1
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Subramanian DL, Miller AMP, Smith DM. A comparison of hippocampal and retrosplenial cortical spatial and contextual firing patterns. Hippocampus 2024; 34:357-377. [PMID: 38770779 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) are key components of the brain's memory and navigation systems. Lesions of either region produce profound deficits in spatial cognition and HPC neurons exhibit well-known spatial firing patterns (place fields). Recent studies have also identified an array of navigation-related firing patterns in the RSC. However, there has been little work comparing the response properties and information coding mechanisms of these two brain regions. In the present study, we examined the firing patterns of HPC and RSC neurons in two tasks which are commonly used to study spatial cognition in rodents, open field foraging with an environmental context manipulation and continuous T-maze alternation. We found striking similarities in the kinds of spatial and contextual information encoded by these two brain regions. Neurons in both regions carried information about the rat's current spatial location, trajectories and goal locations, and both regions reliably differentiated the contexts. However, we also found several key differences. For example, information about head direction was a prominent component of RSC representations but was only weakly encoded in the HPC. The two regions also used different coding schemes, even when they encoded the same kind of information. As expected, the HPC employed a sparse coding scheme characterized by compact, high contrast place fields, and information about spatial location was the dominant component of HPC representations. RSC firing patterns were more consistent with a distributed coding scheme. Instead of compact place fields, RSC neurons exhibited broad, but reliable, spatial and directional tuning, and they typically carried information about multiple navigational variables. The observed similarities highlight the closely related functions of the HPC and RSC, whereas the differences in information types and coding schemes suggest that these two regions likely make somewhat different contributions to spatial cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M P Miller
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David M Smith
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Su Y, Xu J, Zhu Z, Chin J, Xu L, Yu H, Nudell V, Dash B, Moya EA, Ye L, Nimmerjahn A, Sun X. Brainstem Dbh + neurons control allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. Nature 2024; 631:601-609. [PMID: 38987587 PMCID: PMC11254774 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Exaggerated airway constriction triggered by repeated exposure to allergen, also called hyperreactivity, is a hallmark of asthma. Whereas vagal sensory neurons are known to function in allergen-induced hyperreactivity1-3, the identity of downstream nodes remains poorly understood. Here we mapped a full allergen circuit from the lung to the brainstem and back to the lung. Repeated exposure of mice to inhaled allergen activated the nuclei of solitary tract (nTS) neurons in a mast cell-, interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and vagal nerve-dependent manner. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing, followed by RNAscope assay at baseline and allergen challenges, showed that a Dbh+ nTS population is preferentially activated. Ablation or chemogenetic inactivation of Dbh+ nTS neurons blunted hyperreactivity whereas chemogenetic activation promoted it. Viral tracing indicated that Dbh+ nTS neurons project to the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and that NA neurons are necessary and sufficient to relay allergen signals to postganglionic neurons that directly drive airway constriction. Delivery of noradrenaline antagonists to the NA blunted hyperreactivity, suggesting noradrenaline as the transmitter between Dbh+ nTS and NA. Together, these findings provide molecular, anatomical and functional definitions of key nodes of a canonical allergen response circuit. This knowledge informs how neural modulation could be used to control allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinhao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ziai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jisun Chin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haoze Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Nudell
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barsha Dash
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Esteban A Moya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Cheng HY, Fournier DI, Todd TP. Retrosplenial cortex and aversive conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1341705. [PMID: 38983870 PMCID: PMC11232490 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1341705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is well-known for its contribution to episodic memory, as well as contextual and spatial learning and memory. However, two literatures have also emerged examining the role of the RSC in aversive conditioning. The purpose of this manuscript is to review, and attempt to integrate, these two literatures. We focus on studies in which discrete cues, such as tones, predict the occurrence of aversive outcomes, such as mild shocks. Using both electrophysiological recordings and lesion methods, the first literature has examined RSC contributions to discriminative avoidance conditioning. The second, and more recent literature, has focused on the role of the RSC in Pavlovian fear conditioning. We discuss both literatures in terms of the type of information processed by the RSC, the role of the RSC in memory storage, and how the aversive conditioning literature might be consistent with a role for the RSC in contextual learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis P. Todd
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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4
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Robinson PK, Met Hoxha E, Williams D, Kinzig KP, Trask S. Fear extinction is impaired in aged rats. GeroScience 2024; 46:2815-2825. [PMID: 38349449 PMCID: PMC11009175 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Normal aging is accompanied by broad loss of cognitive function in humans and rodents, including declines in cognitive flexibility. In extinction, a conditional stimulus (CS) that was previously paired with a footshock is presented alone. This procedure reliably reduces conditional freezing behavior in young adult rats. Here, we aimed to investigate how normal aging affects extinction learning. Using young (3 months) and aged (20 months) male and female Long Evans rats, we compared extinction (using 20 CS-alone presentations) to a no extinction control (equal exposure to the conditioning chamber without CS presentations) following delay fear conditioning. We found that young animals in the extinction group showed a decrease in freezing following extinction; aged animals did not. We next examined changes in neural activity using expression of the immediate early gene zif268. In young animals, extinction corresponded with decreased expression of zif268 in the basolateral amygdala and anterior retrosplenial cortex; this was not observed in aged animals. Further, aged animals showed increased zif268 expression in each region examined, suggesting that dysfunction in neural activity precedes cognitive deficits. These results demonstrate that aging impacts both extinction learning and neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton K Robinson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erisa Met Hoxha
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Destine Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kimberly P Kinzig
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sydney Trask
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center On Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Sheppard PAS, Oomen CA, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. The Granular Retrosplenial Cortex Is Necessary in Male Rats for Object-Location Associative Learning and Memory, But Not Spatial Working Memory or Visual Discrimination and Reversal, in the Touchscreen Operant Chamber. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0120-24.2024. [PMID: 38844347 PMCID: PMC11208985 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0120-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a hub of diverse afferent and efferent projections thought to be involved in associative learning. RSC shows early pathology in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which impairs associative learning. To understand and develop therapies for diseases such as AD, animal models are essential. Given the importance of human RSC in object-location associative learning and the success of object-location associative paradigms in human studies and in the clinic, it would be of considerable value to establish a translational model of object-location learning for the rodent. For this reason, we sought to test the role of RSC in object-location learning in male rats using the object-location paired-associates learning (PAL) touchscreen task. First, increased cFos immunoreactivity was observed in granular RSC following PAL training when compared with extended pretraining controls. Following this, RSC lesions following PAL acquisition were used to explore the necessity of the RSC in object-location associative learning and memory and two tasks involving only one modality: trial-unique nonmatching-to-location for spatial working memory and pairwise visual discrimination/reversal. RSC lesions impaired both memory for learned paired-associates and learning of new object-location associations but did not affect performance in either the spatial or visual single-modality tasks. These findings provide evidence that RSC is necessary for object-location learning and less so for learning and memory involving the individual modalities therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A S Sheppard
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Charlotte A Oomen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
- MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
- MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
- MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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McElroy DL, Sabir H, Glass AE, Greba Q, Howland JG. The anterior retrosplenial cortex is required for short-term object in place recognition memory retrieval: Role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in male and female Long-Evans rats. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2260-2275. [PMID: 38411499 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The anterior retrosplenial cortex (aRSC) integrates multimodal sensory information into cohesive associative recognition memories. Little is known about how information is integrated during different learning phases (i.e., encoding and retrieval). Additionally, sex differences are observed in performance of some visuospatial memory tasks; however, inconsistent findings warrant more research. We conducted three experiments using the 1-h delay object-in-place (1-h OiP) test to assess recognition memory retrieval in male and female Long-Evans rats. (i) We found both sexes performed equally in three repeated 1-h OiP test sessions. (ii) We showed infusions of a mixture of muscimol/baclofen (GABAA/B receptor agonists) into the aRSC ~15-min prior to the test phase disrupted 1-h OiP in both sexes. (iii) We assessed the role of aRSC ionotropic glutamate receptors in 1-h OiP retrieval using another squad of cannulated rats and confirmed that infusions of either the competitive AMPA/Kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (3 mM) or competitive NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5 (30 mM) (volumes = 0.50 uL/side) significantly impaired 1-h OiP retrieval in both sexes compared to controls. Taken together, findings challenge reported sex differences and clearly establish a role for aRSC ionotropic glutamate receptors in short-term visuospatial recognition memory retrieval. Thus, modulating neural activity in the aRSC may alleviate some memory processing impairments in related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L McElroy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hassaan Sabir
