vigor-activity." A Time main effect was found for the sub-score for "vigor-activity" (p = 0.007; Pre CBD = 19.5 ± 5.2, Post CBD = 17.3 ± 5.3; Pre PL = 19.0 ± 5.7, Post PL = 17.9 ± 7.1), which decreased from Visit 3 to Visit 4 (p = 0.025) and from Visit 3 to Visit 5 (p = 0.014). There was a Group main effect for FPI (p = 0.028; Pre CBD = 11.9 ± 14.4, Post CBD = 8.8 ± 10.9; Pre PL = 9.0 ± 14.2, Post PL = 12.9 ± 11.5), indicating that the placebo group had greater increases in pain over the intervention compared to the CBD group. No significant differences were found between groups in the incidence and prevalence of "colds or flus" (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION CBD was safe and well tolerated in healthy adults. These findings show pain was lower in the CBD group, suggesting a potentially positive effect for consumption of CBD. "Vigor-activity" decreased across the intervention, which may be a confounding effect of the academic semester. While the dosage chosen was safe, more research may be warranted using higher doses as these may be needed to observe further therapeutic effects in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget A. McFadden
- City University of New York, Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Queens College, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Alexa J. Chandler
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Blaine S. Lints
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Harry P. Cintineo
- Lindenwood University, Department of Kinesiology, Saint Charles, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abbi D. Lane
- University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
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Floersch S, Vidden C, Askow AT, Jones MT, Fields JB, Jagim AR. Seasonal Changes in Match Demands and Workload Distribution in Collegiate Soccer Across Two Seasons. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1440-1446. [PMID: 39072657 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Floersch, S, Vidden, C, Askow, AT, Jones, MT, Fields, JB, and Jagim, AR. Seasonal changes in match demands and workload distribution in collegiate soccer across two seasons. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1440-1446, 2024-The purpose of this study was to examine seasonal changes in match demands in a collegiate women's soccer team. Forty-eight NCAA Division III women soccer athletes (age: 19.5 ± 1.2 years; height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 64.8 ± 7.4 kg; fat-free mass: 50.0 ± 4.5 kg; body fat %: 22.6 ± 6.0) were equipped with wearable global positioning systems with inertial sensors and heart rate (HR) monitors during matches throughout the 2019 (n = 22) and 2021 seasons (n = 26). Players were classified by position: flank player (FP; n = 28), center midfielder (CM; n = 11), and center back fielder (CB; n = 9) and as starters (S, n = 17) or reserves (R, n = 31). Variables included HR, training load, total distance, high-speed distance, distance per minute, and weighted distance. Differences in match and practice session demands were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with season (2 levels; 2019 and 2021) as a fixed factor, with alpha set to p = 0.05. Data across all matches and training sessions were collapsed and presented as mean ± SD for descriptive purposes and then grouped by session type (i.e., match or training) and position. Athletes traveled more distance at high speeds during match play in the 2021 season compared with 2019 (mean difference, 95% confidence intervals [CI]) (200, 95% CI: 104, 304 km; p < 0.05) but had a lower training load in 2021 compared with 2019 (-50, 95% CI: -63, -36; p < 0.05) during match play. For training sessions, mean HR (4, 95% CI: 2, 5 bpm), total distance (0.5, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.7), distance per minute (5.6, 95% CI: 4.5, 6.7 m·min-1), high-speed distance (43, 95% CI: 43, 18, 67 m), high accelerations (8.6, 95% CI: 5.4, 11.8 n), and high accelerations per minute (0.1, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.1 n·min-1) were all higher in 2021 compared with 2019 (p < 0.05). As a team, several differences in measures of external workload were found between seasons in both session types (training and matches). Variations in positional demands of match play appear to fluctuate by year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Floersch
- Department of Math and Statistics, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Chad Vidden
- Department of Math and Statistics, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin; and
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
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McFadden BA, Walker AJ, Cintineo HP, Bozzini BN, Sanders DJ, Chandler AJ, Arent SM. Sex Differences in Physiological Responses to a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00486. [PMID: 39074188 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McFadden, BA, Walker, AJ, Cintineo, HP, Bozzini, BN, Sanders, DJ, Chandler, AJ, and Arent, SM. Sex differences in physiological responses to a national collegiate athletic association division I soccer season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Identifying physiological changes that occur in response to workload demands can help to elucidate athlete management and recovery strategies. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical and physiological demands between men and women throughout the course of a collegiate soccer season. Men (N = 23) and women (N = 26) soccer players participated in blood draws before preseason (T1) and every 4 weeks thereafter (T2-T4). Workload was determined at all practices and games via heart rate and global positioning satellite monitoring systems. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance and linear mixed models were used to assess workload and biomarker responses throughout the season (p < 0.05). Both teams experienced the highest workloads during the first 4 weeks of the season (p < 0.05), which was followed by several biomarker perturbations. Sex-by-Time interactions were observed for total cortisol, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, vitamin D, and omega 3 fatty acid index (p < 0.05). Additional Sex effects were observed for free and total testosterone, estrogen, prolactin, sex-hormone binding globulin, creatine kinase, and iron levels (p < 0.05). Women soccer players experienced further Time effects for free cortisol, iron, ferritin, and percent transferrin saturation (p < 0.05). Male soccer players experienced additional Time effects for total testosterone, estrogen, creatine kinase, interleukin-6, triiodothyronine, and ferritin (p < 0.05). Despite similar patterns of change in workloads, differential fluctuations in physiological markers were observed between the sexes. Understanding sex differences in response to comparable workloads may enhance exercise prescriptions for better athlete management plans. Additional strategies to increase iron may be warranted in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, New York
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Alan J Walker
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania
| | - Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, Missouri
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Kansas City Royals Baseball Organization, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - David J Sanders
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Applied Health Science, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexa J Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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McFadden BA, Cintineo HP, Chandler AJ, Mastrofini GF, Vincenty CS, Peterson P, Lovalekar M, Nindl BC, Arent SM. A Sex Comparison of the Physical and Physiological Demands of United States Marine Corps Recruit Training. Mil Med 2024; 189:74-83. [PMID: 38920031 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) recruit training is a 13-week preparatory period for military service men and women. Differences in absolute performance capabilities between sexes may impact physical and physiological responses to the demands of recruit training. The purpose of this study was to monitor U.S. Marine Corps recruits throughout recruit training to comparatively assess workload, sleep, stress, and performance responses in men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 281 recruits (men = 182 and women = 99; age = 19 ± 2 years) were monitored and tested. Workload, sleep, and stress assessments occurred at week 2, week 7/8, and week 11 of training. Workload (energy expenditure per kg body mass [EEREL], distance [DIS], steps) and sleep (continuity and duration) were tracked over 72-hour periods using wearable accelerometry and heart rate technology. Stress responses were determined through salivary cortisol analyses. Performance testing, consisting of countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) performance relative to body mass, occurred at weeks 2 and 11. Linear mixed models were used to test for sex, time, and sex-by-time interactions (α < .05). RESULTS On average, recruits covered 13.0 ± 2.7 km/day, expended 3,762 ± 765 calories/day, and slept 6.2 ± 1.1 hours/night. Sex-by-time interactions were found for DIS, steps, sleep duration, cortisol, and CMJREL performance (P < .05). Planned contrasts revealed that men covered more DIS than women at week 7/8 (P < .001). Women experienced greater step counts compared to men at week 11 (P = .004). Women experienced no significant change in sleep duration (P > .05), whereas men increased sleep duration from week 2 to week 7/8 (P = .03). Women experienced greater sleep duration at week 2 (P = .03) and week 11 (P = .02) compared to men. Women exhibited higher cortisol levels than men at week 2 (P < .001) and week 11 (P < .001). Women experienced declines in cortisol at week 7 compared to week 2 (P < .001). Men experienced no changes in cortisol response at any timepoint (P > .05). Both sexes experienced declines in CMJREL from week 2 to week 11 (P > .001). Sex main effects were observed for EEREL, DIS, CMJREL, and IMTPREL (P < .05) with men experiencing greater overall workloads and producing greater strength and power metrics. Sex main effects were also found for sleep continuity and cortisol (P < .05), for which men experienced lower values compared to women. Time main effects were observed for EEREL, DIS, steps, cortisol, CMJREL, and IMTPREL (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS This study not only highlights the known sex differences between men and women but also sheds light on the different physical and physiological responses of each sex to military training. Interestingly, the greatest physical demands incurred earlier in the training cycle. Despite declining workloads, the stress response was maintained throughout the training, which may have implications for adaptation and performance. In addition, average sleep duration fell notably below recommendations for optimizing health and recovery. Effectively monitoring the demands and performance outcomes during recruit training is essential for determining individual fitness capabilities, as well as establishing the effectiveness of a training program. Individual performance assessments and adequately periodized workloads may help to optimize recruit training for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Alexa J Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gianna F Mastrofini
