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Nicholas J, Bresin K. Everyday Sexual and Gender Minority Stress and Health: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling Studies. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1221-1243. [PMID: 38172351 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority stress is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, such as hypertension and depression. Expanding on previous reviews of the literature on cross-sectional and long-term prospective associations between sexual and gender minority stress and health outcomes, the current systematic review synthesizes the evidence on how everyday sexual and gender minority stress relates to momentary changes in health. The findings of 53 experience sampling studies published between 2007 and 2022 suggest that daily and momentary within-persons fluctuations in minority stressors are associated with cognitive-emotional (e.g., affect, suicidality), behavioral (e.g., substance use), social (e.g., relationship satisfaction), and physical health outcomes (e.g., somatic symptoms). These findings suggest that sexual and gender minority stress is a dynamic process that can vary within individuals over time and significantly impact everyday mental and physical health. We discuss the implications of these findings for minority stress theory, LGBTQ+ health research, LGBTQ+ affirming therapy, and prevention initiatives. The current experience sampling literature is limited by a lack of attention to gender minority stress and a focus on a limited range of health outcomes. Methodological and theoretical considerations for future experience sampling research are discussed in light of these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nicholas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, 317 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Konrad Bresin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, 317 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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2
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Yodlorchai R, Suttiwan P, Walch S, Ngamake S. Developing and Validating Thai Sexual Orientation Microaggression and Microaffirmation Scales. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37921788 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2275301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mental health disparities exist for sexual minority populations globally. Microaggressions and microaffirmations related to sexual orientation may negatively or positively impact well-being. Culturally validated tools are needed to assess these constructs among LGBQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer/questioning) individuals in Thailand's high-context culture. This study aimed to develop and validate the Thai Sexual Orientation Microaggressions Scale (T-SOMG) and the Thai Sexual Orientation Microaffirmations Scale (T-SOMF) to quantify experiences among LGBQ+ Thais. A mixed-methods approach was utilized. Initial scale items were derived from a literature review, expert consultation, and interviews with LGBQ+ Thais. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 164) refined the item pools. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 200) confirmed the factor structures. Reliability and validity were examined. The final 18-item T-SOMG contained two subscales-Interpersonal and Environmental Microaggressions. The 13-item T-SOMF contained Interpersonal and Environmental Microaffirmations subscales. All scales demonstrated good model fit, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The T-SOMG and T-SOMF are culturally valid tools for assessing microaggressions and microaffirmations among LGBQ+ Thais. These localized scales can enable research on factors impacting LGBQ+ well-being. Further validation in diverse samples is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- Psychology Center for Life-span Development and Intergeneration (LIFE Di), Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susan Walch
- Department of Psychology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Sakkaphat Ngamake
- Psychology Center for Life-span Development and Intergeneration (LIFE Di), Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Botor NJB, Tuliao AP. A Scoping Review on the Role of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Microaggressions in Substance Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2023; 35:363-382. [PMID: 38601727 PMCID: PMC10903602 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2023.2211975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Disparities in substance use patterns and outcomes are evident among sexual and gender minority groups. Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) microaggression, or the subtle forms of aggression experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender non-conforming/non-binary, and gender diverse individuals, has recently been explored as a mechanism that leads to negative adjustment outcomes, including substance use. In this study we examined extant literature on the association between SOGI microaggression and substance use, and the intermediary factors that mediate or moderate this relationship. Method Scoping review method was used to systematically map the literature base using database aggregators (e.g., Scopus, EBSCO) following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Results We found that SOGI microaggression is positively associated with substance use and negative consequences, and this relationship is mediated or moderated by motivational, relational, and identity processes. Conclusion These findings suggest the need to consider microaggression experience when working with clients of diverse sexual and gender identities. Likewise, additional studies are needed on other intermediary factors and effects of microaggression on substances other than alcohol. Most importantly, this study underscores the need for understanding the link between microaggression and substance use in greater efforts to promote sexual well-being and building competence in fostering the trifecta of sexual health, sexual rights, and sexual pleasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephtaly Joel B. Botor
- Center for Addiction Recovery Research, Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Antover P. Tuliao
- Center for Addiction Recovery Research, Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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4
