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Kniffin A, Bangasser DA, Parikh V. Septohippocampal cholinergic system at the intersection of stress and cognition: Current trends and translational implications. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2155-2180. [PMID: 37118907 PMCID: PMC10875782 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory processes are common across psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, stress is a major environmental risk factor for these pathologies and it exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal functioning via the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The medial septum cholinergic neurons extensively innervate the hippocampus. Although, the cholinergic septohippocampal pathway (SHP) has long been implicated in learning and memory, its involvement in mediating the adaptive and maladaptive impact of stress on mnemonic processes remains less clear. Here, we discuss current research highlighting the contributions of cholinergic SHP in modulating memory encoding, consolidation and retrieval. Then, we present evidence supporting the view that neurobiological interactions between HPA axis stress response and cholinergic signalling impact hippocampal computations. Finally, we critically discuss potential challenges and opportunities to target cholinergic SHP as a therapeutic strategy to improve cognitive impairments in stress-related disorders. We argue that such efforts should consider recent conceptualisations on the dynamic nature of cholinergic signalling in modulating distinct subcomponents of memory and its interactions with cellular substrates that regulate the adaptive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Kniffin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Debra A. Bangasser
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
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Nagori K, Pradhan M, Sharma M, Ajazuddin, Badwaik HR, Nakhate KT. Current Progress on Central Cholinergic Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 21:50-68. [PMID: 38529600 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050306008240321034006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is ubiquitously present in the nervous system and has been involved in the regulation of various brain functions. By modulating synaptic transmission and promoting synaptic plasticity, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex, ACh plays a pivotal role in the regulation of learning and memory. These procognitive actions of ACh are mediated by the neuronal muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The impairment of cholinergic transmission leads to cognitive decline associated with aging and dementia. Therefore, the cholinergic system has been of prime focus when concerned with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. In AD, the extensive destruction of cholinergic neurons occurs by amyloid-β plaques and tau protein-rich neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β also blocks cholinergic receptors and obstructs neuronal signaling. This makes the central cholinergic system an important target for the development of drugs for AD. In fact, centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil and rivastigmine are approved for the treatment of AD, although the outcome is not satisfactory. Therefore, identification of specific subtypes of cholinergic receptors involved in the pathogenesis of AD is essential to develop future drugs. Also, the identification of endogenous rescue mechanisms to the cholinergic system can pave the way for new drug development. In this article, we discussed the neuroanatomy of the central cholinergic system. Further, various subtypes of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors involved in the cognition and pathophysiology of AD are described in detail. The article also reviewed primary neurotransmitters that regulate cognitive processes by modulating basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Nagori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Madhulika Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur 493661, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant R Badwaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Junwani, Bhilai 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
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Xia JM, Fan BQ, Yi XW, Ni WW, Zhou Y, Chen DD, Yi WJ, Feng LL, Xia Y, Li SS, Qu WM, Han Y, Huang ZL, Li WX. Medial Septal Glutamatergic Neurons Modulate States of Consciousness during Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Anesthesiology 2024; 140:102-115. [PMID: 37812765 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple neural structures involved in maintaining wakefulness have been found to promote arousal from general anesthesia. The medial septum is a critical region that modulates arousal behavior. This study hypothesized that glutamatergic neurons in the medial septum play a crucial role in regulating states of consciousness during sevoflurane general anesthesia. METHODS Adult male mice were used in this study. The effects of sevoflurane anesthesia on neuronal activity were determined by fiber photometry. Lesions and chemogenetic manipulations were used to study the effects of the altered activity of medial septal glutamatergic neurons on anesthesia induction, emergence, and sensitivity to sevoflurane. Optogenetic stimulation was used to observe the role of acute activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons on cortical activity and behavioral changes during sevoflurane-induced continuous steady state of general anesthesia and burst suppression