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Forbes E, Hassien A, Tan RJ, Wang D, Lega B. Modulation of hippocampal theta oscillations via deep brain stimulation of the parietal cortex depends on cognitive state. Cortex 2024; 175:28-40. [PMID: 38691923 PMCID: PMC11221570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The angular gyrus (AG) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) demonstrate extensive structural and functional connectivity with the hippocampus and other core recollection network regions. Consequently, recent studies have explored neuromodulation targeting these and other regions as a potential strategy for restoring function in memory disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease. However, determining the optimal approach for neuromodulatory devices requires understanding how parameters like selected stimulation site, cognitive state during modulation, and stimulation duration influence the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on electrophysiological features relevant to episodic memory. We report experimental data examining the effects of high-frequency stimulation delivered to the AG or PCC on hippocampal theta oscillations during the memory encoding (study) or retrieval (test) phases of an episodic memory task. Results showed selective enhancement of anterior hippocampal slow theta oscillations with stimulation of the AG preferentially during memory retrieval. Conversely, stimulation of the PCC attenuated slow theta oscillations. We did not observe significant behavioral effects in this (open-loop) stimulation experiment, suggesting that neuromodulation strategies targeting episodic memory performance may require more temporally precise stimulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Forbes
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Alexa Hassien
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Ryan Joseph Tan
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - David Wang
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Bradley Lega
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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2
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Hall S. Is the Papez circuit the location of the elusive episodic memory engram? IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:249-259. [PMID: 38370006 PMCID: PMC10869290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
All of the brain structures and white matter that make up Papez' circuit, as well as the circuit as a whole, are implicated in the literature in episodic memory formation and recall. This paper shows that Papez' circuit has the detailed structure and connectivity that is evidently required to support the episodic memory engram, and that identifying Papez' circuit as the location of the engram answers a number of long-standing questions regarding the role of medial temporal lobe structures in episodic memory. The paper then shows that the process by which the episodic memory engram may be formed is a network-wide Hebbian potentiation termed "racetrack potentiation", whose frequency corresponds to that observed in vivo in humans for memory functions. Further, by considering the microcircuits observed in the medial temporal lobe structures forming Papez' circuit, the paper establishes the neural mechanisms behind the required functions of sensory information storage and recall, pattern completion, pattern separation, and memory consolidation. The paper shows that Papez' circuit has the necessary connectivity to gather the various elements of an episodic memory occurring within Pöppel's experienced time or "quantum of experience". Finally, the paper shows how the memory engram located in Papez' circuit might be central to the formation of a duplicate engram in the cortex enabling consolidation and long-term storage of episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
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3
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Misaki M, Young K, Tsuchiyagaito A, Savitz J, Guinjoan SM. Clinical Response to Neurofeedback in Major Depression Relates to Subtypes of Whole-Brain Activation Patterns During Training. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.592108. [PMID: 38746338 PMCID: PMC11092668 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.592108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) poses a significant public health challenge due to its high prevalence and the substantial burden it places on individuals and healthcare systems. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) shows promise as a treatment for this disorder, although its mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study investigated whole-brain response patterns during rtfMRI-NF training to explain interindividual variability in clinical efficacy in MDD. We analyzed data from 95 participants (67 active, 28 control) with MDD from previous rtfMRI-NF studies designed to increase left amygdala activation through positive autobiographical memory recall. Significant symptom reduction was observed in the active group (t=-4.404, d=-0.704, p<0.001) but not in the control group (t=-1.609, d=-0.430, p=0.111). However, left amygdala activation did not account for the variability in clinical efficacy. To elucidate the brain training process underlying the clinical effect, we examined whole-brain activation patterns during two critical phases of the neurofeedback procedure: activation during the self-regulation period, and transient responses to feedback signal presentations. Using a systematic process involving feature selection, manifold extraction, and clustering with cross-validation, we identified two subtypes of regulation activation and three subtypes of brain responses to feedback signals. These subtypes were significantly associated with the clinical effect (regulation subtype: F=8.735, p=0.005; feedback response subtype: F=5.326, p=0.008; subtypes' interaction: F=3.471, p=0.039). Subtypes associated with significant symptom reduction were characterized by selective increases in control regions, including lateral prefrontal areas, and decreases in regions associated with self-referential thinking, such as default mode areas. These findings suggest that large-scale brain activity during training is more critical for clinical efficacy than the level of activation in the neurofeedback target region itself. Tailoring neurofeedback training to incorporate these patterns could significantly enhance its therapeutic efficacy.
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Thomson AR, Hwa H, Pasanta D, Hopwood B, Powell HJ, Lawrence R, Tabuenca ZG, Arichi T, Edden RAE, Chai X, Puts NA. The developmental trajectory of 1H-MRS brain metabolites from childhood to adulthood. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae046. [PMID: 38430105 PMCID: PMC10908220 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain development is ongoing throughout childhood, with for example, myelination of nerve fibers and refinement of synaptic connections continuing until early adulthood. 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to quantify the concentrations of endogenous metabolites (e.g. glutamate and γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA)) in the human brain in vivo and so can provide valuable, tractable insight into the biochemical processes that support postnatal neurodevelopment. This can feasibly provide new insight into and aid the management of neurodevelopmental disorders by providing chemical markers of atypical development. This study aims to characterize the normative developmental trajectory of various brain metabolites, as measured by 1H-MRS from a midline posterior parietal voxel. We find significant non-linear trajectories for GABA+ (GABA plus macromolecules), Glx (glutamate + glutamine), total choline (tCho) and total creatine (tCr) concentrations. Glx and GABA+ concentrations steeply decrease across childhood, with more stable trajectories across early adulthood. tCr and tCho concentrations increase from childhood to early adulthood. Total N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA) and Myo-Inositol (mI) concentrations are relatively stable across development. Trajectories likely reflect fundamental neurodevelopmental processes (including local circuit refinement) which occur from childhood to early adulthood and can be associated with cognitive development; we find GABA+ concentrations significantly positively correlate with recognition memory scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Thomson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Hwa
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Duanghathai Pasanta
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Hopwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Powell
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Lawrence
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 1629 Thames Street Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Zeus G Tabuenca
- Department of Statistical Methods, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, 1st Floor, South Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- F.M. Kirby Research Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, QC H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Nicolaas A Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Puga TB, Dai HD, Wang Y, Theye E. Maternal Tobacco Use During Pregnancy and Child Neurocognitive Development. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2355952. [PMID: 38349651 PMCID: PMC10865146 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy (MTDP) persists across the globe. Longitudinal assessment of the association of MTDP with neurocognitive development of offspring at late childhood is limited. Objectives To examine whether MTDP is associated with child neurocognitive development at ages 9 to 12 years. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included children aged 9 and 10 years at wave 1 (October 2016 to October 2018) and aged 11 to 12 years at a 2-year follow-up (wave 2, August 2018 to January 2021) across 21 US sites in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Data were analyzed from June 2022 to December 2023. Exposure MTDP. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were neurocognition, measured by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery, and morphometric brain measures through the region of interest (ROI) analysis from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Results Among 11 448 children at wave 1 (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years; 5990 [52.3%] male), 1607 children were identified with MTDP. In the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, children with MTDP (vs no MTDP) exhibited lower scores on the oral reading recognition (mean [SE] B = -1.2 [0.2]; P < .001), picture sequence memory (mean [SE] B = -2.3 [0.6]; P < .001), and picture vocabulary (mean [SE] B = -1.2 [0.3]; P < .001) tests and the crystallized cognition composite score (mean [SE] B = -1.3 [0.3]; P < .001) at wave 1. These differential patterns persisted at wave 2. In sMRI, children with MTDP (vs no MTDP) had smaller cortical areas in precentral (mean [SE] B = -104.2 [30.4] mm2; P = .001), inferior parietal (mean [SE] B = -153.9 [43.4] mm2; P < .001), and entorhinal (mean [SE] B = -25.1 [5.8] mm2; P < .001) regions and lower cortical volumes in precentral (mean [SE] B = -474.4 [98.2] mm3; P < .001), inferior parietal (mean [SE] B = -523.7 [136.7] mm3; P < .001), entorhinal (mean [SE] B = -94.1 [24.5] mm3; P < .001), and parahippocampal (mean [SE] B = -82.6 [18.7] mm3; P < .001) regions at wave 1. Distinct cortical volume patterns continued to be significant at wave 2. Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes exhibited differential ROI, while there were no notable distinctions in the occipital lobe and insula cortex. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, MTDP was associated with enduring deficits in childhood neurocognition. Continued research on the association of MTDP with cognitive performance and brain structure related to language processing skills and episodic memory is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy B. Puga