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aiden E Glass
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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7
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Knox D, Parikh V. Basal forebrain cholinergic systems as circuits through which traumatic stress disrupts emotional memory regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105569. [PMID: 38309497 PMCID: PMC10948307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Contextual and spatial systems facilitate changes in emotional memory regulation brought on by traumatic stress. Cholinergic basal forebrain (chBF) neurons provide input to contextual/spatial systems and although chBF neurons are important for emotional memory, it is unknown how they contribute to the traumatic stress effects on emotional memory. Clusters of chBF neurons that project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) modulate fear conditioned suppression and passive avoidance, while clusters of chBF neurons that project to the hippocampus (Hipp) and PFC (i.e. cholinergic medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca (chMS/DBB neurons) are critical for fear extinction. Interestingly, neither Hipp nor PFC projecting chMS/DBB neurons are critical for fear extinction. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a contextual/spatial memory system that receives input from chMS/DBB neurons, but whether this chMS/DBB-RSC circuit facilitates traumatic stress effects on emotional memory remain unexplored. Traumatic stress leads to neuroinflammation and the buildup of reactive oxygen species. These two molecular processes may converge to disrupt chBF circuits enhancing the impact of traumatic stress on emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Ash AM, Regele-Blasco E, Seib DR, Chahley E, Skelton PD, Luikart BW, Snyder JS. Adult-born neurons inhibit developmentally-born neurons during spatial learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 198:107710. [PMID: 36572174 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion of the hippocampus results in a heterogenous population of neurons. Immature adult-born neurons (ABNs) have physiological and anatomical properties that may give them a unique role in learning. For example, compared to older granule neurons, they have greater somatic excitability, which could facilitate their recruitment into memory traces. However, recruitment is also likely to depend on interactions with other DG neurons through processes such as lateral inhibition. Immature ABNs target inhibitory interneurons and, compared to older neurons, they receive less GABAergic inhibition. Thus, they may induce lateral inhibition of mature DG neurons while being less susceptible to inhibition themselves. To test this we used a chemogenetic approach to silence immature ABNs as rats learned a spatial water maze task, and measured activity (Fos expression) in ABNs and developmentally-born neurons (DBNs). A retrovirus expressing the inhibitory DREADD receptor, hM4Di, was injected into the dorsal DG of male rats at 6w to infect neurons born in adulthood. Animals were also injected with BrdU to label DBNs or ABNs. DBNs were significantly more active than immature 4-week-old ABNs. Silencing 4-week-old ABNs did not alter learning but it increased activity in DBNs. However, silencing ABNs did not affect activation in other ABNs within the DG. Silencing ABNs also did not alter Fos expression in parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Collectively, these results suggest that ABNs may directly inhibit DBN activity during hippocampal-dependent learning, which may be relevant for maintaining sparse hippocampal representations of experienced events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Ash
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elena Regele-Blasco
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Désirée R Seib
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Chahley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick D Skelton
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Bryan W Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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9
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Coureaud G, Colombel N, Duchamp-Viret P, Ferreira G. Higher-order trace conditioning in newborn rabbits. Learn Mem 2022; 29:349-354. [PMID: 36180128 PMCID: PMC9536754 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053607.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Temporal contingency is a key factor in associative learning but remains weakly investigated early in life. Few data suggest simultaneous presentation is required for young to associate different stimuli, whereas adults can learn them sequentially. Here, we investigated the ability of newborn rabbits to perform sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning using trace intervals between odor presentations. Strikingly, pups are able to associate odor stimuli with 10- and 30-sec intervals in sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning, respectively. The effectiveness of higher-order trace conditioning in newborn rabbits reveals that very young animals can display complex learning despite their relative immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Coureaud
- Sensory NeuroEthology Group, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, U1028, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche , UMR 5292, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon 1 University, Jean-Monnet University, Bron 69500, France
| | - Nina Colombel
- Sensory NeuroEthology Group, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, U1028, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche , UMR 5292, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon 1 University, Jean-Monnet University, Bron 69500, France
- FoodCircus Group, NutriNeuro Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Patricia Duchamp-Viret
- Sensory NeuroEthology Group, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, U1028, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche , UMR 5292, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon 1 University, Jean-Monnet University, Bron 69500, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- FoodCircus Group, NutriNeuro Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux 33076, France
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10
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Chao OY, Nikolaus S, Yang YM, Huston JP. Neuronal circuitry for recognition memory of object and place in rodent models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104855. [PMID: 36089106 PMCID: PMC10542956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice are used for studying neuronal circuits underlying recognition memory due to their ability to spontaneously remember the occurrence of an object, its place and an association of the object and place in a particular environment. A joint employment of lesions, pharmacological interventions, optogenetics and chemogenetics is constantly expanding our knowledge of the neural basis for recognition memory of object, place, and their association. In this review, we summarize current studies on recognition memory in rodents with a focus on the novel object preference, novel location preference and object-in-place paradigms. The evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex- and hippocampus-connected circuits contribute to recognition memory for object and place. Under certain conditions, the striatum, medial septum, amygdala, locus coeruleus and cerebellum are also involved. We propose that the neuronal circuitry for recognition memory of object and place is hierarchically connected and constructed by different cortical (perirhinal, entorhinal and retrosplenial cortices), thalamic (nucleus reuniens, mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei) and primeval (hypothalamus and interpeduncular nucleus) modules interacting with the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Susanne Nikolaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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11
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Holmes NM, Fam JP, Clemens KJ, Laurent V, Westbrook RF. The neural substrates of higher-order conditioning: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104687. [PMID: 35561894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sensory preconditioned and second-order conditioned responding are each well-documented. The former occurs in subjects (typically rats) exposed to pairings of two relatively neutral stimuli, S2 and S1, and then to pairings of S1 and a motivationally significant event [an unconditioned stimulus (US)]; the latter occurs when the order of these experiences is reversed with rats being exposed to S1-US pairings and then to S2-S1 pairings. In both cases, rats respond when tested with S2 in a manner appropriate to the affective nature of the US, e.g., approach when the US is appetitive and withdrawal when it is aversive. This paper reviews the neural substrates of sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning. It identifies commonalities and differences in the substrates of these so-called higher-order conditioning protocols and discusses these commonalities/differences in relation to what is learned. In so doing, the review highlights ways in which these types of conditioning enhance our understanding of how the brain encodes and retrieves different types of information to generate appropriate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Justine P Fam
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kelly J Clemens
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Vincent Laurent
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Fred Westbrook
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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12
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Busquets-Garcia A, Holmes NM. Editorial: Higher-Order Conditioning: Beyond Classical Conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:928769. [PMID: 35711691 PMCID: PMC9195512 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Busquets-Garcia
- Cell-Type Mechanisms in Normal and Pathological Behavior Research Group, Neuroscience Programme, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathan M. Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Trask S, Fournier DI. Examining a role for the retrosplenial cortex in age-related memory impairment. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 189:107601. [PMID: 35202816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging is often characterized by changes in the ability to form and accurately recall episodic memories, and this is especially evident in neuropsychiatric conditions including Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Memory impairments and cognitive decline associated with aging mirror the impairments observed following damage to the retrosplenial cortex, suggesting that this region might be important for continued cognitive function throughout the lifespan. Here, we review lines of evidence demonstrating that degeneration of the retrosplenial cortex is critically involved in age-related memory impairment and suggest that preservation of function in this region as part of a larger circuit that supports memory maintenance will decrease the deleterious effects of aging on memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Trask
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, United States.