state. RESULTS The authors found that medial septal glutamatergic neuronal activity decreased during sevoflurane anesthesia induction and recovered in the early period of emergence. Chemogenetic activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons prolonged the induction time (mean ± SD, hM3Dq-clozapine N-oxide vs. hM3Dq-saline, 297.5 ± 60.1 s vs. 229.4 ± 29.9 s, P < 0.001, n = 11) and decreased the emergence time (53.2 ± 11.8 s vs. 77.5 ± 33.5 s, P = 0.025, n = 11). Lesions or chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons produced the opposite effects. During steady state of general anesthesia and deep anesthesia-induced burst suppression state, acute optogenetic activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons induced cortical activation and behavioral emergence. CONCLUSIONS The study findings reveal that activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons has arousal-promoting effects during sevoflurane anesthesia in male mice. The activation of these neurons prolongs the induction and accelerates the emergence of anesthesia. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Qian Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Robinson JC, Ying J, Hasselmo ME, Brandon MP. Optogenetic Silencing of Medial Septal GABAergic Neurons Disrupts Grid Cell Spatial and Temporal Coding in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566228. [PMID: 37986986 PMCID: PMC10659309 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) form a cognitive map that facilitates spatial navigation. As part of this map, MEC grid cells fire in a repeating hexagonal pattern across an environment. This grid pattern relies on inputs from the medial septum (MS). The MS, and specifically its GABAergic neurons, are essential for theta rhythm oscillations in the entorhinal-hippocampal network, however, it is unknown if this subpopulation is also essential for grid cell function. To investigate this, we used optogenetics to inhibit MS-GABAergic neurons during grid cell recordings. We found that MS-GABAergic inhibition disrupted grid cell spatial periodicity both during optogenetic inhibition and during short 30-second recovery periods. Longer recovery periods of 60 seconds between the optogenetic inhibition periods allowed for the recovery of grid cell spatial firing. Grid cell temporal coding was also disrupted, as observed by a significant attenuation of theta phase precession. Together, these results demonstrate that MS-GABAergic neurons are critical for grid cell spatial and temporal coding in the MEC.
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Optogenetic frequency scrambling of hippocampal theta oscillations dissociates working memory retrieval from hippocampal spatiotemporal codes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:410. [PMID: 36697399 PMCID: PMC9877037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise temporal coordination of activity in the brain is thought to be fundamental for memory function. Inhibitory neurons in the medial septum provide a prominent source of innervation to the hippocampus and play a major role in controlling hippocampal theta (~8 Hz) oscillations. While pharmacological inhibition of medial septal neurons is known to disrupt memory, the exact role of septal inhibitory neurons in regulating hippocampal representations and memory is not fully understood. Here, we dissociate the role of theta rhythms in spatiotemporal coding and memory using an all-optical interrogation and recording approach. We find that optogenetic frequency scrambling stimulations abolish theta oscillations and modulate a portion of neurons in the hippocampus. Such stimulation decreased episodic and working memory retrieval while leaving hippocampal spatiotemporal codes intact. Our study suggests that theta rhythms play an essential role in memory but may not be necessary for hippocampal spatiotemporal codes.
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Mysin I, Shubina L. Hippocampal non-theta state: The "Janus face" of information processing. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1134705. [PMID: 36960401 PMCID: PMC10027749 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1134705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies on hippocampal rhythms have been conducted on animals or humans in situations where their attention was focused on external stimuli or solving cognitive tasks. These studies formed the basis for the idea that rhythmical activity coordinates the work of neurons during information processing. However, at rest, when attention is not directed to external stimuli, brain rhythms do not disappear, although the parameters of oscillatory activity change. What is the functional load of rhythmical activity at rest? Hippocampal oscillatory activity during rest is called the non-theta state, as opposed to the theta state, a characteristic activity during active behavior. We dedicate our review to discussing the present state of the art in the research of the non-theta state. The key provisions of the review are as follows: (1) the non-theta state has its own characteristics of oscillatory and neuronal activity; (2) hippocampal non-theta state is possibly caused and maintained by change of rhythmicity of medial septal input under the influence of raphe nuclei; (3) there is no consensus in the literature about cognitive functions of the non-theta-non-ripple state; and (4) the antagonistic relationship between theta and delta rhythms observed in rodents is not always observed in humans. Most attention is paid to the non-theta-non-ripple state, since this aspect of hippocampal activity has not been investigated properly and discussed in reviews.