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caroline S Vincenty
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Patrick Peterson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Cintineo HP, Bello ML, Walker AJ, Chandler AJ, McFadden BA, Arent SM. Monitoring training, performance, biomarkers, and psychological state throughout a competitive season: a case study of a triathlete. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1895-1910. [PMID: 38236302 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ironman triathletes undergo high workloads during competition preparation which can result in nonfunctional overreaching or overtraining syndrome if not matched with adequate recovery. PURPOSE The purpose of this case study was to observe changes in physiological and psychological status over the course of a competitive season in a free-living triathlete. METHODS The subject was a 41-year-old triathlete competing in three 113.1-km events. Over the course of a 40-week period, the participant arrived at the laboratory every 4 weeks and underwent body composition testing via air displacement plethysmography, a blood draw for analysis of various biomarkers, and a treadmill-based lactate threshold test. Workload during training and competitions was monitored via a wearable heart rate-monitoring device. RESULTS Throughout the season, training volume remained high (12.5 ± 3.4 h/week) and body mass and fat-free mass (FFM) continuously decreased, while biomarkers including cortisol, testosterone, and markers of immunological status exhibited minor changes. Laboratory performance remained relatively consistent, while competition performance continually improved. Following the completion of the competitive period, training volume decreased, FFM remained below baseline levels, free cortisol increased, and both free and total testosterone decreased. CONCLUSIONS Workload and recovery seem to have been properly managed throughout the season, evidenced by minimal fluctuations in endocrine and immunological markers. The reason for changes observed in testosterone, cortisol, and body composition following the last competition is unclear, though it may be attributed to changes in stressors and recovery practices outside of training. It is recommended that athletes follow a structured plan during the transition period into the offseason to ensure recovery of physiological state and to set up a productive offseason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO, USA
| | - Marissa L Bello
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, USA
| | - Alexa J Chandler
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Reyes-Laredo F, Pareja-Blanco F, López-Lluch G, Rodríguez-Bies E. The Evolution of Physical Performance throughout an Entire Season in Female Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:52. [PMID: 38393272 PMCID: PMC10891543 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the evolution of performance throughout a season in team sports is scarce and mainly focused on men's teams. Our aim in this study was to examine the seasonal variations in relevant indices of physical performance in female football players. Twenty-seven female football players were assessed at week 2 of the season (preseason, PS), week 7 (end of preseason, EP), week 24 (half-season, HS), and week 38 (end of season, ES). Similar to the most common used conditioning tests in football, testing sessions consisted of (1) vertical countermovement jump (CMJ); (2) 20 m running sprint (T20); (3) 25 m side-step cutting maneuver test (V-CUT); and (4) progressive loading test in the full-squat exercise (V1-LOAD). Participants followed their normal football training procedure, which consisted of three weekly training sessions and an official match, without any type of intervention. No significant time effects were observed for CMJ height (p = 0.29) and T20 (p = 0.11) throughout the season. However, significant time effects were found for V-CUT (p = 0.004) and V1-LOAD (p = 0.001). V-CUT performance significantly improved from HS to ES (p = 0.001). Significant increases were observed for V1-LOAD throughout the season: PS-HS (p = 0.009); PS-ES (p < 0.001); EP-ES (p < 0.001); and HS-ES (p = 0.009). These findings suggest that, over the course of the season, female football players experience an enhancement in muscle strength and change of direction ability. However, no discernible improvements were noted in sprinting and jumping capabilities during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Reyes-Laredo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Centre of Developmental Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.R.-L.); (G.L.-L.)
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Sport and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Andalusian Centre of Developmental Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.R.-L.); (G.L.-L.)
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, U729), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Rodríguez-Bies
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, (CIRFD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Sport and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Summer LC, Cheng R, Moran JT, Lee M, Belanger AJ, Taylor WL, Gardner EC. Changes in Body Composition and Athletic Performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Female Field Hockey Athletes Throughout a Competitive Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:146-152. [PMID: 37815263 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Summer, LC, Cheng, R, Moran, JT, Lee, M, Belanger, AJ, TaylorIV, WL, and Gardner, EC. Changes in body composition and athletic performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female field hockey athletes throughout a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 146-152, 2024-The purposes of this study were (a) to analyze the changes in total and regional body composition measurements in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female field hockey team throughout a 17-game competitive season using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); (b) to examine improvements, if any, in athletic performance measures after a season; and (c) to report on the relationship between these body composition changes and changes in athletic performance. Preseason and postseason dual-energy DXA and performance data from the 2019-2020 season were retrospectively identified for 20 field players (forwards, midfielders, and defenders). Body composition data included total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and body fat percentage, whereas athletic performance measures included the vertical jump, 10-yard dash, and pro-agility (5-10-5) shuttle run. All variables were quantitative and analyzed using paired t -tests or its nonparametric equivalent and an alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine significance. After a competitive season, athletes had significant decreases in fat mass and increases in lean mass in their arms, legs, trunks, gynoids, and total body measurements. Android fat mass and body fat percentage also decreased. Athletes performed significantly better on the pro-agility shuttle run at the end of the season, but no significant differences were observed in other performance metrics. Moderate correlations were observed between changes in body composition (total fat mass and total lean mass) and changes in athletic performance. Our study provides a novel, longitudinal assessment of body composition and athletic performance for elite female field hockey athletes that will help trainers and coaches better understand how these variables change throughout a season and allow them to better prepare their players for competitive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanna C Summer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ryan Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Jay T Moran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Lee
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | | | | | - Elizabeth C Gardner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Peña N, Amézaga J, Marrugat G, Landaluce A, Viar T, Arce J, Larruskain J, Lekue J, Ferreri C, Ordovás JM, Tueros I. Competitive season effects on polyunsaturated fatty acid content in erythrocyte membranes of female football players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2245386. [PMID: 37605439 PMCID: PMC10446798 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2245386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An optimal and correctly balanced metabolic status is essential to improve sports performance in athletes. Recent advances in omic tools, such as the lipid profile of the mature erythrocyte membranes (LPMEM), allow to have a comprehensive vision of the nutritional and metabolic status of these individuals to provide personalized recommendations for nutrients, specifically, the essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, individuating deficiencies/unbalances that can arise from both habitual diet and sportive activity. This work aimed to study the LPMEM in professional female football players during the football season for the first time and compare it with those defined as optimal values for the general population and a control group. METHODS An observational study was carried out on female football players from the Athletic Club (Bilbao) playing in the first division of the Spanish league. Blood samples were collected at three points: at the beginning, mid-season, and end of the season for three consecutive seasons (2019-2020, 2020-2021, and 2021-2022), providing a total of 160 samples from 40 women. The LPMEM analysis was obtained by GC-FID by published method and correlated to other individual data, such as blood biochemical parameters, body composition, and age. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p 0.048) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (p 0.021) in the first season. In the second season, we observed a buildup in the membrane arachidonic acid (AA) (p < .001) and PUFA (p < .001) contents when high training accumulated. In comparison with the benchmark of average population values, 69% of the football players showed lower levels of omega-6 dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), whereas 88%, 44%, and 81% of the participants showed increased values of AA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and the ratio of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA/MUFA), respectively. Regarding relationships between blood biochemical parameters, body composition, and age with LPMEM, we observed some mild negative correlations, such as AA and SFA/MUFA ratio with vitamin D levels (coefficient = -0.34 p = .0019 and coefficient = -.25 p = .042); DGLA with urea and cortisol (coefficient = -0.27 p < .006 and coefficient = .28 p < .0028) and AA with age (coefficient = -0.33 p < .001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, relevant variations in several fatty acids of the membrane fatty acid profile of elite female football players were observed during the competitive season and, in comparison with the general population, increased PUFA contents were confirmed, as reported in other sportive activities, together with the new aspect of DGLA diminution, an omega-6 involved in immune and anti-inflammatory responses. Our results highlight membrane lipidomics as a tool to ascertain the molecular profile of elite female football players with a potential application for future personalized nutritional strategies (diet and supplementation) to address unbalances created during the competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nere Peña
