1
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Castro-Torres RD, Olloquequi J, Parcerisas A, Ureña J, Ettcheto M, Beas-Zarate C, Camins A, Verdaguer E, Auladell C. JNK signaling and its impact on neural cell maturation and differentiation. Life Sci 2024; 350:122750. [PMID: 38801982 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
C-Jun-N-terminal-kinases (JNKs), members of the mitogen-activated-protein-kinase family, are significantly linked with neurological and neurodegenerative pathologies and cancer progression. However, JNKs serve key roles under physiological conditions, particularly within the central-nervous-system (CNS), where they are critical in governing neural proliferation and differentiation during both embryogenesis and adult stages. These processes control the development of CNS, avoiding neurodevelopment disorders. JNK are key to maintain the proper activity of neural-stem-cells (NSC) and neural-progenitors (NPC) that exist in adults, which keep the convenient brain plasticity and homeostasis. This review underscores how the interaction of JNK with upstream and downstream molecules acts as a regulatory mechanism to manage the self-renewal capacity and differentiation of NSC/NPC during CNS development and in adult neurogenic niches. Evidence suggests that JNK is reliant on non-canonical Wnt components, Fbw7-ubiquitin-ligase, and WDR62-scaffold-protein, regulating substrates such as transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins. Therefore, understanding which pathways and molecules interact with JNK will bring knowledge on how JNK activation orchestrates neuronal processes that occur in CNS development and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiotechnology, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Physiology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. 5 Poniente 1670, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institute of Research and Innovation of Life Sciences and Health, Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineering, University of Vic. Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ureña
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department de Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiotechnology, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department de Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carme Auladell
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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2
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Yang Z. The Principle of Cortical Development and Evolution. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01259-2. [PMID: 39023844 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human's robust cognitive abilities, including creativity and language, are made possible, at least in large part, by evolutionary changes made to the cerebral cortex. This paper reviews the biology and evolution of mammalian cortical radial glial cells (primary neural stem cells) and introduces the concept that a genetically step wise process, based on a core molecular pathway already in use, is the evolutionary process that has molded cortical neurogenesis. The core mechanism, which has been identified in our recent studies, is the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7)-GLI3 repressor form (GLI3R)-sonic hedgehog (SHH) positive feedback loop. Additionally, I propose that the molecular basis for cortical evolutionary dwarfism, exemplified by the lissencephalic mouse which originated from a larger gyrencephalic ancestor, is an increase in SHH signaling in radial glia, that antagonizes ERK-BMP7 signaling. Finally, I propose that: (1) SHH signaling is not a key regulator of primate cortical expansion and folding; (2) human cortical radial glial cells do not generate neocortical interneurons; (3) human-specific genes may not be essential for most cortical expansion. I hope this review assists colleagues in the field, guiding research to address gaps in our understanding of cortical development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Maltsev DI, Aniol VA, Golden MA, Petrina AD, Belousov VV, Gulyaeva NV, Podgorny OV. Aging Modulates the Ability of Quiescent Radial Glia-Like Stem Cells in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus to be Recruited into Division by Pro-neurogenic Stimuli. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3461-3476. [PMID: 37995077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A delicate balance between quiescence and division of the radial glia-like stem cells (RGLs) ensures continuation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) over the lifespan. Transient or persistent perturbations of this balance due to a brain pathology, drug administration, or therapy can lead to unfavorable long-term outcomes such as premature depletion of the RGLs, decreased AHN, and cognitive deficit. Memantine, a drug used for alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), a procedure used for treating drug-resistant major depression or bipolar disorder, are known strong AHN inducers; they were earlier demonstrated to increase numbers of dividing RGLs. Here, we demonstrated that 1-month stimulation of quiescent RGLs by either memantine or ECS leads to premature exhaustion of their pool and altered AHN at later stages of life and that aging of the brain modulates the ability of the quiescent RGLs to be recruited into the cell cycle by these AHN inducers. Our findings support the aging-related divergence of functional features of quiescent RGLs and have a number of implications for the practical assessment of drugs and treatments with respect to their action on quiescent RGLs at different stages of life in animal preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Maltsev
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Victor A Aniol
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | | | | | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Life Improvement By Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, 115419, Russia
| | - Oleg V Podgorny
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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4
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Lazarov O, Disouky A, Sanborn M, Mostafa M, Sabitha K, Schantz A, Kim N, Pawlowski S, Honer W, Bennett D, Zhou Y, Keene C, Maienschein-Cline M, Rehman J. A roadmap to human hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood, aging and AD. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4469965. [PMID: 38854131 PMCID: PMC11160907 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469965/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In the rodent, hippocampal neurogenesis plays critical roles in learning and memory1,2, is tightly regulated by inhibitory neurons3-7 and contributes to memory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models8-10. In contrast, the mechanisms regulating neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus, the dynamic shifts in the transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles in aging and AD and putative niche interactions within the cellular environment, remain largely unknown. Using single nuclei multi-omics of postmortem human hippocampi we map the molecular mechanisms of hippocampal neurogenesis across aging, cognitive decline, and AD neuropathology. Transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling of neural stem cells (NSCs), neuroblasts and immature neurons suggests that the earliest shift in the characteristics of neurogenesis takes place in NSCs in aging. Cognitive impairment was associated with changes in neuroblast profile. In AD, there was a widespread cessation of the transcription machinery in immature neurons, with robust downregulation of genes regulating ribosomal and mitochondrial function. Further, there was substantial loss of parvalbumin+ inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus in aging. The number of the rest of inhibitory neurons were reduced as a function of age and diagnosis. Notably, a similar system-level effect was observed between immature and inhibitory neurons in the transition from aging to AD, manifested by common molecular pathways that were ultimately lost in AD. The numbers of neuroblasts, immature and GABAergic neurons inversely correlated with extent of neuropathology. Using CellChat and NeuronChat, we inferred the ligands and receptors by which neurogenic cells communicate with their cellular environment. Loss of synaptic adhesion molecules and neurotransmitters, either sent or received by neurogenic cells, was observed in AD. Together, this study delineates the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of human neurogenesis, functional association with inhibitory neurons and a mechanism of hippocampal hyperexcitability in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - K Sabitha
- The University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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5
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Simard S, Matosin N, Mechawar N. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Human Brain: Updates, Challenges, and Perspectives. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241252581. [PMID: 38757781 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241252581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The existence of neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus has been under considerable debate within the past three decades due to the diverging conclusions originating mostly from immunohistochemistry studies. While some of these reports conclude that hippocampal neurogenesis in humans occurs throughout physiologic aging, others indicate that this phenomenon ends by early childhood. More recently, some groups have adopted next-generation sequencing technologies to characterize with more acuity the extent of this phenomenon in humans. Here, we review the current state of research on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the human brain with an emphasis on the challenges and limitations of using immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing technologies for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Simard
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Natalie Matosin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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6