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Yingying Wang
- Neuroimaging for Language, Literacy & Learning Laboratory, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln
| | - Elijah Theye
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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Sultana T, Hasan MA, Kang X, Liou-Johnson V, Adamson MM, Razi A. Neural mechanisms of emotional health in traumatic brain injury patients undergoing rTMS treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5150-5158. [PMID: 37414927 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation such as that seen in depression, are a long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), that can be improved by using neuromodulation treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Previous studies provide insights into the changes in functional connectivity related to general emotional health after the application of rTMS procedures in patients with TBI. However, these studies provide little understanding of the underlying neuronal mechanisms that drive the improvement of the emotional health in these patients. The current study focuses on inferring the effective (causal) connectivity changes and their association with emotional health, after rTMS treatment of cognitive problems in TBI patients (N = 32). Specifically, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) together with spectral dynamic causal model (spDCM) to investigate changes in brain effective connectivity, before and after the application of high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We investigated the effective connectivity of the cortico-limbic network comprised of 11 regions of interest (ROIs) which are part of the default mode, salience, and executive control networks, known to be implicated in emotional processing. The results indicate that overall, among extrinsic connections, the strength of excitatory connections decreased while that of inhibitory connections increased after the neuromodulation. The cardinal region in the analysis was dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) which is considered to be the most influenced during emotional health disorders. Our findings implicate the altered connectivity of dACC with left anterior insula and medial prefrontal cortex, after the application of rTMS, as a potential neural mechanism underlying improvement of emotional health. Our investigation highlights the importance of these brain regions as treatment targets in emotional processing in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajwar Sultana
- Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abul Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Xiaojian Kang
- WRIISC-WOMEN, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Victoria Liou-Johnson
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Maheen Mausoof Adamson
- WRIISC-WOMEN, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System (VAPAHCS), 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR, London, United Kingdom.
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Liu J, Chen L, Chang H, Rudoler J, Al-Zughoul AB, Kang JB, Abrams DA, Menon V. Replicable Patterns of Memory Impairments in Children With Autism and Their Links to Hyperconnected Brain Circuits. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:1113-1123. [PMID: 37196984 PMCID: PMC10646152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory impairments have profound implications for social communication and educational outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the precise nature of memory dysfunction in children with ASD and the underlying neural circuit mechanisms remain poorly understood. The default mode network (DMN) is a brain network that is associated with memory and cognitive function, and DMN dysfunction is among the most replicable and robust brain signatures of ASD. METHODS We used a comprehensive battery of standardized episodic memory assessments and functional circuit analyses in 25 8- to 12-year-old children with ASD and 29 matched typically developing control children. RESULTS Memory performance was reduced in children with ASD compared with control children. General and face memory emerged as distinct dimensions of memory difficulties in ASD. Importantly, findings of diminished episodic memory in children with ASD were replicated in 2 independent data sets. Analysis of intrinsic functional circuits associated with the DMN revealed that general and face memory deficits were associated with distinct, hyperconnected circuits: Aberrant hippocampal connectivity predicted diminished general memory while aberrant posterior cingulate cortex connectivity predicted diminished face memory. Notably, aberrant hippocampal-posterior cingulate cortex circuitry was a common feature of diminished general and face memory in ASD. CONCLUSIONS Our results represent a comprehensive appraisal of episodic memory function in children with ASD and identify extensive and replicable patterns of memory reductions in children with ASD that are linked to dysfunction of distinct DMN-related circuits. These findings highlight a role for DMN dysfunction in ASD that extends beyond face memory to general memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jeremy Rudoler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ahmad Belal Al-Zughoul
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Julia Boram Kang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel A Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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8
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Bermúdez G, Quiñones I, Carrasco A, Gil-Robles S, Amoruso L, Mandonnet E, Carreiras M, Catalán G, Pomposo I. A novel cognitive neurosurgery approach for supramaximal resection of non-dominant precuneal gliomas: a case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:2747-2754. [PMID: 37597007 PMCID: PMC10541831 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence pointing to the contrary, classical neurosurgery presumes many cerebral regions are non-eloquent, and therefore, their excision is possible and safe. This is the case of the precuneus and posterior cingulate, two interacting hubs engaged during various cognitive functions, including reflective self-awareness; visuospatial and sensorimotor processing; and processing social cues. This inseparable duo ensures the cortico-subcortical connectivity that underlies these processes. An adult presenting a right precuneal low-grade glioma invading the posterior cingulum underwent awake craniotomy with direct electrical stimulation (DES). A supramaximal resection was achieved after locating the superior longitudinal fasciculus II. During surgery, we found sites of positive stimulation for line bisection and mentalizing tests that enabled the identification of surgical corridors and boundaries for lesion resection. When post-processing the intraoperative recordings, we further identified areas that positively responded to DES during the trail-making and mentalizing tests. In addition, a clear worsening of the patient's self-assessment ability was observed throughout the surgery. An awake cognitive neurosurgery approach allowed supramaximal resection by reaching the cortico-subcortical functional limits. The mapping of complex functions such as social cognition and self-awareness is key to preserving patients' postoperative cognitive health by maximizing the ability to resect the lesion and surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garazi Bermúdez
- Neurosurgery Service, Cruces Universitary Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Health Research Institute Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ileana Quiñones
- Neurobiology of Language, Basque Center On Cognition, Brain and Language, BCBL, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Carrasco
- Neurosurgery Service, Cruces Universitary Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Health Research Institute Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago Gil-Robles
- Health Research Institute Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
- Neurosurgery Service, Quironsalud Madrid Universitary Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Amoruso
- Neurobiology of Language, Basque Center On Cognition, Brain and Language, BCBL, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Emmanel Mandonnet
- Lariboisière Hospital, Université Paris 7 Diderot, Paris, France
- Frontlab, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
- Neurobiology of Language, Basque Center On Cognition, Brain and Language, BCBL, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gregorio Catalán
- Neurosurgery Service, Cruces Universitary Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Health Research Institute Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iñigo Pomposo
- Neurosurgery Service, Cruces Universitary Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Health Research Institute Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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9
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Pelliccia V, Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Revay M, Sartori I, Caruana F. 70 Years of Human Cingulate Cortex Stimulation. Functions and Dysfunctions Through the Lens of Electrical Stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:491-500. [PMID: 36007014 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, we retrace the results of 70 years of human cingulate cortex (CC) intracerebral electrical stimulation and discuss its contribution to our understanding of the anatomofunctional and clinical aspects of this wide cortical region. The review is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we report the results obtained by the stimulation of the anterior, middle, and posterior CC, in 30 studies conducted on approximately 1,000 patients from the 1950s to the present day. These studies show that specific manifestations can be reliably associated with specific cingulate subfields, with autonomic, interoceptive, and emotional manifestations clustered in the anterior cingulate, goal-oriented motor behaviors elicited from the anterior midcingulate and a variety of sensory symptoms characterizing the posterior cingulate regions. In the second section, we compare the effect of CC intracerebral electrical stimulation with signs and manifestations characterizing cingulate epilepsy, showing that the stimulation mapping of CC subfields provides precious information for understanding cingulate epileptic manifestations. The last section tackles the issue of the discrepancy emerging when comparing the results of clinical (electrical stimulation, epilepsy) studies-revealing the quintessential affective and motor nature of the CC-with that reported by neuroimaging studies-which focus on high-level cognitive functions. Particular attention will be paid to the hypothesis that CC hosts a "Pain Matrix" specifically involved in pain perception, which we will discuss in the light of the fact that the stimulation of CC (as well as cingulate epileptic seizures) does not induce nociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Revay
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
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10