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, AZTI, Food Research, Derio, Spain
| | - Javier Amézaga
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, AZTI, Food Research, Derio, Spain
| | - Gerard Marrugat
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, AZTI, Food Research, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | - Julen Arce
- Athletic Club, Medical Services, Lezama, Spain
| | | | | | - Carla Ferreri
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica E la Fotoreattività, Bologna, Italy
| | - José María Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Consortium CIBERObn, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Tueros
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, AZTI, Food Research, Derio, Spain
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9
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Haller N, Behringer M, Reichel T, Wahl P, Simon P, Krüger K, Zimmer P, Stöggl T. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Considerations and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Use of Established Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:1315-1333. [PMID: 37204619 PMCID: PMC10197055 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers can provide an objective individualized measure of training load, recovery, and health status in order to reduce injury risk and maximize performance. Despite enormous potentials, especially owing to currently evolving technology, such as point-of-care testing, and advantages, in terms of objectivity and non-interference with the training process, there are several pitfalls in the use and interpretation of biomarkers. Confounding variables such as preanalytical conditions, inter-individual differences, or an individual chronic workload can lead to variance in resting levels. In addition, statistical considerations such as the detection of meaningful minimal changes are often neglected. The lack of generally applicable and individual reference levels further complicates the interpretation of level changes and thus load management via biomarkers. Here, the potentials and pitfalls of blood-based biomarkers are described, followed by an overview of established biomarkers currently used to support workload management. Creatine kinase is discussed in terms of its evidence for workload management to illustrate the limited applicability of established markers for workload management to date. We conclude with recommendations for best practices in the use and interpretation of biomarkers in a sport-specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria.
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
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10
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Toro-Román V, Robles-Gil MC, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Changes in Hematological Parameters of Iron Status and Total Iron Concentrations in Different Biological Matrices during a Sports Season in Women's Soccer Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081833. [PMID: 37111051 PMCID: PMC10142531 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) metabolism and concentrations change during a sports season. Fe deficiency affects a significant number of women athletes. The aims of the present study were: (i) to analyze changes in hematological parameters of Fe status and (ii) to analyze changes in Fe concentrations in different biological matrices (serum, plasma, urine, erythrocytes, and platelets) during a sports season. Twenty-four Spanish semi-professional women's soccer players (23.37 ± 3.95 years) participated in the present study. Three assessments were performed throughout the sports season (beginning, middle and end of the season). Nutritional intake was evaluated and female hormones, hematological parameters of Fe status and Fe concentrations in plasma, serum, urine, erythrocytes and platelets were determined. There were no differences in Fe intake. Hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations increased at the end of the season compared to initial values (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in extracellular Fe concentrations (plasma, serum, and urine). However, erythrocyte Fe concentrations were lower at the end of the season (p < 0.05). Hematological parameters of Fe status and intracellular Fe concentrations change throughout the sports season in women's soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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11
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Toro-Román V, Robles-Gil MC, Muñoz D, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ, Maynar-Mariño M. Sex differences in cadmium and lead concentrations in different biological matrices in athletes. Relationship with iron status. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 99:104107. [PMID: 36914057 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to analyse sex differences in cadmium and lead concentrations in plasma, urine, platelets and erythrocytes and to relate these concentrations to biomarkers of iron status. METHODS A total of 138 soccer players divided according to sex: men (n = 68) and women (n = 70) participated in the present study. All participants resided in the city of Cáceres (Spain). Erythrocyte, haemoglobin, platelet, plateletcrit, ferritin and serum iron values were determined. Cadmium and lead concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS The women had lower haemoglobin, erythrocyte, ferritin and serum iron values (p < 0.01). Regarding cadmium, the women showed higher concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets (p < 0.05). As for lead, they also showed higher concentrations in plasma, relative values of erythrocytes and relative values of platelets (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between cadmium and lead concentrations with biomarkers of iron status. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium and lead concentrations are different between sexes. Biological differences between sexes and iron status could influence cadmium and lead concentrations. Lower serum iron concentrations and markers of Fe status increase Cd and Pb concentrations. Ferritin and serum iron have been directly related to increased Cd and Pb excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, Hoyo de Manzanares, 28248 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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12
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Heileson JL, McGowen JM, Moris JM, Chapman-Lopez TJ, Torres R, Funderburk LK, Forsse JS. Body Composition, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Vitamin D are Associated with Army Combat Fitness Test Performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:349-365. [PMID: 35813844 PMCID: PMC9261738 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2094717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L. Heileson
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jared M. McGowen
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jose M. Moris
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Tomas J. Chapman-Lopez
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Torres
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
| | - LesLee K. Funderburk
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
- Baylor University, Human Sciences and Design, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Department of Health, Waco, TX, USA
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13
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Ishida A, Bazyler CD, Sayers AL, Stone MH, Gentles JA. Evidence and Application of Athlete Monitoring Programs in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Soccer: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Holmberg PM, Harrison PW, Jenkins DG, Kelly VG. Factors Modulating the Priming Response to Resistance and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Exercise Stimuli. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Andrzejewski M, Konefał M, Podgórski T, Pluta B, Chmura P, Chmura J, Marynowicz J, Melka K, Brazaitis M, Kryściak J. How training loads in the preparation and competitive period affect the biochemical indicators of training stress in youth soccer players? PeerJ 2022; 10:e13367. [PMID: 35539014 PMCID: PMC9080429 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical fitness optimization and injury risk-reducing require extensive monitoring of training loads and athletes' fatigue status. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 6-month training program on the training-related stress indicators (creatine kinase - CK; cortisol - COR; serotonin - SER; brain-derived neurotrophic factor - BDNF) in youth soccer players. Methods Eighteen players (17.8 ± 0.9 years old, body height 181.6 ± 6.9 cm, training experience 9.7 ± 1.7 years) were blood-tested four times: at the start of the preparation period (T0), immediately following the preparation period (T1), mid-competitive period (T2), and at the end of the competitive period (T3). CK activity as well as concentrations of serum COR, SER and BDNF were determined. Training loads were recorded using a session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Results Statistical analyzes revealed significant effects for all biochemical parameters in relation to their time measurements (T0, T1, T2, T3). The statistical analyzes of sRPE and differences of biochemical parameters in their subsequent measurements (T0-T1, T1-T2, T2-T3) also demonstrated significant effects observed for all variables: sRPE (HKW = 13.189 (df = 2); p = 0.00), COR (HKW = 9.261 (df = 2); p = 0.01), CK (HKW = 12.492 (df = 2); p = 0.00), SER (HKW = 7.781 (df = 2); p = 0.02) and BDNF (HKW = 15.160 (df = 2); p < 0.001). Discussion In conclusion, it should be stated that the most demanding training loads applied in the preparation period (highest sRPE values) resulted in a significant increase in all analyzed biochemical training stress indicators. The reduction in the training loads during a competitive period and the addition of recovery training sessions resulted in a systematic decrease in the values of the measured biochemical indicators. The results of the study showed that both subjective and objective markers, including training loads, are useful in monitoring training stress in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Pluta