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Lazarov O, Gupta M, Kumar P, Morrissey Z, Phan T. Memory circuits in dementia: The engram, hippocampal neurogenesis and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 236:102601. [PMID: 38570083 PMCID: PMC11221328 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Here, we provide an in-depth consideration of our current understanding of engrams, spanning from molecular to network levels, and hippocampal neurogenesis, in health and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review highlights novel findings in these emerging research fields and future research directions for novel therapeutic avenues for memory failure in dementia. Engrams, memory in AD, and hippocampal neurogenesis have each been extensively studied. The integration of these topics, however, has been relatively less deliberated, and is the focus of this review. We primarily focus on the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, which is a key area of episodic memory formation. Episodic memory is significantly impaired in AD, and is also the site of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Advancements in technology, especially opto- and chemogenetics, have made sophisticated manipulations of engram cells possible. Furthermore, innovative methods have emerged for monitoring neurons, even specific neuronal populations, in vivo while animals engage in tasks, such as calcium imaging. In vivo calcium imaging contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of engram cells. Critically, studies of the engram in the DG using these technologies have shown the important contribution of hippocampal neurogenesis for memory in both health and AD. Together, the discussion of these topics provides a holistic perspective that motivates questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Muskan Gupta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zachery Morrissey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Trongha Phan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Kaise T, Kageyama R. Transcriptional control of neural stem cell activity. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:617-626. [PMID: 38477464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) are under the control of various molecular mechanisms to produce an appropriate number of neurons that are essential for specific brain functions. Usually, the majority of adult NSCs stay in a non-proliferative and undifferentiated state known as quiescence, occasionally transitioning to an active state to produce newborn neurons. This transition between the quiescent and active states is crucial for the activity of NSCs. Another significant state of adult NSCs is senescence, in which quiescent cells become more dormant and less reactive, ceasing the production of newborn neurons. Although many genes involved in the regulation of NSCs have been identified using genetic manipulation and omics analyses, the entire regulatory network is complicated and ambiguous. In this review, we focus on transcription factors, whose importance has been elucidated in NSCs by knockout or overexpression studies. We mainly discuss the transcription factors with roles in the active, quiescent, and rejuvenation states of adult NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kaise
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Neuron migration to brain regions key to memory and navigation continues into childhood. Nature 2024:10.1038/d41586-024-00054-3. [PMID: 38509300 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
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9
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López-Otín C, Kroemer G. The missing hallmark of health: psychosocial adaptation. Cell Stress 2024; 8:21-50. [PMID: 38476764 PMCID: PMC10928495 DOI: 10.15698/cst2024.03.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The eight biological hallmarks of health that we initially postulated (Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):33-63) include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers, containment of local perturbations), maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling & turnover, integration of circuitries, rhythmic oscillations) and an array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, repair & regeneration). These hallmarks affect all eight somatic strata of the human body (molecules, organelles, cells, supracellular units, organs, organ systems, systemic circuitries and meta-organism). Here we postulate that mental and socioeconomic factors must be added to this 8×8 matrix as an additional hallmark of health ("psychosocial adaptation") and as an additional stratum ("psychosocial interactions"), hence building a 9×9 matrix. Potentially, perturbation of each of the somatic hallmarks and strata affects psychosocial factors and vice versa. Finally, we discuss the (patho)physiological bases of these interactions and their implications for mental health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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10
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Naffaa MM. Significance of the anterior cingulate cortex in neurogenesis plasticity: Connections, functions, and disorders across postnatal and adult stages. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300160. [PMID: 38135889 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a complex and continually evolving brain region that remains a primary focus of research due to its multifaceted functions. Various studies and analyses have significantly advanced our understanding of how the ACC participates in a wide spectrum of memory and cognitive processes. However, despite its strong connections to brain areas associated with hippocampal and olfactory neurogenesis, the functions of the ACC in regulating postnatal and adult neurogenesis in these regions are still insufficiently explored. Investigating the intricate involvement of the ACC in neurogenesis could enhance our comprehension of essential aspects of brain plasticity. This involvement stems from its complex circuitry with other relevant brain regions, thereby exerting both direct and indirect impacts on the neurogenesis process. This review sheds light on the promising significance of the ACC in orchestrating postnatal and adult neurogenesis in conditions related to memory, cognitive behavior, and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Alderman PJ, Saxon D, Torrijos-Saiz LI, Sharief M, Page CE, Baroudi JK, Biagiotti SW, Butyrkin VA, Melamed A, Kuo CT, Vicini S, García-Verdugo JM, Herranz-Pérez V, Corbin JG, Sorrells SF. Delayed maturation and migration of excitatory neurons in the juvenile mouse paralaminar amygdala. Neuron 2024; 112:574-592.e10. [PMID: 38086370 PMCID: PMC10922384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The human amygdala paralaminar nucleus (PL) contains many immature excitatory neurons that undergo prolonged maturation from birth to adulthood. We describe a previously unidentified homologous PL region in mice that contains immature excitatory neurons and has previously been considered part of the amygdala intercalated cell clusters or ventral endopiriform cortex. Mouse PL neurons are born embryonically, not from postnatal neurogenesis, despite a subset retaining immature molecular and morphological features in adults. During juvenile-adolescent ages (P21-P35), the majority of PL neurons undergo molecular, structural, and physiological maturation, and a subset of excitatory PL neurons migrate into the adjacent endopiriform cortex. Alongside these changes, PL neurons develop responses to aversive and appetitive olfactory stimuli. The presence of this homologous region in both humans and mice points to the significance of this conserved mechanism of neuronal maturation and migration during adolescence, a key time period for amygdala circuit maturation and related behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia J Alderman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David Saxon
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Lucía I Torrijos-Saiz
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Comparative Neurobiology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED-ISCIII, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Malaz Sharief
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chloe E Page
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jude K Baroudi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sean W Biagiotti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Vladimir A Butyrkin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anna Melamed
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jose M García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Comparative Neurobiology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED-ISCIII, Valencia 46980, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Comparative Neurobiology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED-ISCIII, Valencia 46980, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011, USA
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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12
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Martí-Clúa J. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling: historical perspectives, factors influencing the detection, toxicity, and its implications in the neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:302-308. [PMID: 37488882 PMCID: PMC10503596 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis. Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU, an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA. BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds, reptiles, and mammals. Due to BrdU toxicity, its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation, survival, and settled patterns of cells. This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts. In this review, I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system, as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts. Moreover, it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis. Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed. It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martí-Clúa
- Unidad de Citología e Histología. Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia. Facultad de Biociencias. Institut de Neurociències. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Nascimento MA, Biagiotti S, Herranz-Pérez V, Santiago S, Bueno R, Ye CJ, Abel TJ, Zhang Z, Rubio-Moll JS, Kriegstein AR, Yang Z, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Huang EJ, Alvarez-Buylla A, Sorrells SF. Protracted neuronal recruitment in the temporal lobes of young children. Nature 2024; 626:1056-1065. [PMID: 38122823 PMCID: PMC10901738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The temporal lobe of the human brain contains the entorhinal cortex (EC). This region of the brain is a highly interconnected integrative hub for sensory and spatial information; it also has a key role in episodic memory formation and is the main source of cortical hippocampal inputs1-4. The human EC continues to develop during childhood5, but neurogenesis and neuronal migration to the EC are widely considered to be complete by birth. Here we show that the human temporal lobe contains many young neurons migrating into the postnatal EC and adjacent regions, with a large tangential stream persisting until the age of around one year and radial dispersal continuing until around two to three years of age. By contrast, we found no equivalent postnatal migration in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Immunostaining and single-nucleus RNA sequencing of ganglionic eminence germinal zones, the EC stream and the postnatal EC revealed that most migrating cells in the EC stream are derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence and become LAMP5+RELN+ inhibitory interneurons. These late-arriving interneurons could continue to shape the processing of sensory and spatial information well into postnatal life, when children are actively interacting with their environment. The EC is one of the first regions of the brain to be affected in Alzheimer's disease, and previous work has linked cognitive decline to the loss of LAMP5+RELN+ cells6,7. Our investigation reveals that many of these cells arrive in the EC through a major postnatal migratory stream in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Assis Nascimento
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sean Biagiotti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Samara Santiago
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raymund Bueno
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chun J Ye
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taylor J Abel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan S Rubio-Moll
- Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Janowitz HN, Linden DJ. Chronic Treatment with Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors Does Not Affect Regrowth of Serotonin Axons Following Amphetamine Injury in the Mouse Forebrain. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0444-22.2023. [PMID: 38355299 PMCID: PMC10867722 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0444-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A current hypothesis to explain the limited recovery following brain and spinal cord trauma stems from the dogma that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system lack the ability to regenerate their axons after injury. Serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the adult brain are a notable exception in that they can slowly regrow their axons following chemical or mechanical lesions. This process of regrowth occurs without intervention over several months and results in anatomical recovery that approximates the preinjured state. During development, serotonin is a trophic factor, playing a role in both cell survival and axon growth. Additionally, some studies have shown that stroke patients treated after injury with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) appeared to have improved recovery. To test the hypothesis that serotonin can influence the regrowth of 5-HT axons, mice received a high dose of para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) to induce widespread retrograde degeneration of 5-HT axons. Then, after a short rest period to avoid any interaction with the acute injury phase, SSRIs were administered daily for 6 or 10 weeks. Using immunohistochemistry in 5-HT transporter-GFP BAC transgenic mice, we determined that while PCA led to a rapid initial decrease in total 5-HT axon length in the somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, or area CA1 of the hippocampus, treatment with either fluoxetine or sertraline (two different SSRIs) did not affect the recovery of axon length. These results suggest that chronic SSRI treatment does not affect the regrowth of 5-HT axons and argue against SSRIs as a potential therapy following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley N Janowitz
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David J Linden
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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15
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van Dijk MT, Talati A, Kashyap P, Desai K, Kelsall NC, Gameroff MJ, Aw N, Abraham E, Cullen B, Cha J, Anacker C, Weissman MM, Posner J. Dentate Gyrus Microstructure Is Associated With Resilience After Exposure to Maternal Stress Across Two Human Cohorts. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:27-36. [PMID: 37393047 PMCID: PMC10755082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal stress (MS) is a well-documented risk factor for impaired emotional development in offspring. Rodent models implicate the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in the effects of MS on offspring depressive-like behaviors, but mechanisms in humans remain unclear. Here, we tested whether MS was associated with depressive symptoms and DG micro- and macrostructural alterations in offspring across 2 independent cohorts. METHODS We analyzed DG diffusion tensor imaging-derived mean diffusivity (DG-MD) and volume in a three-generation family risk for depression study (TGS; n = 69, mean age = 35.0 years) and in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 5196, mean age = 9.9 years) using generalized estimating equation models and mediation analysis. MS was assessed by the Parenting Stress Index (TGS) and a measure compiled from the Adult Response Survey from the ABCD Study. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and rumination scales (TGS) and the Child Behavior Checklist (ABCD Study) measured offspring depressive symptoms at follow-up. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime interview was used to assign depression diagnoses. RESULTS Across cohorts, MS was associated with future symptoms and higher DG-MD (indicating disrupted microstructure) in offspring. Higher DG-MD was associated with higher symptom scores measured 5 years (in the TGS) and 1 year (in the ABCD Study) after magnetic resonance imaging. In the ABCD Study, DG-MD was increased in high-MS offspring who had depressive symptoms at follow-up, but not in offspring who remained resilient or whose mother had low MS. CONCLUSIONS Converging results across 2 independent samples extend previous rodent studies and suggest a role for the DG in exposure to MS and offspring depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milenna T van Dijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Pratik Kashyap
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Karan Desai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nora C Kelsall
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Marc J Gameroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Natalie Aw
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eyal Abraham
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Breda Cullen
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jiook Cha
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christoph Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Columbia University Institute for Developmental Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Columbia University Institute for Developmental Sciences, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Davies MR, Greenberg Z, van Vuurden DG, Cross CB, Zannettino ACW, Bardy C, Wardill HR. More than a small adult brain: Lessons from chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment for modelling paediatric brain disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:229-247. [PMID: 37858741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood is recognised as a period of immense physical and emotional development, and this, in part, is driven by underlying neurophysiological transformations. These neurodevelopmental processes are unique to the paediatric brain and are facilitated by augmented rates of neuroplasticity and expanded neural stem cell populations within neurogenic niches. However, given the immaturity of the developing central nervous system, innate protective mechanisms such as neuroimmune and antioxidant responses are functionally naïve which results in periods of heightened sensitivity to neurotoxic insult. This is highly relevant in the context of paediatric cancer, and in particular, the neurocognitive symptoms associated with treatment, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy. The vulnerability of the developing brain may increase susceptibility to damage and persistent symptomology, aligning with reports of more severe neurocognitive dysfunction in children compared to adults. It is therefore surprising, given this intensified neurocognitive burden, that most of the pre-clinical, mechanistic research focuses exclusively on adult populations and extrapolates findings to paediatric cohorts. Given this dearth of age-specific research, throughout this review we will draw comparisons with neurodevelopmental disorders which share comparable pathways to cancer treatment related side-effects. Furthermore, we will examine the unique nuances of the paediatric brain along with the somatic systems which influence neurological function. In doing so, we will highlight the importance of developing in vitro and in vivo paediatric disease models to produce age-specific discovery and clinically translatable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Davies
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Zarina Greenberg
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory of Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dannis G van Vuurden
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the weNetherlands
| | - Courtney B Cross
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory of Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Chang WL, Hen R. Adult Neurogenesis, Context Encoding, and Pattern Separation: A Pathway for Treating Overgeneralization. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 38:163-193. [PMID: 39008016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62983-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus is one of two brain regions (with the subventricular zone of the olfactory bulb) that continues to generate new neurons throughout adulthood, a phenomenon known as adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) (Eriksson et al., Nat Med 4:1313-1317, 1998; García-Verdugo et al., J Neurobiol 36:234-248, 1998). The integration of these new neurons into the dentate gyrus (DG) has implications for memory encoding, with unique firing and wiring properties of immature neurons that affect how the hippocampal network encodes and stores attributes of memory. In this chapter, we will describe the process of AHN and properties of adult-born cells as they integrate into the hippocampal circuit and mature. Then, we will discuss some methodological considerations before we review evidence for the role of AHN in two major processes supporting memory that are performed by the DG. First, we will discuss encoding of contextual information for episodic memories and how this is facilitated by AHN. Second, will discuss pattern separation, a major role of the DG that reduces interference for the formation of new memories. Finally, we will review clinical and translational considerations, suggesting that stimulation of AHN may help decrease overgeneralization-a common endophenotype of mood, anxiety, trauma-related, and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Chang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rene Hen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Jimenez-Vergara AC, Avina J, Block TJ, Sheldrake A, Koch C, Gonzalez A, Steele J, Díaz-Lasprilla AM, Munoz-Pinto DJ. A Bioinspired Astrocyte-Derived Coating Promotes the In Vitro Proliferation of Human Neural Stem Cells While Maintaining Their Stemness. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:589. [PMID: 38132528 PMCID: PMC10741944 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of neuronal tissue is a challenging process due to the limited proliferative capacity of neurons. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can aid in the regeneration process of neural tissue due to their high proliferation potential and capacity to differentiate into neurons. The therapeutic potential of these cells can only be achieved if sufficient cells are obtained without losing their differentiation potential. Toward this end, an astrocyte-derived coating (HAc) was evaluated as a promising substrate to promote the proliferation of NSCs. Mass spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the HAc. The proliferation rate and the expression of stemness and differentiation markers in NSCs cultured on the HAc were evaluated and compared to the responses of these cells to commonly used coating materials including Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO), and a Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (HiPSC)-based coating. The use of the HAc promotes the in vitro cell growth of NSCs. The expression of the stemness markers Sox2 and Nestin, and the differentiation marker DCX in the HAc group was akin to the expression of these markers in the controls. In summary, HAc supported the proliferation of NSCs while maintaining their stemness and neural differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Jimenez-Vergara
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | - Jacob Avina
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | | | - Anne Sheldrake
- StemBioSys, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (T.J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Carson Koch
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA;
| | - Anna Gonzalez
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | - Jennifer Steele
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA;
| | - Ana M. Díaz-Lasprilla
