1
|
Zhu H, Pan H, Fang Y, Wang H, Chen Z, Hu W, Tong L, Ren J, Lu X, Huang C. Apoptosis-induced decline in hippocampal microglia mediates the development of depression-like behaviors in adult mice triggered by unpredictable stress during adolescence. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176763. [PMID: 38906239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Depression triggered by harmful stress during adolescence is a common problem that can affect mental health. To date, the mechanisms underlying this type of depression remain unclear. One mechanism for the promotion of depression by chronic stress in adulthood is the loss of hippocampal microglia. Since deleterious stress in adolescence also activates microglia, we investigated the dynamic changes of microglia in the hippocampus in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in adolescence. Our results showed that 12 days of CUS stimulation in adolescence induced typical depression-like behaviors in adult mice, which were accompanied by a significant decrease and dystrophy of microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Further analysis showed that this decrease in microglia was mediated by the initial response of microglia to unpredictable stress in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and their subsequent apoptosis. Blocking the initial response of microglia to unpredictable stress by pretreatment with minocycline was able to prevent apoptosis and microglial decline as well as the development of depression-like behaviors in adult mice induced by adolescent CUS. Moreover, administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or macrophage-colony stimulatory factor (M-CSF), two drugs that reversed microglia decline in the dentate gyrus, ameliorated the depression-like behaviors induced by CUS stimulation in adolescence. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for the development of depression-like behaviors in animals triggered by deleterious stress in adolescence and suggest that reversing microglial decline in the hippocampus may be a hopeful strategy for the treatment of depression triggered by deleterious stress in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunli Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shijidadao, Nantong, 226007, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fang Y, Pan H, Zhu H, Wang H, Ye M, Ren J, Peng J, Li J, Lu X, Huang C. Intranasal LAG3 antibody infusion induces a rapid antidepressant effect via the hippocampal ERK1/2-BDNF signaling pathway in chronically stressed mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 259:110118. [PMID: 39153731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The decline of microglia in the dentate gyrus is a new phenomenon that may explain the pathogenesis of depression, and reversing this decline has an antidepressant effect. The development of strategies that restore the function of dentate gyrus microglia in under stressful conditions is becoming a new focus. Lymphocyte-activating gene-3 (LAG3) is an immune checkpoint expressed by immune cells including microglia. One of its functions is to suppress the expansion of immune cells. In a recent study, chronic systemic administration of a LAG3 antibody that readily penetrates the brain was reported to reverse chronic stress-induced hippocampal microglia decline and depression-like behaviors. We showed here that a single intranasal infusion of a LAG3 antibody (In-LAG3 Ab) reversed chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depression-like behaviors in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the dentate gyrus. Infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into the dentate gyrus, construction of knock-in mice with the BDNF Val68Met allele, or treatment with the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a abolished the antidepressant effect of In-LAG3 Ab. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) is required for the reversal effect of In-LAG3 Ab on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and BDNF decrease in the dentate gyrus. Moreover, both inhibition and depletion of microglia prevented the reversal effect of In-LAG3 Ab on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and impairment of ERK1/2-BDNF signaling in the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that In-LAG3 Ab exhibits an antidepressant effect through microglia-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and synthesis of BDNF in the dentate gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxiu Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #388 Zuchongzhi South Road, Kunshan, Suzhou, 215300, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, #288 Yanling East Road, Changzhou 223000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sypek EI, Tassou A, Collins HY, Huang K, McCallum WM, Bourdillon AT, Barres BA, Bohlen CJ, Scherrer G. Diversity of microglial transcriptional responses during opioid exposure and neuropathic pain. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00672. [PMID: 39073407 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Microglia take on an altered morphology during chronic opioid treatment. This morphological change is broadly used to identify the activated microglial state associated with opioid side effects, including tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Microglia display similar morphological responses in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Consistent with this observation, functional studies have suggested that microglia activated by opioids or PNI engage common molecular mechanisms to induce hypersensitivity. In this article, we conducted deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and morphological analysis of spinal cord microglia in male mice to comprehensively interrogate transcriptional states and mechanistic commonality between multiple models of OIH and PNI. After PNI, we identify an early proliferative transcriptional event across models that precedes the upregulation of histological markers of microglial activation. However, we found no proliferative transcriptional response associated with opioid-induced microglial activation, consistent with histological data, indicating that the number of microglia remains stable during morphine treatment, whereas their morphological response differs from PNI models. Collectively, these results establish the diversity of pain-associated microglial transcriptomic responses and point towards the targeting of distinct insult-specific microglial responses to treat OIH, PNI, or other central nervous system pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Sypek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford University Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Adrien Tassou
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hannah Y Collins
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Bohlen is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - William M McCallum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Bohlen is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Bohlen is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- New York Stem Cell Foundation-Robertson Investigator Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu Y, Zhang Y, He S, Yi S, Feng H, Xia X, Fang X, Gong X, Zhao P. Integrating single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to elucidate a specialized subpopulation of astrocytes, microglia and vascular cells in brains of mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis-associated encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:169. [PMID: 38961424 PMCID: PMC11223438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanism behind sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) remains a formidable task. This study endeavors to shed light on the complex cellular and molecular alterations that occur in the brains of a mouse model with SAE, ultimately unraveling the underlying mechanisms of this condition. METHODS We established a murine model using intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in wild type and Anxa1-/- mice and collected brain tissues for analysis at 0-hour, 12-hour, 24-hour, and 72-hour post-injection. Utilizing advanced techniques such as single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and Stereo-seq, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of the cellular responses and molecular patterns within the brain. RESULTS Our study uncovered notable temporal differences in the response to LPS challenge between Anxa1-/- (annexin A1 knockout) and wild type mice, specifically at the 12-hour and 24-hour time points following injection. We observed a significant increase in the proportion of Astro-2 and Micro-2 cells in these mice. These cells exhibited a colocalization pattern with the vascular subtype Vas-1, forming a distinct region known as V1A2M2, where Astro-2 and Micro-2 cells surrounded Vas-1. Moreover, through further analysis, we discovered significant upregulation of ligands and receptors such as Timp1-Cd63, Timp1-Itgb1, Timp1-Lrp1, as well as Ccl2-Ackr1 and Cxcl2-Ackr1 within this region. In addition, we observed a notable increase in the expression of Cd14-Itgb1, Cd14-Tlr2, and Cd14-C3ar1 in regions enriched with Micro-2 cells. Additionally, Cxcl10-Sdc4 showed broad upregulation in brain regions containing both Micro-2 and Astro-2 cells. Notably, upon LPS challenge, there was an observed increase in Anxa1 expression in the mouse brain. Furthermore, our study revealed a noteworthy increase in mortality rates following Anxa1 knockdown. However, we did not observe substantial differences in the types, numbers, or distribution of other brain cells between Anxa1-/- and wildtype mice over time. Nevertheless, when comparing the 24-hour post LPS injection time point, we observed a significant decrease in the proportion and distribution of Micro-2 and Astro-2 cells in the vicinity of blood vessels in Anxa1-/- mice. Additionally, we noted reduced expression levels of several ligand-receptor pairs including Cd14-Tlr2, Cd14-C3ar1, Cd14-Itgb1, Cxcl10-Sdc4, Ccl2-Ackr1, and Cxcl2-Ackr1. CONCLUSIONS By combining snRNA-seq and Stereo-seq techniques, our study successfully identified a distinctive cellular colocalization, referred to as a special pathological niche, comprising Astro-2, Micro-2, and Vas-1 cells. Furthermore, we observed an upregulation of ligand-receptor pairs within this niche. These findings suggest a potential association between this cellular arrangement and the underlying mechanisms contributing to SAE or the increased mortality observed in Anxa1 knockdown mice.