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Chan RCH. Effects of Online Heterosexist Experiences on Physical and Mental Health in Sexual Minorities: An Examination of the Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP16206-NP16235. [PMID: 34102921 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211021962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyber violence has emerged as a new source of minority stress over the past decade. Due to the anonymous and unrestrictive nature of the internet, cyber violence is even more blatant and pervasive than in person violence for sexual minority individuals. The present study aimed to examine whether and how online and offline experiences of heterosexism are related to physical and mental health. A total of 941 sexual minority individuals participated in a community-based online survey study. The findings indicated that online heterosexist experiences explained variance in physical and mental health, beyond the contribution of offline heterosexist experiences. Among sexual minority young adults, the effect of online heterosexist experiences on mental health was stronger than that of offline heterosexist experiences, whereas the association between online heterosexist experiences and health problems was not observed in the adult sample. The results of mediation analysis showed that heterosexist experiences were related to heightened expectations of rejection, which, in turn, were related to poor physical and mental health. The association of heterosexist experiences and mental health was also mediated by negative affect. Given the detrimental effect of online heterosexist experiences, effective interventions are needed to combat cyber violence motivated by sexual orientation and enhance the coping and confrontation strategies in response to harmful online content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph C H Chan
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
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5
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Wardecker BM, Surachman A, Matsick JL, Almeida DM. Daily Stressor Exposure and Daily Well-Being Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adults in the United States: Results from the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE). Ann Behav Med 2022; 56:536-550. [PMID: 34536005 PMCID: PMC9242545 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily stress plays a significant role in mental and physical health. Negative mood (e.g., hopelessness) and physical symptoms (e.g., headaches) are responses often associated with daily stressors. It is theorized that some people or populations are more vulnerable or reactive to daily stressors. We propose sexual orientation as one factor that is associated with daily stress exposure and reactivity. PURPOSE To understand whether sexual minorities (SMs) differ from heterosexuals in their exposure and reactivity to general, non-sexual minority-specific stressors (e.g., arguments/disagreements, job concerns). METHODS We used daily diary data (n = 3,323 heterosexuals [52% identified as female and 85% identified as White]; n = 98 SMs [50% identified as female and 93% identified as White]) from the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE). Participants completed eight consecutive evening daily diary interviews (n days = 24,773; mean days completed = 7.24) and reported daily stress exposure and daily well-being. We used multilevel modeling as an approach to examine whether sexual orientation interacted with daily stressors to predict daily negative affect and physical health. RESULTS SMs tended to experience more daily stressors compared to heterosexuals; specifically, SMs reported at least one stressor on nearly half (48%) of the study days they completed, and heterosexuals reported at least one stressor on about two-fifths (41%) of the study days they completed. SMs also tended to experience more negative mood when they experienced a daily stressor compared to heterosexuals when they experienced a daily stressor. CONCLUSION We emphasize the importance of SMs' exposure and reactivity to general daily stressors and the implications of our results for the day-to-day lives and health of SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney M Wardecker
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Agus Surachman
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jes L Matsick
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David M Almeida
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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6
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Pinel EC, Helm PJ, Yawger GC, Long AE, Scharnetzki L. Feeling out of (existential) place: Existential isolation and nonnormative group membership. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430221999084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Literature devoted to understanding the experiences of individuals who do not fit the cultural mold—those who belong to minority, stigmatized, or underrepresented groups—demonstrates that nonnormative status goes hand in hand with a range of negative outcomes. The current research considers a heretofore unstudied correlate of nonnormative status: existential isolation (the feeling of being alone in one’s subjective experience), which differs from feelings of interpersonal isolation (feeling alone with regard to the quantity or quality of one’s relationships). Normative, or mainstream, society may not acknowledge the experiences of those holding a nonnormative status, rendering such individuals at risk of developing heightened feelings of existential isolation. Across Studies 1a and 1b, we found consistently higher trait levels of existential isolation (but not interpersonal isolation) among people with a nonnormative group status than among their normative counterparts. This effect appeared whether we looked at nonnormativeness with regard to race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, citizenship, native language, body weight, religious affiliation, or socioeconomic status. Study 2 highlights one correlate of the existential isolation that accompanies nonnormativeness: decreased certainty with respect to judgments of racism. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed, including addressing the correlational nature of this research and testing potential mechanisms to explain the link between nonnormative status and existential isolation.