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14
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Hart EE, Gardner MPH, Schoenbaum G. Anterior cingulate neurons signal neutral cue pairings during sensory preconditioning. Curr Biol 2022; 32:725-732.e3. [PMID: 34936884 PMCID: PMC8976914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Of all frontocortical subregions, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has perhaps the most overlapping theories of function.1-3 Recording studies in rats, humans, and other primates have reported diverse neural responses that support many theories,4-12 yet nearly all these studies have in common tasks in which one event reliably predicts another. This leaves open the possibility that ACC represents associative pairing of events, independent of their overt biological significance. Sensory preconditioning13 provides an opportunity to test this. In the first phase, preconditioning, value-neutral sensory stimuli are paired (A→B). To test whether this was learned, subjects are given standard conditioning during which one of the previously neutral sensory cues is paired with a biologically meaningful outcome (B→outcome). During the final probe test, the neutral cue which was never paired with a biologically meaningful outcome is presented alone (A→) and will elicit a conditional response, suggesting that subjects had learned the associative structure during preconditioning and use that knowledge to infer presentation of the biologically relevant outcome (A→B→outcome). Inference-based responding demonstrates a fundamental property of model-based reasoning14,15 and requires learning of the associations between neutral stimuli before rewards are introduced.16-19 ACC neurons developed firing patterns that reflected the learning of sensory associations during preconditioning, even though no rewards were present. The strength of these correlates predicted rats' ability to later mobilize and use that associative information during the probe test. These results demonstrate that clear biological significance is not necessary to produce correlates of learning in ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Hart
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Matthew P H Gardner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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15
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Smith DM, Yang YY, Subramanian DL, Miller AMP, Bulkin DA, Law LM. The limbic memory circuit and the neural basis of contextual memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 187:107557. [PMID: 34808337 PMCID: PMC8755583 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex and anterior thalamus are key components of a neural circuit known to be involved in a variety of memory functions, including spatial, contextual and episodic memory. In this review, we focus on the role of this circuit in contextual memory processes. The background environment, or context, is a powerful cue for memory retrieval, and neural representations of the context provide a mechanism for efficiently retrieving relevant memories while avoiding interference from memories that belong to other contexts. Data from experimental lesions and neural manipulation techniques indicate that each of these regions is critical for contextual memory. Neurophysiological evidence from the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex suggest that contextual information is represented within this circuit by population-level neural firing patterns that reliably differentiate each context a subject encounters. These findings indicate that encoding contextual information to support context-dependent memory retrieval is a key function of this circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Smith
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
| | - Yan Yu Yang
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Adam M P Miller
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David A Bulkin
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - L Matthew Law
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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16
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Motanis H, Khorasani LN, Giza CC, Harris NG. Peering into the Brain through the Retrosplenial Cortex to Assess Cognitive Function of the Injured Brain. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:564-580. [PMID: 34901949 PMCID: PMC8655812 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a posterior cortical area that has been drawing increasing interest in recent years, with a growing number of studies studying its contribution to cognitive and sensory functions. From an anatomical perspective, it has been established that the RSC is extensively and often reciprocally connected with the hippocampus, neocortex, and many midbrain regions. Functionally, the RSC is an important hub of the default-mode network. This endowment, with vast anatomical and functional connections, positions the RSC to play an important role in episodic memory, spatial and contextual learning, sensory-cognitive activities, and multi-modal sensory information processing and integration. Additionally, RSC dysfunction has been reported in cases of cognitive decline, particularly in Alzheimer's disease and stroke. We review the literature to examine whether the RSC can act as a cortical marker of persistent cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because the RSC is easily accessible at the brain's surface using in vivo techniques, we argue that studying RSC network activity post-TBI can shed light into the mechanisms of less-accessible brain regions, such as the hippocampus. There is a fundamental gap in the TBI field about the microscale alterations occurring post-trauma, and by studying the RSC's neuronal activity at the cellular level we will be able to design better therapeutic tools. Understanding how neuronal activity and interactions produce normal and abnormal activity in the injured brain is crucial to understanding cognitive dysfunction. By using this approach, we expect to gain valuable insights to better understand brain disorders like TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Motanis
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Geffen Medical School, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laila N. Khorasani
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Geffen Medical School, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher C. Giza
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Geffen Medical School, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neil G. Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Geffen Medical School, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- *Address correspondence to: Neil G. Harris, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Wasserman Building, 300 Stein Plaza, Room 551, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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17
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Castiello S, Zhang W, Delamater AR. The retrosplenial cortex as a possible "sensory integration" area: A neural network modeling approach of the differential outcomes effect in negative patterning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107527. [PMID: 34592469 PMCID: PMC8595819 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We explored the hypothesis that learning a Pavlovian negative patterning task would be facilitated when training with differential, as opposed to non-differential, reinforcing outcomes. Two groups of rats received pairings of one visual and one auditory stimulus with food reward when these stimuli were presented on separate training trials, but without reward when both stimuli were presented on simultaneous stimulus compound trials (V+, A+, AV-; similar to an XOR problem). For Group Differential, each stimulus was separately paired with distinctively tasting food rewards, whereas for Group Non-Differential each stimulus was randomly paired with both food reward types across different stimulus element trials. We observed that rats learned the negative patterning task more rapidly and effectively when trained with differential outcomes. These data support a multi-layered connectionist model introduced by Delamater (2012) in which a multi-modal processing structure plays the role of a "sensory integration" area like that hypothesized for the retrosplenial cortex by Dave Bucci and his colleagues (e.g., Todd, Fournier, & Bucci, 2019). We discuss how such a region may develop different "negative occasion setting" and "configural inhibition" mechanisms in solving negative patterning and related tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Castiello
- University of Oxford, UK; Brooklyn College - City University of New York, United States
| | - Wenya Zhang
- Brooklyn College - City University of New York, United States
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18
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Trask S, Ferrara NC, Jasnow AM, Kwapis JL. Contributions of the rodent cingulate-retrosplenial cortical axis to associative learning and memory: A proposed circuit for persistent memory maintenance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:178-184. [PMID: 34450181 PMCID: PMC8511298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While the anterior cingulate (ACC) and retrosplenial (RSC) cortices have been extensively studied for their role in spatial navigation, less is known about how they contribute to associative learning and later memory recall. The limited work that has been conducted on this topic suggests that each of these cortical regions makes distinct, but similar contributions to associative learning and memory. Here, we review evidence from the rodent literature demonstrating that while ACC activity seems to be necessary at remote time points associated with imprecise or generalized memories, the role of the RSC seems to be uniform over time. Together, the lines of evidence reviewed here suggest that the ACC and RSC likely function together to support memory formation and maintenance following associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Trask
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- Department of Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
| | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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19
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Level of hM4D(Gi) DREADD Expression Determines Inhibitory and Neurotoxic Effects in the Hippocampus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0105-21.2021. [PMID: 34620623 PMCID: PMC8570686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0105-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective neuromodulation using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has become an increasingly important research tool, as well as an emerging therapeutic approach. However, the safety profile of DREADD expression is unknown. Here, different titers of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector were administered in an attempt to vary total expression levels of the inhibitory DREADD hM4D(Gi) in excitatory hippocampal neurons. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with AAV2/7 encoding DREADD-mCherry, DREADD, or mCherry. Pronounced neuronal loss and neuroinflammatory reactions were observed after transduction with the high titer DREADD AAV, which also resulted in the highest DREADD expression levels. No such effects were observed in the mCherry control group, despite an equally high titer, nor in conditions where lower viral vector titers were injected. In the high titer DREADD conditions, dentate gyrus (DG) evoked potentials were inhibited on clozapine-induced activation of hM4D(Gi), while in low titer conditions DG evoked potentials were enhanced. Recordings of single neuronal activity nevertheless indicated a reduction in spontaneous firing of granule cell layer neurons. Our results indicate that prolonged, high levels of DREADD expression can have neurotoxic effects and that chemogenetic suppression of excitatory hippocampal neurons can paradoxically enhance DG evoked potentials.