Collapse
Grants
- 2021A1515012429 Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China
- 211102114530659 Shaoguan Municipal Science and Technology Program, China
- 20221807 Shaoguan Engineering Research Center for Research and Development of Molecular and Cellular Technology in Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Cancer Program, China
- KEYANSHEN (2023) 01 Research Fund for Joint Laboratory for Digital and Precise Detection of Clinical Pathogens, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, China
- RS202001 Research Project for Outstanding Scholar of Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, China
- Research Fund for Joint Laboratory for Digital and Precise Detection of Clinical Pathogens, Yuebei People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, China
- Research Project for Outstanding Scholar of Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, China
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No 133, Huimin Road South, Wujiang District, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Research Center for Interdisciplinary & High-quality Innovative Development in Laboratory Medicine, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Engineering Research Center for Research and Development of Molecular and Cellular Technology in Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Shaoguan, 512025, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sheng He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No 133, Huimin Road South, Wujiang District, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Research Center for Interdisciplinary & High-quality Innovative Development in Laboratory Medicine, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Engineering Research Center for Research and Development of Molecular and Cellular Technology in Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Shaoguan, 512025, China
| | - Sanjun Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No 133, Huimin Road South, Wujiang District, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Research Center for Interdisciplinary & High-quality Innovative Development in Laboratory Medicine, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Shaoguan Engineering Research Center for Research and Development of Molecular and Cellular Technology in Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Shaoguan, 512025, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No 133, Huimin Road South, Wujiang District, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China
- Research Center for Interdisciplinary & High-quality Innovative Development in Laboratory Medicine, Shaoguan, 512025, China
| | | | - Xiaoqian Gong
- Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
| | - Pingsen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No 133, Huimin Road South, Wujiang District, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
- Laboratory for Diagnosis of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
- Research Center for Interdisciplinary & High-quality Innovative Development in Laboratory Medicine, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Laboratory Medicine, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
- Shaoguan Municipal Quality Control Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
- Shaoguan Engineering Research Center for Research and Development of Molecular and Cellular Technology in Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Shaoguan, 512025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crisci I, Bonzano S, Nicolas Z, Dallorto E, Peretto P, Krezel W, De Marchis S. Tamoxifen exerts direct and microglia-mediated effects preventing neuroinflammatory changes in the adult mouse hippocampal neurogenic niche. Glia 2024; 72:1273-1289. [PMID: 38515286 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tamoxifen-inducible systems are widely used in research to control Cre-mediated gene deletion in genetically modified animals. Beyond Cre activation, tamoxifen also exerts off-target effects, whose consequences are still poorly addressed. Here, we investigated the impact of tamoxifen on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory responses, focusing on the neurogenic activity in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. We demonstrated that a four-day LPS treatment led to an increase in microglia, astrocytes and radial glial cells with concomitant reduction of newborn neurons. These effects were counteracted by a two-day tamoxifen pre-treatment. Through selective microglia depletion, we elucidated that both LPS and tamoxifen influenced astrogliogenesis via microglia mediated mechanisms, while the effects on neurogenesis persisted even in a microglia-depleted environment. Notably, changes in radial glial cells resulted from a combination of microglia-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Overall, our data reveal that tamoxifen treatment per se does not alter the balance between adult neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis but does modulate cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli exerting a protective role within the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Crisci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sara Bonzano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Zinter Nicolas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eleonora Dallorto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paolo Peretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Siddiqui AM, Sabljic TF, Ball AK. Anatomical location of injected microglia in different activation states and time course of injury determines survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:677-699. [PMID: 36371721 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2142579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Activated microglia release harmful substances to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but may also benefit by removing cellular debris and secreting neurotrophic factors. These paradoxical roles remain controversial because the nature and time-course of the injury that defines their role is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if pharmacological manipulation of microglia to acquire a pro-inflammatory or pro-survival phenotype will exacerbate or enhance neuronal survival after injury.Material and methods: Treated HAP I (highly aggressively proliferating immortalized) microglia were injected into the vitreous or tail vein (T V) of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Retinas were examined at 4-14 days following optic nerve crush (ONC) and the number of surviving RGCs was determined.Results: Injection of untreated HAP I cells resulted in the greater loss of RGCs early after ONC when injected into the vitreous and later after ONC when injected into the T V. LP S activated HAP I cells injected into the vitreous resulted in greater RGC loss with and without injury. When injected into the T V with ONC there was no loss of RGCs 4 days after ONC but greater loss afterwards. Minocycline treated HAP I cells injected into the vitreous resulted in greater RGC survival than untreated HAP I cells. However, when injected into the T V with ONC there was greater loss of RGCs. These results suggest that optic nerve signals attract extrinsic microglia to the retina, resulting in a proinflammatory response.Conclusion: Neuroprotection or cytotoxicity of microglia depends on the type of activation, time course of the injury, and if they act on the axon or cell body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas F Sabljic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander K Ball
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guerrero-Carrasco M, Targett I, Olmos-Alonso A, Vargas-Caballero M, Gomez-Nicola D. Low-grade systemic inflammation stimulates microglial turnover and accelerates the onset of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Glia 2024; 72:1340-1355. [PMID: 38597386 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Several in vivo studies have shown that systemic inflammation, mimicked by LPS, triggers an inflammatory response in the CNS, driven by microglia, characterized by an increase in inflammatory cytokines and associated sickness behavior. However, most studies induce relatively high systemic inflammation, not directly compared with the more common low-grade inflammatory events experienced in humans during the life course. Using mice, we investigated the effects of low-grade systemic inflammation during an otherwise healthy early life, and how this may precondition the onset and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology. Our results indicate that low-grade systemic inflammation induces sub-threshold brain inflammation and promotes microglial proliferation driven by the CSF1R pathway, contrary to the effects caused by high systemic inflammation. In addition, repeated systemic challenges with low-grade LPS induce disease-associated microglia. Finally, using an inducible model of AD-like pathology (Line 102 mice), we observed that preconditioning with repeated doses of low-grade systemic inflammation, prior to APP induction, promotes a detrimental effect later in life, leading to an increase in Aβ accumulation and disease-associated microglia. These results support the notion that episodic low-grade systemic inflammation has the potential to influence the onset and severity of age-related neurological disorders, such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guerrero-Carrasco
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Imogen Targett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mariana Vargas-Caballero
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nigam M, Devi K, Coutinho HDM, Mishra AP. Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111140. [PMID: 38492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim J, Won Choi J, Jeong Kim H, Kim B, Kim Y, Hwejin Lee E, Kim R, Kim J, Park J, Jeong Y, Park JH, Duk Park K. Phloroglucinol Derivatives Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Attenuate Cognitive Impairment in LPS-Induced Mouse Model. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400056. [PMID: 38757206 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory immune response that arises in the central nervous system. It is one of the primary causes of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Phloroglucinol (PG) is a natural product contained in extracts of plant, algae and microbe and has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we synthesized PG derivatives to enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Among PG derivatives, 6 a suppressed pro-oxidative and inflammatory molecule nitric oxide (NO) production more effectively than PG. Moreover, 6 a dose-dependently reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO producing enzyme iNOS in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Additionally, we confirmed that 6 a alleviated cognitive impairment and glial activation in mouse model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that novel PG derivative, 6 a, is a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jushin Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Choi
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungeun Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoowon Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Elijah Hwejin Lee
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rium Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Park
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Jeong
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Center for Brain Disorders, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Hang W, Li J, Liu T, Hu Y, Fang F, Yan D, McQuillan PM, Wang M, Hu Z. Effect of General Anesthetic Agents on Microglia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1308-1328. [PMID: 37962460 PMCID: PMC11081156 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of general anesthetic agents (GAAs) on microglia and their potential neurotoxicity have attracted the attention of neuroscientists. Microglia play important roles in the inflammatory process and in neuromodulation of the central nervous system. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a key mechanism of neurocognitive dysfunction during the perioperative period. Microglial activation by GAAs induces anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects in microglia, suggesting that GAAs play a dual role in the mechanism of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Understanding of the mechanisms by which GAAs regulate microglia may help to reduce the incidence of postoperative adverse effects. Here, we review the actions of GAAs on microglia and the consequent changes in microglial function. We summarize clinical and animal studies associating microglia with general anesthesia and describe how GAAs interact with neurons via microglia to further explore the mechanisms of action of GAAs in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wenxin Hang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Cell Biology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Fuquan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dandan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Patrick M. McQuillan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Q, Vazquez AL, Cui XT. Revealing in vivo cellular mechanisms of cerebral microbleeds on neurons and microglia across cortical layers. iScience 2024; 27:109371. [PMID: 38510113 PMCID: PMC10951986 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with higher risk for various neurological diseases including stroke, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the understanding of cellular pathology of CMBs, particularly in deep brain regions, remains limited. Utilizing two-photon microscopy and microprism implantation, we longitudinally imaged the impact of CMBs on neuronal and microglial activities across cortical depths in awake mice. A temporary decline in spontaneous neuronal activity occurred throughout cortical layers, followed by recovery within a week. However, significant changes of neuron-neuron activity correlations persisted for weeks. Moreover, microglial contact with neuron soma significantly increased post-microbleeds, indicating an important modulatory role of microglia. Notably, microglial contact, negatively correlated with neuronal firing rate in normal conditions, became uncorrelated after microbleeds, suggesting a decreased neuron-microglia inhibition. These findings reveal chronic alterations in cortical neuronal networks and microglial-neuronal interactions across cortical depths, shedding light on the pathology of CMBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alberto L. Vazquez