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Marynowicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamil Melka
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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16
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McFadden BA, Walker AJ, Bozzini BN, Hofacker M, Russell M, Arent SM. Psychological and Physiological Changes in Response to the Cumulative Demands of a Women's Division I Collegiate Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1373-1382. [PMID: 34100786 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McFadden, BA, Walker, AJ, Bozzini, BN, Hofacker, M, Russell, M, and Arent, SM. Psychological and physiological changes in response to the cumulative demands of a women's division I collegiate soccer season. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1373-1382, 2022-This study sought to determine the effects of a women's collegiate soccer season on psychological markers, biomarkers, sleep, and performance. Athletes participated in maximal countermovement vertical jump height (CMJ) assessments and biomarker monitoring in conjunction with subjective measures of psychological wellness and sleep questionnaires before preseason (S1) and every 4 weeks following (S2, S3, and S4). Training was monitored during practices and games using global positioning satellite systems and heart rate technology. Total training load was highest from S1 to S2, decreased from S2 to S3 (effect size [ES] = -2.5; p < 0.001), and remained stable from S3 to S4. CMJ declined at S2 (ES1-2 = -0.51; p = 0.001) and returned to baseline at S3. Increases from S1 to S2 were seen for creatine kinase (ES1-2 = 1.74), free testosterone (ES1-2 = 1.27), total testosterone (ES1-2 = 3.5), and free cortisol (ES1-2 = 0.88) (p < 0.03) before returning to baseline by S3 and S4 (free cortisol). Total cortisol was elevated throughout the season before declining at S4 (ES1-4 = -0.41; p = 0.03). Iron declined from S1 to S2 (ES1-2 = -0.73; p = 0.01) and returned to baseline values at S4, whereas growth hormone declined at S2 (ES1-2 = -0.50; p = 0.01) and remained depressed. Interleukin-6 increased at S4 (ES1-4 = 0.71; p = 0.02). Total training distress decreased from S1 to S2 (ES1-2 = -0.38; p = 0.02), returned to baseline by S3, and increased by S4 (ES1-4 = 0.57; p = 0.01). No changes were observed in markers of sleep (p > 0.05). Biomarkers showed notable changes after the highest workload period (S1-S2), which coincided with CMJ decrements. Biomarker perturbations preceded declines in subjective psychological wellness (S4) which occurred in the latter half of the season, indicating an accumulation of fatigue as the season progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Morgan Hofacker
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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17
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Biochemical Markers and Wellness Status During a Congested Match Play Period in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:605-620. [PMID: 35038677 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze biochemical markers, wellness status, and physical fitness in elite soccer players in relation to changes in training and match exposure during a congested period of match play. METHODS Fourteen elite soccer players were evaluated 3 times (T1, T2, and T3) over 12 weeks (T1-T2: 6-wk regular period of match play and T2-T3: 6-wk congested period of match play). Players performed vertical jump tests, repeated shuttle sprint ability test, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test at T1, T2, and T3. Plasma C-reactive protein, creatinine, and creatine kinase were analyzed at T1, T2, and T3. Wellness status was measured daily using the Hopper questionnaire (delayed onset of muscle soreness, stress, fatigue, and sleep quality). Training session rating of perceived exertion was also recorded on a daily basis. RESULTS A significant increase was found in stress, fatigue, delayed onset of muscle soreness scores, and Hopper index during the congested period (between T2 and T3) compared with the regular period (between T1 and T2) (.001 < P < .008, 0.8 < ES < 2.3). Between T2 and T3, significant relationships were found between the percentage variations (Δ%) of C-reactive protein, and Δ% of creatine kinase with the Hopper Index, and the Δ% of fatigue score. In addition, the Δ% of fatigue score and Δ% of delayed onset of muscle soreness score correlated with Δ% Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Δ% best of repeated shuttle sprint ability test (.49 < r < P < .01). CONCLUSIONS An intensive period of congested match play significantly compromised elite soccer players' physical fitness and wellness status. Elite soccer players' wellness status reflects declines in physical fitness during this period while biochemical changes do not.
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18
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Jagim AR, Askow AT, Carvalho V, Murphy J, Luedke JA, Erickson JL. Seasonal Accumulated Workloads in Collegiate Women's Soccer: A Comparison of Starters and Reserves. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7010011. [PMID: 35076561 PMCID: PMC8788463 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research quantifying the unique workload demands of starters and reserves in training and match settings throughout a season in collegiate soccer is limited. Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to compare accumulated workloads between starters and reserves in collegiate soccer. Methods: Twenty-two NCAA Division III female soccer athletes (height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.42 ± 6.33 kg; fat-free mass: 48.99 ± 3.81 kg; body fat %: 25.22 ± 4.78%) were equipped with wearable global positioning systems with on-board inertial sensors, which assessed a proprietary training load metric and distance covered for each practice and 22 matches throughout an entire season. Nine players were classified as starters (S), defined as those playing >50% of playing time throughout the entire season. The remaining 17 were reserves (R). Goalkeepers were excluded. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the extent of differences in accumulated training load throughout the season by player status. Results: Accumulated training load and total distance covered for starters were greater than reserves ((S: 9431 ± 1471 vs. R: 6310 ± 2263 AU; p < 0.001) and (S: 401.7 ± 31.9 vs. R: 272.9 ± 51.4 km; p < 0.001), respectively) throughout the season. Conclusions: Starters covered a much greater distance throughout the season, resulting in almost double the training load compared to reserves. It is unknown if the high workloads experienced by starters or the low workloads of the reserves is more problematic. Managing player workloads in soccer may require attention to address potential imbalances that emerge between starters and reserves throughout a season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew T. Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Victoria Carvalho
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Jason Murphy
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Joel A. Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (V.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.L.E.)
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19
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Ishida A, Travis SK, Draper G, White JB, Stone MH. Player Position Affects Relationship Between Internal and External Training Loads During Division I Collegiate Female Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:513-517. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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A Practical Approach to Monitoring Biomarkers of Inflammation and Muscle Damage in Youth Soccer Players During a 6-Month Training Cycle. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:185-197. [PMID: 34868428 PMCID: PMC8607760 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a 6-month training cycle on muscle damage and inflammatory markers in youth male soccer players. Twenty-one soccer players were tested four times: at the beginning (T1) and immediately after the pre-season period (T2), in the middle (T3) and at the end of the competitive period (T4). Muscle damage and inflammatory markers were determined in blood taken 36 hours after the match. Throughout the training cycle significant increases (p < 0.05) of creatine kinase (T1: 254.4 U·L-1; T4: 304.2 U·L-1) and lactate dehydrogenase (T1: 382.8 U·L-1; T4: 453.2 U·L-1) activities were observed. Significant changes (p < 0.05) in platelet count (T1: 210.5·109·L-1; T4: 234.2·109·L-1), percentage of lymphocyte (T1: 39.80%; T4: 42.97%), monocyte (T1: 6.88%; T4: 9.99%) and granulocyte (T1: 53.32%; T4: 47.05%) as well as in granulocyte-to-lymphocyte (T1: 1.41; T4: 1.17) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte (T1: 6.21; T4: 4.46) ratios were noted. The correlation analysis revealed statistically significant relationships (p < 0.05) between: myoglobin and the percentage of leukocyte subpopulations and the granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio; lactate dehydrogenase and the percentage of monocyte; lactate and leukocyte count. In conclusion, the reported muscle damage and inflammatory markers in T3 and T4 indicate the need for fatigue status monitoring in youth soccer players, especially in the competitive period. Moreover granulocyte to lymphocyte and lymphocyte to monocyte ratios proved to be sensitive to fatigue changes and therefore can provide coaches and sport scientists with a broader perspective on the biochemical monitoring of training status in soccer players.