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | - Dany J. Munoz-Pinto
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA;
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19
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Benedetti B, Reisinger M, Hochwartner M, Gabriele G, Jakubecova D, Benedetti A, Bonfanti L, Couillard‐Despres S. The awakening of dormant neuronal precursors in the adult and aged brain. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13974. [PMID: 37649323 PMCID: PMC10726842 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the canonical neurogenic niches, there are dormant neuronal precursors in several regions of the adult mammalian brain. Dormant precursors maintain persisting post-mitotic immaturity from birth to adulthood, followed by staggered awakening, in a process that is still largely unresolved. Strikingly, due to the slow rate of awakening, some precursors remain immature until old age, which led us to question whether their awakening and maturation are affected by aging. To this end, we studied the maturation of dormant precursors in transgenic mice (DCX-CreERT2 /flox-EGFP) in which immature precursors were labelled permanently in vivo at different ages. We found that dormant precursors are capable of awakening at young age, becoming adult-matured neurons (AM), as well as of awakening at old age, becoming late AM. Thus, protracted immaturity does not prevent late awakening and maturation. However, late AM diverged morphologically and functionally from AM. Moreover, AM were functionally most similar to neonatal-matured neurons (NM). Conversely, late AM were endowed with high intrinsic excitability and high input resistance, and received a smaller amount of spontaneous synaptic input, implying their relative immaturity. Thus, late AM awakening still occurs at advanced age, but the maturation process is slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Maximilian Reisinger
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Marie Hochwartner
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Gabriele Gabriele
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Dominika Jakubecova
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Ariane Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TurinTorinoItaly
| | - Sebastien Couillard‐Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
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20
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Alshebib Y, Hori T, Goel A, Fauzi AA, Kashiwagi T. Adult human neurogenesis: A view from two schools of thought. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:342-347. [PMID: 38025659 PMCID: PMC10665662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Are we truly losing neurons as we grow older? If yes, why, and how can the lost neurons be replaced or compensated for? Is so-called adult neurogenesis (ANG) still a controversial process, particularly in the human cerebral cortex? How do adult-born neurons -if proven to exist- contribute to brain functions? Is adult neurogenesis a disease-relevant process, meaning that neural progenitor cells are dormant in adulthood, but they may be reactivated, for example, following stroke? Is the earnest hope to cure neurological diseases justifying the readiness to accept ANG claim uncritically? These are all fundamental issues that have not yet been firmly explained. Although it is completely understandable that some researchers believe that we can add new neurons to our inevitably deteriorating brain, the brain regeneration process still possesses intellectually and experimentally diverting views, as until now, there has been significant confusion about the concept of ANG. This paper is not intended to be an extensively analytical review distilling all findings and conclusions presented in the ANG literature. Instead, it is an attempt to discuss the commonly entertained opinions and then present our reflective insight concerning the current status quo of the field, which might help redirect research questions, avoid marketing an exaggerated hope, and more importantly, save the ever-limited resources, namely, intellectuals' time, facilities, and grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134–0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134–0088, Japan
| | - Atul Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery. K.E.M. Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asra Al Fauzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 6–8, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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21
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Newell AJ, Patisaul HB. Developmental organophosphate flame retardant exposure disrupts adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Wistar rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:104-114. [PMID: 37783313 PMCID: PMC10842265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) contamination is ubiquitous and bio-monitoring studies have shown that human exposure is widespread and may be unavoidable. OPFRs bear structural similarities to known neurotoxicants such as organophosphate insecticides and have been shown to have both endocrine disrupting and developmental neurotoxic effects. The perinatal period in rodents represents a critical period in the organization of the developing nervous system and insults during this time can impart profound changes on the trajectory of neural development and function, lasting into adulthood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) facilitates dentate gyrus function and broader hippocampal circuit activity in adults; however, the neurogenic potential of this process in adulthood is vulnerable to disruption by exogenous factors during early life. We sought to assess the impact of OPFRs on AHN in offspring of dams exposed during gestation and lactation. Results indicate that developmental OPFR exposure has significant, sex specific impacts on multiple markers of AHN in the dentate gyrus of rats. In males, OPFR exposure significantly reduced the number of neural progenitors the number of new/immature neurons and reduced dentate gyrus volume. In females, exposure increased the number of neural progenitors, decreased the number of new/immature neurons, but had no significant effect on dentate gyrus volume. These results further elucidate the developmental neurotoxic properties of OPFRs, emphasize the long-term impact of early life OPFR exposure on neural processes, and highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable in neurotoxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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22
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Loef D, Tendolkar I, van Eijndhoven PFP, Hoozemans JJM, Oudega ML, Rozemuller AJM, Lucassen PJ, Dols A, Dijkstra AA. Electroconvulsive therapy is associated with increased immunoreactivity of neuroplasticity markers in the hippocampus of depressed patients. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:355. [PMID: 37981649 PMCID: PMC10658169 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective therapy for depression, but its cellular effects on the human brain remain elusive. In rodents, electroconvulsive shocks increase proliferation and the expression of plasticity markers in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), suggesting increased neurogenesis. Furthermore, MRI studies in depressed patients have demonstrated increases in DG volume after ECT, that were notably paralleled by a decrease in depressive mood scores. Whether ECT also triggers cellular plasticity, inflammation or possibly injury in the human hippocampus, was unknown. We here performed a first explorative, anatomical study on the human post-mortem hippocampus of a unique, well-documented cohort of bipolar or unipolar depressed patients, who had received ECT in the 5 years prior to their death. They were compared to age-matched patients with a depressive disorder who had not received ECT and to matched healthy controls. Upon histopathological examination, no indications were observed for major hippocampal cell loss, overt cytoarchitectural changes or classic neuropathology in these 3 groups, nor were obvious differences present in inflammatory markers for astrocytes or microglia. Whereas the numbers of proliferating cells expressing Ki-67 was not different, we found a significantly higher percentage of cells positive for Doublecortin, a marker commonly used for young neurons and cellular plasticity, in the subgranular zone and CA4 / hilus of the hippocampus of ECT patients. Also, the percentage of positive Stathmin 1 cells was significantly higher in the subgranular zone of ECT patients, indicating neuroplasticity. These first post-mortem observations suggest that ECT has no damaging effects but may rather have induced neuroplasticity in the DG of depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dore Loef
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip F P van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dols
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke A Dijkstra
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Lupo G. Adult neurogenesis and aging mechanisms: a collection of insights. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18104. [PMID: 37872391 PMCID: PMC10593941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Bonfanti L, La Rosa C, Ghibaudi M, Sherwood CC. Adult neurogenesis and "immature" neurons in mammals: an evolutionary trade-off in plasticity? Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02717-9. [PMID: 37833544 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity can vary remarkably in its form and degree across animal species. Adult neurogenesis, namely the capacity to produce new neurons from neural stem cells through adulthood, appears widespread in non-mammalian vertebrates, whereas it is reduced in mammals. A growing body of comparative studies also report variation in the occurrence and activity of neural stem cell niches between mammals, with a general trend of reduction from small-brained to large-brained species. Conversely, recent studies have shown that large-brained mammals host large amounts of neurons expressing typical markers of neurogenesis in the absence of cell division. In layer II of the cerebral cortex, populations of prenatally generated, non-dividing neurons continue to express molecules indicative of immaturity throughout life (cortical immature neurons; cINs). After remaining in a dormant state for a very long time, these cINs retain the potential of differentiating into mature neurons that integrate within the preexisting neural circuits. They are restricted to the paleocortex in small-brained rodents, while extending into the widely expanded neocortex of highly gyrencephalic, large-brained species. The current hypothesis is that these populations of non-newly generated "immature" neurons might represent a reservoir of developmentally plastic cells for mammalian species that are characterized by reduced stem cell-driven adult neurogenesis. This indicates that there may be a trade-off between various forms of plasticity that coexist during brain evolution. This balance may be necessary to maintain a "reservoir of plasticity" in brain regions that have distinct roles in species-specific socioecological adaptations, such as the neocortex and olfactory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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25