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X. Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramos A, Ishizuka K, Hayashida A, Namkung H, Hayes LN, Srivastava R, Zhang M, Kariya T, Elkins N, Palen T, Carloni E, Tsujimura T, Calva C, Ikemoto S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Niwa M, Saito A, Saitoh T, Takimoto E, Sawa A. Nuclear GAPDH in cortical microglia mediates cellular stress-induced cognitive inflexibility. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02553-1. [PMID: 38615102 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We report a mechanism that underlies stress-induced cognitive inflexibility at the molecular level. In a mouse model under subacute cellular stress in which deficits in rule shifting tasks were elicited, the nuclear glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (N-GAPDH) cascade was activated specifically in microglia in the prelimbic cortex. The cognitive deficits were normalized with a pharmacological intervention with a compound (the RR compound) that selectively blocked the initiation of N-GAPDH cascade without affecting glycolytic activity. The normalization was also observed with a microglia-specific genetic intervention targeting the N-GAPDH cascade. At the mechanistic levels, the microglial secretion of High-Mobility Group Box (HMGB), which is known to bind with and regulate the NMDA-type glutamate receptors, was elevated. Consequently, the hyperactivation of the prelimbic layer 5 excitatory neurons, a neural substrate for cognitive inflexibility, was also observed. The upregulation of the microglial HMGB signaling and neuronal hyperactivation were normalized by the pharmacological and microglia-specific genetic interventions. Taken together, we show a pivotal role of cortical microglia and microglia-neuron interaction in stress-induced cognitive inflexibility. We underscore the N-GAPDH cascade in microglia, which causally mediates stress-induced cognitive alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramos
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arisa Hayashida
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- International Collaborative Research Administration, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ho Namkung
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay N Hayes
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rupali Srivastava
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manling Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taro Kariya
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noah Elkins
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Trexy Palen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elisa Carloni
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsujimura
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Coleman Calva
- Neurocircuitry of Motivation Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoshi Ikemoto
- Neurocircuitry of Motivation Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minae Niwa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Eiki Takimoto
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Departments of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Departments of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
You Y, An DD, Wan YS, Zheng BX, Dai HB, Zhang SH, Zhang XN, Wang RR, Shi P, Jin M, Wang Y, Jiang L, Chen Z, Hu WW. Cell-specific IL-1R1 regulates the regional heterogeneity of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses and motor learning ability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:116. [PMID: 38438808 PMCID: PMC10912170 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Microglia regulate synaptic function in various ways, including the microglial displacement of the surrounding GABAergic synapses, which provides important neuroprotection from certain diseases. However, the physiological role and underlying mechanisms of microglial synaptic displacement remain unclear. In this study, we observed that microglia exhibited heterogeneity during the displacement of GABAergic synapses surrounding neuronal soma in different cortical regions under physiological conditions. Through three-dimensional reconstruction, in vitro co-culture, two-photon calcium imaging, and local field potentials recording, we found that IL-1β negatively modulated microglial synaptic displacement to coordinate regional heterogeneity in the motor cortex, which impacted the homeostasis of the neural network and improved motor learning ability. We used the Cre-Loxp system and found that IL-1R1 on glutamatergic neurons, rather than that on microglia or GABAergic neurons, mediated the negative effect of IL-1β on synaptic displacement. This study demonstrates that IL-1β is critical for the regional heterogeneity of synaptic displacement by coordinating different actions of neurons and microglia via IL-1R1, which impacts both neural network homeostasis and motor learning ability. It provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the physiological role and mechanism of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi You
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da-Dao An
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Shan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bai-Xiu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hai-Bin Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - She-Hong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rong-Rong Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingjuan Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of The Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
da Silva AAF, Fiadeiro MB, Bernardino LI, Fonseca CSP, Baltazar GMF, Cristóvão ACB. "Lipopolysaccharide-induced animal models for neuroinflammation - An overview.". J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578273. [PMID: 38183948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological mechanism contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. For in-depth studies of neuroinflammation, several animal models reported reproducing behavioral dysfunctions and cellular pathological mechanisms induced by brain inflammation. One of the most popular models of neuroinflammation is the one generated by lipopolysaccharide exposure. Despite its importance, the reported results using this model show high heterogeneity, making it difficult to analyze and compare the outcomes between studies. Therefore, the current review aims to summarize the different experimental paradigms used to reproduce neuroinflammation by lipopolysaccharide exposure and its respective outcomes, helping to choose the model that better suits each specific research aim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alexandra Flores da Silva
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; NeuroSoV/Fastprinciple-Lda, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mariana Bernardo Fiadeiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; NeuroSoV/Fastprinciple-Lda, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Ana Clara Braz Cristóvão
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; NeuroSoV/Fastprinciple-Lda, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodriguez D, Church KA, Smith CT, Vanegas D, Cardona SM, Muzzio IA, Nash KR, Cardona AE. Therapeutic Delivery of Soluble Fractalkine Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction in the Diabetic Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1727. [PMID: 38339005 PMCID: PMC10855319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR)-associated vision loss is a devastating disease affecting the working-age population. Retinal pathology is due to leakage of serum components into retinal tissues, activation of resident phagocytes (microglia), and vascular and neuronal damage. While short-term interventions are available, they do not revert visual function or halt disease progression. The impact of microglial inflammatory responses on the neurovascular unit remains unknown. In this study, we characterized microglia-vascular interactions in an experimental model of DR. Early diabetes presents activated retinal microglia, vascular permeability, and vascular abnormalities coupled with vascular tortuosity and diminished astrocyte and endothelial cell-associated tight-junction (TJ) and gap-junction (GJ) proteins. Microglia exclusively bind to the neuronal-derived chemokine fractalkine (FKN) via the CX3CR1 receptor to ameliorate microglial activation. Using neuron-specific recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs), we therapeutically overexpressed soluble (sFKN) or membrane-bound (mFKN) FKN using intra-vitreal delivery at the onset of diabetes. This study highlights the neuroprotective role of rAAV-sFKN, reducing microglial activation, vascular tortuosity, fibrin(ogen) deposition, and astrogliosis and supporting the maintenance of the GJ connexin-43 (Cx43) and TJ zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) molecules. The results also show that microglia-vascular interactions influence the vascular width upon administration of rAAV-sFKN and rAAV-mFKN. Administration of rAAV-sFKN improved visual function without affecting peripheral immune responses. These findings suggest that overexpression of rAAV-sFKN can mitigate vascular abnormalities by promoting glia-neural signaling. sFKN gene therapy is a promising translational approach to reverse vision loss driven by vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (D.R.); (K.A.C.); (C.T.S.); (D.V.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Kaira A. Church
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (D.R.); (K.A.C.); (C.T.S.); (D.V.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Chelsea T. Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (D.R.); (K.A.C.); (C.T.S.); (D.V.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (D.R.); (K.A.C.); (C.T.S.); (D.V.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (D.R.); (K.A.C.); (C.T.S.); (D.V.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Isabel A. Muzzio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Kevin R. Nash
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (D.R.); (K.A.C.); (C.T.S.); (D.V.); (S.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ren J, Zhang Y, Pan H, Shi R, Zhu H, Yang R, Zhang L, Chen B, Zhu T, Lu X, Huang C. Mobilization of the innate immune response by a specific immunostimulant β-glucan confers resistance to chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior by preventing neuroinflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111405. [PMID: 38118316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Pre-stimulation of the innate immune response is an effective strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes in animals. However, the use of conventional immunostimulants may cause adverse effects. Therefore, the search for agents that stimulate the innate immune response but do not induce a pro-inflammatory response could be a new research direction for the prevention of depression. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with unique immunomodulatory activity in microglia without eliciting a pro-inflammatory response that could lead to tissue damage. This suggests that β-glucan may be a suitable drug that can be used to prevent depression-like phenotypes. Our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan 1 day before stress exposure at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg, but notat a dose of 5 mg/kg, prevented depression-like behavior in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). This effect of β-glucan disappeared when the time interval between β-glucan and stress was extended from 1 day or 5 days to 10 days, which was rescued by a second injection 10 days after the first injection or by a repeated injection (4×, once daily) 10 days before stress exposure. A single β-glucan injection (20 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure prevented the CUS-induced increase in brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition of the innate immune response by minocycline (40 mg/kg) abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses. These results suggest that β-glucan may prevent chronic stress-induced depression-like phenotypes and neuroinflammatory responses by stimulating the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiting Shi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Av. Parde Tomas Pereira, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shiji Dadao, Nantong 226007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsioti I, Steiner BL, Escher P, Zinkernagel MS, Benz PM, Kokona D. Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Exacerbates Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:19-30. [PMID: 36441988 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2147547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of a systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus in the course of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in C57BL/6 J mice. A group of CNV-subjected mice received 1 mg/kg LPS via the tail vein immediately after CNV induction. Mouse eyes were monitored in vivo with fluorescein angiography for 2 weeks. In situ hybridization and flow cytometry were performed in the retina at different time points. LPS led to increased fluorescein leakage 3 days after CNV, correlated with a large influx of monocyte-derived macrophages and increase of pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages in the retina. Additionally, LPS enhanced Vegfα mRNA expression by Glul-expressing cells but not Aif1 positive microglia/macrophages in the laser lesion. These findings suggest that systemic LPS exposure has transient detrimental effects in the course of CNV through activation of microglia/macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype and supports the important role of these cells in the CNV course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tsioti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice L Steiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Escher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Benz
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Le YP, Saito K, Parajuli B, Sakai K, Kubota Y, Miyakawa M, Shinozaki Y, Shigetomi E, Koizumi S. Severity of Peripheral Infection Differentially Affects Brain Functions in Mice via Microglia-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17597. [PMID: 38139424 PMCID: PMC10743593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral infection induces inflammation in peripheral tissues and the brain, impacting brain function. Glial cells are key players in this process. However, the effects of peripheral infection on glial activation and brain function remain unknown. Here, we showed that varying degrees of peripheral infection had different effects on the regulation of brain functions by microglia-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Acute mild infection (one-day LPS challenge: 1LPS) exacerbated middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury, and severe infection (four-day LPS challenge: 4LPS) for one week suppressed it. MCAO injury was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. We observed early activation of microglia in the 1LPS and 4LPS groups. Depleting microglia with a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) antagonist had no effect on 1LPS-induced brain injury exacerbation but abolished 4LPS-induced protection, indicating microglial independence and dependence, respectively. Microglia-independent exacerbation caused by 1LPS involved peripheral immune cells including macrophages. RNA sequencing analysis of 4LPS-treated microglia revealed increased factors related to anti-inflammatory and neuronal tissue repair, suggesting their association with the protective effect. In conclusion, varying degrees of peripheral inflammation had contradictory effects (exacerbation vs. protection) on MCAO, which may be attributed to microglial dependence. Our findings highlight the significant impact of peripheral infection on brain function, particularly in relation to glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Phung Le
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kozo Saito
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kent Sakai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Miho Miyakawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan; (Y.-P.L.); (K.S.); (B.P.); (K.S.); (Y.K.); (M.M.); (Y.S.); (E.S.)