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Huygens synchronization of medial septal pacemaker neurons generates hippocampal theta oscillation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111149. [PMID: 35926456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic learning and memory retrieval are dependent on hippocampal theta oscillation, thought to rely on the GABAergic network of the medial septum (MS). To test how this network achieves theta synchrony, we recorded MS neurons and hippocampal local field potential simultaneously in anesthetized and awake mice and rats. We show that MS pacemakers synchronize their individual rhythmicity frequencies, akin to coupled pendulum clocks as observed by Huygens. We optogenetically identified them as parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons, while MS glutamatergic neurons provide tonic excitation sufficient to induce theta. In accordance, waxing and waning tonic excitation is sufficient to toggle between theta and non-theta states in a network model of single-compartment inhibitory pacemaker neurons. These results provide experimental and theoretical support to a frequency-synchronization mechanism for pacing hippocampal theta, which may serve as an inspirational prototype for synchronization processes in the central nervous system from Nematoda to Arthropoda to Chordate and Vertebrate phyla.
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Cole ER, Grogan DP, Laxpati NG, Fernandez AM, Skelton HM, Isbaine F, Gutekunst CA, Gross RE. Evidence supporting deep brain stimulation of the medial septum in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2192-2213. [PMID: 35698897 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrical brain stimulation has become an essential treatment option for more than one third of epilepsy patients who are resistant to pharmacological therapy and are not candidates for surgical resection. However, currently approved stimulation paradigms achieve only moderate success, on average providing approximately 75% reduction in seizure frequency and extended periods of seizure freedom in nearly 20% of patients. Outcomes from electrical stimulation may be improved through the identification of novel anatomical targets, particularly those with significant anatomical and functional connectivity to the epileptogenic zone. Multiple studies have investigated the medial septal nucleus (i.e., medial septum) as such a target for the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The medial septum is a small midline nucleus that provides a critical functional role in modulating the hippocampal theta rhythm, a 4-7-Hz electrophysiological oscillation mechanistically associated with memory and higher order cognition in both rodents and humans. Elevated theta oscillations are thought to represent a seizure-resistant network activity state, suggesting that electrical neuromodulation of the medial septum and restoration of theta-rhythmic physiology may not only reduce seizure frequency, but also restore cognitive comorbidities associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Here, we review the anatomical and physiological function of the septohippocampal network, evidence for seizure-resistant effects of the theta rhythm, and the results of stimulation experiments across both rodent and human studies, to argue that deep brain stimulation of the medial septum holds potential to provide an effective neuromodulation treatment for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We conclude by discussing the considerations necessary for further evaluating this treatment paradigm with a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Cole
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Nealen G Laxpati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alejandra M Fernandez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Henry M Skelton
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Faical Isbaine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire-Anne Gutekunst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Gu Z, Yakel JL. Cholinergic Regulation of Hippocampal Theta Rhythm. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040745. [PMID: 35453495 PMCID: PMC9027244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of hippocampal theta rhythm has been proposed as one of the central mechanisms underlying hippocampal functions including spatial memory encoding. However, cholinergic transmission has been traditionally associated with atropine-sensitive type II hippocampal theta oscillations that occur during alert immobility or in urethane-anesthetized animals. The role of cholinergic regulation of type I theta oscillations in behaving animals is much less clear. Recent studies strongly suggest that both cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors do actively regulate type I hippocampal theta oscillations and thus provide the cholinergic mechanism for theta-associated hippocampal learning. Septal cholinergic activation can regulate hippocampal circuit and theta expression either through direct septohippocampal cholinergic projections, or through septal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, that can precisely entrain hippocampal theta rhythmicity.