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20
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Retrosplenial cortex inactivation during retrieval, but not encoding, impairs remotely acquired auditory fear conditioning in male rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107517. [PMID: 34500052 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies with permanent lesion methods have demonstrated a role for the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in the retrieval of remotely, but not recently, acquired delay fear conditioning. To extend the generalizability of these prior findings, the present experiments used chemogenetics to temporarily inactivate the RSC during either retrieval or encoding of delay auditory fear conditioning. Inactivation of the RSC at the time of test impaired retrieval of a remotely conditioned auditory cue, but not a recently conditioned one. In addition, inactivation of the RSC during encoding had no impact on freezing during later retrieval testing for both a remotely and recently conditioned auditory cue. These findings indicate that the RSC contributes to the retrieval, but not encoding, of remotely acquired auditory fear conditioning, and suggest it has less of a role in both retrieval and encoding of recently acquired auditory fear conditioning.
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21
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Ioannidou C, Busquets-Garcia A, Ferreira G, Marsicano G. Neural Substrates of Incidental Associations and Mediated Learning: The Role of Cannabinoid Receptors. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:722796. [PMID: 34421557 PMCID: PMC8378742 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.722796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form associations between different stimuli in the environment to guide adaptive behavior is a central element of learning processes, from perceptual learning in humans to Pavlovian conditioning in animals. Like so, classical conditioning paradigms that test direct associations between low salience sensory stimuli and high salience motivational reinforcers are extremely informative. However, a large part of everyday learning cannot be solely explained by direct conditioning mechanisms - this includes to a great extent associations between individual sensory stimuli, carrying low or null immediate motivational value. This type of associative learning is often described as incidental learning and can be captured in animal models through sensory preconditioning procedures. Here we summarize the evolution of research on incidental and mediated learning, overview the brain systems involved and describe evidence for the role of cannabinoid receptors in such higher-order learning tasks. This evidence favors a number of contemporary hypotheses concerning the participation of the endocannabinoid system in psychosis and psychotic experiences and provides a conceptual framework for understanding how the use of cannabinoid drugs can lead to altered perceptive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ioannidou
- INSERM, U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnau Busquets-Garcia
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INRAE, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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22
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Gostolupce D, Iordanova MD, Lay BPP. Mechanisms of higher-order learning in the amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113435. [PMID: 34197867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour is under the potent control of environmental cues. Such cues can acquire value by virtue of their associations with outcomes of motivational significance, be they appetitive or aversive. There are at least two ways through which an environmental cue can acquire value, through first-order and higher-order conditioning. In first-order conditioning, a neutral cue is directly paired with an outcome of motivational significance. In higher-order conditioning, a cue is indirectly associated with motivational events via a directly conditioned first-order stimulus. The present article reviews some of the associations that support learning in first- and higher-order conditioning, as well as the role of the BLA and the molecular mechanisms involved in these two types of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Gostolupce
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mihaela D Iordanova
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Belinda P P Lay
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Allen TA, Furtak SC. Introduction to the special issue on extrahippocampal contributions to hippocampal-dependent memory. Hippocampus 2021; 31:634-639. [PMID: 34117810 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Allen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sharon C Furtak
- Department of Psychology, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
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24
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Pickering CA, Mazarakis ND. Viral Vector Delivery of DREADDs for CNS Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:191-206. [PMID: 33573551 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210211102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are genetically modified G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), that can be activated by a synthetic ligand which is otherwise inert at endogenous receptors. DREADDs can be expressed in cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequently offer the opportunity for remote and reversible silencing or activation of the target cells when the synthetic ligand is systemically administered. In neuroscience, DREADDs have thus far shown to be useful tools for several areas of research and offer considerable potential for the development of gene therapy strategies for neurological disorders. However, in order to design a DREADD-based gene therapy, it is necessary to first evaluate the viral vector delivery methods utilised in the literature to deliver these chemogenetic tools. This review evaluates each of the prominent strategies currently utilised for DREADD delivery, discussing their respective advantages and limitations. We focus on adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based and lentivirus-based systems, and the manipulation of these through cell-type specific promoters and pseudotyping. Furthermore, we address how virally mediated DREADD delivery could be improved in order to make it a viable gene therapy strategy and thus expand its translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A Pickering
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Mazarakis
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Amelianchik A, Merkel J, Palanisamy P, Kaneki S, Hyatt E, Norris EH. The protective effect of early dietary fat consumption on Alzheimer's disease-related pathology and cognitive function in mice. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12173. [PMID: 34084889 PMCID: PMC8144936 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that obesity may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, yet the numerous publications on this topic have inconsistent results and conclusions. METHODS Our study examined the effect of varying the timing of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption on AD-related pathology and cognition in transgenic Tg6799 AD mice. RESULTS HFD feeding starting at or before 3 months of age, prior to severe AD pathology, had protective effects in AD mice: reduced extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, decreased fibrinogen extravasation into the brain parenchyma, and improved cognitive function. However, delaying HFD consumption until 6 months of age, when AD pathology is ubiquitous, reduced these protective effects in AD mice. DISCUSSION Overall, we demonstrate that the timeline of HFD consumption may play an important role in how dietary fats affect AD pathogenesis and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Amelianchik
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan Merkel
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Premkumar Palanisamy
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Shigeru Kaneki
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Emily Hyatt
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
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26
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Fournier DI, Cheng HY, Robinson S, Todd TP. Cortical Contributions to Higher-Order Conditioning: A Review of Retrosplenial Cortex Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:682426. [PMID: 34093148 PMCID: PMC8170078 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.682426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher-order conditioning paradigms, such as sensory preconditioning or second-order conditioning, discrete (e.g., phasic) or contextual (e.g., static) stimuli can gain the ability to elicit learned responses despite never being directly paired with reinforcement. The purpose of this mini-review is to examine the neuroanatomical basis of high-order conditioning, by selectively reviewing research that has examined the role of the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning. For both forms of higher-order conditioning, we first discuss the types of associations that may occur and then review findings from RSC lesion/inactivation experiments. These experiments demonstrate a role for the RSC in sensory preconditioning, suggesting that this cortical region might contribute to higher-order conditioning via the encoding of neutral stimulus-stimulus associations. In addition, we address knowledge gaps, avenues for future research, and consider the contribution of the RSC to higher-order conditioning in relation to related brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle I. Fournier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Han Yin Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Siobhan Robinson