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen B, Zhao C, Zhu H, Lu X, Liu H, Lu Q, Zhu T, Huang C. β-glucan, a specific immuno-stimulant, produces rapid antidepressant effects by stimulating ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176161. [PMID: 37939990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A decline in microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has recently been described as an important mechanism for the progression of depression. Reversal of this decline by innate immune system stimulants may represent a novel strategy to ameliorate the depressive phenotype in chronically stressed animals. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can efficiently stimulate microglia without inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, β-glucan could be an ideal drug to ameliorate depressive phenotypes. In the present study, we found that a single injection of β-glucan reversed depression-like behaviors in mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by a reversal of the CUS-induced decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the dentate gyrus. The crucial role of BDNF signaling in the antidepressant effect of β-glucan was demonstrated by experiments showing that infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into dentate gyrus, construction of BDNF-Val68Met allele knock-in mice, or treatment with the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a abolished the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. The increased BDNF signaling induced by β-glucan was mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated BDNF synthesis, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by SL327 was able to abolish the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. Moreover, inhibition or depletion of microglia by minocycline or PLX3397 abolished the reversal effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and CUS-induced impairment of ERK1/2-BDNF signaling. These results suggest that β-glucan exhibits antidepressant effects by stimulating microglia-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu M, Chen L, Lin L, Fan Y, Li H, Lian H, Zheng B. Changes of optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients after successful surgery. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103763. [PMID: 37643664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the changes of hyperreflective foci (HRF) in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) patients after successful reattachment surgery. METHODS Twenty-nine macula-off RRD eyes with successful reattachment surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to image macular regions and measure HRF in outer retina and inner retina at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery. The relationships between HRF and photoreceptor layer status, visual outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS After retinal reattachment, HRF mainly distributed at the location where external limiting membrane (ELM) or inner and outer segment (IS/OS) line was disrupted. The HRF numbers in outer and inner retina were greater in eyes with discontinuous IS/OS line than eyes with continuous IS/OS line (all p<0.05). In the outer retina, HRF increased in the initial three months after retinal reattachment, and then decreased gradually after 3 months (p<0.05). The HRF number in the outer retina at postoperative 0.5 months was associated with favorable visual outcomes at 6 and 12 months (r=-0.487, p =0.025; r=-0.626, p=0.005, respectively), nevertheless, the HRF number at 3 months was correlated with poor visual results at 6 and 12 months (r=0.441, p =0.017; r=0.477, p=0.019, respectively). CONCLUSION HRF mainly occurred near the site where ELM or IS/OS line was injured after retinal reattachment. In the outer retina, the number of HRF gradually increased in the first 3 months and then gradually decreased. The early appearance of HRF in the outer retina was associated with a good visual prognosis, while the late appearance may suggest a less favorable visual outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengai Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Lifeng Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Li Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haidong Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hengli Lian
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu JJ, Wei Z. Advances in the study of the effects of gut microflora on microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1295916. [PMID: 38098943 PMCID: PMC10720669 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1295916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a central nervous system (CNS) degenerative disorder, is caused by various factors including β-amyloid toxicity, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, oxidative stress, and others. The dysfunction of microglia has been associated with the onset and advancement of different neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. The gut of mammals harbors a vast and complex population of microorganisms, commonly referred to as the microbiota. There's a growing recognition that these gut microbes are intrinsically intertwined with mammalian physiology. Through the circulation of metabolites, they establish metabolic symbiosis, enhance immune function, and establish communication with different remote cells, including those in the brain. The gut microbiome plays a crucial part in influencing the development and performance of microglia, as indicated by recent preclinical studies. Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora leads to alterations in the microglia transcriptome that regulate the interconversion of microglia subtypes. This conversation explores recent research that clarifies how gut bacteria, their byproducts, and harmful elements affect the activation and characteristics of microglia. This understanding opens doors to innovative microbial-based therapeutic strategies for early identification and treatment goals in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Wu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Breast Oncology, Lishui University Medical College, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Paquette SE, Martin NR, Rodd A, Manz KE, Allen E, Camarillo M, Weller HI, Pennell K, Plavicki JS. Evaluation of Neural Regulation and Microglial Responses to Brain Injury in Larval Zebrafish Exposed to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:117008. [PMID: 37966802 PMCID: PMC10650473 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are biopersistent, global pollutants. Although some in vitro and epidemiological studies have explored the neurotoxic potential of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a prevalent PFAS congener, it is unknown how developmental PFOS exposure affects neuronal signaling, microglia development, and microglial-neuron communication. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the extent to which PFOS exposure disrupts brain health, neuronal activity, and microglia-neuron communication during development. In addition, although PFOS impairs humoral immunity, its impact on innate immune cells, including resident microglia, is unclear. As such, we investigated whether microglia are cellular targets of PFOS, and, if so, whether disrupted microglial development or function could contribute to or is influenced by PFOS-induced neural dysfunction. METHODS Zebrafish were chronically exposed to either a control solution [0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)], 7 μ M PFOS, 14 μ M PFOS, 28 μ M PFOS, or 64 μ M perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). We used in vivo imaging and gene expression analysis to assess microglial populations in the developing brain and to determine shifts in the microglia state. We functionally challenged microglia state using a brain injury model and, to assess the neuronal signaling environment, performed functional neuroimaging experiments using the photoconvertible calcium indicator calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator (CaMPARI). These studies were paired with optogenetic manipulations of neurons and microglia, an untargeted metabolome-wide association study (MWAS), and behavioral assays. RESULTS Developmental PFOS exposure resulted in a shift away from the homeostatic microglia state, as determined by functional and morphological differences in exposed larvae, as well as up-regulation of the microglia activation gene p2ry12. PFOS-induced effects on microglia state exacerbated microglia responses to brain injury in the absence of increased cell death or inflammation. PFOS exposure also heightened neural activity, and optogenetic silencing of neurons or microglia independently was sufficient to normalize microglial responses to injury. An untargeted MWAS of larval brains revealed PFOS-exposed larvae had neurochemical signatures of excitatory-inhibitory imbalance. Behaviorally, PFOS-exposed larvae also exhibited anxiety-like thigmotaxis. To test whether the neuronal and microglial phenotypes were specific to PFOS, we exposed embryos to PFOA, a known immunotoxic PFAS. PFOA did not alter thigmotaxis, neuronal activity, or microglial responses, further supporting a role for neuronal activity as a critical modifier of microglial function following PFOS exposure. DISCUSSION Together, this study provides, to our knowledge, the first detailed account of the effects of PFOS exposure on neural cell types in the developing brain in vivo and adds neuronal hyperactivity as an important end point to assess when studying the impact of toxicant exposures on microglia function. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12861.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Paquette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nathan R. Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - April Rodd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katherine E. Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eden Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Manuel Camarillo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hannah I. Weller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kurt Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jessica S. Plavicki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng M, Zhu T, Chen B, Zhao H, Lu X, Lu Q, Ni M, Cheng L, Han H, Ye T, Ye Y, Liu H, Huang C. Intranasal Monophosphoryl Lipid a Administration Ameliorates depression-like Behavior in Chronically Stressed Mice Through Stimulation of Microglia. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3160-3176. [PMID: 37358676 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
We and others have reported that systematic stimulation of the central innate immune system by a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can improve depression-like behavior in chronically stressed animals. However, it is unclear whether similar stimulation by intranasal administration could improve depression-like behavior in animals. We investigated this question using monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of LPS that lacks the adverse effects of LPS but is still immuno-stimulatory. We found that a single intranasal administration of MPL at a dose of 10 or 20 µg/mouse, but not at a dose of 5 µg/mouse, ameliorated chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depression-like behavior in mice, as evidenced by the decrease in immobility time in tail suspension test and forced swimming test and the increase in sucrose intake in sucrose preference test. In the time-dependent analysis, the antidepressant-like effect of a single intranasal MPL administration (20 µg/mouse) was observed 5 and 8 h but not 3 h after drug administration and persisted for at least 7 days. Fourteen days after the first intranasal MPL administration, a second intranasal MPL administration (20 µg/mouse) still showed an antidepressant-like effect. The innate immune response mediated by microglia might mediate the antidepressant-like effect of intranasal MPL administration, because both inhibition of microglial activation by pretreatment with minocycline and depletion of microglia by pretreatment with PLX3397 prevented the antidepressant-like effect of intranasal MPL administration. These results suggest that intranasal administration of MPL can produce significant antidepressant-like effects in animals under chronic stress conditions via stimulation of microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxie Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang SS, Simtchouk S, Gibon J, Klegeris A. Regulation of the phagocytic activity of astrocytes by neuroimmune mediators endogenous to the central nervous system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289169. [PMID: 37498903 PMCID: PMC10374099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for maintaining normal brain activity, and its dysfunction may contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Phagocytic activity is one of the well-established neuroimmune functions of microglia. Although emerging evidence indicates that astrocytes can also function as CNS phagocytes in humans and rodents, limited information is available about the molecular mechanism regulating this function. To address this knowledge gap, we studied modulation of the phagocytic activity of human U118 MG astrocytic cells and murine primary astrocytes by four CNS inflammatory mediators and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS and cytochrome c (CytC) upregulated, while interferon (IFN)-γ downregulated, phagocytosis of latex beads by human astrocytic cells and phagocytosis of synaptosomes by murine primary astrocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α had no effect on the phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells but upregulated this function in murine astrocytes. Varying effects of combinations of the above inflammatory mediators were observed in these two cell types. LPS- and CytC-induced phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells was partially mediated by activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). By monitoring other functions of astrocytes, we concluded there were no correlations between the effects of the mediators studied on astrocyte phagocytic activity and their secretion of cytokines, cytotoxins, or glutamate. Our study identified four candidate CNS regulators of astrocyte phagocytic activity. Future investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this regulation could identify novel therapeutic targets allowing modulation of this astrocyte-mediated clearance mechanism in CNS pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Shirley Yang
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Svetlana Simtchouk
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julien Gibon
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Uhde M, Indart AC, Green PH, Yolken RH, Cook DB, Shukla SK, Vernon SD, Alaedini A. Suppressed immune and metabolic responses to intestinal damage-associated microbial translocation in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100627. [PMID: 37396339 PMCID: PMC10308215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology and mechanism of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are poorly understood and no biomarkers have been established. Specifically, the relationship between the immunologic, metabolic, and gastrointestinal abnormalities associated with ME/CFS and their relevance to established symptoms of the condition remain unclear. Relying on data from two independent pairs of ME/CFS and control cohorts, one at rest and one undergoing an exercise challenge, we identify a state of suppressed acute-phase innate immune response to microbial translocation in conjunction with a compromised gut epithelium in ME/CFS. This immunosuppression, along with observed enhancement of compensatory antibody responses to counter the microbial translocation, was associated with and may be mediated by alterations in glucose and citrate metabolism and an IL-10 immunoregulatory response. Our findings provide novel insights into mechanistic pathways, biomarkers, and potential therapeutic targets in ME/CFS, including in the context of exertion, with relevance to both intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Uhde