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7
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Douglass RP, Conlin SE. Minority stress among LGB people: Investigating relations among distal and proximal stressors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Frost DM, Meyer IH, Lin A, Wilson BDM, Lightfoot M, Russell ST, Hammack PL. Social Change and the Health of Sexual Minority Individuals: Do the Effects of Minority Stress and Community Connectedness Vary by Age Cohort? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2299-2316. [PMID: 35411489 PMCID: PMC9192485 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which social stress stemming from a stigmatized social status (i.e., minority stress) was associated with three domains of health in younger as compared with older age cohorts of sexual minority individuals. Data were analyzed from the Generations Study, a longitudinal study using a probability sample (N = 1518) of age cohorts of sexual minority individuals in the USA. Exposure to a variety of minority stressors was associated with poorer health for all age cohorts. We hypothesized that because of improved social and legal environments in recent years, the associations between minority stress and health would be diminished in the younger cohort. As expected, we found that the associations between some minority stressors and health outcomes were diminished in the younger cohort compared to older cohorts. Positive associations between community connectedness and mental health and social well-being were observed for all participants but were attenuated in the younger cohort. Findings demonstrate the continuing negative association between minority stress and health among sexual minorities, which, despite some attenuation, persists even for young cohorts of sexual minority individuals in a more equal and accepting social climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Frost
- Social Research Institute, University College London, 27-28 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK.
| | - Ilan H Meyer
- The Williams Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andy Lin
- The Williams Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bianca D M Wilson
- The Williams Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marguerita Lightfoot
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Phillip L Hammack
- Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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9
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Baumel K, Hamlett M, Wheeler B, Hall D, Randall AK, Mickelson K. Living Through COVID-19: Social Distancing, Computer-Mediated Communication, and Well-Being in Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adults. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2021; 68:673-691. [PMID: 33523776 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2020.1868190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had far-reaching effects on people's lives, with evidence of a disproportionate impact on marginalized groups. Given existing health disparities and research on minority stress, COVID-19 may have uniquely impacted psychological well-being among sexual minorities. In an online survey of adults in the U.S. (N = 1,007) conducted in April 2020, we examined differences between sexual minority and heterosexual participants in psychological well-being, social distancing, computer-mediated communication, and COVID-19-related worry and experiences. Sexual minorities reported lower thriving and greater psychological distress, social distancing, computer-mediated communication, and COVID-19 worry and experiences than heterosexual participants. Social distancing and distress were positively correlated among sexual minorities and more frequent computer-mediated communication predicted greater thriving across groups. Path analyses showed sexual minorities' poorer psychological well-being was mediated by their greater COVID-19 worry and social distancing, in particular. These findings shed light on the distinct impact of COVID-19 on sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Baumel
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University , Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Mara Hamlett
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University , Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Brittany Wheeler
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University , Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Deborah Hall
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University , Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashley K Randall
- Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristin Mickelson
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University , Glendale, Arizona, USA
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10
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Feinstein BA. The Rejection Sensitivity Model as a Framework for Understanding Sexual Minority Mental Health. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2247-2258. [PMID: 31286339 PMCID: PMC8714401 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minorities are disproportionately affected by mental health problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, suicidality). Minority stress theory and the psychological mediation framework have become the predominant conceptual models used to explain these disparities, and they have led to substantial advances in research on stigma-related stress and mental health. However, the field's reliance on these models has limited the extent to which other theories have been considered as potential frameworks for further advancing our understanding of sexual minority mental health. In this article, I discuss how the rejection sensitivity (RS) model can be used to complement and extend minority stress theory and the psychological mediation framework by: (1) emphasizing the role of perception in stigma-related experiences; (2) acknowledging the unique consequences of different anticipatory emotions; (3) describing additional mechanisms linking proximal minority stressors to mental health; and (4) further specifying the temporal order of these processes. I conclude by discussing the importance of attending to developmental processes in research on sexual orientation-related RS and describing important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Feinstein