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychology Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States
| | - Travis P. Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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27
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Taylor-Yeremeeva EM, Wisser SC, Chakoma TL, Aldrich SJ, Denney AE, Donahue EK, Adelman JS, Ihle PCJ, Robinson S. Appetitive and aversive sensory preconditioning in rats is impaired by disruption of the postrhinal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107461. [PMID: 34015445 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory involves binding stimuli and/or events together in time and place. Furthermore, memories become more complex when new experiences influence the meaning of stimuli within the original memory. Thus collectively, complex episodic memory formation and maintenance involves processes such as encoding, storage, retrieval, updating and reconsolidation, which can be studied using animal models of higher-order conditioning. In the present study aversive and appetitive sensory preconditioning paradigms were used to test the hypothesis that the postrhinal cortex (POR), which is a component of the hippocampal memory system, is involved in higher-order conditioning. Drawing on the known role of the POR in contextual learning, Experiment 1 employed a four-phase sensory preconditioning task that involved fear learning and context discrimination in rats with or without permanent lesions of the POR. In parallel, to examine POR function during higher-order conditioning in the absence of a particular spatial arrangement, Experiments 2 and 3 used a three-phase sensory preconditioning paradigm involving phasic stimuli. In Experiment 2, bilateral lesions of the POR were made and in Experiment 3, a chemogenetic approach was used to temporarily inactivate POR neurons during each phase of the paradigm. Evidence of successful sensory preconditioning was observed in sham rats which, during the critical context discrimination test, demonstrated higher levels of freezing behavior when re-exposed to the paired versus the unpaired context, whereas POR-lesioned rats did not. Data from the appetitive sensory preconditioning paradigm also confirmed the hypothesis in that during the critical auditory discrimination test, sham rats showed greater food cup responding following presentations of the paired compared to the unpaired auditory stimulus, whereas POR-lesioned rats did not. Lastly, in Experiment 3, when the POR was inactivated only during preconditioning or only during conditioning, discrimination during the critical auditory test was impaired. Thus, regardless of whether stimulus-stimulus associations were formed between static or phasic stimuli or whether revaluation of the paired stimulus occurred through association with an aversive or an appetitive unconditioned stimulus, the effects were the same; POR lesions disrupted the ability to use higher-order conditioned stimuli to guide prospective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Wisser
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | | | - Sara J Aldrich
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Amelia E Denney
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Erin K Donahue
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Julia S Adelman
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Peter C J Ihle
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Siobhan Robinson
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA; Department of Psychology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA.
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28
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Yoshida M, Chinzorig C, Matsumoto J, Nishimaru H, Ono T, Yamazaki M, Nishijo H. Configural Cues Associated with Reward Elicit Theta Oscillations of Rat Retrosplenial Cortical Neurons Phase-Locked to LFP Theta Cycles. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2729-2741. [PMID: 33415336 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioral studies implicated the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in stimulus-stimulus associations, and also in the retrieval of remote associative memory based on EEG theta oscillations. However, neural mechanisms involved in the retrieval of stored information of such associations and memory in the RSC remain unclear. To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying these processes, RSC neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) were simultaneously recorded from well-trained rats performing a cue-reward association task. In the task, simultaneous presentation of two multimodal conditioned stimuli (configural CSs) predicted a reward outcome opposite to that associated with the individual presentation of each elemental CS. Here, we show neurophysiological evidence that the RSC is involved in stimulus-stimulus association where configural CSs are discriminated from each elementary CS that is a constituent of the configural CSs, and that memory retrieval of rewarding CSs is associated with theta oscillation of RSC neurons during CS presentation, which is phase-locked to LFP theta cycles. The results suggest that cue (elementary and configural CSs)-reinforcement associations are stored in the RSC neural circuits, and are retrieved in synchronization with LFP theta rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yoshida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Choijiljav Chinzorig
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Bio-medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yamazaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.,Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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29
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Miller AMP, Serrichio AC, Smith DM. Dual-Factor Representation of the Environmental Context in the Retrosplenial Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:2720-2728. [PMID: 33386396 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is thought to be involved in a variety of spatial and contextual memory processes. However, we do not know how contextual information might be encoded in the RSC or whether the RSC representations may be distinct from context representations seen in other brain regions such as the hippocampus. We recorded RSC neuronal responses while rats explored different environments and discovered 2 kinds of context representations: one involving a novel rate code in which neurons reliably fire at a higher rate in the preferred context regardless of spatial location, and a second involving context-dependent spatial firing patterns similar to those seen in the hippocampus. This suggests that the RSC employs a unique dual-factor representational mechanism to support contextual memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M P Miller
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anna C Serrichio
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David M Smith
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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30
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Barron HC, Reeve HM, Koolschijn RS, Perestenko PV, Shpektor A, Nili H, Rothaermel R, Campo-Urriza N, O'Reilly JX, Bannerman DM, Behrens TEJ, Dupret D. Neuronal Computation Underlying Inferential Reasoning in Humans and Mice. Cell 2020; 183:228-243.e21. [PMID: 32946810 PMCID: PMC7116148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Every day we make decisions critical for adaptation and survival. We repeat actions with known consequences. But we also draw on loosely related events to infer and imagine the outcome of entirely novel choices. These inferential decisions are thought to engage a number of brain regions; however, the underlying neuronal computation remains unknown. Here, we use a multi-day cross-species approach in humans and mice to report the functional anatomy and neuronal computation underlying inferential decisions. We show that during successful inference, the mammalian brain uses a hippocampal prospective code to forecast temporally structured learned associations. Moreover, during resting behavior, coactivation of hippocampal cells in sharp-wave/ripples represent inferred relationships that include reward, thereby "joining-the-dots" between events that have not been observed together but lead to profitable outcomes. Computing mnemonic links in this manner may provide an important mechanism to build a cognitive map that stretches beyond direct experience, thus supporting flexible behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Hayley M Reeve
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Renée S Koolschijn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Pavel V Perestenko
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Anna Shpektor
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hamed Nili
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Roman Rothaermel
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Natalia Campo-Urriza
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Jill X O'Reilly
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 15 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AQ, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 15 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AQ, UK
| | - Timothy E J Behrens
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Dupret
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.