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21
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de Sousa MV, Lundsgaard AM, Christensen PM, Christensen L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Nybo L, Kiens B, Fritzen AM. Nutritional optimization for female elite football players-topical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:81-104. [PMID: 34865242 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Women's football is an intermittent sport characterized by frequent intense actions throughout the match. The high number of matches with limited recovery time played across a long competitive season underlines the importance of nutritional strategies to meet these large physical demands. In order to maximize sport performance and maintain good health, energy intake must be optimal. However, a considerable proportion of female elite football players does not have sufficient energy intake to match the energy expenditure, resulting in low energy availability that might have detrimental physiologic consequences and impair performance. Carbohydrates appear to be the primary fuel covering the total energy supply during match-play, and female elite football players should aim to consume sufficient carbohydrates to meet the requirements of their training program and to optimize the replenishment of muscle glycogen stores between training bouts and matches. However, several macro- and micronutrients are important for ensuring sufficient energy and nutrients for performance optimization and for overall health status in female elite football players. The inadequacy of macro-and micronutrients in the diet of these athletes may impair performance and training adaptations, and increase the risk of health disorders, compromising the player's professional career. In this topical review, we present knowledge and relevant nutritional recommendations for elite female football players for the benefit of sports nutritionists, dietitians, sports scientists, healthcare specialists, and applied researchers. We focus on dietary intake and cover the most pertinent topics in sports nutrition for the relevant physical demands in female elite football players as follows: energy intake, macronutrient and micronutrient requirements and optimal composition of the everyday diet, nutritional and hydration strategies to optimize performance and recovery, potential ergogenic effects of authorized relevant supplements, and future research considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Obesity Research, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the neuroendocrine response to stress induced by different sports environments (a regular training session and a competitive event), to define the contribution of psychological and physical stress, and to check the possible relationship between state-anxiety and stress hormones responses to competitive and non-competitive sports practices. Twelve young national-level male swimmers participated in this investigation. Endorphins, adrenocorticotropin, and prolactin plasma levels were measured at baseline conditions (t0), before a regular swimming training session (t1), and before and after real swimming competition consisting of 100 m freestyle (t2 and t3, respectively). Moreover, state-anxiety was evaluated in all assessment time-points. The results showed no differences in endorphin, adrenocorticotropin, prolactin and state-anxiety between t0 and t1; however, significant increases in endorphins (142%), prolactin (137%) and state-anxiety (13%) were observed in t2. Huge stress response was observed in t3 (increases of 354%, 387%, and 250% for endorphins, adrenocorticotropin, and prolactin, respectively) although state-anxiety decreased slightly. Lastly, a lack of the relationship between stress hormones and state-anxiety was found in all conditions. Mental and especially physical stress associated with sports competition induces a significant release of stress hormones which is not relevant for the regular training session.
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Ishida A, Bazyler CD, Sayers AL, Stone MH, Gentles JA. Seasonal Changes and Relationships in Training Loads, Neuromuscular Performance, and Recovery and Stress State in Competitive Female Soccer Players. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:757253. [PMID: 34708201 PMCID: PMC8542871 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.757253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine seasonal changes in training load (TL), neuromuscular performance, subjective recovery, and stress state, and to investigate the relationships between acute and chronic TL and neuromuscular performance in competitive female soccer players. Methods: Nine competitive female soccer players (20.0 ± 1.7 years; 60.3 ± 6.3 kg; 164.0 ± 5.8 cm) completed the Short Recovery and Stress Scale and the countermovement jump (CMJ) with polyvinyl chloride pipe (CMJ0) and 20 kg barbell (CMJ20) at 2–3 h before 1st match (NC1), 6th match (NC2), 9th match (C1), and 15th match (C2) of the competitive season. TL included total distance, high-speed running, and PlayerLoad. Acute and chronic TL was calculated by using the average of 2 days (D2), 7 days (D7), and 21 days (D21) prior to four different match play. Results: Significant decreases were found from NC1 to C1 in D7 total distance [p = 0.03, Cohen's effect size (dz) = 1.40]. D7 total distance and PlayerLoad significantly decreased from NC to C1 and C2 (p = 0.001–0.01, dz = 1.40–1.72). Significant increases were observed from NC1 to C1 in CMJ0 jump height (p = 0.03, dz = 1.40), (p = 0.021, dz = 1.44), and peak power (p = 0.03, dz = 1.32). Significant negative correlations were observed for D7 total distance and CMJ0 jump height (p = 0.02, r = 0.79) and peak power (p = 0.03, r = 0.71) at C2, while significant positive correlations were observed at C1 for D7 PlayerLoad and CMJ0 jump height (p = 0.02, r = 0.80). Conclusion: Polyvinyl chloride pipe (CMJ0) jump height and peak power may increase from preseason to the midcompetitive season. Seasonal variations may affect the relationships between D7 TL and CMJ0 performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ishida
- Department of Sports, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Caleb D Bazyler
- Department of Sports, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Adam L Sayers
- Center for Global Sport Leadership, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Sports, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,Center of Excellence in Sports Science and Coaching Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jeremy A Gentles
- Department of Sports, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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24
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Impact of the Result of Soccer Matches on the Heart Rate Variability of Women Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179414. [PMID: 34501999 PMCID: PMC8430763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a match lost and a match won on post-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) in semi-professional female soccer athletes. A total of 13 players, with a mean age of 23.75 (5.32), from the Cáceres Women Football Club of the Spanish Second National Division participated in our study. They were evaluated in two microcycles which correspond to a match lost and a match won. For each microcycle, baseline and post-competitive measures were collected. Results indicate that HRV was significantly reduced before a match lost and won. Significant differences in HRV variables were observed when compared the lost match, and the match won. Results highlight the importance and usefulness of analyzing the HRV as an indicator of post-competitive fatigue in semiprofessional soccer players. Therefore, a competition’s results could be considered a relevant variable to consider when programming training load.
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25
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Fields JB, Merigan JM, Gallo S, White JB, Jones MT. External and Internal Load Measures During Preseason Training in Men Collegiate Soccer Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2572-2578. [PMID: 34431484 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fields, JB, Merigan, JM, Gallo, S, White, JB, and Jones, MT. External and internal load measures during preseason training in men collegiate soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2572-2578, 2021-Collegiate athletes are exposed to high volume loads during preseason training. Monitoring training load can inform training and recovery periods. Therefore, the purpose was to examine changes in and bidirectional relationship between external and internal load metrics in men collegiate soccer athletes (n = 20; age, 20 ± 1 year). Internal load measures of heart rate variability (HRV), salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C), and self-assessment wellness and ratings of perceived exertion scales were collected daily. External load measures of total distance, player load, high-speed distance, high inertial movement analysis, and repeated high-intensity efforts were collected in each training session using global positioning system/global navigation satellite system technology. A 1-way analysis of variance determined weekly changes in external load, physiological, hormonal, and subjective self-assessment measures of internal load. Bidirectional prediction of external load markers and self-assessment measures on physiological and hormonal markers of internal load were assessed by hierarchical linear regression models (p < 0.05). External load measures, C, energy, sleep, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) decreased (p < 0.01), whereas T, T:C ratio, anger, depression, and vigor increased (p < 0.01) from week 1 to week 2. Morning C positively predicted afternoon external load and post-training RPE (p < 0.05); T:C ratio negatively predicted afternoon external load and post-training RPE (p < 0.05); and morning HRV negatively predicted post-training RPE (p = 0.031). Despite reduced hormonal stress and external load across weeks, negative perceptions of fatigue increased, suggesting fatigue patterns may have a delayed response. Load may have a more belated, chronic effect on perceptions of fatigue, whereas hormonal changes may be more immediate and sensitive to change. Practitioners may wish to use a variety of external and internal load measures to understand athletes' stress responses to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Fields
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts.,Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Justin M Merigan
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sina Gallo
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jason B White
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Exercise Physiology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; and
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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26