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., #14-047, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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11
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Douglass RP, Conlin SE, Duffy RD. Beyond Happiness: Minority Stress and Life Meaning Among LGB Individuals. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2020; 67:1587-1602. [PMID: 31006354 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1600900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scholars have recently started to examine how minority stressors are associated with wellbeing outcomes among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people. Such studies have examined mainly hedonic wellbeing, and those that have investigated eudaimonic wellbeing have tended to use composite measures. The present study draws from this literature to examine how minority stressors are associated with a key indicator of eudaimonic wellbeing: life meaning. Drawing from the minority stress model, we examined these associations using structural equation modeling among 266 LGB adults. Expectations of rejection and identity concealment, but not discrimination or internalized homophobia, had significant negative associations with life meaning. Discrimination had negative indirect associations with life meaning via expectations of rejection and concealment. Our results highlight the nuanced relations that exist between minority stressors and life meaning and highlight the need to move beyond composite measures of wellbeing. Implications for clinical practice and directions for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Douglass
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah E Conlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan D Duffy
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Villarreal L, Charak R, Schmitz RM, Hsieh C, Ford JD. The relationship between sexual orientation outness, heterosexism, emotion dysregulation, and alcohol use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2020.1809588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruby Charak
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel M. Schmitz
- Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Claire Hsieh
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Julian D. Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Habarth JM, Wickham RE, Holmes KM, Sandoval M, Balsam KF. Heteronormativity and women’s psychosocial functioning in heterosexual and same-sex couples. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2019.1578994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Alanya A, Swyngedouw M, Vandezande V, Phalet K. Close Encounters: Minority and Majority Perceptions of Discrimination and Intergroup Relations in Antwerp, Belgium. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/imre.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of second-generation Muslims are highly qualified and locally embedded in today's European cities. This does not protect them, however, from experiencing discrimination in intergroup encounters in school, at work, or in the street. Taking an approach from local intergroup relations between ethnic minorities and the majority society, we draw on the TIES (The Integration of the European Second Generation) surveys to compare Turkish and Moroccan minorities and majority Belgians in Antwerp, Belgium. Our research aims (1) to establish minority and majority perspectives on (reverse) personal discrimination (2) in different life domains, and (3) to differentiate internally between gender, socioeconomic attainments, and local climates. Structural equation models show minority and majority group perspectives on discrimination as gendered and situated inter-group encounters in socioeconomic and civic domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahu Alanya
- Institute for Social and Political Opinion Research (ISPO),
University of Leuven
| | - Marc Swyngedouw
- Institute for Social and Political Opinion Research (ISPO),
University of Leuven
| | | | - Karen Phalet
- Centre for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of
Leuven
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15
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Pollard A, Nadarzynski T, Llewellyn C. Syndemics of stigma, minority-stress, maladaptive coping, risk environments and littoral spaces among men who have sex with men using chemsex. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2018; 20:411-427. [PMID: 28741417 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1350751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been a steep rise in the use of drugs during sex (chemsex) by some men who have sex with men in economically developed countries, with associated increases in sexual risk for HIV and other STIs. This paper presents data from telephone interviews with 15 men attending sexual health clinics for post-exposure prophylaxis following a chemsex-related risk for HIV and discusses some of the theoretical approaches that have been employed to understand chemsex and inform interventions. Interviews were conducted as part of a larger intervention study, which used an adapted version of motivational Interviewing to explore risk behaviour and support change. Participants conceptualised their chemsex and HIV-related risks in a psycho-social context, highlighting the influences of psycho-socio-cultural challenges of homophobic marginalisation and the 'gay scene' on behaviour. Multiple influences of stigma, marginalisation, minority stress and maladaptive coping (including drug-use) contribute to syndemic 'risk-environments' and 'littoral spaces' in which chemsex and risk behaviours are played out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pollard
- a Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton & Sussex Medical School , University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Tom Nadarzynski
- a Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton & Sussex Medical School , University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Carrie Llewellyn
- a Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton & Sussex Medical School , University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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16
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Platt LF, Scheitle CP. Sexual orientation and psychological distress: Differences by race and gender. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2018.1437583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F. Platt