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Zisiadis GA, Alevyzaki A, Nicola E, Rodrigues CFD, Blomgren K, Osman AM. Memantine increases the dendritic complexity of hippocampal young neurons in the juvenile brain after cranial irradiation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202200. [PMID: 37860190 PMCID: PMC10584145 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cranial irradiation (IR) negatively regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and causes cognitive dysfunctions in cancer survivors, especially in pediatric patients. IR decreases proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) and consequently diminishes production of new hippocampal neurons. Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, used clinically to improve cognition in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia. In animal models, memantine acts as a potent enhancer of hippocampal neurogenesis. Memantine was recently proposed as an intervention to improve cognitive impairments occurring after radiotherapy and is currently under investigation in a number of clinical trials, including pediatric patients. To date, preclinical studies investigating the mechanisms underpinning how memantine improves cognition after IR remain limited, especially in the young, developing brain. Here, we investigated whether memantine could restore proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) or rescue the reduction in the number of hippocampal young neurons after IR in the juvenile mouse brain. Methods Mice were whole-brain irradiated with 6 Gy on postnatal day 20 (P20) and subjected to acute or long-term treatment with memantine. Proliferation in the SGZ and the number of young neurons were further evaluated after the treatment. We also measured the levels of neurotrophins associated with memantine improved neural plasticity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Results We show that acute intraperitoneal treatment with a high, non-clinically used, dose of memantine (50 mg/kg) increased the number of proliferating cells in the intact brain by 72% and prevented 23% of IR-induced decrease in proliferation. Long-term treatment with 10 mg/kg/day of memantine, equivalent to the clinically used dose, did not impact proliferation, neither in the intact brain, nor after IR, but significantly increased the number of young neurons (doublecortin expressing cells) with radial dendrites (29% in sham controls and 156% after IR) and enhanced their dendritic arborization. Finally, we found that long-term treatment with 10 mg/kg/day memantine did not affect the levels of BDNF, but significantly reduced the levels of NGF by 40%. Conclusion These data suggest that the enhanced dendritic complexity of the hippocampal young neurons after treatment with memantine may contribute to the observed improved cognition in patients treated with cranial radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Androniki Alevyzaki
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elene Nicola
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed M. Osman
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Gallardo-Caballero M, Rodríguez-Moreno CB, Álvarez-Méndez L, Terreros-Roncal J, Flor-García M, Moreno-Jiménez EP, Rábano A, Llorens-Martín M. Prolonged fixation and post-mortem delay impede the study of adult neurogenesis in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:978. [PMID: 37741930 PMCID: PMC10517969 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) gives rise to new neurons throughout life. This phenomenon takes place in more than 120 mammalian species, including humans, yet its occurrence in the latter was questioned after one study proposed the putative absence of neurogenesis markers in the adult human hippocampus. In this regard, we showed that prolonged fixation impedes the visualization of Doublecortin+ immature neurons in this structure, whereas other authors have suggested that a dilated post-mortem delay (PMD) underlies these discrepancies. Nevertheless, the individual and/or additive contribution of fixation and the PMD to the detection (or lack thereof) of other AHN markers has not been studied to date. To address this pivotal question, we used a tightly controlled experimental design in mice, which allowed the dissection of the relative contribution of the aforementioned factors to the visualization of markers of individual AHN stages. Fixation time emerged as the most prominent factor globally impeding the study of this process in mice. Moreover, the visualization of other particularly sensitive epitopes was further prevented by prolonged PMD. These results are crucial to disambiguate current controversies related to the occurrence of AHN not only in humans but also in other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gallardo-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C B Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Álvarez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Terreros-Roncal
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Flor-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E P Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Kamte YS, Chandwani MN, London NM, Potosnak CE, Leak RK, O'Donnell LA. Perturbations in neural stem cell function during a neurotropic viral infection in juvenile mice. J Neurochem 2023; 166:809-829. [PMID: 37530081 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) often cause worse neurological outcomes in younger hosts. Throughout childhood, the brain undergoes extensive development and refinement to produce functional neural networks. Network function is maintained partly with the help of neural stem cells (NSCs) that replace neuronal and glia subtypes in the two neurogenic niches of the brain (the hippocampus and subventricular zone). Accumulating evidence suggests that viruses disrupt NSC function in adulthood and infancy, but the in vivo impact of childhood infections on acute and long-term NSC function is unknown. Using a juvenile mouse model of measles virus (MeV) infection, where only mature neurons in the brain are infected, we defined the effects of the antiviral immune response on NSCs from juvenile to adult stages of life. We found that (a) virus persists in the brains of survivors despite an anti-viral immune response; (b) NSC numbers decrease dramatically during early infection, but ultimately stabilize in adult survivors; (c) infection is associated with mild apoptosis throughout the juvenile brain, but NSC proliferation is unchanged; (d) the loss of NSC numbers is dependent upon the stage of NSC differentiation; and (e) immature neurons increase early during infection, concurrent with depletion of NSC pools. Collectively, we show that NSCs are exquisitely sensitive to the inflammatory microenvironment created during neuron-restricted MeV infection in juveniles, responding with an early loss of NSCs but increased neurogenesis. These studies provide insight into potential cellular mechanisms associated with long-term neurological deficits in survivors of childhood CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika S Kamte
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manisha N Chandwani
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalie M London
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chloe E Potosnak
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Maiese K. Innovative therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:690-715. [PMID: 37593239 PMCID: PMC10427777 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
As a significant non-communicable disease, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women, comprises almost twenty percent of deaths in most racial and ethnic groups, can affect greater than twenty-five million individuals worldwide over the age of twenty, and impacts global economies with far-reaching financial challenges. Multiple factors can affect the onset of cardiovascular disease that include high serum cholesterol levels, elevated blood pressure, tobacco consumption and secondhand smoke exposure, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity, and concurrent diabetes mellitus. Yet, addressing any of these factors cannot completely eliminate the onset or progression of cardiovascular disorders. Novel strategies are necessary to target underlying cardiovascular disease mechanisms. The silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase, can limit cardiovascular injury, assist with stem cell development, oversee metabolic homeostasis through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) pathways, foster trophic factor protection, and control cell senescence through the modulation of telomere function. Intimately tied to SIRT1 pathways are mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs) which can modulate cardiac disease to reduce oxidative stress, repair microcirculation disturbances, and reduce atherogenesis through pathways of autophagy, apoptosis, and ferroptosis. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) also is critical among these pathways for the oversight of cardiac cellular metabolism, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and the susceptibility to viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that can impact cardiovascular disease. Yet, the relationship among these pathways is both intricate and complex and requires detailed insight to successfully translate these pathways into clinical care for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022
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29
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Maiese K. Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:871. [PMID: 37508898 PMCID: PMC10376413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost three million individuals suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS) throughout the world, a demyelinating disease in the nervous system with increased prevalence over the last five decades, and is now being recognized as one significant etiology of cognitive loss and dementia. Presently, disease modifying therapies can limit the rate of relapse and potentially reduce brain volume loss in patients with MS, but unfortunately cannot prevent disease progression or the onset of cognitive disability. Innovative strategies are therefore required to address areas of inflammation, immune cell activation, and cell survival that involve novel pathways of programmed cell death, mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), and associated pathways with the apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). These pathways are intertwined at multiple levels and can involve metabolic oversight with cellular metabolism dependent upon nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Insight into the mechanisms of these pathways can provide new avenues of discovery for the therapeutic treatment of dementia and loss in cognition that occurs during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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30