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa C. Indart
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter H.R. Green
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- The Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dane B. Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Shukla
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Armin Alaedini
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang C, Ye T, Chen B, Chen Z, Ye Y, Liu H. Intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide reverses chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice by microglial stimulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110347. [PMID: 37270930 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that intraperitoneal injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reversed depression-like behavior in mice induced by chronic stress by stimulating microglia in the hippocampus. In this study, we found that a single intranasal administration of LPS at a dose of 5 or 10 μg/mouse, but not at a dose of 1 μg/mouse, rapidly reversed depression-like behavior in mice stimulated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). In the time-dependent experiment, a single intranasal administration of LPS (10 μg/mouse) reversed CUS-induced depression-like behavior in mice 5 and 8 h but not 3 h after drug administration. The antidepressant effect of a single intranasal LPS administration (10 μg/mouse) lasted at least 10 days and disappeared 14 days after administration. Fourteen days after the first intranasal LPS administration, a second intranasal LPS administration (10 μg/mouse) still reversed the increased immobility time in TST and FST and the decreased sucrose uptake in SPT in CUS mice, which again exhibited depression-like behaviors 5 h after LPS administration. The antidepressant effect of intranasal LPS administration was dependent on microglial activation, because inhibition of microglia by pretreatment with minocycline (40 mg/kg) or depletion of microglia by pretreatment with PLX3397 (290 mg/kg) prevented the antidepressant effect of intranasal LPS administration in CUS mice. These results suggest that stimulation of the microglia-mediated innate immune response by intranasal administration of LPS can produce rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in animals under chronic stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6 Haierxiang North Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Azizi F, Ghasemi R, EbrahimiBarough S, Ardalan M, Hadjighassem M. Effect of multifactorial therapeutic approach on axonal regeneration and cell viability in an in-vitro model of spinal-derived neural injury. Cell Tissue Bank 2023; 24:471-484. [PMID: 36396867 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-022-10047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The highly debilitated nature of spinal cord injuries (SCI) creates an inhibitory repair environment that limits the recovery rate and therefore single interventional treatment has been resulted in incomplete recovery. A multifactorial approach that combines several therapeutic approaches may address diverse aspects of SCI pathology and enhance the recovery rate over single therapy. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of combined olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) (to transport trophic factor, mediate immunomodulation, provide a suitable environment for cell survival), G-CSF (to establish a favorable environment for cell survival) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (to boost the protective activity of OEC) therapy on the cell viability after a scratch injury caused by a cataract knife on cells in an in-vitro model of spinal-derived neural injury. In this study, we used mixed neuronal-glial cultures, which are widely used for an in vitro study of neuronal damage. Scratch insult was made on cells using a cataract knife. The cells were divided into 8 groups (two control groups with and without olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) treatment, injury group, three injury groups with single therapy by using super low dose of LPS (SLD-LPS) (100 pg/ml), OEC group, and G-CSF (100 ng/ml) group, and two injury groups with combined therapy (OEC with SLD-LPS and with all three treatments)). We found a significant decrease in the survival rate of injured cells (p < 0.001) 24 h after scratching insult. Our results indicated morphological alterations in cells in the acute phase (1, 2 and 6 h) after injury, with significant increased gap size at 6 h after induction of injury. Our combined therapy, significantly prevented cell death and decreased the size of the gap over time. We found that combined therapy promoted cell survival following spinal injury by providing a neuroprotective environment for cells. Therefore, our findings provide new insight into the combined therapy, which can be considered for promising preclinical therapeutic strategy for SCI toward clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Azizi
- Department of neuroscience and addiction studies, School of advanced technologies in medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh EbrahimiBarough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and spinal cord research center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of neuroscience and addiction studies, School of advanced technologies in medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shen L, Chen DY, Lou QQ, Cao P, Hu R, Jin Y, Wang D, Hu SS. Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor Pharmacological Agonist Relieves Neurocognitive Deficits via Reducing Neuroinflammation and Microglial Engulfment of Dendritic Spines. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:41-57. [PMID: 36464726 PMCID: PMC9734469 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically ventilated patients suffering critical illness are at high risk of developing neurocognitive impairments. Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AGTR2) has been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. The present study thus aimed to investigate whether AGTR2 can alleviate cerebral dysfunction in mice subjected to cochallenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mechanical ventilation (MV), and to reveal the underlying mechanism. We utilized a mice model that received a single injection of LPS (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) followed 2 h later by MV (10 ml/kg, lasting for 2 h). Pretreatment with the AGTR2 pharmacological agonist C21 (0.03, 0.3, and 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily, lasting for 10 days). Locomotor activity and behavioral deficits were evaluated 24 h post-MV by open-field and fear-condition tests. Brain hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tissues were collected for immunofluorescence staining and western blotting to evaluate the resulting impacts on microglia, including morphological traits, functional markers, synaptic engulfment, superoxide production, and signaling molecules. Compared with vehicle-control, pre-administrated C21 reduced the branch endpoints and length of microglia processes in a dose-dependent manner in mice subjected to LPS/MV. The neuroprotective effect of AGTR2 was behaviorally confirmed by the improvement of memory decline in LPS/MV-treated mice following C21 pretreatment. In addition to morphological alterations, C21 reduced microglial functional markers and reduced microglial-dendrite contact and microglial engulfment of synaptic protein markers. In terms of the underlying molecular mechanism, AGTR2 stimulation by C21 leads to activation of protein phosphatase 2A, which subsequently mitigates microglial PKCδ and NF-κB activation, and inhibites NOX2-derived ROS production. The AGTR2 agonist C21 alleviates behavioral deficits in those mice subjected to LPS/MV, via mechanisms that involve reactive microglia and abnormal synaptic plasticity in NOX2-derived ROS and the PKCδ-NFκB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Anhui Provincial Hospita, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Qian-Qian Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Di Wang
- Anhui Provincial Hospita, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospita), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospita), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koss KM, Son T, Li C, Hao Y, Cao J, Churchward MA, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Derda R, Todd KG. Toward discovering a novel family of peptides targeting neuroinflammatory states of brain microglia and astrocytes. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.15840. [PMID: 37171455 PMCID: PMC10640667 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune-derived cells critical to the development and healthy function of the brain and spinal cord, yet are implicated in the active pathology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. A range of functional phenotypes associated with the healthy brain or disease states has been suggested from in vivo work and were modeled in vitro as surveying, reactive, and primed sub-types of primary rat microglia and mixed microglia/astrocytes. It was hypothesized that the biomolecular profile of these cells undergoes a phenotypical change as well, and these functional phenotypes were explored for potential novel peptide binders using a custom 7 amino acid-presenting M13 phage library (SX7) to identify unique peptides that bind differentially to these respective cell types. Surveying glia were untreated, reactive were induced with a lipopolysaccharide treatment, recovery was modeled with a potent anti-inflammatory treatment dexamethasone, and priming was determined by subsequently challenging the cells with interferon gamma. Microglial function was profiled by determining the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. After incubation with the SX7 phage library, populations of SX7-positive microglia and/or astrocytes were collected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, SX7 phage was amplified in Escherichia coli culture, and phage DNA was sequenced via next-generation sequencing. Binding validation was done with synthesized peptides via in-cell westerns. Fifty-eight unique peptides were discovered, and their potential functions were assessed using a basic local alignment search tool. Peptides potentially originated from proteins ranging in function from a variety of supportive glial roles, including synapse support and pruning, to inflammatory incitement including cytokine and interleukin activation, and potential regulation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koss
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - T Son
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - J Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - M A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Z J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - J A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - K G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jung H, Lee D, You H, Lee M, Kim H, Cheong E, Um JW. LPS induces microglial activation and GABAergic synaptic deficits in the hippocampus accompanied by prolonged cognitive impairment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6547. [PMID: 37085584 PMCID: PMC10121592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation impacts the brain and cognitive behavior through microglial activation. In this study, we determined the temporal sequence from microglial activation to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive behavior induced by neuroinflammation in mice. We found that LPS injection activated microglia within a short period, followed by impairments in GABAergic synapses, and that these events led to long-term cognitive impairment. We demonstrated that, 3 days after LPS injection, microglia in the hippocampus were significantly activated due to the LPS-induced inflammation in association with alterations in cellular morphology, microglial density, and expression of phagocytic markers. GABAergic synaptic impairments were detected at 4-6 days after LPS treatment, a time when microglia activity had returned to normal. Consequently, memory impairment persisted for 6 days after injection of LPS. Our results suggest that neuroinflammation induces microglia activation, GABAergic synaptic deficits and prolonged memory impairment over a defined temporal sequence. Our observations provide insight into the temporal sequence of neuroinflammation-associated brain pathologies. Moreover, the specific loss of inhibitory synapses accompanying the impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission provides mechanistic insight that may explain the prolonged cognitive deficit observed in patients with neuroinflammation. Thus, this study provides essential clues regarding early intervention strategies against brain pathologies accompanying neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Jung
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Dongsu Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Heejung You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Myungha Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeonho Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
- Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Manjili MH. The adaptation model of immunity: A new insight into aetiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13255. [PMID: 36680379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current research and drug development for multiple sclerosis (MS) is fully influenced by the self-nonself (SNS) model of immunity, suggesting that breakage of immunological tolerance towards self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for pathogenesis of MS; thus, immune suppressive drugs are recommended for the management of the disease. However, this model provides incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and progression of MS and limits our ability to effectively treat this neurological disease. Some pre-clinical and clinical reports have been misunderstood; some others have been underappreciated because of the lack of a theoretical model that can explain them. Also, current immunotherapies are guided according to the models that are not designed to explain the functional outcomes of an immune response. The adaptation model of immunity is proposed to offer a new understanding of the existing data and galvanize a new direction for the treatment of MS. According to this model, the immune system continuously communicates with the CNS through the adaptation receptors (AdRs) and adaptation ligands (AdLs) or co-receptors, signal IV, to support cell growth and neuroplasticity. Alterations in the expression of the neuronal AdRs results in MS by shifting the cerebral inflammatory immune responses from remyelination to demyelination. Therefore, novel therapeutics for MS should be focused on the discovery and targeting of the AdR/AdL axis in the CNS rather than carrying on with immune suppressive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sun G, Lin CH, Mei G, Gu J, Fan SF, Liu X, Liu R, Liu XW, Chen XS, Zhou C, Yi X, Jin P, Chang CP, Lin XJ. Recovery of neurosurgical high-frequency electroporation injury in the canine brain can be accelerated by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114372. [PMID: 36773524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in a very short time, the biological consequence of a TBI, such as Alzheimer's disease, may last a lifetime. To date, effective interventions are not available to improve recovery from a TBI. Herein we aimed to ascertain whether recovery of neurosurgical high-frequency irreversible electroporation (HFIRE) injury in brain tissues can be accelerated by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF). METHODS The HFIRE injury was induced in the right parietal cortex of 8 adult healthy and neurologically intact male dogs. Two weeks before HFIRE injury, each dog was administered orally with or without 7,8-DHF (30 mg/kg) once daily for consecutive 2 weeks (n = 4 for each group). The values of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, and cerebral infarction volumes were measured. The concentrations of beta-amyloid, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured biochemically. RESULTS The BBB disruption, brain edema, infarction volumes, and maximal cross-section area caused by HFIRE injury in canine brain were significantly attenuated by 7,8-DHF therapy (P < 0.0001). Additionally, 7,8-DHF significantly reduced the HFIRE-induced cerebral overproduction of beta-amyloid and proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (P < 0.0001) in dogs with HFIRE. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of neurosurgical HFIRE injury in canine brain tissues can be accelerated by 7,8-DHT via ameliorating BBB disruption as well as cerebral overproduction of both beta-amyloid and proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Military Medical Psychology and Stress Biology of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Guiping Mei
- Guangzhou Huaxia Vocational College, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jia Gu
- Suzhou Powersite Electric Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Fang Fan
- Suzhou Powersite Electric Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Ruoxu Liu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Wei Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Sen Chen
- Department of Pathology, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Yi
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Xiao-Jing Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 960(th) Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Military Medical Psychology and Stress Biology of PLA, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Church KA, Rodriguez D, Mendiola AS, Vanegas D, Gutierrez IL, Tamayo I, Amadu A, Velazquez P, Cardona SM, Gyoneva S, Cotleur AC, Ransohoff RM, Kaur T, Cardona AE. Pharmacological depletion of microglia alleviates neuronal and vascular damage in the diabetic CX3CR1-WT retina but not in CX3CR1-KO or hCX3CR1 I249/M280-expressing retina. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130735. [PMID: 37033925 PMCID: PMC10077890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular disease characterized by irreparable vascular damage, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, is a leading complication of diabetes mellitus. There is no cure for DR, and medical interventions marginally slow the progression of disease. Microglia-mediated inflammation in the diabetic retina is regulated via CX3CR1-FKN signaling, where FKN serves as a calming signal for microglial activation in several neuroinflammatory models. Polymorphic variants of CX3CR1, hCX3CR1I249/M280 , found in 25% of the human population, result in a receptor with lower binding affinity for FKN. Furthermore, disrupted CX3CR1-FKN signaling in CX3CR1-KO and FKN-KO mice leads to exacerbated microglial activation, robust neuronal cell loss and substantial vascular damage in the diabetic retina. Thus, studies to characterize the effects of hCX3CR1I249/M280 -expression in microglia-mediated inflammation in the diseased retina are relevant to identify mechanisms by which microglia contribute to disease progression. Our results show that hCX3CR1I249/M280 mice are significantly more susceptible to microgliosis and production of Cxcl10 and TNFα under acute inflammatory conditions. Inflammation is exacerbated under diabetic conditions and coincides with robust neuronal loss in comparison to CX3CR1-WT mice. Therefore, to further investigate the role of hCX3CR1I249/M280 -expression in microglial responses, we pharmacologically depleted microglia using PLX-5622, a CSF-1R antagonist. PLX-5622 treatment led to a robust (~70%) reduction in Iba1+ microglia in all non-diabetic and diabetic mice. CSF-1R antagonism in diabetic CX3CR1-WT prevented TUJ1+ axonal loss, angiogenesis and fibrinogen deposition. In contrast, PLX-5622 microglia depletion in CX3CR1-KO and hCX3CR1I249/M280 mice did not alleviate TUJ1+ axonal loss or angiogenesis. Interestingly, PLX-5622 treatment reduced fibrinogen deposition in CX3CR1-KO mice but not in hCX3CR1I249/M280 mice, suggesting that hCX3CR1I249/M280 expressing microglia influences vascular pathology differently compared to CX3CR1-KO microglia. Currently CX3CR1-KO mice are the most commonly used strain to investigate CX3CR1-FKN signaling effects on microglia-mediated inflammation and the results in this study indicate that hCX3CR1I249/M280 receptor variants may serve as a complementary model to study dysregulated CX3CR1-FKN signaling. In summary, the protective effects of microglia depletion is CX3CR1-dependent as microglia depletion in CX3CR1-KO and hCX3CR1I249/M280 mice did not alleviate retinal degeneration nor microglial morphological activation as observed in CX3CR1-WT mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaira A. Church
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Andrew S. Mendiola
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Irene L. Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian Tamayo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Abdul Amadu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Priscila Velazquez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stefka Gyoneva
- Human Genetics, Cerevel Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Acute Neurology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Acute Neurology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, The Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, The Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tejbeer Kaur
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Long DD, Zhang YZ, Liu A, Shen L, Wei HR, Lou QQ, Hu SS, Chen DY, Chai XQ, Wang D. Microglia sustain anterior cingulate cortex neuronal hyperactivity in nicotine-induced pain. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:81. [PMID: 36944965 PMCID: PMC10031886 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term smoking is a risk factor for chronic pain, and chronic nicotine exposure induces pain-like effects in rodents. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been demonstrated to be associated with pain and substance abuse. This study aims to investigate whether ACC microglia are altered in response to chronic nicotine exposure and their interaction with ACC neurons and subsequent nicotine-induced allodynia in mice. METHODS We utilized a mouse model that was fed nicotine water for 28 days. Brain slices of the ACC were collected for morphological analysis to evaluate the impacts of chronic nicotine on microglia. In vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch clamp were used to record the excitability of ACC glutamatergic neurons. RESULTS Compared to the vehicle control, the branch endpoints and the length of ACC microglial processes decreased in nicotine-treated mice, coinciding with the hyperactivity of glutamatergic neurons in the ACC. Inhibition of ACC glutamatergic neurons alleviated nicotine-induced allodynia and reduced microglial activation. On the other hand, reactive microglia sustain ACC neuronal excitability in response to chronic nicotine, and pharmacological inhibition of microglia by minocycline or liposome-clodronate reduces nicotine-induced allodynia. The neuron-microglia interaction in chronic nicotine-induced allodynia is mediated by increased expression of neuronal CX3CL1, which activates microglia by acting on CX3CR1 receptors on microglial cells. CONCLUSION Together, these findings underlie a critical role of ACC microglia in the maintenance of ACC neuronal hyperactivity and resulting nociceptive hypersensitivity in chronic nicotine-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Long
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yu-Zhuo Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hong-Rui Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Qian-Qian Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chai
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Di Wang
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
CB2R activation ameliorates late adolescent chronic alcohol exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in prefrontal cortex microglia in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:60-79. [PMID: 36754245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) during late adolescence increases the risk of anxiety development. Alcohol-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) microglial activation, characterized by morphological changes and increased associations with neurons, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Alcohol exposure increases NLRP3 inflammasome expression, increasing cytokine secretion by activated microglia. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), an essential receptor of the endocannabinoid system, regulates microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions. We aimed to investigate the role of CB2R activation in ameliorating late adolescent CAE-induced anxiety-like behaviors and microglial activation in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for 7 days and then were administered alcohol by gavage (4 g/kg, 25 % w/v) for 28 days. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the specific CB2R agonist AM1241 1 h before alcohol treatment. Anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal were assessed by open field test and elevated plus maze test 24 h after the last alcohol administration. Microglial activation, microglia-neuron interactions, and CB2R and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecule expression in the PFC were measured using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical, qPCR, and Western blotting assays. Microglial morphology was evaluated by Sholl analysis and the cell body-to-total cell size index. Additionally, N9 microglia were activated by LPS in vitro, and the effects of AM1241 on NLRP3 and N9 microglial activation were investigated. RESULTS After CAE, mice exhibited severe anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal. CAE induced obvious microglia-neuron associations, and increased expression of microglial activation markers, CB2R, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules in the PFC. Microglia also showed marked filament retraction and reduction and cell body enlargement after CAE. AM1241 treatment ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in CAE model mice, and it prevented microglial morphological changes, reduced microglial activation marker expression, and suppressed the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by CAE. AM1241 suppressed the LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules, IL-1β release, and M1 phenotype markers (iNOS and CD86) in N9 cell, which was reversed by CB2R antagonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS CAE caused anxiety-like behaviors in late adolescent mice at least partly by inducing microglial activation and increasing microglia-neuron associations in the PFC. CB2R activation ameliorated these effects by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PFC microglia.
Collapse
|
36
|
Endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 is required for microglia activation in the murine retina after systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36739425 PMCID: PMC9899393 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering of microglia around the vasculature has been reported in the retina and the brain after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. LPS acts via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4), which is expressed in several cell types including microglia, monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic LPS in the pigmented mouse retina and the involvement of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced retinal microglia activation. METHODS C57BL/6J, conditional knockout mice that lack Tlr4 expression selectively on endothelial cells (TekCre-posTlr4loxP/loxP) and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice were used. The mice were injected with 1 mg/kg LPS via the tail vein once per day for a total of 4 days. Prior to initiation of LPS injections and approximately 5 h after the last injection, in vivo imaging using fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, electroretinography and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to investigate the role of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced microglia activation and retinal function. RESULTS Activation of microglia, infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, impaired ribbon synapse organization and retinal dysfunction were observed after the LPS exposure in C57BL/6J and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice. None of these effects were observed in the retinas of conditional Tlr4 knockout mice after the LPS challenge. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that systemic LPS exposure can have detrimental effects in the healthy retina and that TLR4 expressed on endothelial cells is essential for retinal microglia activation and retinal dysfunction upon systemic LPS challenge. This important finding provides new insights into the role of microglia-endothelial cell interaction in inflammatory retinal disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hossain MS, Mawatari S, Fujino T. Plasmalogens inhibit neuroinflammation and promote cognitive function. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:56-61. [PMID: 36347405 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation (NF) is defined as the activation of brain glial cells that are found in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been known that an increase in NF could reduce the memory process in the brain but the key factors, associated with NF, behind the dysregulation of memory remained elusive. We previously reported that the NF and aging processes reduced the special phospholipids, plasmalogens (Pls), in the murine brain by a mechanism dependent on the activation of transcription factors, NF-kB and c-MYC. A similar mechanism has also been found in postmortem human brain tissues with AD pathologies and in the AD model mice. Recent evidence showed that these phospholipids enhanced memory and reduced neuro-inflammation in the murine brain. Pls can stimulate the cellular signaling molecules, ERK and Akt, by activating the membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Therefore, recent findings suggest that plasmalogens could be one of the key phospholipids in the brain to enhance memory and inhibit NF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Hossain
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241-1 Kubara, Hisayama-machi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan.