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31
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Hart EE, Sharpe MJ, Gardner MPH, Schoenbaum G. Responding to preconditioned cues is devaluation sensitive and requires orbitofrontal cortex during cue-cue learning. eLife 2020; 9:e59998. [PMID: 32831173 PMCID: PMC7481003 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is necessary for inferring value in tests of model-based reasoning, including in sensory preconditioning. This involvement could be accounted for by representation of value or by representation of broader associative structure. We recently reported neural correlates of such broader associative structure in OFC during the initial phase of sensory preconditioning (Sadacca et al., 2018). Here, we used optogenetic inhibition of OFC to test whether these correlates might be necessary for value inference during later probe testing. We found that inhibition of OFC during cue-cue learning abolished value inference during the probe test, inference subsequently shown in control rats to be sensitive to devaluation of the expected reward. These results demonstrate that OFC must be online during cue-cue learning, consistent with the argument that the correlates previously observed are not simply downstream readouts of sensory processing and instead contribute to building the associative model supporting later behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Hart
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Melissa J Sharpe
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Matthew PH Gardner
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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32
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Opalka AN, Wang DV. Hippocampal efferents to retrosplenial cortex and lateral septum are required for memory acquisition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:310-318. [PMID: 32669386 PMCID: PMC7365017 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051797.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory involves a large neural network of many brain regions, including the notable hippocampus along with the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and lateral septum (LS). Previous studies have established that the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) plays a critical role during the acquisition and retrieval/expression of episodic memories. However, the role of downstream circuitry from the dHPC, including the dHPC-to-RSC and dHPC-to-LS pathways, has come under scrutiny only recently. Here, we used an optogenetic approach with contextual fear conditioning in mice to determine whether the above two pathways are involved in acquisition and expression of contextual fear memory. We found that a selective inhibition of the dHPC neuronal terminals in either the RSC or LS during acquisition impaired subsequent memory performance, suggesting that both the dHPC-to-RSC and dHPC-to-LS pathways play a critical role in memory acquisition. We also selectively inhibited the two dHPC efferent pathways during memory retrieval and found a differential effect on memory performance. These results indicate the intricacies of memory processing and that hippocampal efferents to cortical and subcortical regions may be differentially involved in aspects of physiological and cognitive memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Opalka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
| | - Dong V Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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33
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Cortico-Hippocampal Computational Modeling Using Quantum Neural Networks to Simulate Classical Conditioning Paradigms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070431. [PMID: 32645988 PMCID: PMC7407954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most existing cortico-hippocampal computational models use different artificial neural network topologies. These conventional approaches, which simulate various biological paradigms, can get slow training and inadequate conditioned responses for two reasons: increases in the number of conditioned stimuli and in the complexity of the simulated biological paradigms in different phases. In this paper, a cortico-hippocampal computational quantum (CHCQ) model is proposed for modeling intact and lesioned systems. The CHCQ model is the first computational model that uses the quantum neural networks for simulating the biological paradigms. The model consists of two entangled quantum neural networks: an adaptive single-layer feedforward quantum neural network and an autoencoder quantum neural network. The CHCQ model adaptively updates all the weights of its quantum neural networks using quantum instar, outstar, and Widrow–Hoff learning algorithms. Our model successfully simulated several biological processes and maintained the output-conditioned responses quickly and efficiently. Moreover, the results were consistent with prior biological studies.
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34
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Yuan K, Cao L, Xue Y, Luo Y, Liu X, Kong F, Tabarak S, Liao F, Meng S, Han Y, Wu P, Bao Y, Zhang W, Lu L, Shi J. Basolateral amygdala is required for reconsolidation updating of heroin-associated memory after prolonged withdrawal. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12793. [PMID: 31339209 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Postretrieval extinction procedures are effective nonpharmacological interventions for disrupting drug-associated memories. Nonetheless, the conditioned stimulus (CS) memory retrieval-extinction procedure is ineffective in inhibiting drug craving and relapse after prolonged withdrawal, which significantly undermines its therapeutic potential. In the present study, we showed that, unlike the CS memory retrieval-extinction procedure, noncontingent heroin injections (unconditioned stimulus [UCS]) 1 hour before the extinction sessions decreased the heroin-priming-induced reinstatement, renewal, and spontaneous recovery of heroin seeking after 28 days of withdrawal (ie, remote heroin-associated memories) in rats. The UCS retrieval manipulation induced reactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) after prolonged withdrawal, and this reactivation was absent with the CS retrieval manipulation. Chemogenetic inactivation of the BLA abolished the inhibitory effect of the UCS memory retrieval-extinction procedure on heroin-priming-induced reinstatement after prolonged withdrawal. Furthermore, the combination of chemogenetic reactivation of BLA and CS retrieval-extinction procedure resembled the inhibitory effect of UCS retrieval-extinction procedure on heroin seeking after prolonged withdrawal. We also observed that the inhibitory effect of the UCS retrieval-extinction procedure is mediated by regulation of AMPA receptor endocytosis in the BLA. Our results demonstrate critical engagement of the BLA in reconsolidation updating of heroin-associated memory after prolonged withdrawal, extending our knowledge of the boundary conditions of the reconsolidation of drug-associated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China
| | - Lu Cao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yi‐Xiao Luo
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Xiao‐Xing Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China
| | - Fan‐Ni Kong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China
| | - Serik Tabarak
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China
| | - Fan Liao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
| | - Shi‐Qiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU‐IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital) Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Peking University Beijing China
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35
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Holschneider DP, Wang Z, Chang H, Zhang R, Gao Y, Guo Y, Mao J, Rodriguez LV. Ceftriaxone inhibits stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia and alters cerebral micturition and nociceptive circuits in the rat: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research network study. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:1628-1643. [PMID: 32578247 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Emotional stress plays a role in the exacerbation and development of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Given the significant overlap of brain circuits involved in stress, anxiety, and micturition, and the documented role of glutamate in their regulation, we examined the effects of an increase in glutamate transport on central amplification of stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia, a core feature of IC/BPS. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS, 1 hour/day x 10 days) or sham stress, with subgroups receiving daily administration of ceftriaxone (CTX), an activator of glutamate transport. Thereafter, cystometrograms were obtained during bladder infusion with visceromotor responses (VMR) recorded simultaneously. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) mapping was performed by intravenous injection of [14 C]-iodoantipyrine during passive bladder distension. Regional CBF was quantified in autoradiographs of brain slices and analyzed in three dimensional reconstructed brains with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS WAS elicited visceral hypersensitivity during bladder filling as demonstrated by a decreased pressure threshold and VMR threshold triggering the voiding phase. Brain maps revealed stress effects in regions noted to be responsive to bladder filling. CTX diminished visceral hypersensitivity and attenuated many stress-related cerebral activations within the supraspinal micturition circuit and in overlapping limbic and nociceptive regions, including the posterior midline cortex (posterior cingulate/anterior retrosplenium), somatosensory cortex, and anterior thalamus. CONCLUSIONS CTX diminished bladder hyspersensitivity and attenuated regions of the brain that contribute to nociceptive and micturition circuits, show stress effects, and have been reported to demonstrated altered functionality in patients with IC/BPS. Glutamatergic pharmacologic strategies modulating stress-related bladder dysfunction may be a novel approach to the treatment of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Huiyi Chang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yunliang Gao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumei Guo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jackie Mao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larissa V Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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36
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Zhang Q, Li J, Huang S, Yang M, Liang S, Liu W, Chen L, Tao J. Functional connectivity of the retrosplenial cortex in rats with ischemic stroke is improved by electroacupuncture. Acupunct Med 2020; 39:200-207. [PMID: 32529883 DOI: 10.1177/0964528420921190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the central mechanism underlying the putative beneficial effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on learning and memory ability of rats with ischemic stroke-induced cognitive deficits by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cognitive deficit (MICD) was established. Rats were randomly assigned into a sham-operated control group (SC group, n = 12), untreated MICD model group (MICD group, n = 12), and MICD group receiving EA treatment at GV20 and GV24 (MICD + EA group, n = 12). RESULTS Compared to the MICD group, rats in the MICD + EA group receiving EA at GV20 and GV24 exhibited significantly shortened escape latency times and crossed the position of the platform a significantly increased number of times during the Morris water maze test on the 14th day after EA, which suggested EA could significantly improve spatial learning and memory ability. Furthermore, compared to the MICD group, functional connectivity of the left retrosplenial cortex (RSC) with the left hippocampus, left RSC, right RSC, left cingulate gyrus, right cingulate gyrus, right tegmentum of midbrain, and right visual cortex was increased in the MICD + EA group; the MICD group showed decreased functional connectivity of the left RSC with the left hippocampus, right hippocampus, left RSC, right RSC, right amygdaloid body, left visual cortex, and right visual cortex. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that EA at GV20 and GV24 might improve the learning and memory ability of MICD rats by increasing the functional connectivity between the RSC and hippocampus, cingulate gyrus and midbrain, which is encouraging for the potential treatment for cognitive impairment secondary to ischemia stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, China
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37
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Fournier DI, Monasch RR, Bucci DJ, Todd TP. Retrosplenial cortex damage impairs unimodal sensory preconditioning. Behav Neurosci 2020; 134:198-207. [PMID: 32150422 PMCID: PMC7244381 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is positioned at the interface between cortical sensory regions and the structures that compose the medial temporal lobe memory system. It has recently been suggested that 1 functional role of the RSC involves the formation of associations between cues in the environment (stimulus-stimulus [S-S] learning; Bucci & Robinson, 2014). This suggestion is based, in part, on the finding that lesions or temporary inactivation of the RSC impair sensory preconditioning. However, all prior studies examining the role of the RSC in sensory preconditioning have used cues from multiple modalities (both visual and auditory stimuli). The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether the RSC contributes to unimodal sensory preconditioning. In the present study we found that both electrolytic and neurotoxic lesions of the RSC impaired sensory preconditioning with auditory cues. Together with previous experiments, these findings indicate that the RSC contributes to both multisensory and unimodal sensory integration, which suggests a general role for the RSC in linking sensory cues in the environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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38
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Closed-Loop Theta Stimulation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Prevents Reward-Based Learning. Neuron 2020; 106:537-547.e4. [PMID: 32160515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal oscillations in the frontal cortex have been hypothesized to play a role in the organization of high-level cognition. Within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), there is a prominent oscillation in the theta frequency (4-8 Hz) during reward-guided behavior, but it is unclear whether this oscillation has causal significance. One methodological challenge is that it is difficult to manipulate theta without affecting other neural signals, such as single-neuron firing rates. A potential solution is to use closed-loop control to record theta in real time and use this signal to control the application of electrical microstimulation to the OFC. Using this method, we show that theta oscillations in the OFC are critically important for reward-guided learning and that they are driven by theta oscillations in the hippocampus (HPC). The ability to disrupt OFC computations via spatially localized and temporally precise stimulation could lead to novel treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders involving OFC dysfunction.