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Jeon I, Kim T. Distinctive properties of biological neural networks and recent advances in bottom-up approaches toward a better biologically plausible neural network. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1092185. [PMID: 37449083 PMCID: PMC10336230 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1092185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it may appear infeasible and impractical, building artificial intelligence (AI) using a bottom-up approach based on the understanding of neuroscience is straightforward. The lack of a generalized governing principle for biological neural networks (BNNs) forces us to address this problem by converting piecemeal information on the diverse features of neurons, synapses, and neural circuits into AI. In this review, we described recent attempts to build a biologically plausible neural network by following neuroscientifically similar strategies of neural network optimization or by implanting the outcome of the optimization, such as the properties of single computational units and the characteristics of the network architecture. In addition, we proposed a formalism of the relationship between the set of objectives that neural networks attempt to achieve, and neural network classes categorized by how closely their architectural features resemble those of BNN. This formalism is expected to define the potential roles of top-down and bottom-up approaches for building a biologically plausible neural network and offer a map helping the navigation of the gap between neuroscience and AI engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taegon Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Tosoni G, Ayyildiz D, Bryois J, Macnair W, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ, Salta E. Mapping human adult hippocampal neurogenesis with single-cell transcriptomics: Reconciling controversy or fueling the debate? Neuron 2023; 111:1714-1731.e3. [PMID: 37015226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The notion of exploiting the regenerative potential of the human brain in physiological aging or neurological diseases represents a particularly attractive alternative to conventional strategies for enhancing or restoring brain function. However, a major first question to address is whether the human brain does possess the ability to regenerate. The existence of human adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has been at the center of a fierce scientific debate for many years. The advent of single-cell transcriptomic technologies was initially viewed as a panacea to resolving this controversy. However, recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies in the human hippocampus yielded conflicting results. Here, we critically discuss and re-analyze previously published AHN-related single-cell transcriptomic datasets. We argue that, although promising, the single-cell transcriptomic profiling of AHN in the human brain can be confounded by methodological, conceptual, and biological factors that need to be consistently addressed across studies and openly discussed within the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Tosoni
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dilara Ayyildiz
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Bryois
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Will Macnair
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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32
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Mokhemer SA, Desouky MK, Abdelghany AK, Ibrahim MFG. Stem cells therapeutic effect in a reserpine-induced fibromyalgia rat model: A possible NLRP3 inflammasome modulation with neurogenesis promotion in the cerebral cortex. Life Sci 2023; 325:121784. [PMID: 37196857 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome with a multifactorial pathophysiology affecting 2-8 % of the population. AIMS To investigate the therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) against fibromyalgia-related cerebral cortex damage and the possible underlying mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly allocated into three groups; control, fibromyalgia and fibromyalgia treated with BMSCs groups. Physical and behavioural assessments were performed. Cerebral cortices were collected for biochemical and histological assessment. KEY FINDINGS Fibromyalgia group showed behavioural changes indicating presence of pain, fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances. Moreover, biochemical biomarkers alterations were demonstrated by a significant decrease in brain monoamines and GSH levels, but MDA, NO, TNF-alpha, HMGB-1, NLRP3, and caspase-1 levels significantly increased. Furthermore, histological assessment revealed structural and ultrastructural alterations indicating neuronal and neuroglial degeneration with microglia activation, an increase in mast cell number and IL-1β immune-expression. Additionally, a significant decrease in Beclin-1 immune-expression, and blood brain barrier disruption were noticed. Interestingly, BMSCs administration significantly improved behavioural alterations, restored the reduced brain monoamines and oxidative stress markers, and reduced TNF-alpha, HMGB-1, NLRP3, and caspase-1 levels. Profoundly, cerebral cortices demonstrated improved histological structure, significant decrease in mast cell number and IL-1β immune-expression, besides a significant increase in Beclin-1 and DCX immune-expression. SIGNIFICANCE For the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing ameliorative effects for BMSCs treatment in fibromyalgia-related cerebral cortical damage. The neurotherapeutic effects of BMSCs could be attributed to NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway inhibition, mast cell deactivation, and stimulation of neurogenesis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar A Mokhemer
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 El-Minia, Egypt.
| | - Maha K Desouky
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K Abdelghany
- Animal and Poultry Management and Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Manar Fouli Gaber Ibrahim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 El-Minia, Egypt
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33
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Maiese K. Cellular Metabolism: A Fundamental Component of Degeneration in the Nervous System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:816. [PMID: 37238686 PMCID: PMC10216724 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that, at minimum, 500 million individuals suffer from cellular metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), throughout the world. Even more concerning is the knowledge that metabolic disease is intimately tied to neurodegenerative disorders, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as leading to dementia, the seventh leading cause of death. New and innovative therapeutic strategies that address cellular metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), growth factor signaling with erythropoietin (EPO), and risk factors such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can offer valuable insights for the clinical care and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders impacted by cellular metabolic disease. Critical insight into and modulation of these complex pathways are required since mTOR signaling pathways, such as AMPK activation, can improve memory retention in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and DM, promote healthy aging, facilitate clearance of β-amyloid (Aß) and tau in the brain, and control inflammation, but also may lead to cognitive loss and long-COVID syndrome through mechanisms that can include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytokine release, and APOE-ε4 if pathways such as autophagy and other mechanisms of programmed cell death are left unchecked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA
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34
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Raschick M, Richter A, Fischer L, Knopf L, Schult A, Yakupov R, Behnisch G, Guttek K, Düzel E, Dunay IR, Seidenbecher CI, Schraven B, Reinhold D, Schott BH. Plasma concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β are associated with hippocampal structure related to explicit memory performance in older adults. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023:10.1007/s00702-023-02638-1. [PMID: 37115329 PMCID: PMC10374779 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Human cognitive abilities, and particularly hippocampus-dependent memory performance typically decline with increasing age. Immunosenescence, the age-related disintegration of the immune system, is increasingly coming into the focus of research as a considerable factor contributing to cognitive decline. In the present study, we investigated potential associations between plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and learning and memory performance as well as hippocampal anatomy in young and older adults. Plasma concentrations of the inflammation marker CRP as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 were measured in 142 healthy adults (57 young, 24.47 ± 4.48 years; 85 older, 63.66 ± 7.32 years) who performed tests of explicit memory (Verbal Learning and Memory Test, VLMT; Wechsler Memory Scale, Logical Memory, WMS) with an additional delayed recall test after 24 h. Hippocampal volumetry and hippocampal subfield segmentation were performed using FreeSurfer, based on T1-weighted and high-resolution T2-weighted MR images. When investigating the relationship between memory performance, hippocampal structure, and plasma cytokine levels, we found that TGF-β1 concentrations were positively correlated with the volumes of the hippocampal CA4-dentate gyrus region in older adults. These volumes were in turn positively associated with better performance in the WMS, particularly in the delayed memory test. Our results support the notion that endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms may act as protective factors in neurocognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Raschick
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anni Richter
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Larissa Fischer
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lea Knopf
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annika Schult
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renat Yakupov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gusalija Behnisch
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karina Guttek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Björn H Schott
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
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Terreros-Roncal J, Flor-García M, Moreno-Jiménez EP, Rodríguez-Moreno CB, Márquez-Valadez B, Gallardo-Caballero M, Rábano A, Llorens-Martín M. Methods to study adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans and across the phylogeny. Hippocampus 2023; 33:271-306. [PMID: 36259116 PMCID: PMC7614361 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus hosts the continuous addition of new neurons throughout life-a phenomenon named adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Here we revisit the occurrence of AHN in more than 110 mammalian species, including humans, and discuss the further validation of these data by single-cell RNAseq and other alternative techniques. In this regard, our recent studies have addressed the long-standing controversy in the field, namely whether cells positive for AHN markers are present in the adult human dentate gyrus (DG). Here we review how we developed a tightly controlled methodology, based on the use of high-quality brain samples (characterized by short postmortem delays and ≤24 h of fixation in freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde), to address human AHN. We review that the detection of AHN markers in samples fixed for 24 h required mild antigen retrieval and chemical elimination of autofluorescence. However, these steps were not necessary for samples subjected to shorter fixation periods. Moreover, the detection of labile epitopes (such as Nestin) in the human hippocampus required the use of mild detergents. The application of this strictly controlled methodology allowed reconstruction of the entire AHN process, thus revealing the presence of neural stem cells, proliferative progenitors, neuroblasts, and immature neurons at distinct stages of differentiation in the human DG. The data reviewed here demonstrate that methodology is of utmost importance when studying AHN by means of distinct techniques across the phylogenetic scale. In this regard, we summarize the major findings made by our group that emphasize that overlooking fundamental technical principles might have consequences for any given research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Terreros-Roncal