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Almeida J, Martins AR, Amaral L, Valério D, Bukhari Q, Schu G, Nogueira J, Spínola M, Soleimani G, Fernandes F, Silva AR, Fregni F, Simis M, Simões M, Peres A. The cerebellum is causally involved in episodic memory under aging. GeroScience 2023; 45:2267-2287. [PMID: 36749471 PMCID: PMC10651631 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory decline is a major signature of both normal and pathological aging. Many neural regions have been implicated in the processes subserving both episodic memory and typical aging decline. Here, we demonstrate that the cerebellum is causally involved episodic memory under aging. We show that a 12-day neurostimulation program delivered to the right cerebellum led to improvements in episodic memory performance under healthy aging that long outlast the stimulation period - healthy elderly individuals show episodic memory improvement both immediately after the intervention program and in a 4-month follow-up. These results demonstrate the causal relevance of the cerebellum in processes associated with long-term episodic memory, potentially highlighting its role in regulating and maintaining cognitive processing. Moreover, they point to the importance of non-pharmacological interventions that prevent or diminish cognitive decline in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Almeida
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana R Martins
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lénia Amaral
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Daniela Valério
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Qasim Bukhari
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Schu
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Spínola
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- NOVA LINCS, University of Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ghazaleh Soleimani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Ana R Silva
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcel Simis
- Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Simões
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Peres
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Arulchelvan E, Vanneste S. Promising neurostimulation routes for targeting the hippocampus to improve episodic memory: A review. Brain Res 2023:148457. [PMID: 37315722 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight modern neurostimulation approaches that are effectively activating the hippocampus and enhancing episodic memory performance. The hippocampus is a brain region known to play an essential role in episodic memory processes. However, as it is nestled deep within the brain, it has been a challenging target for traditional neurostimulation approaches, with studies reporting inconsistent memory effects. Recent studies suggest more than half of the electrical current from non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) methods may be attenuated by the human scalp, skull, and cerebral spinal fluid. Thus, this review aims to highlight novel neurostimulation approaches that are showing promise as alternative routes for activating hippocampal circuitry. Early evidence suggests temporal interference, closed-loop and individualized protocols, sensory stimulation and peripheral nerve-targeted tES protocols warrant further investigation. These approaches each provide promising routes for activating the hippocampus by a) increasing its functional connectiveness to key brain regions, b) strengthening synaptic plasticity mechanisms, or c) enhancing neural entrainment specifically within and between theta and gamma frequencies in these regions. Importantly, these three functional mechanisms and the hippocampus' structural integrity are negatively impacted throughout the progression of Alzheimer's Disease, with episodic memory deficits likewise evident in early stages. Consequently, depending on further validation of the approaches reviewed here, these techniques could offer significant applied therapeutic value for patients suffering from memory deficits or neurodegenerative diseases including amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva Arulchelvan
- Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, Trinity Institute for Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Global Brain Health Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Ficek-Tani B, Horien C, Ju S, Xu W, Li N, Lacadie C, Shen X, Scheinost D, Constable T, Fredericks C. Sex differences in default mode network connectivity in healthy aging adults. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6139-6151. [PMID: 36563018 PMCID: PMC10183749 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Women show an increased lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with men. Characteristic brain connectivity changes, particularly within the default mode network (DMN), have been associated with both symptomatic and preclinical AD, but the impact of sex on DMN function throughout aging is poorly understood. We investigated sex differences in DMN connectivity over the lifespan in 595 cognitively healthy participants from the Human Connectome Project-Aging cohort. We used the intrinsic connectivity distribution (a robust voxel-based metric of functional connectivity) and a seed connectivity approach to determine sex differences within the DMN and between the DMN and whole brain. Compared with men, women demonstrated higher connectivity with age in posterior DMN nodes and lower connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Differences were most prominent in the decades surrounding menopause. Seed-based analysis revealed higher connectivity in women from the posterior cingulate to angular gyrus, which correlated with neuropsychological measures of declarative memory, and hippocampus. Taken together, we show significant sex differences in DMN subnetworks over the lifespan, including patterns in aging women that resemble changes previously seen in preclinical AD. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex in neuroimaging studies of aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte Ficek-Tani
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Corey Horien
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Suyeon Ju
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Wanwan Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Nancy Li
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Xilin Shen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Carolyn Fredericks
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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13
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Sweatman H, Lewis-de los Angeles CP, Zhang J, de los Angeles C, Ofen N, Gabrieli JDE, Chai XJ. Development of the neural correlates of recollection. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6028-6037. [PMID: 36520501 PMCID: PMC10183736 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recollection of past events has been associated with the core recollection network comprising the posterior medial temporal lobe and parietal regions, as well as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The development of the brain basis for recollection is understudied. In a sample of adults (n = 22; 18-25 years) and children (n = 23; 9-13 years), the present study aimed to address this knowledge gap using a cued recall paradigm, known to elicit recollection experience. Successful recall was associated with activations in regions of the core recollection network and frontoparietal network. Adults exhibited greater successful recall activations compared with children in the precuneus and right angular gyrus. In contrast, similar levels of successful recall activations were observed in both age groups in the mPFC. Group differences were also seen in the hippocampus and lateral frontal regions. These findings suggest that the engagement of the mPFC in episodic retrieval may be relatively early maturing, whereas the contribution to episodic retrieval of more posterior regions such as the precuneus and angular gyrus undergoes more protracted maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sweatman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - C Paula Lewis-de los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Carlo de los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Noa Ofen
- Department of Psychology and the Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 524 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Xiaoqian J Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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14
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Verhulst MMLH, Glimmerveen AB, van Heugten CM, Helmich RCG, Hofmeijer J. MRI factors associated with cognitive functioning after acute onset brain injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103415. [PMID: 37119695 PMCID: PMC10165272 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Impairments of memory, attention, and executive functioning are frequently reported after acute onset brain injury. MRI markers hold potential to contribute to identification of patients at risk for cognitive impairments and clarification of mechanisms. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and value the evidence on MRI markers of memory, attention, and executive functioning after acute onset brain injury. We included ninety-eight studies, on six classes of MRI factors (location and severity of damage (n = 15), volume/atrophy (n = 36), signs of small vessel disease (n = 15), diffusion-weighted imaging measures (n = 36), resting-state functional MRI measures (n = 13), and arterial spin labeling measures (n = 1)). Three measures showed consistent results regarding their association with cognition. Smaller hippocampal volume was associated with worse memory in fourteen studies (pooled correlation 0.58 [95% CI: 0.46-0.68] for whole, 0.11 [95% CI: 0.04-0.19] for left, and 0.34 [95% CI: 0.17-0.49] for right hippocampus). Lower fractional anisotropy in cingulum and fornix was associated with worse memory in six and five studies (pooled correlation 0.20 [95% CI: 0.08-0.32] and 0.29 [95% CI: 0.20-0.37], respectively). Lower functional connectivity within the default-mode network was associated with worse cognition in four studies. In conclusion, hippocampal volume, fractional anisotropy in cingulum and fornix, and functional connectivity within the default-mode network showed consistent associations with cognitive performance in all types of acute onset brain injury. External validation and cut off values for predicting cognitive impairments are needed for clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous M L H Verhulst
- Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | - Astrid B Glimmerveen
- Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C G Helmich
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
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15
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Foster BL, Koslov SR, Aponik-Gremillion L, Monko ME, Hayden BY, Heilbronner SR. A tripartite view of the posterior cingulate cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:173-189. [PMID: 36456807 PMCID: PMC10041987 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is one of the least understood regions of the cerebral cortex. By contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex has been the subject of intensive investigation in humans and model animal systems, leading to detailed behavioural and computational theoretical accounts of its function. The time is right for similar progress to be made in the PCC given its unique anatomical and physiological properties and demonstrably important contributions to higher cognitive functions and brain diseases. Here, we describe recent progress in understanding the PCC, with a focus on convergent findings across species and techniques that lay a foundation for establishing a formal theoretical account of its functions. Based on this converging evidence, we propose that the broader PCC region contains three major subregions - the dorsal PCC, ventral PCC and retrosplenial cortex - that respectively support the integration of executive, mnemonic and spatial processing systems. This tripartite subregional view reconciles inconsistencies in prior unitary theories of PCC function and offers promising new avenues for progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Foster