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Condon TA, Eckard TG, Aguilar AJ, Frank BS, Padua DA, Wikstrom EA. Lower Extremity Movement Quality and the Internal Training Load Response of Male Collegiate Soccer Athletes. J Athl Train 2021; 56:973-979. [PMID: 33237988 PMCID: PMC8448475 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0322.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Training load and movement quality are associated with injury risk in athletes. Given these associations, it is important to understand how movement quality may moderate the training load so that appropriate injury-prevention strategies can be used. OBJECTIVE To determine how absolute and relative internal training loads change during a men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer season and how movement quality, assessed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), moderates the relative internal training load. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Division I athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS One NCAA Division I male collegiate soccer team was recruited and followed over 2 consecutive seasons. Fifty-two athletes (age = 19.71 ± 1.30 years, height = 1.81 ± 0.06 m, mass = 75.74 ± 6.64 kg) consented to participate, and 46 met the criteria to be included in the final statistical analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Daily absolute internal training load was tracked over 2 seasons using a rated perceived exertion scale and time, which were subsequently used to calculate the absolute and relative internal training loads. Movement quality was assessed using the LESS and participants were categorized as poor movers (LESS score ≥5) or good movers (LESS score ≤4). RESULTS The 46 athletes consisted of 29 poor movers and 17 good movers. Absolute (P < .001) and relative (P < .001) internal training loads differed across the weeks of the season. However, movement quality did not moderate the relative internal training load (P = .264). CONCLUSIONS Absolute and relative training loads changed across weeks of a male collegiate soccer season. Movement quality did not affect the relative training load, but future researchers need to conduct studies with larger sample sizes to confirm this result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy G. Eckard
- Department of Physical Therapy, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC
| | - Alain J. Aguilar
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Darin A. Padua
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Erik A. Wikstrom
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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27
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Saidi K, Abderrahman AB, Hackney AC, Bideau B, Zouita S, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Hematology, Hormones, Inflammation, and Muscle Damage in Elite and Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Implications for Exercise. Sports Med 2021; 51:2607-2627. [PMID: 34347283 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the long-term effects of soccer training on hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance may help to better design strength and conditioning programs for performance development and injury prevention for the individual player and the team. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and discuss evidence on the long-term effects of soccer training on selected hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in elite and professional soccer players. A second goal was to investigate associations between selected physiological markers and measures of performance. METHODS Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until August 2020 to identify articles related to soccer training effects. To be included in this systematic review, studies had to examine male elite (national level) and/or professional (international level) soccer players aged > 17 years and a soccer training period > 4 weeks, and report outcomes related to hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and performance markers. RESULTS The search syntax initially identified 2420 records. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 20 eligible studies were included in this systematic review, with training durations lasting between 4 and 18 weeks in 15 studies, around 6 months in four studies, and around 1 year in one study. Effects of long-term soccer training revealed parameter-specific increases or decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance. Two studies showed a moderate increase in hematological markers such as hemoglobin (effect size [ES] = 0.67-0.93). Parameter-specific changes were noted for hormonal markers in the form of increases for total testosterone (ES = 0.20-0.67) and free testosterone (FT) (ES = 0.20-0.65) and decreases for cortisol (ES = - 0.28 to - 1.31). Finally, moderate to very large increases were found for muscle damage markers such as creatine kinase (ES = 0.94-6.80) and physical performance such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.50-1.11) and squat jump (SJ) height (ES = 0.65-1.28). After long-term periods of soccer training, significant positive correlations were found between percentage change (Δ%) in FT and Δ% in CMJ height (r = 0.94; p = 0.04) and between Δ% in total testosterone/cortisol (TT/C) ratio and Δ% in SJ (r = 0.89; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that long-term soccer training induces increases/decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in male elite and professional soccer players. These fluctuations can be explained by different contextual factors (e.g., training load, duration of training, psychological factors, mood state). Interestingly, the observed changes in hormonal parameters (FT and TT/C) were related to vertical jump performance changes (e.g., CMJ and SJ). Anabolic hormones and TT/C can possibly be used as a tool to identify physical performance alteration after long-term soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Saidi
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, University Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benoit Bideau
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, University Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sghaeir Zouita
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, University Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.
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28
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Simmons R, Doma K, Sinclair W, Connor J, Leicht A. Acute Effects of Training Loads on Muscle Damage Markers and Performance in Semi-elite and Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:2181-2207. [PMID: 34097298 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) indicators and acute training loads (TL) is yet to be reviewed extensively in semi-elite and elite athlete populations. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were threefold: (1) to evaluate studies of EIMD following the initial period of the preseason in semi-elite and elite athletes: (2) to examine acute physiological and performance responses across two periods of the season with similar TL; and (3) to examine acute physiological and performance responses to acute changes in TL during the season. METHODS The CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies that investigated: (1) semi-elite or elite athletes in team or individual sports following a periodised training programme; and (2) measured acute responses to training. Studies were excluded if: (1) conducted in animals; (2) non-English language; or (3) a conference abstract, review or case report. The Kmet Quality Scoring of Quantitative Studies tool was used for study appraisal. SYNTHESIS METHODS Data were quantitatively analysed by generating forest plots to report test statistics for statistical significance and inter-trial heterogeneity. RESULTS Of the included studies (n = 32), athletes experienced greater creatine kinase (CK) concentrations (Z = 4.99, p < 0.00001, I2 = 74%), inflammatory factors and other indirect measures of muscle damage in the initial phase of the preseason period compared to the off-season; there were no changes in CK (Z = 1.43, p = 0.15, I2 = 74%) across two time points of similar TL; and there were concurrent increases in CK with increases in TL (Z = 4.26, p < 0.0001, I2 = 36%) and vice versa (Z = 4.33, p < 0.0001, I2 = 79%).The qualitative analysis identified that the response of inflammatory factors and other indirect measures of muscle damage to changes in load were inconclusive. LIMITATIONS This review included varying age, sex, sports and competition levels. The group level meta-analysis failed to identify within-athlete or position-specific differences across time. CONCLUSION Blood biomarkers of EIMD may not differ across periods of similar TL, however can be considered a sensitive monitoring tool for assessing responses following acute TL changes in semi-elite and elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Simmons
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia. .,North Queensland Cowboys Rugby League Football Club, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Australia
| | - Wade Sinclair
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,North Queensland Cowboys Rugby League Football Club, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jonathan Connor
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Anthony Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Nobari H, Cholewa JM, Pérez-Gómez J, Castillo-Rodríguez A. Effects of 14-weeks betaine supplementation on pro-inflammatory cytokines and hematology status in professional youth soccer players during a competition season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:42. [PMID: 34090451 PMCID: PMC8180114 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Systemic elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines are a marker of non-functional over reaching, and betaine has been shown to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of betaine supplementation on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukins-1 beta (IL-1β), − 6 (IL-6) and the complete blood cell (CBC) count in professional youth soccer players during a competitive season. Methods Twenty-nine soccer players (age, 15.5 ± 0.3 years) were randomly divided into two groups based on playing position: betaine group (BG, n = 14, 2 g/day) or placebo group (PG, n = 15). During the 14-week period, training load was matched and well-being indicators were monitored daily. The aforementioned cytokines and CBC were assessed at pre- (P1), mid- (P2), and post- (P3) season. Results Significant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These variables were lower in the BG at P2 and P3 compared to P1, while IL-1β was greater in the PG at P3 compared to P1 (p = 0.033). The CBC count analysis showed there was significant group by time interactions for white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). WBC demonstrated increases at P3 compared to P2 in PG (p = 0.034); RBC was less at P3 compared to P1 in BG (p = 0.020); Hb was greater at P2 compared to P1, whilst it was less at P3 compared to P3 for both groups. MCHC was greater at P3 and P2 compared to P1 in BG, whereas MCHC was significantly lower at P3 compared to P2 in the PG (p = 0.003). Conclusion The results confirmed that 14 weeks of betaine supplementation prevented an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and WBC counts. It seems that betaine supplementation may be a useful nutritional strategy to regulate the immune response during a fatiguing soccer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-7344, Iran.
| | - Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Health 587 Sciences, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, 24501, VA, USA
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
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30
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Bozzini BN, McFadden BA, Scruggs SK, Arent SM. Evaluation of Performance Characteristics and Internal and External Training Loads in Female Collegiate Beach Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1559-1567. [PMID: 33927118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bozzini, BN, McFadden, BA, Scruggs, SK, and Arent, SM. Evaluation of performance characteristics and internal and external training loads in female collegiate beach volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1559-1567, 2021-Although women's beach volleyball is the fastest growing collegiate sport, the training demands and performance characteristics have yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate internal and external training loads throughout a competitive season and to quantify the performance characteristics of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's beach volleyball players. Female beach volleyball players (N = 20) were monitored throughout the 6-week competitive season (T1-T6) using integrative global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR)-monitoring technology, which was individualized based on preseason testing, for the determination of workload metrics. In addition to team data, all variables were analyzed between travel (n = 11, regular match participation) and non-travel (n = 7) squad athletes (p < 0.05). Team performance metrics demonstrated the explosive power emphasis of the sport, with travel squad players exhibiting significantly greater vertical jump and jump velocity abilities than their non-travel counterparts (p < 0.05). Although few time main effects from T1 to T6 were observed for team workload metrics, follow-ups revealed significant time × group interactions for training load (TL), exercise energy expenditure (EEE), total distance covered, and minutes spent in HR zones (HRZ1-Z5) over the season (p < 0.05). Finally, although average workloads were greater in practices than in matches, when accounting for pre-match warm-ups, competition load was greater than practice (p < 0.05). National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's beach volleyball is a demanding, explosive power sport characterized by overall large TL and EEE, particularly in-season when athletes compete in 4 matches per weekend. The workloads observed point to the need to assess and manage training loads and fueling requirements to optimize performance and decrease injury risk.
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Bozzini BN, McFadden BA, Elliott-Sale KJ, Swinton PA, Arent SM. Evaluating the effects of oral contraceptive use on biomarkers and body composition during a competitive season in collegiate female soccer players. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1971-1982. [PMID: 33955263 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00818.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High training demands throughout the competitive season in female collegiate soccer players have been shown to induce changes in biomarkers indicative of stress, inflammation, and reproduction, which may be exacerbated in athletes using oral contraceptives (OCs). This study aimed to compare biomarkers and body composition between OC-using and nonusing (CON) female soccer players throughout a competitive season. Female collegiate soccer players were stratified into two groups based on their reported OC use at the start of preseason (OC: n = 6; CON: n = 17). Before the start of preseason and immediately postseason, athletes underwent a battery of performance tests. Blood draws and body composition assessments were performed before preseason, on wks 2, 4, 8, and 12 of the season, and postseason. Area-under-the-curve ratios (OCAUC:CONAUC) indicated the OC group were exposed to substantially higher levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (AUCratio = 1.4, probability = P > 0.999), total cortisol (1.7; P > 0.999), C-reactive protein (5.2; P > 0.999), leptin (1.4; P = 0.990), growth hormone (1.5; P = 0.97), but substantively lower amounts of estradiol (0.36; P < 0.001), progesterone (0.48; P = 0.008), free testosterone (0.58; P < 0.001), follicle-stimulating hormone (0.67; P < 0.001), and creatine kinase (0.33, P < 0.001) compared with the CON across the season. Both groups increased fat free mass over the season, but CON experienced a greater magnitude of increase along with decreased body fat percentage. Although similar training loads were observed between groups over the season, the elevated exposure to stress, inflammatory, and metabolic biomarkers over the competitive season in OC users may have implications on body composition, training adaptations, and recovery in female athletes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study highlights the influence of OC use on physiological changes that occur over a 4-mo intense, competitive season and the differential systemic exposure to biomarkers, specifically those of inflammation, stress, anabolism, and energy balance, between OC-using and nonusing soccer players. Additionally, this study provides insight into changes in body composition with prolonged training between female athletes with and without OC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health (IFNH) Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health (IFNH) Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health (IFNH) Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Nobari H, Kargarfard M, Minasian V, Cholewa JM, Pérez-Gómez J. The effects of 14-week betaine supplementation on endocrine markers, body composition and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:20. [PMID: 33663545 PMCID: PMC7934563 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Betaine supplementation may enhance body composition outcomes when supplemented chronically during an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of betaine supplementation on development-related hormones, body composition, and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players during a competitive season. Methods Twenty-nine players (age, 15.45 ± 0.25 years) were matched based upon position and then randomly assigned to a betaine group (2 g/day; n = 14, BG) or placebo group (PG, n = 15). All subjects participated in team practices, conditioning, and games. If a subject did not participate in a game, a conditioning protocol was used to ensure workload was standardized throughout the 14-week season. Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone, cortisol, height, weight, and body composition were assessed at pre-season (P1), mid-season (P2) and post-season (P3). Anthropometric variables were also measured following a one-year follow-up (F). Results Significant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio (T/C). Both variables were greater in BG at P2 and P3 compared to P1, however, the testosterone was less in the PG at P3 compared to P2. There was no significant group by time interactions for GH, IGF-1, lean body mass, or body fat. There was a significant (p < 0.05) group x time interaction in height and weight at F, with the greater increases in BG compared to PG. Conclusion Betaine supplementation increased testosterone levels and T/C ratio in youth professional soccer players during a competitive season. Betaine supplementation had no negative effects on growth (height and weight) and may attenuate reductions in testosterone due to intense training during puberty. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00417-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Vazgen Minasian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, 24501, USA.
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Purdom TM, Levers KS, Giles J, Brown L, McPherson CS, Howard J. Accumulative Competitive Season Training Stress Affects Neuromuscular Function and Increases Injury Risk in Uninjured D1 Female Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:610475. [PMID: 33644748 PMCID: PMC7902694 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.610475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that acute competition training stress negatively affects neuromuscular function which can perpetuate a predisposition to injury. This study's aim was to investigate the effect of accumulated competition training stress effect on neuromuscular function and incidence of increased injury risk in uninjured female D1 soccer players. Neuromuscular function was evaluated in fifteen female division I soccer athletes who played >85% of competitive season competitions who were tested for mobility/stability, leg length symmetry, and vertical power at three different points across the competitive season (pre, mid, and post time blocks). Leg length symmetry was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the lateral malleolus prior to Y-balance testing. The Y-balance testing measures unilateral anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach achieved in single leg stance using metrics that include L/R normalized composite reach (NCOMP), L/R normalized antiorior reach (NANT), and L/R NCOMP/NANT segmental differences across time. Injury risk was evaluated using validated objective criteria that included: (NCOMP total reach <94% of limb length*3), (NANT reach distance <84% leg length) along with NCOMP and NANT asymmetries >4.0. Maximal vertical power (MVP) was measured via vertical jump. Multiple repeated measures ANOVAs evaluated NCOMP, NANT, MVP, and leg length symmetry across time with LSD post hoc testing when relevant (X ± SD). A significant main effect was found [F(1, 14) = 62.92, p < 0.001; η2 =0.82] with training stress and neuromuscular function without affecting maximal vertical power. Eighty percent of subject's bilateral NCOMP scores fell below the YBT reach standard at midseason (ES = 0.95, p = 0.02) while all subjects NANT reach distance remained below the reach threshold (ES = 0.74, p = 0.003) indicating a 6.5× and 2.5× greater injury risk, respectively. Competition stress affected neuromuscular function without affecting maximal power, which negatively impacted stability and increased injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Purdom
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Kyle S Levers
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jacob Giles
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States
| | - Lindsey Brown
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Virginia Common Wealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Chase S McPherson
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States
| | - Jordan Howard
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, United States