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Flor-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena P Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla B Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Berenice Márquez-Valadez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gallardo-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Zakani M, Nigritinou M, Ponleitner M, Takai Y, Hofmann D, Hillebrand S, Höftberger R, Bauer J, Lasztoczi B, Misu T, Kasprian G, Rommer P, Bradl M. Paths to hippocampal damage in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12893. [PMID: 36811295 PMCID: PMC10947283 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Many patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) suffer from cognitive impairment affecting memory, processing speed and attention and suffer from depressive symptoms. Because some of these manifestations could trace back to the hippocampus, several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have been performed in the past, with a number of groups describing volume loss of the hippocampus in NMOSD patients, whereas others did not observe such changes. Here, we addressed these discrepancies. METHODS We performed pathological and MRI studies on the hippocampi of NMOSD patients, combined with detailed immunohistochemical analysis of hippocampi from experimental models of NMOSD. RESULTS We identified different pathological scenarios for hippocampal damage in NMOSD and its experimental models. In the first case, the hippocampus was compromised by the initiation of astrocyte injury in this brain region and subsequent local effects of microglial activation and neuronal damage. In the second case, loss of hippocampal volume was seen by MRI in patients with large tissue-destructive lesions in the optic nerves or the spinal cord, and the pathological work-up of tissue derived from a patient with such lesions revealed subsequent retrograde neuronal degeneration affecting different axonal tracts and neuronal networks. It remains to be seen whether remote lesions and associated retrograde neuronal degeneration on their own are sufficient to cause extensive volume loss of the hippocampus, or whether they act in concert with small astrocyte-destructive, microglia-activating lesions in the hippocampus that escape detection by MRI, either due to their small size or due to the chosen time window for examination. CONCLUSIONS Different pathological scenarios can culminate in hippocampal volume loss in NMOSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Zakani
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Magdalini Nigritinou
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Yoshiki Takai
- Department of NeurologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Daniel Hofmann
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sophie Hillebrand
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and NeurochemistryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jan Bauer
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Balint Lasztoczi
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of NeurologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Paulus Rommer
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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37
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Buchanan GF. Under New Management: Transplanted GABAergic Progenitors Control Adult Neurogenesis. Epilepsy Curr 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/15357597231160609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[Box: see text]
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Li YN, Hu DD, Cai XL, Wang Y, Yang C, Jiang J, Zhang QL, Tu T, Wang XS, Wang H, Tu E, Wang XP, Pan A, Yan XX, Wan L. Doublecortin-Expressing Neurons in Human Cerebral Cortex Layer II and Amygdala from Infancy to 100 Years Old. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3464-3485. [PMID: 36879137 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of morphologically heterogenous doublecortin immunoreactive (DCX +) "immature neurons" has been identified in the cerebral cortex largely around layer II and the amygdala largely in the paralaminar nucleus (PLN) among various mammals. To gain a wide spatiotemporal view on these neurons in humans, we examined layer II and amygdalar DCX + neurons in the brains of infants to 100-year-old individuals. Layer II DCX + neurons occurred throughout the cerebrum in the infants/toddlers, mainly in the temporal lobe in the adolescents and adults, and only in the temporal cortex surrounding the amygdala in the elderly. Amygdalar DCX + neurons occurred in all age groups, localized primarily to the PLN, and reduced in number with age. The small-sized DCX + neurons were unipolar or bipolar, and formed migratory chains extending tangentially, obliquely, and inwardly in layers I-III in the cortex, and from the PLN to other nuclei in the amygdala. Morphologically mature-looking neurons had a relatively larger soma and weaker DCX reactivity. In contrast to the above, DCX + neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were only detected in the infant cases in parallelly processed cerebral sections. The present study reveals a broader regional distribution of the cortical layer II DCX + neurons than previously documented in human cerebrum, especially during childhood and adolescence, while both layer II and amygdalar DCX + neurons persist in the temporal lobe lifelong. Layer II and amygdalar DCX + neurons may serve as an essential immature neuronal system to support functional network plasticity in human cerebrum in an age/region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410031, Hunan, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Bagnoli S, Chiavacci E, Cellerino A, Terzibasi Tozzini E. Localization and Characterization of Major Neurogenic Niches in the Brain of the Lesser-Spotted Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043650. [PMID: 36835066 PMCID: PMC9967623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is defined as the ability of specialized cells in the postnatal brain to produce new functional neurons and to integrate them into the already-established neuronal network. This phenomenon is common in all vertebrates and has been found to be extremely relevant for numerous processes, such as long-term memory, learning, and anxiety responses, and it has been also found to be involved in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Adult neurogenesis has been studied extensively in many vertebrate models, from fish to human, and observed also in the more basal cartilaginous fish, such as the lesser-spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, but a detailed description of neurogenic niches in this animal is, to date, limited to the telencephalic areas. With this article, we aim to extend the characterization of the neurogenic niches of S. canicula in other main areas of the brain: we analyzed via double immunofluorescence sections of telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum with markers of proliferation (PCNA) and mitosis (pH3) in conjunction with glial cell (S100β) and stem cell (Msi1) markers, to identify the actively proliferating cells inside the neurogenic niches. We also labeled adult postmitotic neurons (NeuN) to exclude double labeling with actively proliferating cells (PCNA). Lastly, we observed the presence of the autofluorescent aging marker, lipofuscin, contained inside lysosomes in neurogenic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bagnoli
- Biology Laboratory (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Chiavacci
- Biology Laboratory (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Department (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Biology Laboratory (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Department (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Salta E, Lazarov O, Fitzsimons CP, Tanzi R, Lucassen PJ, Choi SH. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: A roadmap to clinical relevance. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:120-136. [PMID: 36736288 PMCID: PMC10082636 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) drops sharply during early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), via unknown mechanisms, and correlates with cognitive status in AD patients. Understanding AHN regulation in AD could provide a framework for innovative pharmacological interventions. We here combine molecular, behavioral, and clinical data and critically discuss the multicellular complexity of the AHN niche in relation to AD pathophysiology. We further present a roadmap toward a better understanding of the role of AHN in AD by probing the promises and caveats of the latest technological advancements in the field and addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolph Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 404, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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41
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Zhou Y, Su Y, Ming G, Song H. Special properties of adult neurogenesis in the human hippocampus: Implications for its clinical applications. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1196. [PMID: 36740454 PMCID: PMC9899683 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yijing Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Guo‐li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Epigenetics InstitutePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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42
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Ghibaudi M, Amenta A, Agosti M, Riva M, Graïc JM, Bifari F, Bonfanti L. Consistency and Variation in Doublecortin and Ki67 Antigen Detection in the Brain Tissue of Different Mammals, including Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032514. [PMID: 36768845 PMCID: PMC9916846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a population of "immature" neurons generated prenatally, retaining immaturity for long periods and finally integrating in adult circuits has been described in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, comparative studies revealed differences in occurrence/rate of different forms of neurogenic plasticity across mammals, the "immature" neurons prevailing in gyrencephalic species. To extend experimentation from laboratory mice to large-brained mammals, including humans, it is important to detect cell markers of neurogenic plasticity in brain tissues obtained from different procedures (e.g., post-mortem/intraoperative specimens vs. intracardiac perfusion). This variability overlaps with species-specific differences in antigen distribution or antibody species specificity, making it difficult for proper comparison. In this work, we detect the presence of doublecortin and Ki67 antigen, markers for neuronal immaturity and cell division, in six mammals characterized by widely different brain size. We tested seven commercial antibodies in four selected brain regions known to host immature neurons (paleocortex, neocortex) and newly born neurons (hippocampus, subventricular zone). In selected human brains, we confirmed the specificity of DCX antibody by performing co-staining with fluorescent probe for DCX mRNA. Our results indicate that, in spite of various types of fixations, most differences were due to the use of different antibodies and the existence of real interspecies variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Amenta
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Agosti
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Riva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Jean-Marie Graïc
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (L.B.)