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39
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Anterior retrosplenial cortex is required for long-term object recognition memory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4002. [PMID: 32152383 PMCID: PMC7062718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is implicated on navigation and contextual memory. Lesions studies showed that the RSC shares functional similarities with the hippocampus (HP). Here we evaluated the role of the anterior RSC (aRSC) in the “what” and “where” components of recognition memory and contrasted it with that of the dorsal HP (dHP). Our behavioral and molecular findings show functional differences between the aRSC and the dHP in recognition memory. The inactivation of the aRSC, but not the dHP, impairs the consolidation and expression of the “what” memory component. In addition, object recognition task is accompanied by c-Fos levels increase in the aRSC. Interestingly, we found that the aRSC is recruited to process the “what” memory component only if it is active during acquisition. In contrast, both the aRSC and dHP are required for encoding the “where” component, which correlates with c-Fos levels increase. Our findings introduce a novel role of the aRSC in recognition memory, processing not only the “where”, but also the “what” memory component.
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40
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Peeters LM, Missault S, Keliris AJ, Keliris GA. Combining designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs and neuroimaging in experimental models: A powerful approach towards neurotheranostic applications. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:992-1002. [PMID: 31658365 PMCID: PMC7042113 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of chemogenetics targeting specific brain cell populations with in vivo imaging techniques provides scientists with a powerful new tool to study functional neural networks at the whole-brain scale. A number of recent studies indicate the potential of this approach to increase our understanding of brain function in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the employment of a specific chemogenetic tool, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs, in conjunction with non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as PET and MRI. We highlight the utility of using this multiscale approach in longitudinal studies and its ability to identify novel brain circuits relevant to behaviour that can be monitored in parallel. In addition, some identified shortcomings in this technique and more recent efforts to overcome them are also presented. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs in neuroimaging and the promise it holds for future neurotheranostic applications.
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Green model to adapt classical conditioning learning in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 2020; 426:201-219. [PMID: 31812493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Compared with the biological paradigms of classical conditioning, non-adaptive computational models are not capable of realistically simulating the biological behavioural functions of the hippocampal regions, because of their implausible requirement for a large number of learning trials, which can be on the order of hundreds. Additionally, these models did not attain a unified, final stable state even after hundreds of learning trials. Conversely, the output response has a different threshold for similar tasks in various models with prolonged transient response of unspecified status via the training or even testing phases. Accordingly, a green model is a combination of adaptive neuro-computational hippocampal and cortical models that is proposed by adaptively updating the whole weights in all layers for both intact networks and lesion networks using instar and outstar learning rules with adaptive resonance theory (ART). The green model sustains and expands the classical conditioning biological paradigms of the non-adaptive models. The model also overcomes the irregular output response behaviour by using the proposed feature of adaptivity. Further, the model successfully simulates the hippocampal regions without passing the final output response back to the whole network, which is considered to be biologically implausible. The results of the Green model showed a significant improvement confirmed by empirical studies of different tasks. In addition, the results indicated that the model outperforms the previously published models. All the obtained results successfully and quickly attained a stable, desired final state (with a unified concluding state of either "1" or "0") with a significantly shorter transient duration.
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Todd TP, Fournier DI, Bucci DJ. Retrosplenial cortex and its role in cue-specific learning and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:713-728. [PMID: 31055014 PMCID: PMC6906080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) contributes to spatial navigation, as well as contextual learning and memory. However, a growing body of research suggests that the RSC also contributes to learning and memory for discrete cues, such as auditory or visual stimuli. In this review, we summarize and assess the Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning experiments that have examined the role of the RSC in cue-specific learning and memory. We use the term cue-specific to refer to these putatively non-spatial conditioning paradigms that involve discrete cues. Although these paradigms emphasize behavior related to cue presentations, we note that cue-specific learning and memory always takes place against a background of contextual stimuli. We review multiple ways by which contexts can influence responding to discrete cues and suggest that RSC contributions to cue-specific learning and memory are intimately tied to contextual learning and memory. Indeed, although the RSC is involved in several forms of cue-specific learning and memory, we suggest that many of these can be linked to processing of contextual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Todd
- Dartmouth College, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 6207 Moore Hall, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Danielle I Fournier
- Dartmouth College, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 6207 Moore Hall, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Bucci
- Dartmouth College, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 6207 Moore Hall, NH, 03755, USA
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43
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Seo DO, Motard LE, Bruchas MR. Contemporary strategies for dissecting the neuronal basis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 165:106835. [PMID: 29550367 PMCID: PMC6138573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts in clinical and basic research have shown progress in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactive disorders. Literature on this field have suggested that these disorders are affected by the complex interaction of genetic, biological, psychosocial and environmental risk factors. However, this complexity of interplaying risk factors during neurodevelopment has prevented a complete understanding of the causes of those neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recently, with advances in modern high-resolution neuroscience methods, the neural circuitry analysis approach has provided new solutions for understanding the causal relationship between dysfunction of a neural circuit and behavioral alteration in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review we will discuss recent progress in developing novel optogenetic and chemogenetic strategies to investigate neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Seo
- Departmentof Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Laura E Motard
- Departmentof Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Departmentof Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Sigwald EL, Bignante EA, de Olmos S, Lorenzo A. Fear-context association during memory retrieval requires input from granular to dysgranular retrosplenial cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 163:107036. [PMID: 31201928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the granular (area 29, A29) and dysgranular (area 30, A30) subdivisions of the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) to contextual fear memory (CFM) retrieval remains elusive. Here, intact and orchiectomized (ORC) male rats received an intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of saline (control) or 5 mg/Kg MK801 after training and memory formation. In ORC, but not in intact males, this MK801 treatment selectively induces overt loss of neurons in layers IV-Va of A29 (A29MK801 neurons) (Sigwald et al., 2016). Compared to ORC-saline, ORC-MK801 rats showed impaired CFM retrieval in an A-B-A design for contextual fear conditioning (CFC), however context recognition was not affected. In ORC-MK801 rats, neither novel object recognition nor object-in-context discrimination were impaired, further indicating that A29MK801 neurons are not required for contextual recognition. Elevated plus maze test showed that anxiety-like behavior was not affected in ORC-MK801 animals, suggesting that loss of A29MK801 neurons does not affect the emotional state that could impair freezing during test. Importantly, in a sensory preconditioning test, higher order CFM retrieval was abolished in ORC-MK801, but not in male-MK801. Collectively, these observations indicate that A29MK801 neurons are critically required for retrieving fear-context association. For dissecting the anatomofunctional contribution of A29MK801 neurons to CFM retrieval, expression of c-Fos and Egr-1 was used to map brain-wide neuronal activity. In control male rats CFC and CFM retrieval was associated with significant enhancement of both proteins in limbic structures and A30, but not in A29, suggesting that neurons in A30 and limbic structures encode and store the associative experience. Notably, in ORC but not in intact males, MK801 impairs CFM retrieval and expression of c-Fos and Egr-1 proteins in A30, without affecting their expression in limbic structures. Thus, the loss of A29MK801 neurons after CFM formation precludes activation of associative neurons in A30, impairing CFM recall. FluoroGold retrograde track-tracing confirmed that A29MK801 neurons project to A30. Silver staining provide evidence that MK801 in ORC rats induces axonal deafferentation of A29MK801 neuron in A30. Collectively, our experiments provide the first evidence that A30 neurons participate in encoding and storing CFM while A29 is required for their activation during recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Sigwald