| | - Shiro Mawatari
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241-1 Kubara, Hisayama-machi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Fujino
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, 2241-1 Kubara, Hisayama-machi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen Z, Hu W, Mendez MJ, Gossman ZC, Chomyk A, Boylan BT, Kidd GJ, Phares TW, Bergmann CC, Trapp BD. Neuroprotection by Preconditioning in Mice is Dependent on MyD88-Mediated CXCL10 Expression in Endothelial Cells. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914221146365. [PMID: 36591943 PMCID: PMC9810995 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221146365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) can be preconditioned to resist damage by peripheral pretreatment with low-dose gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Underlying mechanisms associated with transient protection of the cerebral cortex against traumatic brain injury include increased neuronal production of antiapoptotic and neurotrophic molecules, microglial-mediated displacement of inhibitory presynaptic terminals innervating the soma of cortical projection neurons, and synchronized firing of cortical projection neurons. However, the cell types and signaling responsible for these neuronal and microglial changes are unknown. A fundamental question is whether LPS penetrates the CNS or acts on the luminal surface of brain endothelial cells, thereby triggering an indirect parenchymal neuroprotective response. The present study shows that a low-dose intraperitoneal LPS treatment increases brain endothelial cell activation markers CD54, but does not open the blood-brain barrier or alter brain endothelial cell tight junctions as assessed by electron microscopy. NanoString nCounter transcript analyses of CD31-positive brain endothelial cells further revealed significant upregulation of Cxcl10, C3, Ccl2, Il1β, Cxcl2, and Cxcl1, consistent with identification of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) as a regulator of these transcripts by pathway analysis. Conditional genetic endothelial cell gene ablation approaches demonstrated that both MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and Cxcl10 expression are essential for LPS-induced neuroprotection and microglial activation. These results suggest that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) production by endothelial cells in response to circulating TLR ligands may directly or indirectly signal to CXCR3 on neurons and/or microglia. Targeted activation of brain endothelial receptors may thus provide an attractive approach for inducing transient neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mynor J. Mendez
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zachary C. Gossman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Chomyk
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brendan T. Boylan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Grahame J. Kidd
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy W. Phares
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce D. Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim JH, Ju IG, Kim N, Huh E, Son SR, Hong JP, Choi Y, Jang DS, Oh MS. Yomogin, Isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi, Inhibits Neuroinflammation Stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide via Regulating MAPK Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010106. [PMID: 36670968 PMCID: PMC9854746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation causes various neurological disorders, including depression and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, regulation of neuroinflammation is a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammation-related neurological disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether yomogin, isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi, has anti-neuroinflammatory effects. First, we evaluated the effects of yomogin by assessing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The results showed that yomogin inhibited the increase in neuroinflammatory factors, including nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and suppressed phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38, which participate in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. To confirm these effects in vivo, we measured the activation of astrocyte and microglia in LPS-injected mouse brains. Results showed that yomogin treatment decreased astrocyte and microglia activations. Collectively, these results suggest that yomogin suppresses neuroinflammation by regulating the MAPK pathway and it could be a potential candidate for inflammation-mediated neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyoung Ju
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkwon Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Huh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ri Son
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Pyo Hong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (M.S.O.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-2-961-9436 (M.S.O.)
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (M.S.O.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-2-961-9436 (M.S.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Church KA, Rodriguez D, Vanegas D, Gutierrez IL, Cardona SM, Madrigal JLM, Kaur T, Cardona AE. Models of microglia depletion and replenishment elicit protective effects to alleviate vascular and neuronal damage in the diabetic murine retina. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:300. [PMID: 36517889 PMCID: PMC9753268 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the retina, are believed to influence the development of retinopathy, but their exact contributions to vascular integrity and neuronal loss are unknown. Therefore, utilizing two models of microglia depletion, we aimed to deplete and repopulate microglia to clarify the contribution of microglia to neuronal loss and vascular damage in the diabetic retina in an STZ-induced model of hyperglycemia. Here, we report that 2 weeks exposure to diphtheria toxin (DTx) in diabetic CX3CR1CreER:R26iDTR transgenic mice induced a 62% increase in Iba1+ microglia associated with an increase in TUJ1+ axonal density and prevention of NeuN+RBPMS+ neuronal loss. Conversely, diabetic PBS controls exhibited robust TUJ1+ axonal and NeuN+RBPMS+ neuronal loss compared to non-diabetic controls. A 2-week recovery period from DTx was associated with a 40% reduction in angiogenesis and an 85% reduction in fibrinogen deposition into the diabetic retina in comparison to diabetic PBS-treated controls. Analysis of microglia morphology and marker expression revealed that following a 2-week recovery period microglia displayed a P2RY12+Ly6C- phenotype and high transformation index (TI) values complimented by a ramified-surveillant morphology closely resembling non-diabetic controls. In contrast, diabetic PBS-treated control mice displayed P2RY12+Ly6C+ microglia, with a 50% reduction in TI values with an amoeboid morphology. To validate these observations were due to microglia depletion, we used PLX-5622 to assess vascular and neuronal damage in the retinas of diabetic mice. Confocal microscopy revealed that PLX-5622 also induced an increase in TUJ1+ axonal density and prevented fibrinogen extravasation into the diabetic retina. mRNAseq gene expression analysis in retinal isolates revealed that PLX-5622-induced microglia depletion and repopulation induced a downregulation in genes associated with microglial activation and phagocytosis, B2m, Cx3cr1, and Trem2, and complement-associated synaptic pruning, C1qa, C1qb, and C1qc. Although the levels of microglia depletion induced with DTx in the CX3CR1CreER:R26iDTR model and those induced with the CSF-1R antagonists are distinct, our results suggest that microglia depletion and replenishment is neuroprotective by inducing the proliferation of a homeostatic microglia pool that supports neuronal and vascular integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaira A. Church
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA ,grid.215352.20000000121845633South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA ,grid.215352.20000000121845633South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA ,grid.215352.20000000121845633South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Irene L. Gutierrez
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA ,grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CIBERSAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA ,grid.215352.20000000121845633South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - José L. M. Madrigal
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CIBERSAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tejbeer Kaur
- grid.254748.80000 0004 1936 8876Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178 USA
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- grid.215352.20000000121845633Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA ,grid.215352.20000000121845633South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tang C, Jin Y, Wang H. The biological alterations of synapse/synapse formation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:1054605. [PMID: 36530954 PMCID: PMC9755596 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1054605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication caused by sepsis, and is responsible for increased mortality and poor outcomes in septic patients. Neurological dysfunction is one of the main manifestations of SAE patients. Patients may still have long-term cognitive impairment after hospital discharge, and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here, we first outline the pathophysiological changes of SAE, including neuroinflammation, glial activation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Synapse dysfunction is one of the main contributors leading to neurological impairment. Therefore, we summarized SAE-induced synaptic dysfunction, such as synaptic plasticity inhibition, neurotransmitter imbalance, and synapses loss. Finally, we discuss the alterations in the synapse, synapse formation, and mediators associated with synapse formation during SAE. In this review, we focus on the changes in synapse/synapse formation caused by SAE, which can further understand the synaptic dysfunction associated with neurological impairment in SAE and provide important insights for exploring appropriate therapeutic targets of SAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huan Wang
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li X, Kiprowska M, Kansara T, Kansara P, Li P. Neuroinflammation: A Distal Consequence of Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1441-1449. [PMID: 35708472 PMCID: PMC9608094 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a chronic, inflammatory disease, induces systemic inflammation and contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The precise etiology of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as sporadic Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis (AD, PD, and MS, respectively), remains to be revealed. Chronic neuroinflammation is a well-recognized component of these disorders, and evidence suggests that systemic inflammation is a possible stimulus for neuroinflammation development. Systemic inflammation can lead to deleterious consequences on the brain if the inflammation is sufficiently severe or if the brain shows vulnerabilities due to genetic predisposition, aging, or neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proposed that periodontal disease can initiate or contribute to the AD pathogenesis through multiple pathways, including key periodontal pathogens. Dysbiotic oral bacteria can release bacterial products into the bloodstream and eventually cross the brain-blood barrier; these bacteria can also cause alterations to gut microbiota that enhance inflammation and potentially affect brain function via the gut-brain axis. The trigeminal nerve has been suggested as another route for connecting oral bacterial products to the brain. PD and MS are often preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms or aberrant gut microbiome composition, and alterations in the enteric nervous system accompany the disease. Clinical evidence has suggested that patients with periodontitis are at a higher risk of developing PD and MS. This nexus among the brain, periodontal disease, and systemic inflammation heralds new ways in which microglial cells, the main innate immune cells, and astrocytes, the crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain, contribute to brain pathology. Currently, the lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration is hindering treatment development. However, we may prevent this pathogenesis by tackling one of its possible contributors (periodontitis) for systemic inflammation through simple preventive oral hygiene measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Kiprowska
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - T. Kansara
- Cleveland Clinic- Union hospital, Dover, OH, USA
| | - P. Kansara
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - P. Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gurung J, Bera NK, Lama M, Singh B. Association of TLR-4 896A/G, TLR-4 1196C/T, and TLR-9 C/T polymorphism with schizophrenia in Indian Bengalee patient. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:579-587. [PMID: 36714667 PMCID: PMC9881711 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_263_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic low-grade inflammation triggered by viral agents is a suggested etiological factor for schizophrenia. However, the underlying mechanism of inflammation and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is poorly understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) is a potential candidate gene to understand the inflammatory process and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia as they are known to express widely in brain cells and can modulate cytokine synthesis through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. To date, no TLR mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms have been established as accepted risk factors for schizophrenia. Aim Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to study the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TLR genes in the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Methods A total of 120 India-born Bengalee schizophrenia patients fulfilling diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-V criteria, and 145 age, sex, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Previous virally associated SNPs in TLR genes were genotyped by Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The allele frequency was compared using the odds ratio, and the association was studied under five inheritance models using the SNPStats program. Results The frequencies of G allele (OR = 2.68, P = 0.01) and A/G genotype of TLR-4 rs4986790 (P = 0.04), T allele (OR = 4.09, P = 0.01) and C/T genotype of TLR-4 rs4986791 (P = 0.05), and T allele of TLR-9 rs352140 (OR = 1.77; P = 0.00) were found to be significantly high in patients. The dominant model was the optimum genetic model for TLR-4 rs4986790 (OR = 3.24, P = 0.01) and TLR-9 rs352140 (OR = 2.88, P = 0.005). Conclusion The findings suggest that SNPs in TLR genes rs4986790, rs4986791, and rs352140 may confer susceptibility to schizophrenia among Indian Bengalee patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Gurung