- Department of Counseling, Rehabilitation Counseling, and Counseling Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher P. Scheitle
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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17
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Conlin SE, Douglass RP, Ouch S. Discrimination, Subjective Wellbeing, and the Role of Gender: A Mediation Model of LGB Minority Stress. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2017; 66:238-259. [PMID: 29072528 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1398023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the link between discrimination and the three components of subjective wellbeing (positive and negative affect and life satisfaction) among a cisgender sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults. Specifically, we investigated internalized homonegativity and expectations of rejection as potential mediators of the links between discrimination and subjective wellbeing among a sample of 215 participants. Results from our structural equation model demonstrated a strong, positive direct link between discrimination and negative affect. Discrimination also had small, negative indirect effects on life satisfaction through our two mediators. Interestingly, neither discrimination nor our two mediators were related with positive affect, demonstrating the need for future research to uncover potential buffers of this link. Finally, our model evidenced configural, metric, and scalar invariance, suggesting that our model applies well for both women and men. Practical implications and future directions for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Conlin
- a Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Richard P Douglass
- a Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Staci Ouch
- a Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
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18
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Garrison SM, Doane MJ, Elliott M. Gay and Lesbian Experiences of Discrimination, Health, and Well-Being. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617732391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual minorities have poorer mental and physical health than heterosexuals; these health disparities are consistently attributed to discrimination. However, the mechanisms linking discrimination with health outcomes remain unclear. This exploratory study examines whether fast-acting mechanisms, like the minority stress model's “stressful social environment[s],” contribute to these disparities by exploiting the unanticipated election of Donald Trump on November 8, 2016. Gay men and lesbians participated in a 10-day longitudinal daily-diary study, beginning the day before the election (November 7–16, 2016). On the day after the election, participants reported immediate changes in health (e.g., depression, Cohen’s d = 1.33; illness, 0.44), well-being (e.g., happiness, −0.91), and discrimination (0.45). The immediacy and magnitude of participants’ responses are consistent with the minority stress model. This study provides a window into the experiences of gay men and lesbians, and illustrates how minority stresses, such as political uncertainty and discrimination, may impact vulnerable sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mason Garrison
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael J. Doane
- Interdisciplinary Social Psychology PhD Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Kantar Health, Horsham, PA, USA
| | - Marta Elliott
- Department of Sociology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Mason TB, Lewis RJ, Heron KE. Daily discrimination and binge eating among lesbians: a pilot study. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2017.1296484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Mason
- Department of Clinical Research, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Robin J. Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Kristin E. Heron
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Livingston NA. Avenues for Future Minority Stress and Substance Use Research among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations. JOURNAL OF LGBT ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2017.1273164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Livingston
- Department of Psychology, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- VA Boston Health Care System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Livingston NA, Christianson N, Cochran BN. Minority stress, psychological distress, and alcohol misuse among sexual minority young adults: A resiliency-based conditional process analysis. Addict Behav 2016; 63:125-31. [PMID: 27471197 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual minority young adults experience elevated rates of distal stress (discrimination, victimization), and related psychological distress and alcohol misuse. However, few studies have examined the degree to which personality trait differences confer risk/resilience among sexual minority young adults. We hypothesized that psychological distress would mediate the relationship between distal stress and alcohol misuse, but that these relationships would be moderated by personality trait differences. METHOD Sexual minority young adults (N=412) were recruited nationally. Survey measures included demographic questions, minority stressors, Five Factor personality traits, and current psychological distress and alcohol misuse symptoms. We used a data-driven two-stage cluster analytic technique to empirically derive personality trait profiles, and conducted mediation and moderated mediation analyses using a regression-based approach. RESULTS Our results supported a two-group personality profile solution. Relative to at-risk individuals, those classified as adaptive scored lower on neuroticism, and higher on agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. As predicted, psychological distress mediated the relationship between distal stress and alcohol misuse. However, personality moderated these relationships to the degree that they did not exist among individuals classified as adaptive. DISCUSSION In the current study, we found that personality moderated the established relationships between distal stress, psychological distress, and alcohol misuse among sexual minority young adults. Future research is needed to further explicate these relationships, and in order to develop tailored interventions for sexual minority young adults at risk.