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elena A Bignante
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Lorenzo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Farmacología, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Fournier DI, Todd TP, Bucci DJ. Permanent damage or temporary silencing of retrosplenial cortex impairs the expression of a negative patterning discrimination. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 163:107033. [PMID: 31173918 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is positioned at the interface between cortical sensory regions and the hippocampal/parahippocampal memory system. As such, it has been theorized that RSC may have a fundamental role in linking sensory stimuli together in the service of forming complex representations. To test this, three experiments were carried out to determine the effects of RSC damage or temporary inactivation on learning or performing a negative patterning discrimination. In this procedure, two conditioned stimuli are reinforced when they are presented individually (i.e., stimulus elements) but are non-reinforced when they are presented simultaneously as a compound stimulus. Normal rats successfully discriminate between the two types of trials as evidenced by more responding to the elements compared to the compound stimulus. This is thought to reflect the formation of a configural representation of the compound stimulus; that is, the two cues are linked together in such a fashion that the compound stimulus is a wholly different, unique stimulus. Permanent lesions of RSC made prior to training (Experiment 1) had no effect on learning the discrimination. However, lesions (Experiment 2) or temporary chemogenetic inactivation (Experiment 3) of RSC made after training impaired subsequent performance of the discrimination. We argue that this pattern of results indicates that RSC may normally be involved in forming the configural representations manifested in negative patterning, but that absent the RSC, other brain systems or structures can compensate sufficiently to result in normal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle I Fournier
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA
| | - Travis P Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, USA
| | - David J Bucci
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, USA.
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Temporary inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex impairs the formation, but not the retrieval of social odor recognition memory in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Optogenetic reactivation of memory ensembles in the retrosplenial cortex induces systems consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8576-8581. [PMID: 30877252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818432116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural circuits underlying memory change over prolonged periods after learning, in a process known as systems consolidation. Postlearning spontaneous reactivation of memory-related neural ensembles is thought to mediate this process, although a causal link has not been established. Here we test this hypothesis in mice by using optogenetics to selectively reactivate neural ensembles representing a contextual fear memory (sometimes referred to as engram neurons). High-frequency stimulation of these ensembles in the retrosplenial cortex 1 day after learning produced a recent memory with features normally observed in consolidated remote memories, including higher engagement of neocortical areas during retrieval, contextual generalization, and decreased hippocampal dependence. Moreover, this effect was only present if memory ensembles were reactivated during sleep or light anesthesia. These results provide direct support for postlearning memory ensemble reactivation as a mechanism of systems consolidation, and show that this process can be accelerated by ensemble reactivation in an unconscious state.
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Nelson AJD, Powell AL, Kinnavane L, Aggleton JP. Anterior thalamic nuclei, but not retrosplenial cortex, lesions abolish latent inhibition in rats. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:378-387. [PMID: 30321027 PMCID: PMC6188468 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of excitotoxic lesions in 2 closely related structures, the anterior thalamic nuclei and the retrosplenial cortex, on latent inhibition. Latent inhibition occurs when nonreinforced preexposure to a stimulus retards the subsequent acquisition of conditioned responding to that stimulus. Latent inhibition was assessed in a within-subject procedure with auditory stimuli and food reinforcement. As expected, sham-operated animals were slower to acquire conditioned responding to a stimulus that had previously been experienced without consequence, relative to a non-preexposed stimulus. This latent inhibition effect was absent in rats with excitotoxic lesions in the anterior thalamic nuclei, as these animals conditioned to both stimuli at equivalent rates. The retrosplenial lesions appeared to spare latent inhibition, as these animals displayed a robust stimulus preexposure effect. The demonstration here that anterior thalamic nuclei lesions abolish latent inhibition is consistent with emerging evidence of the importance of these thalamic nuclei for attentional control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Zhang T, Deyama S, Domoto M, Wada S, Yanagida J, Sasase H, Hinoi E, Nishitani N, Nagayasu K, Kaneko S, Kaneda K. Activation of GABAergic Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Mediates the Expression of Cocaine-Associated Memory. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1084-1088. [PMID: 29962403 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine-associated environmental cues elicit craving and relapse to cocaine use by recalling the rewarding memory of cocaine. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the expression of cocaine-associated memory are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the possible contribution of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA)ergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain region associated with the rewarding and reinforcing effects of cocaine, to the expression of cocaine-associated memory using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm combined with designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology. The inhibitory DREADD hM4Di was selectively expressed in NAc GABAergic neurons of vesicular GABA transporter-Cre (vGAT-Cre) mice by infusing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings revealed that bath application of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) significantly hyperpolarized membrane potentials and reduced the number of spikes induced by depolarizing current injections in hM4Di-positive NAc neurons. Additionally, systemic CNO injections into cocaine-conditioned mice 30 min before posttest session significantly reduced CPP scores compared to saline-injected mice. These results indicate that chemogenetic inhibition of NAc GABAergic neurons attenuated the expression of cocaine CPP, suggesting that NAc GABAergic neuronal activation is required for the environmental context-induced expression of cocaine-associated memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Masaki Domoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shintaro Wada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Junko Yanagida
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Hitoki Sasase
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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50
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Abstract
Chemogenetic technologies enable selective pharmacological control of specific cell populations. An increasing number of approaches have been developed that modulate different signaling pathways. Selective pharmacological control over G protein-coupled receptor signaling, ion channel conductances, protein association, protein stability, and small molecule targeting allows modulation of cellular processes in distinct cell types. Here, we review these chemogenetic technologies and instances of their applications in complex tissues in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative-Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey ; and Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Regenerative-Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey ; and Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn, Virginia
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