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Seth R Koslov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lyndsey Aponik-Gremillion
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Dumke College for Health Professionals, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, USA
| | - Megan E Monko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Center for Neural Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Stopyra MA, Simon JJ, Rheude C, Nikendei C. Pathophysiological aspects of complex PTSD - a neurobiological account in comparison to classic posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:103-128. [PMID: 35938987 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite a great diagnostic overlap, complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has been recognised by the ICD-11 as a new, discrete entity and recent empirical evidence points towards a distinction from simple posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The development and maintenance of these disorders is sustained by neurobiological alterations and studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may further contribute to a clear differentiation of CPTSD, PTSD and BPD. However, there are no existing fMRI studies directly comparing CPTSD, PTSD and BPD. In addition to a summarization of diagnostic differences and similarities, the current review aims to provide a qualitative comparison of neuroimaging findings on affective, attentional and memory processing in CPTSD, PTSD and BPD. Our narrative review alludes to an imbalance in limbic-frontal brain networks, which may be partially trans-diagnostically linked to the degree of trauma symptoms and their expression. Thus, CPTSD, PTSD and BPD may underlie a continuum where similar brain regions are involved but the direction of activation may constitute its distinct symptom expression. The neuronal alterations across these disorders may conceivably be better understood along a symptom-based continuum underlying CPTSD, PTSD and BPD. Further research is needed to amend for the heterogeneity in experimental paradigms and sample criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Stopyra
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Rheude
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Gupta A, Vardalakis N, Wagner FB. Neuroprosthetics: from sensorimotor to cognitive disorders. Commun Biol 2023; 6:14. [PMID: 36609559 PMCID: PMC9823108 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics is a multidisciplinary field at the interface between neurosciences and biomedical engineering, which aims at replacing or modulating parts of the nervous system that get disrupted in neurological disorders or after injury. Although neuroprostheses have steadily evolved over the past 60 years in the field of sensory and motor disorders, their application to higher-order cognitive functions is still at a relatively preliminary stage. Nevertheless, a recent series of proof-of-concept studies suggest that electrical neuromodulation strategies might also be useful in alleviating some cognitive and memory deficits, in particular in the context of dementia. Here, we review the evolution of neuroprosthetics from sensorimotor to cognitive disorders, highlighting important common principles such as the need for neuroprosthetic systems that enable multisite bidirectional interactions with the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- grid.462010.1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fabien B. Wagner
- grid.462010.1Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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18
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Gupta A, Bhushan B, Behera L. Neural response to sad autobiographical recall and sad music listening post recall reveals distinct brain activation in alpha and gamma bands. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279814. [PMID: 36607985 PMCID: PMC9821717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although apparently paradoxical, sad music has been effective in coping with sad life experiences. The underpinning brain neural correlates of this are not well explored. We performed Electroencephalography (EEG) source-level analysis for the brain during a sad autobiographical recall (SAR) and upon exposure to sad music. We specifically investigated the Cingulate cortex complex and Parahippocampus (PHC) regions, areas prominently involved in emotion and memory processing. Results show enhanced alpha band lag phase-synchronization in the brain during sad music listening, especially within and between the Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and (PHC) compared to SAR. This enhancement was lateralized for alpha1 and alpha2 bands in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. We also observed a significant increase in alpha2 brain current source density (CSD) during sad music listening compared to SAR and baseline resting state in the region of interest (ROI). Brain during SAR condition had enhanced right hemisphere lateralized functional connectivity and CSD in gamma band compared to sad music listening and baseline resting state. Our findings show that the brain during the SAR state had enhanced gamma-band activity, signifying increased content binding capacity. At the same time, the brain is associated with an enhanced alpha band activity while sad music listening, signifying increased content-specific information processing. Thus, the results suggest that the brain's neural correlates during sad music listening are distinct from the SAR state as well as the baseline resting state and facilitate enhanced content-specific information processing potentially through three-channel neural pathways-(1) by enhancing the network connectivity in the region of interest (ROI), (2) by enhancing local cortical integration of areas in ROI, and (3) by enhancing sustained attention. We argue that enhanced content-specific information processing possibly supports the positive experience during sad music listening post a sad experience in a healthy population. Finally, we propose that sadness has two different characteristics under SAR state and sad music listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Braj Bhushan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Laxmidhar Behera
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, India
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kang W, Ju C, Joo J, Lee J, Shon YM, Park SM. Closed-loop direct control of seizure focus in a rodent model of temporal lobe epilepsy via localized electric fields applied sequentially. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7805. [PMID: 36528681 PMCID: PMC9759546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electrical stimulation of the seizure focus can achieve the early termination of epileptic oscillations. However, direct intervention of the hippocampus, the most prevalent seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy is thought to be not practicable due to its large size and elongated shape. Here, in a rat model, we report a sequential narrow-field stimulation method for terminating seizures, while focusing stimulus energy at the spatially extensive hippocampal structure. The effects and regional specificity of this method were demonstrated via electrophysiological and biological responses. Our proposed modality demonstrates spatiotemporal preciseness and selectiveness for modulating the pathological target region which may have potential for further investigation as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonok Kang
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyang Ju
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesoon Joo
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XBiomedical Engineering Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351 South Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Shon
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XBiomedical Engineering Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351 South Korea ,grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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20
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Umbach G, Tan R, Jacobs J, Pfeiffer BE, Lega B. Flexibility of functional neuronal assemblies supports human memory. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6162. [PMID: 36257934 PMCID: PMC9579146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memories, or consciously accessible memories of unique events, represent a key aspect of human cognition. Evidence from rodent models suggests that the neural representation of these complex memories requires cooperative firing of groups of neurons on short time scales, organized by gamma oscillations. These co-firing groups, termed "neuronal assemblies," represent a fundamental neurophysiological unit supporting memory. Using microelectrode data from neurosurgical patients, we identify neuronal assemblies in the human MTL and show that they exhibit consistent organization in their firing pattern based on gamma phase information. We connect these properties to memory performance across recording sessions. Finally, we describe how human neuronal assemblies flexibly adjust over longer time scales. Our findings provide key evidence linking assemblies to human episodic memory for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gray Umbach
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ryan Tan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Brad E Pfeiffer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Bradley Lega
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
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21
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Ringin E, Cropley V, Zalesky A, Bruggemann J, Sundram S, Weickert CS, Weickert TW, Bousman CA, Pantelis C, Van Rheenen TE. The impact of smoking status on cognition and brain morphology in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3097-3115. [PMID: 33443010 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is associated with worse cognition and decreased cortical volume and thickness in healthy cohorts. Chronic cigarette smoking is prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), but the effects of smoking status on the brain and cognition in SSD are not clear. This study aimed to understand whether cognitive performance and brain morphology differed between smoking and non-smoking individuals with SSD compared to healthy controls. METHODS Data were obtained from the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank. Cognitive functioning was measured in 299 controls and 455 SSD patients. Cortical volume, thickness and surface area data were analysed from T1-weighted structural scans obtained in a subset of the sample (n = 82 controls, n = 201 SSD). Associations between smoking status (cigarette smoker/non-smoker), cognition and brain morphology were tested using analyses of covariance, including diagnosis as a moderator. RESULTS No smoking by diagnosis interactions were evident, and no significant differences were revealed between smokers and non-smokers across any of the variables measured, with the exception of a significantly thinner left posterior cingulate in smokers compared to non-smokers. Several main effects of smoking in the cognitive, volume and thickness analyses were initially significant but did not survive false discovery rate (FDR) correction. CONCLUSIONS Despite the general absence of significant FDR-corrected findings, trend-level effects suggest the possibility that subtle smoking-related effects exist but were not uncovered due to low statistical power. An investigation of this topic is encouraged to confirm and expand on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysha Ringin