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Flanders CE, Tarasoff LA, Legge MM, Robinson M, Gos G. Positive Identity Experiences of Young Bisexual and Other Nonmonosexual People: A Qualitative Inquiry. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2016; 64:1014-1032. [PMID: 27797650 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1236592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of LGBTQ psychological research focuses on dysfunction. The exclusion of strengths-based perspectives in LGBTQ psychology limits the understanding of LGBTQ mental health. In this article we report experiences that young bisexual and other nonmonosexual people perceive as affirming of their sexual identity. A 28-day, daily diary study was used to investigate whether bisexual-identified participants encountered positive experiences related to their sexual identity, and which type of experiences they perceived to be positive. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, participants' experiences were organized according to a social ecological model. Experiences were reported at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional levels, but most positive sexual identity experiences occurred at the interpersonal level. Implications for positive health outcome research and the integration of positive psychology with LGBTQ psychology are discussed, as well as study limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey E Flanders
- a Social Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lesley A Tarasoff
- b Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | | | | | - Giselle Gos
- b Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Kuyper L, Bos H. Mostly Heterosexual and Lesbian/Gay Young Adults: Differences in Mental Health and Substance Use and the Role of Minority Stress. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2016; 53:731-741. [PMID: 26515026 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals mostly attracted to other-sex but also to same-sex partners are a distinct and common sexual orientation group with possibly increased levels of health problems. The current study examined whether mostly heterosexual individuals differed in mental health and substance use from lesbian/gay individuals and whether sexual minority risk and protective factors offer an explanation in a sample of 528 Dutch young adults (16 to 25 years old, M = 21.2 years). Mostly heterosexual participants reported higher levels of psychological distress, suicidality, drug use, and smoking than lesbian/gay participants and equal levels of binge drinking. They also reported higher levels of internalized negativity to same-sex attractions, less openness to family members and others, less community involvement, and lower numbers of lesbian/gay/bisexual friends. However, bootstrapped mediation analysis showed that the differences in minority stress risk and protective factors did not mediate most of the differences in mental health and substance use with one exception: higher levels of psychological distress were mediated by the higher levels of internalized negativity to same-sex attractions. The limited explanatory power of the minority stress factors combined with the elevated level of problems of mostly heterosexual individuals call for future studies examining other risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Kuyper
- a Department of Education, Minorities, and Methodologies , The Netherlands Institute for Social Research
| | - Henny Bos
- b Research Institute of Child Development and Education , University of Amsterdam
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Doyle DM, Molix L. Minority stress and inflammatory mediators: covering moderates associations between perceived discrimination and salivary interleukin-6 in gay men. J Behav Med 2016; 39:782-92. [PMID: 27534538 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical health disparities by sexual orientation are widespread yet under-investigated. Drawing upon theories of biological embedding of social adversity, we tested whether minority stress (in the form of perceived discrimination) is associated with salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, we examined whether covering, a strategy involving downplaying a stigmatized social identity, modified this association. A community sample (N = 99) of gay men (n = 78) and lesbian women (n = 21) completed self-report measures of minority stress and identity management and provided saliva samples which were assayed for IL-6. Among gay men, results from generalized linear models supported a hypothesized interaction between perceived discrimination and covering, such that perceived discrimination was predictive of higher levels of IL-6 for those who engaged in less covering but not for those who engaged in more covering. This interaction was robust to a number of potential covariates (alcohol, medication, body mass index, race and age). Results for lesbian women suggested a different pattern: the only statistically significant association detected was between greater perceived discrimination and lower levels of IL-6. Findings from the current study point to an important role for inflammatory processes in understanding and remediating health disparities based upon sexual orientation that stem from exposure to prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matthew Doyle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Filip-Crawford G, Neuberg SL. Homosexuality and Pro-Gay Ideology as Pathogens? Implications of a Disease-Spread Lay Model for Understanding Anti-Gay Behaviors. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 20:332-364. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868315601613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Negative behaviors targeting gay men and lesbians range from violent physical assault to casting a vote against gay marriage, with very different implications for those targeted. Existing accounts of such actions, however, are unable to differentially predict specific anti-gay behaviors, leaving a large theoretical hole in the literature and hindering the design of effective interventions. We propose (a) that many sexually prejudiced laypersons conceptualize homosexuality and pro-gay ideology as “contaminants” analogous to infectious pathogens and (b) that anti-gay behaviors can thus be viewed as strategic attempts to prevent, contain, treat, or eradicate the “pathogens” of homosexuality and pro-gay ideology. By considering analogues to disease-spread processes (e.g., susceptibility of specific subpopulations, inoculation procedures, prevalence in the local environment, interconnections among community members), we derive novel predictions regarding the incidence and nature of anti-gay behaviors and provide leverage for creating more tailored interventions to reduce such discrimination.