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Bera
- Department of Psychiatry, North Bengal Medical College, and Hospital, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Lama
- Department of Zoology, GourBanga University, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Bisu Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gruchot J, Lein F, Lewen I, Reiche L, Weyers V, Petzsch P, Göttle P, Köhrer K, Hartung HP, Küry P, Kremer D. Siponimod Modulates the Reaction of Microglial Cells to Pro-Inflammatory Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13278. [PMID: 36362063 PMCID: PMC9655930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siponimod (Mayzent®), a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator which prevents lymphocyte egress from lymphoid tissues, is approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting and active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. It can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and selectively binds to S1PR1 and S1PR5 expressed by several cell populations of the central nervous system (CNS) including microglia. In multiple sclerosis, microglia are a key CNS cell population moving back and forth in a continuum of beneficial and deleterious states. On the one hand, they can contribute to neurorepair by clearing myelin debris, which is a prerequisite for remyelination and neuroprotection. On the other hand, they also participate in autoimmune inflammation and axonal degeneration by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and molecules. In this study, we demonstrate that siponimod can modulate the microglial reaction to lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Lein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabel Lewen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivien Weyers
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University Olomouc, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang Y, Hu Z, Liu H, Gu Y, Ye M, Lu Q, Lu X, Huang C. Adolescent microglia stimulation produces long-lasting protection against chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in adult male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:44-66. [PMID: 35781008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies had reported that microglia activation one day before stress exposure prevented the behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic stress in adult mice, and a 10-day interval between microglia stimulation and stress exposure can abolish the prophylactic effect of LPS preinjection on the behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic stress, which, however, could be rescued by repeated LPS injection. This suggests that increased stimulation of microglia results in animals developing a strong ability to prevent deleterious stress stimuli. Because microglia in the adolescent brain exhibit flexible immunological plasticity, we hypothesize that a single low-dose LPS injection during adolescence may provide long-lasting protection against behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic stress in adult mice. As expected, our results showed that a single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) at post-natal day 28 (PND 28) prevented the development of abnormal behaviors and shifted neuroinflammatory responses toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype in adult mice treated with CSDS at their different stages of the age (PND 56, 140, and 252). Moreover, pretreatment with minocycline or PLX3397 to inhibit microglial activation abolished the prophylactic effect of LPS preinjection after PND 28 on behavioral abnormalities and neuroinflammatory responses induced by CSDS in adult mice at their different stages of the age, PND 56, 140, and 252. These results indicate that stimulation of microglia in adolescence may confer long-lasting protection against neuroinflammatory responses and behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic stress in adult mice. This may offer the potential for the development of a "vaccine-like strategy" to prevent mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng First Hospital, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxiu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lai W, Huang J, Fang W, Deng S, Xie Y, Wang W, Qiao T, Xu G, Wang X, Ding F. Optic nerve head: A gatekeeper for vitreous infectious insults? Front Immunol 2022; 13:987771. [PMID: 36203577 PMCID: PMC9531234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.987771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) pass through the optic nerve head (ONH) and form the optic nerve (ON). The ONH serves as an anatomical interface between the vitreous cavity and subarachnoid space. After inducing acute neuroinflammation by intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we observed inflammatory activation in the retina, but detect no signs of inflammation in the posterior ON or infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ONH. Therefore, we hypothesized that the ONH functions as a barrier to vitreous inflammation. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified significant increase in G-ratio in the posterior ON on day 7 post intravitreal injection (PII) of LPS compared with the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Moreover, using confocal imaging of ex vivo tissue extracted from Aldh1L1-eGFP reporter mice, we observed that the ONH astrocytes altered their spatial orientation by elongating their morphology along the axonal axis of RGCs in LPS- versus PBS-treated eyes; this was quantified by the ratio of longitudinal (DL) and transverse (DT) diameter of astrocytes and the proportion of longitudinally locating astrocytes. Supportive evidences were further provided by transmission electron microscopic imaging in rat ONH. We further conducted RNA sequencing of ONH on day 1 PII and found LPS induced clear upregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that astrocyte and microglia contributed prominently to the transcriptomic alterations in ONH. Here, we report that the vitreous infectious insults induce morphological changes of ONH astrocytes and transcriptomic alterations in the ONH. Glial responses in the ONH may defend against vitreous infectious insults and serve as a barrier to inflammation for the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangyi Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saiyue Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Fengfei Ding, ; Xiaowei Wang,
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fengfei Ding, ; Xiaowei Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Innate immune stimulation prevents chronic stress-induced depressive and anxiogenic-like behaviors in female mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109126. [PMID: 35973368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that pre-stimulation of the innate immune system can prevent depressive and anxiogenic-like behaviors in chronically stressed male mice. However, it is unclear whether similar effects can be observed in female animals. In the present study, we investigated this question in female mice. Our results showed that a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg) one day before stress exposure prevented increased immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test and decreased sucrose intake in the sucrose preference test in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-treated female mice. The single LPS pre-injection (100 μg/kg) prevented the CUS-induced decrease in (i) time spent in open arms and number of entries into open arms in the elevated plus maze test, (ii) time spent in lit side in the light-dark test, and (iii) time spent in the central region of the open field in the open field test, along with no changes in locomotor activity. It was also found that the single LPS pre-injection in female mice prevented the CUS-induced increase in the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 mRNA in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Inhibition of innate immune system stimulation by minocycline pretreatment abrogated the preventive effect of LPS on CUS-induced depressive and anxiogenic-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in female mice. These results suggest that pre-stimulation of the innate immune system by LPS injection may prevent the development of behavioral abnormalities in female mice.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gonadal hormone trigger the dynamic microglial alterations through Traf6/TAK1 axis that correlate with depressive behaviors. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:128-138. [PMID: 35724494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal hormone deficiency is associated with the development of depression, but what mediates this association is unclear. To test the possibility that it reflects neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory processes, we analyzed how gonadal hormone deficiency and replacement affect microglial activation and inflammatory response during the development of depressive symptomatology in gonadectomized male mice. Testosterone level and the ratio of testosterone to estradiol in the serum and brain tissue of mice exposed to 3-35 days of chronic unpredictable stress were much lower than in control animals. Gonadal hormone sustained deficiency in gonadectomized mice and subsequent led to acute inflammation at day 7 following castration. Activating microglia in mice exposed to 7 days of castration subsequently suppressed the proliferation of microglia, such that their numbers in hippocampus and cortex were lower than the numbers in sham-operated mice after 30 days of castration. Here, we showed that gonadal hormone deficiency induces Traf6-mediated microglia activation, a type of inflammatory mediator. Microglia treated in this way for long time showed down-regulation of activation markers, abnormal morphology and depressive-like behaviors. Restoration and maintenance of a fixed ratio of testosterone to estradiol significantly suppressed microglial activation, neuronal necroptosis, dramatically inducing hippocampal neurogenesis and reducing depressive behaviors via the suppression of Traf6/TAK1 pathway. These findings suggest that activated or immunoreactive microglia contribute to gonadal hormone deficiency-induced depression, as well as testosterone and estradiol exert synergistic anti-depressant effects via suppressing microglial activaton in gonadectomized male mice, possibly through Traf6 signaling.
Collapse
|
49
|
Brennan FH, Li Y, Wang C, Ma A, Guo Q, Li Y, Pukos N, Campbell WA, Witcher KG, Guan Z, Kigerl KA, Hall JCE, Godbout JP, Fischer AJ, McTigue DM, He Z, Ma Q, Popovich PG. Microglia coordinate cellular interactions during spinal cord repair in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4096. [PMID: 35835751 PMCID: PMC9283484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a neuro-inflammatory response dominated by tissue-resident microglia and monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Since activated microglia and MDMs are morphologically identical and express similar phenotypic markers in vivo, identifying injury responses specifically coordinated by microglia has historically been challenging. Here, we pharmacologically depleted microglia and use anatomical, histopathological, tract tracing, bulk and single cell RNA sequencing to reveal the cellular and molecular responses to SCI controlled by microglia. We show that microglia are vital for SCI recovery and coordinate injury responses in CNS-resident glia and infiltrating leukocytes. Depleting microglia exacerbates tissue damage and worsens functional recovery. Conversely, restoring select microglia-dependent signaling axes, identified through sequencing data, in microglia depleted mice prevents secondary damage and promotes recovery. Additional bioinformatics analyses reveal that optimal repair after SCI might be achieved by co-opting key ligand-receptor interactions between microglia, astrocytes and MDMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cankun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anjun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yi Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicole Pukos
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristina G Witcher
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132021. [PMID: 35805105 PMCID: PMC9265979 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system via their capacity to regulate neuronal transmission and prune synapses. Both astrocytes and microglia can undergo morphological and transcriptomic changes in response to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While both astrocytes and microglia can be infected with HIV, HIV viral proteins in the local environment can interact with and activate these cells. Given that both astrocytes and microglia play critical roles in maintaining neuronal function, it will be critical to have an understanding of their heterogeneity and to identify genes and mechanisms that modulate their responses to HIV. Heterogeneity may include a depletion or increase in one or more astrocyte or microglial subtypes in different regions of the brain or spine as well as the gain or loss of a specific function. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used to characterise these changes within a given population. The use of this method facilitates the identification of subtypes and changes in cellular transcriptomes that develop in response to activation and various disease processes. In this review, we will examine recent studies that have used scRNA-seq to explore astrocyte and microglial heterogeneity in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as in response to HIV infection. A careful review of these studies will expand our current understanding of cellular heterogeneity at homeostasis and in response to specific disease states.
Collapse
|