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Chad A Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Elisevich L, Abbas S, Burdette D, Heredia G, Elisevich K. The ventral precuneal-posterior cingulate region as a site of epileptogenicity. Epileptic Disord 2022; 24:934-940. [PMID: 35816098 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2022.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ventral precuneal and posterior cingulate area (VP-PC) represents a distinct but topographically variable mesial parietal site of epileptogenicity that may manifest as a common temporal lobe-mediated ictal expression. In a review of records of 62 presumptive epilepsy surgery cases, two cases of primary epileptogenicity expressed within the VP-PC were identified and are detailed to bring attention to this electroencephalographically-hidden area of ictal expression. Details of their investigation and surgical treatment illustrate distinctly different approaches addressing the problem and bringing about a seizure-free outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Elisevich
- School of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant MI, USA
| | - Shan Abbas
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Burdette
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gabe Heredia
- Imaging Physics, Department of Radiology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kost Elisevich
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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23
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Topçu Ç, Marks VS, Saboo KV, Lech M, Nejedly P, Kremen V, Worrell GA, Kucewicz MT. Hotspot of human verbal memory encoding in the left anterior prefrontal cortex. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104135. [PMID: 35785617 PMCID: PMC9254338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treating memory and cognitive deficits requires knowledge about anatomical sites and neural activities to be targeted with particular therapies. Emerging technologies for local brain stimulation offer attractive therapeutic options but need to be applied to target specific neural activities, at distinct times, and in specific brain regions that are critical for memory formation. Methods The areas that are critical for successful encoding of verbal memory as well as the underlying neural activities were determined directly in the human brain with intracranial electrophysiological recordings in epilepsy patients. We recorded a broad range of spectral activities across the cortex of 135 patients as they memorised word lists for subsequent free recall. Findings The greatest differences in the spectral power between encoding subsequently recalled and forgotten words were found in low theta frequency (3–5 Hz) activities of the left anterior prefrontal cortex. This subsequent memory effect was proportionally greater in the lower frequency bands and in the more anterior cortical regions. We found the peak of this memory signal in a distinct part of the prefrontal cortex at the junction between the Broca's area and the frontal pole. The memory effect in this confined area was significantly higher (Tukey–Kramer test, p<0.05) than in other anatomically distinct areas. Interpretation Our results suggest a focal hotspot of human verbal memory encoding located in the higher-order processing region of the prefrontal cortex, which presents a prospective target for modulating cognitive functions in the human patients. The memory effect provides an electrophysiological biomarker of low frequency neural activities, at distinct times of memory encoding, and in one hotspot location in the human brain. Funding Open-access datasets were originally collected as part of a BRAIN Initiative project called Restoring Active Memory (RAM) funded by the Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). CT, ML, MTK and this research were supported from the First Team grant of the Foundation for Polish Science co-financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund.
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24
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Goddard E, Contini EW, Irish M. Exploring Information Flow from Posteromedial Cortex during Visuospatial Working Memory: A Magnetoencephalography Study. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5944-5955. [PMID: 35732493 PMCID: PMC9337606 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2129-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The posteromedial cortex (PMC) is a major hub of the brain's default mode network, and is implicated in a broad range of internally driven cognitions, including visuospatial working memory. However, its precise contribution to these cognitive processes remains unclear. Using MEG, we measured PMC activity in healthy human participants (young adults of both sexes) while they performed a visuospatial working memory task. Multivariate pattern classification analyses revealed stimulus-related information during encoding and retrieval in a set of a priori defined cortical ROIs, including prefrontal, occipital, and ventrotemporal cortices, in addition to PMC. We measured the extent to which this stimulus information was exchanged between areas in an information flow analysis, measuring Granger-causal relationships between areas over time. Consistent with the visual nature of the task, information from occipital cortex shaped other regions across most epochs. However, the PMC shaped object representations in occipital and prefrontal cortices during visuospatial working memory, influencing occipital cortex during retrieval and PFC across all task epochs. Our findings are consistent with a proposed role for the PMC in the representation of internal content, including remembered information, and in the comparison of external stimuli with remembered material.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human brain operates as a collection of highly interconnected regions. Mapping the function of this interconnectivity, as well as the specializations within different regions, is central to understanding the neural processes underlying cognition. The posteromedial cortex (PMC) is a highly connected cortical region, implicated in visuospatial working memory, although its precise contribution remains unclear. We measured the activity of PMC during a visuospatial working memory task, testing how different regions represented the stimuli, and whether these representations were driven by other cortical regions. We found that PMC influenced stimulus information in other regions across all task phases, suggesting that PMC plays a key role in shaping stimulus representations during visuospatial working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Goddard
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Erika W Contini
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- University of Sydney, School of Psychology and Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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25
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Davila CE, Wang DX, Ritzer M, Moran R, Lega BC. A Control-Theoretical System for Modulating Hippocampal Gamma Oscillations using Stimulation of the Posterior Cingulate Cortex. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:2242-2253. [PMID: 35849675 PMCID: PMC9469793 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3192170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Closed-loop stimulation for targeted modulation of brain signals has emerged as a promising strategy for episodic memory restoration. In parallel, closed-loop neuromodulation strategies have been applied to treat brain conditions including drug-resistant depression, Parkinson’s Disease, and epilepsy. In this study, we seek to apply control theoretical principles to achieve closed loop modulation of hippocampal oscillatory activity. We focus on hippocampal gamma power, a signal with an established association for episodic memory processing, which may be a promising ‘biomarker’ for the modulation of memory performance. To develop a closed-loop stimulation paradigm that effectively modulates hippocampal gamma power, we use a novel data-set in which open-loop stimulation was applied to the posterior cingulate cortex and hippocampal gamma power was recorded during the encoding of episodic memories. The dataset was used to design and evaluate a linear quadratic integral (LQI) servo-controller in order to determine its viability for in-vivo use. In our simulation framework, we demonstrate that applying an LQI servo controller based on an autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) plant model achieves effective control of hippocampal gamma power in 15 out of 17 experimental subjects. We demonstrate that we are able to modulate gamma power using stimulation thresholds that are physiologically safe and on time scales that are reasonable for application in a clinical system. We outline further experimentation to test our proposed system and compare our findings to emerging closed-loop neuromodulation strategies.
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26
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Gao T, Han X, Bang D, Han S. Cultural differences in neurocognitive mechanisms underlying believing. Neuroimage 2022; 250:118954. [PMID: 35093520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Believing as a fundamental mental process influences other cognitive/affective processes and behavior. However, it is unclear whether believing engages distinct neurocognitive mechanisms in people with different cultural experiences. We addressed this issue by scanning Chinese and Danish adults using functional MRI during believing judgments on personality traits of oneself and a celebrity. Drift diffusion model analyses of behavioral performances revealed that speed/quality of information acquisition varied between believing judgments on positive and negative personality traits in Chinese but not in Danes. Chinese adopted a more conservative strategy of decision-making during celebrity- than self-believing judgments whereas an opposite pattern was observed in Danes. Non-decisional processes were longer for celebrity- than for self-believing in Danes but not in Chinese. Believing judgments activated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in both cultural groups but elicited stronger left anterior insular and ventral frontal activations in Chinese. Greater mPFC activity in Chinese was associated with longer duration of non-decision processes during believing-judgments, which predicted slower retrieval of self-related information in a memory test. Greater mPFC activity in Danes, however, was associated with a less degree of adopting a conservative strategy during believing judgments, which predicted faster retrieval of self-related information. Our findings highlight different neurocognitive processes engaged in believing between individuals from East Asian and Western cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaochun Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Dan Bang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shihui Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China.