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Flanders CE, Robinson M, Legge MM, Tarasoff LA. Negative identity experiences of bisexual and other non-monosexual people: A qualitative report. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2015.1108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Doyle DM, Molix L. Social Stigma and Sexual Minorities' Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Meta-Analytic Review. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:1363-81. [PMID: 26199218 PMCID: PMC4575636 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215594592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To bolster knowledge of determinants of relationship functioning among sexual minorities, the current meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively review evidence for the association between social stigma and relationship functioning as well as examine potential moderators. Thirty-five studies were identified, including 130 effect sizes (39 independent; N = 10,745). Across studies, evidence was found for a small but significant inverse association between social stigma and relationship functioning. Furthermore, this association was moderated by stigma type (with more deleterious associations for internalized relative to perceived stigma) and dimension of relationship functioning (with more deleterious associations for affective relative to cognitive and negative relative to positive). Evidence for demographic moderators (region, sex, race, age) was generally mixed although important limitations related to unique characteristics of study samples are discussed. We conclude by highlighting the importance of social stigma for relationship functioning and point toward directions for future research and policy action.
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Flanders CE. Bisexual Health: A Daily Diary Analysis of Stress and Anxiety. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2015.1079202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fasoli F, Paladino MP, Carnaghi A, Jetten J, Bastian B, Bain PG. Not “just words”: Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria Paola Paladino
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science; University of Trento; Rovereto Italy
| | - Andrea Carnaghi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology; University of Queensland; St. Lucia Brisbane Australia
| | - Brock Bastian
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Paul G. Bain
- School of Psychology; University of Queensland; St. Lucia Brisbane Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
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Van Sluytman L, Spikes P, Nandi V, Van Tieu H, Frye V, Patterson J, Koblin B. Ties that bind: community attachment and the experience of discrimination among Black men who have sex with men. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2015; 17:859-72. [PMID: 25647586 PMCID: PMC4629835 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2015.1004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the USA, the impact of psychological distress may be greater for Black men who have sex with men given that they may experience both racial discrimination in society at large and discrimination due to sexual orientation within Black communities. Attachments to community members may play a role in addressing psychological distress for members of this vulnerable population. This analysis is based on 312 Black men who have sex with men recruited for a behavioural intervention trial in New York City. Analyses were conducted using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to examine the relationship of discrimination and community attachment to psychological distress. Most participants (63%) reported exposure to both discrimination due to race and sexual orientation. However, a majority of participants (89%) also reported racial and/or sexual orientation community attachment. Psychological distress was significant and negatively associated with older age (40 years and above), being a high school graduate and having racial and/or sexual orientation community attachments. Psychological distress was significantly and positively associated with being HIV-positive and experiencing both racial and sexual orientation discrimination. Similar results were found in the multivariable model. Susceptibility to disparate psychological distress outcomes must be understood in relation to social membership, including its particular norms, structures and ecological milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilgrim Spikes
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jocelyn Patterson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA
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Crosby JR, Wilson J. Let's not, and say we would: imagined and actual responses to witnessing homophobia. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2015; 62:957-970. [PMID: 25603471 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2015.1008284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared imagined versus actual affective and behavioral responses to witnessing a homophobic slur. Participants (N = 72) witnessed a confederate using a homophobic slur, imagined the same scenario, or were not exposed to the slur. Those who imagined hearing the slur reported significantly higher levels of negative affect than those who actually witnessed the slur, and nearly one half of them reported that they would confront the slur, whereas no participants who actually heard the slur confronted it. These findings reveal a discrepancy between imagined and real responses to homophobic remarks, and they have implications for the likelihood that heterosexuals will actually confront homophobic remarks.