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McFadden BA, Walker AJ, Arent MA, Bozzini BN, Sanders DJ, Cintineo HP, Bello ML, Arent SM. Biomarkers Correlate With Body Composition and Performance Changes Throughout the Season in Women's Division I Collegiate Soccer Players. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:74. [PMID: 33345065 PMCID: PMC7739727 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a competitive soccer season on biomarkers and performance metrics in order to determine the correlation between changes in biomarkers, body composition, and performance outcomes. Twenty-one Division 1 female collegiate soccer players were monitored throughout the 16-week season. Player workload was measured using heart rate and Global Position Satellite systems at all practices and games. Performance testing, including vertical jump, VO2max, and 3-repetition maximum testing for bench press, squat and deadlift, occurred prior to pre-season and immediately post-season. Blood draws occurred prior to preseason and every 4-weeks thereafter, following a game. Body composition was assessed prior to the start of season (week 0) and weeks 6, 10, 14, and 17 (post-season). Delta area under the curve was calculated for biomarkers and body composition variables to account for seasonal changes adjusted for baseline. Pearson-product moment correlations were used to assess relationships with significance set at p < 0.05. Trends were considered p ≤ 0.10. No significant time main effects were seen for anabolic biomarkers (p > 0.05). Significant time effects were seen for catabolic biomarkers throughout the season (p = 0.001). No changes in body weight, VO2max, vertical jump, and deadlift occurred. Squat and bench press improved (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively) with a decline in percent body fat (p = 0.03) and a trend for increased fat free mass (p = 0.09). Additionally, total cortisol (TCORT) negatively correlated with fat free mass (r = −0.48; p = 0.03) and positively correlated with VO2max (r = 0.47; p = 0.04). A trend was shown for a positive correlation between both TCORT and free cortisol (FCORT) and percent body fat (r = 0.39; r = 0.40; p = 0.08, respectively). IGF-1 and growth hormone positively correlated to deadlift (r = 0.57; P = 0.02 and r = 0.59; p = 0.03), whereas creatine kinase showed a trend for a positive correlation with deadlift (r = 0.49; p = 0.06). IL-6 negatively correlated with bench press (r = −0.53; p = 0.03). These findings support a relationship between biomarkers, performance outcomes, and body composition. Biomarker monitoring may be useful to detect individual player's physiological response to an athletic season and may help provide insights in efforts to optimize performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Alan J Walker
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, United States
| | - Michelle A Arent
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - David J Sanders
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Exercise Science, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Marissa L Bello
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Kobayashi Y, Imai N, Uenishi K. Attempt to Determine the Cut-Off Value of Serum Ferritin for Iron Deficiency in Male College Student Runners. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:432-440. [PMID: 33132346 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For the evaluation of iron nutrition status, the measurement of serum ferritin levels is the most convenient and widely used technique for estimating stored iron. However, the cut-off value of serum ferritin for iron deficiency in athletes has not yet established. This study aimed to determine the cut-off value of serum ferritin to define iron deficiency in male college student runners. This study included 37-43 Japanese male college student runners for each month. Anthropometric measurements and blood collection were conducted from March to December 2018. In all months except May, significant negative correlations were observed between serum ferritin and transferrin levels, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and unsaturated iron binding capacity. Furthermore, a significant association between serum ferritin levels and TIBC was observed by nonlinear regression analysis. The curvature radius and curvature were calculated using the data from 9 mo, and serum ferritin levels with the smallest curvature radius and the highest curvature in each month were identified. The serum ferritin levels were as follows: 35.0 ng/mL in March, 45.0 ng/mL in April, 40.0 ng/mL in June, 35.0 ng/mL in July, 35.0 ng/mL in August, 35.0 ng/mL in September, 35.0 ng/mL in October, 35.0 ng/mL in November, and 40.0 ng/mL in December. The average value was 37.2 ng/mL. In conclusion, the cut-off value of serum ferritin for defining iron deficiency in runners was determined to be 40.0 ng/mL in this study. This value (40.0 ng/mL) may be useful for iron deficiency screening in runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University
| | - Nami Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University
| | - Kazuhiro Uenishi
- Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University
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36
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McFadden BA, Walker AJ, Bozzini BN, Sanders DJ, Arent SM. Comparison of Internal and External Training Loads in Male and Female Collegiate Soccer Players During Practices vs. Games. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:969-974. [PMID: 31972824 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
McFadden, BA, Walker, AJ, Bozzini, BN, Sanders, DJ, and Arent, SM. Comparison of internal and external training loads in male and female collegiate soccer players during practices vs. games. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 969-974, 2020-The purpose of this study was to compare the internal and external training loads (TLs) in men and women throughout a Division I soccer season during practices versus games. Players were evaluated during all practices and regulation game play using the Polar TeamPro system, utilizing Global Positioning Satellite technology and heart rate (HR) monitoring to determine TL, time spent in HR zones expressed as a percent of HRmax (HRZ1-Z5), calories expended per kilogram body mass (Kcal·kg), distance covered (DIS), sprints, average speed (SPDAVG), and distance covered in speed zones (DISZ1-Z5). During games, no significant differences were seen between men and women for TL, Kcal·kg, HRZ1-Z5, SPDAVG, DIS, DISZ1, DISZ3, and DISZ4. However, men accumulated a significantly greater number of sprints and DISZ5 (p < 0.05) during games, whereas women accumulated a greater DISZ2 (p < 0.05). During practice, no differences were observed for TL, DIS, sprints, Kcal·kg, DISZ2, DISZ3, HRZ1-Z5, but men exhibited higher SPDAVG, (p < 0.05), DISZ1 (p < 0.05), DISZ4 (p < 0.05), and DISZ5 (p < 0.05). The parallels in Kcal·kg, total DIS, HR, and TL indicate a similar relative workload between men and women. However, distance covered in higher speed zones was found to be greater in men than women across practice and games likely reflecting inherent sex differences in the ability to achieve those speeds. Monitoring techniques that track relative player workloads throughout practices and games may enhance player health and performance during the season. An individualized approach to tracking high-intensity running may improve workload prescriptions on a per player basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - David J Sanders
- IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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37
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Can Haematological and Hormonal Biomarkers Predict Fitness Parameters in Youth Soccer Players? A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176294. [PMID: 32872427 PMCID: PMC7503944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the correlations among immune, haematological, endocrinological markers and fitness parameters, and assess if the physiological parameters could be a predictor of fitness values. Anthropometric, physical evaluations (countermovement jump—CMJ, 10 m sprint, VO2max, repeated sprint ability—RSA total time and index) and determination of blood (IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor) and salivary (testosterone and cortisol) samples parameters in 28 young male soccer players (age: 13.0 ± 0.2 years, body mass index (BMI): 19.5 ± 2.2 kg/m2) were analysed. To evaluate the dependence of the variables related to athletic performance, multiple linear regression with backward stepwise elimination was considered. A significant regression equation was found in CMJ (F(5,16) = 9.86, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.679) and in the RSA index (F(5,16) = 15.39, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.774) considering only five variables, in a 10 m sprint (F(4,17) = 20.25, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.786) and in the RSA total time (F(4,17) = 15.31, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.732) considering only four variables and in VO2max (F(9,12) = 32.09, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.930) considering nine variables. Our study suggests the use of regression equations to predict the fitness values of youth soccer players by blood and saliva samples, during different phases of the season, short periods of match congestion or recovery from an injury.
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38
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Ayuso-Moreno R, Fuentes-García JP, Collado-Mateo D, Villafaina S. Heart rate variability and pre-competitive anxiety according to the demanding level of the match in female soccer athletes. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112926. [PMID: 32407830 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a highly-demanding match and a lowly-demanding match on pre-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) and anxiety in semi-professional female soccer athletes. A total of 14 players, with a mean age of 23.78 (4.93), from the Cáceres Women Football Club of the Spanish Second National Division participated in our study. They were evaluated in two microcycles which correspond to a highly- and a lowly-demanding matches. For each microcycle a baseline and a pre-competitive measures were collected. Results indicated that HRV was significantly reduced before a highly demanding match whereas a lowly-demanding match did not lead to any change. Significant differences in HRV and cognitive anxiety were observed when compared the highly and the lowly demanding matches, which means an increase in the anxiety levels before the highly-demanding match. HRV could be an indicator of precompetitive anxiety in semi-professional female soccer players. This could be used by coaches or physical trainers as a tool to examine the precompetitive anxiety in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ayuso-Moreno
- Faculty of Sport Science. University of Extremadura. Avda: Universidad S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | | | - Santos Villafaina
- Faculty of Sport Science. University of Extremadura. Avda: Universidad S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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