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27
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Chen Y, Tang JH, De Stefano LA, Wenger MJ, Ding L, Craft MA, Carlson BW, Yuan H. Electrophysiological resting state brain network and episodic memory in healthy aging adults. Neuroimage 2022; 253:118926. [PMID: 35066158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the changes in large-scale brain networks related to healthy aging, with the ultimate purpose to aid in differentiating normal neurocognitive aging from neurodegenerative disorders that also arise with age. Emerging evidence from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) indicates that connectivity patterns within specific brain networks, especially the Default Mode Network (DMN), distinguish those with Alzheimer's disease from healthy individuals. In addition, disruptive alterations in the large-scale brain systems that support high-level cognition are shown to accompany cognitive decline at the behavioral level, which is commonly observed in the aging populations, even in the absence of disease. Although fMRI is useful for assessing functional changes in brain networks, its high costs and limited accessibility discourage studies that need large populations. In this study, we investigated the aging-effect on large-scale networks of the human brain using high-density electroencephalography and electrophysiological source imaging, which is a less costly and more accessible alternative to fMRI. In particular, our study examined a group of healthy subjects in the age range from middle- to older-aged adults, which is an under-studied range in the literature. Employing a high-resolution computation model, our results revealed age associations in the connectivity pattern of DMN in a consistent manner with previous fMRI findings. Particularly, in combination with a standard battery of cognitive tests, our data showed that in the posterior cingulate / precuneus area of DMN higher brain connectivity was associated with lower performance on an episodic memory task. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using electrophysiological imaging to characterize large-scale brain networks and suggest that changes in network connectivity are associated with normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Julia H Tang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Lisa A De Stefano
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States; Graduate Program in Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Michael J Wenger
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States; Graduate Program in Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Lei Ding
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Melissa A Craft
- Fran and Earl Ziegler College of Nursing, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Barbara W Carlson
- Fran and Earl Ziegler College of Nursing, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Han Yuan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.
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28
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The default network is causally linked to creative thinking. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1848-1854. [PMID: 34974525 PMCID: PMC9095481 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Creative thinking represents a major evolutionary mechanism that greatly contributed to the rapid advancement of the human species. The ability to produce novel and useful ideas, or original thinking, is thought to correlate well with unexpected, synchronous activation of several large-scale, dispersed cortical networks, such as the default network (DN). Despite a vast amount of correlative evidence, a causal link between default network and creativity has yet to be demonstrated. Surgeries for resection of brain tumors that lie in proximity to speech related areas are performed while the patient is awake to map the exposed cortical surface for language functions. Such operations provide a unique opportunity to explore human behavior while disrupting a focal cortical area via focal electrical stimulation. We used a novel paradigm of individualized direct cortical stimulation to examine the association between creative thinking and the DN. Preoperative resting-state fMRI was used to map the DN in individual patients. A cortical area identified as a DN node (study) or outside the DN (controls) was stimulated while the participants performed an alternate-uses-task (AUT). This task measures divergent thinking through the number and originality of different uses provided for an everyday object. Baseline AUT performance in the operating room was positively correlated with DN integrity. Direct cortical stimulation at the DN node resulted in decreased ability to produce alternate uses, but not in the originality of uses produced. Stimulation in areas that when used as network seed regions produced a network similar to the canonical DN was associated with reduction of creative fluency. Stimulation of areas that did not produce a default-like network (controls) did not alter creative thinking. This is the first study to causally link the DN and creative thinking.
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29
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Wang S, Malins JG, Zhang H, Gruen JR. Sex-specific associations between traumatic experiences and resting-state functional connectivity in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. JCPP ADVANCES 2022; 1. [PMID: 34970657 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic experiences during childhood or adolescence are a significant risk factor for multiple psychiatric disorders and adversely affect multiple cognitive functions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to investigate the effects of traumatic experiences on functional connectivity, but the impact of sex differences has not been well documented. This study investigated sex-specific associations between resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and traumatic experiences in typically developing youth. Methods The sample comprised 1395 participants, aged 8-21 years, from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Traumatic experiences were assessed based on the structured psychiatric evaluation. Sex, the number of traumatic events, and their interaction were regressed onto voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity distribution parameter values derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain regions that passed cluster correction were used as seeds to define resting-state networks. Results After quality control, the final sample had 914 participants with mean (SD) age 14.6 (3.3) years; 529 (57.8%) females; 437 (47.8%) experienced at least one kind of traumatic event. Four discrete anatomical clusters showed decreased functional connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting-state networks defined by using these four clusters as seeds corresponded with the somatomotor network. Sex-specific associations were identified in another three clusters for which males showed increased connectivity, and females showed decreased connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting-state networks defined by the three sex-specific clusters corresponded with the default mode network (DMN). Conclusions In youth without psychiatric diagnoses, traumatic experiences are associated with an alteration of rsFC in brain regions corresponding with the somatomotor network. Associations differ in direction between males and females in brain regions corresponding with the DMN, suggesting sex-specific responses to early exposure to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Malins
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heping Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
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31
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Puttaert D, Wens V, Fery P, Rovai A, Trotta N, Coquelet N, De Breucker S, Sadeghi N, Coolen T, Goldman S, Peigneux P, Bier JC, De Tiège X. Decreased Alpha Peak Frequency Is Linked to Episodic Memory Impairment in Pathological Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:711375. [PMID: 34475819 PMCID: PMC8406997 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.711375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) is a largely validated neuropsychological test for the identification of amnestic syndrome from the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous electrophysiological data suggested a slowing down of the alpha rhythm in the AD-continuum as well as a key role of this rhythmic brain activity for episodic memory processes. This study therefore investigates the link between alpha brain activity and alterations in episodic memory as assessed by the FCSRT. For that purpose, 37 patients with altered FCSRT performance underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, supplemented by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/structural magnetic resonance imaging (18FDG-PET/MR), and 10 min of resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG). The individual alpha peak frequency (APF) in MEG resting-state data was positively correlated with patients' encoding efficiency as well as with the efficacy of semantic cues in facilitating patients' retrieval of previous stored word. The APF also correlated positively with patients' hippocampal volume and their regional glucose consumption in the posterior cingulate cortex. Overall, this study demonstrates that alterations in the ability to learn and store new information for a relatively short-term period are related to a slowing down of alpha rhythmic activity, possibly due to altered interactions in the extended mnemonic system. As such, a decreased APF may be considered as an electrophysiological correlate of short-term episodic memory dysfunction accompanying pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Puttaert
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Wens
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinic of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fery
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Service of Neuropsychology and Speech Therapy, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonin Rovai
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinic of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicola Trotta
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinic of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Coquelet
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra De Breucker
- Department of Geriatrics, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niloufar Sadeghi
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Coolen
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinic of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Bier
- Department of Neurology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinic of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
In this manuscript, we report a rare case of a patient with localized seizures originating from the right anterior and dorsal posteromedial cortex (PMC). We mapped the electrophysiological and neuroimaging connectivity of the ictal onset site and replicated seizure auras by stimulating the homotopical PMC site in the left hemisphere. Our findings provide a causal link between PMC and the sense of self and provide unique clues about the pathophysiology of self-dissociation in neuropsychiatric conditions. The posteromedial cortex (PMC) is known to be a core node of the default mode network. Given its anatomical location and blood supply pattern, the effects of targeted disruption of this part of the brain are largely unknown. Here, we report a rare case of a patient (S19_137) with confirmed seizures originating within the PMC. Intracranial recordings confirmed the onset of seizures in the right dorsal posterior cingulate cortex, adjacent to the marginal sulcus, likely corresponding to Brodmann area 31. Upon the onset of seizures, the patient reported a reproducible sense of self-dissociation—a condition he described as a distorted awareness of the position of his body in space and feeling as if he had temporarily become an outside observer to his own thoughts, his “me” having become a separate entity that was listening to different parts of his brain speak to each other. Importantly, 50-Hz electrical stimulation of the seizure zone and a homotopical region within the contralateral PMC induced a subjectively similar state, reproducibly. We supplement our clinical findings with the definition of the patient’s network anatomy at sites of interest using cortico-cortical–evoked potentials, experimental and resting-state electrophysiological connectivity, and individual-level functional imaging. This rare case of patient S19_137 highlights the potential causal importance of the PMC for integrating self-referential information and provides clues for future mechanistic studies of self-dissociation in neuropsychiatric populations.