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Vollhardt JR, Mazur LB, Lemahieu M. Acknowledgment after mass violence: Effects on psychological well-being and intergroup relations. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430213517270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments in the context of the Armenian Genocide (Study 1), the Kielce Pogrom (Study 2), and the Holocaust (Studies 3 and 4) examined the effects of experiencing acknowledgment (vs. lack of acknowledgment) of historical ingroup victimization on psychological well-being and on intergroup relations. Armenian and Jewish American participants, respectively, read about the former perpetrator group’s acknowledgment or lack of acknowledgment of the ingroup’s victimization. Participants in the acknowledgment condition reported higher levels of psychological well-being (indicated by more positive and less negative affect) and greater willingness to reconcile with the former perpetrator group, compared to participants in the no acknowledgment condition and to a neutral baseline control condition (Study 4). Two studies also revealed significant effects on resentment of the perpetrator group.
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Balsam KF, Beadnell B, Molina Y. The Daily Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire: Measuring Minority Stress Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2013; 46:3-25. [PMID: 24058262 PMCID: PMC3777637 DOI: 10.1177/0748175612449743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors conducted a three-phase, mixed-methods study to develop a self-report measure assessing the unique aspects of minority stress for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. The Daily Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire has 50 items and nine subscales with acceptable internal reliability, and construct and concurrent validity. Mean sexual orientation and gender differences were found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yamile Molina
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Moradi B. Discrimination, objectification, and dehumanization: toward a pantheoretical framework. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2013; 60:153-81. [PMID: 23947282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, I have called for greater attention to targets' experiences in theory and research on dehumanization. I have also argued that what we know from theory and research on targets' experiences of stigma and discrimination can inform how we pursue the understanding of targets' experiences of dehumanization. To this end, I have emphasized the utility of attention to the intersectionality of minority statuses in shaping discrimination experiences. I have also described theoretical frameworks grounded in different populations' experiences--including theories of discrimination as stressful life events or daily hassles, minority stress frameworks, and objectification theory--and offered examples of integrating these frameworks as a way to attend to intersectionality. As well, I have noted parallels between the areas of convergence across discrimination theories and emerging findings regarding the consequences of dehumanization for targets. Finally, I have described the broad outlines of a pantheoretical framework that reflects areas of convergence and complementary integration across the discrimination and dehumanization literatures. My hope is that this framework will encourage further attention to the potential distinctions between internalization and cognizance of discrimination, exploration of their potentially distinctive intermediary consequences, and consideration of a broader range of outcomes beyond individual health and well-being indicators, and including individual and collective social activism. I also hope that readers will contribute to the critical evaluation and refinement of this pantheoretical framework with continued attention to the intersectionality that characterizes people's identities and experiences of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Moradi
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 112250 Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA.
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Abstract
Believing one shares a subjective experience with another (i.e., I-sharing) fosters connections among strangers and alters perceptions of the ingroup and outgroup. In this article, the authors ask whether I-sharing also fosters liking for members of a salient outgroup. Study 1 establishes that I-sharing promotes liking for the other sex, even among people with salient social identities. Study 2 shows that I-sharing promotes liking for a member of the sexual orientation outgroup, whether it occurs before or after group memberships get revealed. Study 3 focuses on salient race categories and looks at the effects of I-sharing versus value-sharing as a function of shared group membership. For those high in existential isolation, I-sharing trumps value-sharing, regardless of the I-sharer’s social identity. I-sharing may offer a way of improving attitudes toward outgroup members that still enables people to embrace their differing social identities.
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Morrison MA. Psychological Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination among Canadian Gay Men and Lesbian Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7870/cjcmh-2011-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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