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43
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Sun D, Mei L, Xiong WC. Dorsal Dentate Gyrus, a Key Regulator for Mood and Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2023:S0006-3223(23)00009-4. [PMID: 36894487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus, a "gate" that controls the flow of information into the hippocampus, is critical for learning, memory, spatial navigation, and mood regulation. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that deficits in dentate granule cells (DGCs) (e.g., loss of DGCs or genetic mutations in DGCs) contribute to the development of various psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders. Whereas ventral DGCs are believed to be critical for mood regulation, the functions of dorsal DGCs in this regard remain elusive. Here, we review the role of DGCs, in particular the dorsal DGCs, in the regulation of mood, their functional relationships with DGC development, and the contributions of dysfunctional DGCs to mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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44
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Maiese K. The Metabolic Basis for Nervous System Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease. Curr Neurovasc Res 2023; 20:314-333. [PMID: 37488757 PMCID: PMC10528135 DOI: 10.2174/1567202620666230721122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of metabolism affect multiple systems throughout the body but may have the greatest impact on both central and peripheral nervous systems. Currently available treatments and behavior changes for disorders that include diabetes mellitus (DM) and nervous system diseases are limited and cannot reverse the disease burden. Greater access to healthcare and a longer lifespan have led to an increased prevalence of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. In light of these challenges, innovative studies into the underlying disease pathways offer new treatment perspectives for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease. Metabolic disorders are intimately tied to neurodegenerative diseases and can lead to debilitating outcomes, such as multi-nervous system disease, susceptibility to viral pathogens, and long-term cognitive disability. Novel strategies that can robustly address metabolic disease and neurodegenerative disorders involve a careful consideration of cellular metabolism, programmed cell death pathways, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated pathways of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), growth factor signaling, and underlying risk factors such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene. Yet, these complex pathways necessitate comprehensive understanding to achieve clinical outcomes that target disease susceptibility, onset, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022
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45
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Brunet A, Goodell MA, Rando TA. Ageing and rejuvenation of tissue stem cells and their niches. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:45-62. [PMID: 35859206 PMCID: PMC9879573 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most adult organs contain regenerative stem cells, often organized in specific niches. Stem cell function is critical for tissue homeostasis and repair upon injury, and it is dependent on interactions with the niche. During ageing, stem cells decline in their regenerative potential and ability to give rise to differentiated cells in the tissue, which is associated with a deterioration of tissue integrity and health. Ageing-associated changes in regenerative tissue regions include defects in maintenance of stem cell quiescence, differentiation ability and bias, clonal expansion and infiltration of immune cells in the niche. In this Review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ageing in the regenerative regions of different tissues as well as potential rejuvenation strategies. We focus primarily on brain, muscle and blood tissues, but also provide examples from other tissues, such as skin and intestine. We describe the complex interactions between different cell types, non-cell-autonomous mechanisms between ageing niches and stem cells, and the influence of systemic factors. We also compare different interventions for the rejuvenation of old regenerative regions. Future outlooks in the field of stem cell ageing are discussed, including strategies to counter ageing and age-dependent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Ageing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Ageing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Neurology Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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46
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Drake AW, Danzer SC. Adult-Generated Dentate Granule Cells in Epilepsy: Loyal Gatekeepers or Evil Changelings? Epilepsy Curr 2022; 23:115-117. [PMID: 37122409 PMCID: PMC10131568 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221145262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[Box: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve C. Danzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati
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47
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Bueno C, Blanquer M, García-Bernal D, Martínez S, Moraleda JM. Binucleated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells can be formed during neural-like differentiation with independence of any cell fusion events. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20615. [PMID: 36450873 PMCID: PMC9712539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been reported that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) can transdifferentiate into neural cells, the findings are considered unlikely. It has been argued that the rapid neural transdifferentiation of BMDCs reported in culture studies is actually due to cytotoxic changes induced by the media. While transplantation studies indicated that BMDCs can form new neurons, it remains unclear whether the underlying mechanism is transdifferentiation or BMDCs-derived cell fusion with the existing neuronal cells. Cell fusion has been put forward to explain the presence of gene-marked binucleated neurons after gene-marked BMDCs transplantation. In the present study, we demostrated that human BMDCs can rapidly adopt a neural-like morphology through active neurite extension and binucleated human BMDCs can form with independence of any cell fusion events. We also showed that BMDCs neural-like differentiation involves the formation of intermediate cells which can then redifferentiate into neural-like cells, redifferentiate back to the mesenchymal fate or even repeatedly switch lineages without cell division. Furthermore, we have discovered that nuclei from intermediate cells rapidly move within the cell, adopting different morphologies and even forming binucleated cells. Therefore, our results provide a stronger basis for rejecting the idea that BMDCs neural transdifferentiation is merely an artefact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bueno
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain ,grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (UMH-CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernandez, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Moraleda
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Medicine Department and Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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48
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Bartkowska K, Tepper B, Turlejski K, Djavadian R. Postnatal and Adult Neurogenesis in Mammals, Including Marsupials. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172735. [PMID: 36078144 PMCID: PMC9455070 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, neurogenesis occurs during both embryonic and postnatal development. In eutherians, most brain structures develop embryonically; conversely, in marsupials, a number of brain structures develop after birth. The exception is the generation of granule cells in the dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum of eutherian species. The formation of these structures starts during embryogenesis and continues postnatally. In both eutherians and marsupials, neurogenesis continues in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation throughout life. The majority of proliferated cells from the SVZ migrate to the olfactory bulb, whereas, in the dentate gyrus, cells reside within this structure after division and differentiation into neurons. A key aim of this review is to evaluate advances in understanding developmental neurogenesis that occurs postnatally in both marsupials and eutherians, with a particular emphasis on the generation of granule cells during the formation of the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum. We debate the significance of immature neurons in the piriform cortex of young mammals. We also synthesize the knowledge of adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus of marsupials by considering whether adult-born neurons are essential for the functioning of a given area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bartkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Tepper
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ruzanna Djavadian
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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49
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Liu HK. Human adult hippocampal neurogenesis is back, again? Cell Res 2022; 32:793-794. [PMID: 35856092 PMCID: PMC9436931 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Kun Liu
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Immature excitatory neurons in the amygdala come of age during puberty. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 56:101133. [PMID: 35841648 PMCID: PMC9289873 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human amygdala is critical for emotional learning, valence coding, and complex social interactions, all of which mature throughout childhood, puberty, and adolescence. Across these ages, the amygdala paralaminar nucleus (PL) undergoes significant structural changes including increased numbers of mature neurons. The PL contains a large population of immature excitatory neurons at birth, some of which may continue to be born from local progenitors. These progenitors disappear rapidly in infancy, but the immature neurons persist throughout childhood and adolescent ages, indicating that they develop on a protracted timeline. Many of these late-maturing neurons settle locally within the PL, though a small subset appear to migrate into neighboring amygdala subnuclei. Despite its prominent growth during postnatal life and possible contributions to multiple amygdala circuits, the function of the PL remains unknown. PL maturation occurs predominately during late childhood and into puberty when sex hormone levels change. Sex hormones can promote developmental processes such as neuron migration, dendritic outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity, which appear to be ongoing in late-maturing PL neurons. Collectively, we describe how the growth of late-maturing neurons occurs in the right time and place to be relevant for amygdala functions and neuropsychiatric conditions.
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