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Lech M, Berry B, Topcu C, Kremen V, Nejedly P, Lega B, Gross RE, Sperling M, Jobst B, Sheth S, Zaghloul K, Davis K, Worrell G, Kucewicz M. Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain Has Inverse Effects on the Theta and Gamma Neural Activities. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3701-3712. [PMID: 34014821 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3082320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to analyze the electrophysiological response to direct electrical stimulation (DES) systematically applied at a wide range of parameters and anatomical sites, with particular focus on neural activities associated with memory and cognition. METHODS We used a large set of intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings with DES from 45 subjects with electrodes implanted both subdurally on the cortical surface and subcortically into the brain parenchyma. Subjects were stimulated in blocks of alternating frequency and amplitude parameters during quiet wakefulness. RESULTS Stimulating at different frequencies and amplitudes of electric current revealed a persistent pattern of response in the slow and the fast neural activities. In particular, amplification of the theta (4-7 Hz) and attenuation of the gamma (29-52 Hz) power-in-band was observed with increasing the stimulation parameters. This opposite effect on the low and high frequency bands was found across a network of selected local and distal sites proportionally to the proximity and magnitude of the electric current. Power increase in the theta and decrease in the gamma band was driven by the total electric charge delivered with either increasing the frequency or amplitude of the stimulation current. This inverse effect on the theta and gamma activities was consistently observed in response to different stimulation frequencies and amplitudes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a uniform DES effect of amplifying theta and suppressing gamma neural activities in the human brain. SIGNIFICANCE These findings reveal the utility of simple power-in-band features for understanding and optimizing the effects of electrical stimulation on brain functions.
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Koenig KA, Oh SH, Stasko MR, Roth EC, Taylor HG, Ruedrich S, Wang ZI, Leverenz JB, Costa ACS. High resolution structural and functional MRI of the hippocampus in young adults with Down syndrome. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab088. [PMID: 33977271 PMCID: PMC8100000 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the phenotypic consequence of trisomy 21, with clinical presentation including both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative components. Although the intellectual disability typically displayed by individuals with Down syndrome is generally global, it also involves disproportionate deficits in hippocampally-mediated cognitive processes. Hippocampal dysfunction may also relate to Alzheimer’s disease-type pathology, which can appear in as early as the first decade of life and becomes universal by age 40. Using 7-tesla MRI of the brain, we present an assessment of the structure and function of the hippocampus in 34 individuals with Down syndrome (mean age 24.5 years ± 6.5) and 27 age- and sex-matched typically developing healthy controls. In addition to increased whole-brain mean cortical thickness and lateral ventricle volumes (P < 1.0 × 10−4), individuals with Down syndrome showed selective volume reductions in bilateral hippocampal subfields cornu Ammonis field 1, dentate gyrus, and tail (P < 0.005). In the group with Down syndrome, bilateral hippocampi showed widespread reductions in the strength of functional connectivity, predominately to frontal regions (P < 0.02). Age was not related to hippocampal volumes or functional connectivity measures in either group, but both groups showed similar relationships of age to whole-brain volume measures (P < 0.05). Finally, we performed an exploratory analysis of a subgroup of individuals with Down syndrome with both imaging and neuropsychological assessments. This analysis indicated that measures of spatial memory were related to mean cortical thickness, total grey matter volume and right hemisphere hippocampal subfield volumes (P < 0.02). This work provides a first demonstration of the usefulness of high-field MRI to detect subtle differences in structure and function of the hippocampus in individuals with Down syndrome, and suggests the potential for development of MRI-derived measures as surrogate markers of drug efficacy in pharmacological studies designed to investigate enhancement of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Koenig
- Imaging Sciences, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Se-Hong Oh
- Imaging Sciences, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Melissa R Stasko
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Stephen Ruedrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Z Irene Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alberto C S Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Impaired face recognition is associated with abnormal gray matter volume in the posterior cingulate cortex in congenital amusia. Neuropsychologia 2021; 156:107833. [PMID: 33757844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital amusia is as a neurodevelopment disorder primarily defined by impairment in pitch discrimination and pitch memory. Interestingly, it has been reported that individuals with congenital amusia also exhibit deficits in face recognition (prosopagnosia). One explanation of such comorbidity is that the neural substrates of pitch recognition and face recognition may be similar. To test this hypothesis, face recognition ability was assessed using the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) and gray matter volume was determined through voxel-based morphometry (VBM) among participants with and without congenital amusia. As expected, participants with amusia performed worse on the CFMT test and showed reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the superior temporal gyrus (STG), and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in the right hemisphere, when compared with matched controls. Furthermore, correlation analyses demonstrated that the CFMT score was positively related to MTG, STG, and PCC GMV in all participants, while separate analyses of each group found a positive correlation of CFMT score and PCC GMV in amusics. These findings suggest that face recognition is associated with a widely distributed microstructural network in the human brain and the PCC plays an important role in both pitch recognition and face recognition in amusics. In addition, neurodevelopmental disorders such as congenital amusia and prosopagnosia may share a common neural substrate.
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36
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Gene-expression correlates of the oscillatory signatures supporting human episodic memory encoding. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:554-564. [PMID: 33686299 PMCID: PMC8016736 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans, brain oscillations support critical features of memory formation. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity remains a major challenge. Here, we measured memory-sensitive oscillations using intracranial electroencephalography recordings from the temporal cortex of patients performing an episodic memory task. When these patients subsequently underwent resection, we employed transcriptomics on the temporal cortex to link gene expression with brain oscillations and identified genes correlated with oscillatory signatures of memory formation across six frequency bands. A co-expression analysis isolated oscillatory signature-specific modules associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and ion channel activity, with highly correlated genes exhibiting strong connectivity within these modules. Using single-nucleus transcriptomics, we further revealed that these modules are enriched for specific classes of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, and immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of highly correlated genes. This unprecedented dataset of patient-specific brain oscillations coupled to genomics unlocks new insights into the genetic mechanisms that support memory encoding.
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37
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Curot J, Roux FE, Sol JC, Valton L, Pariente J, Barbeau EJ. Awake Craniotomy and Memory Induction Through Electrical Stimulation: Why Are Penfield's Findings Not Replicated in the Modern Era? Neurosurgery 2021; 87:E130-E137. [PMID: 31914177 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
From the 1930s through the early 1960s, Wilder Penfield12 collected a large number of memories induced by electrical brain stimulation (EBS) during awake craniotomy. As a result, he was a major contributor to several neuroscientific and neuropsychological concepts of long-term memory. His 1963 paper, which recorded all the cases of memories he induced in his operating room, remains a substantial point of reference in neuroscience in 2019, although some of his interpretations are now debatable. However, it is highly surprising that, since Penfield's12 reports, there has been no other surgical publication on memories induced during awake surgery. In this review, we explore this phenomenon and analyze some of the reasons that might explain it. We hypothesize that the main reasons for lack of subsequent reports are related to changes in operative procedures (ie, use of anesthetics, time constraints, and insufficient debriefings) and changes in EBS parameters, rather than to the sites that are stimulated, the pathology treated, or the tasks used. If reminiscences are still induced, they should be reported in detail to add valuable contributions to the understanding of long-term memory networks, especially memories that are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory, such as autobiographical memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Curot
- Department of Neurophysiological Explorations, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Valton
- Department of Neurophysiological Explorations, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jéremie Pariente
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Chamaa F, Darwish B, Nahas Z, Al-Chaer ED, Saadé NE, Abou-Kheir W. Long-term stimulation of the anteromedial thalamus increases hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial reference memory in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113114. [PMID: 33417991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown positive clinical results in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous work from our group showed that a single session of DBS to the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AMN) in awake rats, increased proliferation of stem/progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. We thought to examine the effect of single versus multiple sessions of DBS to the AMN in modulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Rats received unilateral single session, multiple sessions or no electrical stimulation (sham) in the right AMN. Rats received 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections and were followed over a period of 1 week or 4 weeks. Single session of electrical stimulation induced a 1.9-fold increase in the number of proliferating BrdU positive cells after one week from stimulation and a 1.8-fold increase at four weeks post stimulation, both in the ipsilateral DG. As for multiple sessions of stimulation, they induced a 3- fold increase that extended to the contralateral DG after 4 weeks from stimulation. Spatial reference memory was tested in the Y-maze test by examining novel arm exploration. Both single and multiple sessions of stimulation prompted an increase in novel arm exploration at week 4, while only the multiple sessions of stimulation had this effect starting from week 1. This study demonstrates that sustained activation of the AMN boosts neurogenesis and improves spatial reference memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chamaa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Darwish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Nahas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elie D Al-Chaer
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nayef E Saadé
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Aberrant state-related dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations of the emotion network in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 133:23-31. [PMID: 33307351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent mental disorder that is typically characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood. This durable emotional disturbance may represent a key aspect of the neuropathology of MDD, typified by the wide-ranging distribution of brain alterations involved in emotion processing. However, little is known about whether these alterations are represented as the state properties of dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) variability in the emotion network. To address this question, we investigated the time-varying intrinsic brain activity derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI). Data were obtained from 50 MDD patients and 37 sex- and age-matched healthy controls; a sliding-window method was used to assess dALFF in the emotion network, and two reoccurring dALFF states throughout the entire R-fMRI scan were then identified using a k-means clustering method. The results showed that MDD patients had a significant decrease in dALFF variability in the emotion network and its three modules located in the lateral paralimbic, media posterior, and visual association regions. Altered state-wise dALFF was also observed in MDD patients. Specifically, we found that these altered dALFF measurements in the emotion network were related to scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) among patients with MDD. The detection and estimation of these temporal dynamic alterations could advance our knowledge about the brain mechanisms underlying emotional dysfunction in MDD.
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40
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Fritch HA, Spets DS, Slotnick SD. Functional connectivity with the anterior and posterior hippocampus during spatial memory. Hippocampus 2020; 31:658-668. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haley A. Fritch
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA
| | - Dylan S. Spets
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA
| | - Scott D. Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA
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41
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Papasavvas CA, Schroeder GM, Diehl B, Baier G, Taylor PN, Wang Y. Band power modulation through intracranial EEG stimulation and its cross-session consistency. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:054001. [PMID: 33022661 PMCID: PMC7612301 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abbecf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Direct electrical stimulation of the brain through intracranial electrodes is currently used to probe the epileptic brain as part of pre-surgical evaluation, and it is also being considered for therapeutic treatments through neuromodulation. In order to effectively modulate neural activity, a given neuromodulation design must elicit similar responses throughout the course of treatment. However, it is unknown whether intracranial electrical stimulation responses are consistent across sessions. The objective of this study was to investigate the within-subject, cross-session consistency of the electrophysiological effect of electrical stimulation delivered through intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). APPROACH We analysed data from 79 epilepsy patients implanted with iEEG who underwent brain stimulation as part of a memory experiment. We quantified the effect of stimulation in terms of band power modulation and compared this effect from session to session. As a reference, we made the same measurements during baseline periods. MAIN RESULTS In most sessions, the effect of stimulation on band power could not be distinguished from baseline fluctuations of band power. Stimulation effect was consistent in a third of the session pairs, while the rest had a consistency measure not exceeding the baseline standards. Cross-session consistency was highly correlated with the degree of band power increase, and it also tended to be higher when the baseline conditions were more similar between sessions. SIGNIFICANCE These findings can inform our practices for designing neuromodulation with greater efficacy when using direct electrical brain stimulation as a therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos A Papasavvas
- CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Group, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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42
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Abstract
The organization of temporal information is critical for the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories. In the rodent hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, evidence accumulated over the last decade suggests that populations of "time cells" in the hippocampus encode temporal information. We identify time cells in humans using intracranial microelectrode recordings obtained from 27 human epilepsy patients who performed an episodic memory task. We show that time cell activity predicts the temporal organization of retrieved memory items. We also uncover evidence of ramping cell activity in humans, which represents a complementary type of temporal information. These findings establish a cellular mechanism for the representation of temporal information in the human brain needed to form episodic memories.
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43
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Johnson EL, Kam JWY, Tzovara A, Knight RT. Insights into human cognition from intracranial EEG: A review of audition, memory, internal cognition, and causality. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:051001. [PMID: 32916678 PMCID: PMC7731730 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb7a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
By recording neural activity directly from the human brain, researchers gain unprecedented insight into how neurocognitive processes unfold in real time. We first briefly discuss how intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings, performed for clinical practice, are used to study human cognition with the spatiotemporal and single-trial precision traditionally limited to non-human animal research. We then delineate how studies using iEEG have informed our understanding of issues fundamental to human cognition: auditory prediction, working and episodic memory, and internal cognition. We also discuss the potential of iEEG to infer causality through the manipulation or 'engineering' of neurocognitive processes via spatiotemporally precise electrical stimulation. We close by highlighting limitations of iEEG, potential of burgeoning techniques to further increase spatiotemporal precision, and implications for future research using intracranial approaches to understand, restore, and enhance human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Johnson
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Julia W Y Kam
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Institute for Computer Science, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Sleep Wake Epilepsy Center | NeuroTec, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
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44
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Read ML, Lissaman R. Commentary: Stimulation of the Posterior Cingulate Cortex Impairs Episodic Memory Encoding. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:334. [PMID: 33005136 PMCID: PMC7483653 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lucie Read
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rikki Lissaman
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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45
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Mankin EA, Fried I. Modulation of Human Memory by Deep Brain Stimulation of the Entorhinal-Hippocampal Circuitry. Neuron 2020; 106:218-235. [PMID: 32325058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders affecting human memory present a major scientific, medical, and societal challenge. Direct or indirect deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the entorhinal-hippocampal system, the brain's major memory hub, has been studied in people with epilepsy or Alzheimer's disease, intending to enhance memory performance or slow memory decline. Variability in the spatiotemporal parameters of stimulation employed to date notwithstanding, it is likely that future DBS for memory will employ closed-loop, nuanced approaches that are synergistic with native physiological processes. The potential for editing human memory-decoding, enhancing, incepting, or deleting specific memories-suggests exciting therapeutic possibilities but also raises considerable ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Mankin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Tel Aviv Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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46
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Woolnough O, Rollo PS, Forseth KJ, Kadipasaoglu CM, Ekstrom AD, Tandon N. Category Selectivity for Face and Scene Recognition in Human Medial Parietal Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2707-2715.e3. [PMID: 32502406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid recognition and memory of faces and scenes implies the engagement of category-specific computational hubs in the ventral visual stream with the distributed cortical memory network. To better understand how recognition and identification occur in humans, we performed direct intracranial recordings, in a large cohort of patients (n = 50), from the medial parietal cortex (MPC) and the medial temporal lobe (MTL), structures known to be engaged during face and scene identification. We discovered that the MPC is topologically tuned to face and scene recognition, with clusters in MPC performing scene recognition bilaterally and face recognition in right subparietal sulcus. The MTL displayed a selectivity gradient with anterior, entorhinal cortex showing face selectivity and posterior parahippocampal regions showing scene selectivity. In both MPC and MTL, stimulus-specific identifiable exemplars led to greater activity in these cortical patches. These two regions work in concert for recognition of faces and scenes. Feature selectivity and identity-sensitive activity in the two regions was coincident, and they exhibited theta-phase locking during face and scene recognition. These findings together provide clear evidence for a specific role of subregions in the MPC for the recognition of unique entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Woolnough
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick S Rollo
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kiefer J Forseth
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cihan M Kadipasaoglu
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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