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Papazoglou A, Arshaad MI, Henseler C, Daubner J, Broich K, Hescheler J, Ehninger D, Haenisch B, Weiergräber M. Ca v3 T-Type Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels and the Amyloidogenic Environment: Pathophysiology and Implications on Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacovigilance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073457. [PMID: 35408817 PMCID: PMC8998330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) were reported to play a crucial role in neurotransmitter release, dendritic resonance phenomena and integration, and the regulation of gene expression. In the septohippocampal system, high- and low-voltage-activated (HVA, LVA) Ca2+ channels were shown to be involved in theta genesis, learning, and memory processes. In particular, HVA Cav2.3 R-type and LVA Cav3 T-type Ca2+ channels are expressed in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB), hippocampal interneurons, and pyramidal cells, and ablation of both channels was proven to severely modulate theta activity. Importantly, Cav3 Ca2+ channels contribute to rebound burst firing in septal interneurons. Consequently, functional impairment of T-type Ca2+ channels, e.g., in null mutant mouse models, caused tonic disinhibition of the septohippocampal pathway and subsequent enhancement of hippocampal theta activity. In addition, impairment of GABA A/B receptor transcription, trafficking, and membrane translocation was observed within the septohippocampal system. Given the recent findings that amyloid precursor protein (APP) forms complexes with GABA B receptors (GBRs), it is hypothesized that T-type Ca2+ current reduction, decrease in GABA receptors, and APP destabilization generate complex functional interdependence that can constitute a sophisticated proamyloidogenic environment, which could be of potential relevance in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The age-related downregulation of T-type Ca2+ channels in humans goes together with increased Aβ levels that could further inhibit T-type channels and aggravate the proamyloidogenic environment. The mechanistic model presented here sheds new light on recent reports about the potential risks of T-type Ca2+ channel blockers (CCBs) in dementia, as observed upon antiepileptic drug application in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papazoglou
- Experimental Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (M.I.A.); (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Arshaad
- Experimental Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (M.I.A.); (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Christina Henseler
- Experimental Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (M.I.A.); (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Johanna Daubner
- Experimental Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (M.I.A.); (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Karl Broich
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dan Ehninger
- Translational Biogerontology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Britta Haenisch
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (B.H.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Weiergräber
- Experimental Neuropsychopharmacology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (M.I.A.); (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (B.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-99307-4358
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Quirk CR, Zutshi I, Srikanth S, Fu ML, Marciano ND, Wright MK, Parsey DF, Liu S, Siretskiy RE, Huynh TL, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S. Precisely timed theta oscillations are selectively required during the encoding phase of memory. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1614-1627. [PMID: 34608335 PMCID: PMC8556344 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain oscillations have been hypothesized to support cognitive function by coordinating spike timing within and across brain regions, yet it is often not known when timing is either critical for neural computations or an epiphenomenon. The entorhinal cortex and hippocampus are necessary for learning and memory and exhibit prominent theta oscillations (6-9 Hz), which are controlled by pacemaker cells in the medial septal area. Here we show that entorhinal and hippocampal neuronal activity patterns were strongly entrained by rhythmic optical stimulation of parvalbumin-positive medial septal area neurons in mice. Despite strong entrainment, memory impairments in a spatial working memory task were not observed with pacing frequencies at or below the endogenous theta frequency and only emerged at frequencies ≥10 Hz, and specifically when pacing was targeted to maze segments where encoding occurs. Neural computations during the encoding phase were therefore selectively disrupted by perturbations of the timing of neuronal firing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Quirk
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ipshita Zutshi
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sunandha Srikanth
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maylin L. Fu
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Naomie Devico Marciano
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Morgan K. Wright
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Darian F. Parsey
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stanley Liu
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachel E. Siretskiy
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Huynh
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jill K. Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to S.L. ()
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Palacios-Filardo J, Udakis M, Brown GA, Tehan BG, Congreve MS, Nathan PJ, Brown AJH, Mellor JR. Acetylcholine prioritises direct synaptic inputs from entorhinal cortex to CA1 by differential modulation of feedforward inhibitory circuits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5475. [PMID: 34531380 PMCID: PMC8445995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine release in the hippocampus plays a central role in the formation of new memory representations. An influential but largely untested theory proposes that memory formation requires acetylcholine to enhance responses in CA1 to new sensory information from entorhinal cortex whilst depressing inputs from previously encoded representations in CA3. Here, we show that excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex and CA3 are depressed equally by synaptic release of acetylcholine in CA1. However, feedforward inhibition from entorhinal cortex exhibits greater depression than CA3 resulting in a selective enhancement of excitatory-inhibitory balance and CA1 activation by entorhinal inputs. Entorhinal and CA3 pathways engage different feedforward interneuron subpopulations and cholinergic modulation of presynaptic function is mediated differentially by muscarinic M3 and M4 receptors, respectively. Thus, our data support a role and mechanisms for acetylcholine to prioritise novel information inputs to CA1 during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Palacios-Filardo
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt Udakis
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Giles A Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
- OMass Therapeutics Ltd, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
- OMass Therapeutics Ltd, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles S Congreve
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
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13
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Leung LS, Chu L. Aberrant slow waves in the hippocampus during activation in mice with low cholinergic tone. Hippocampus 2021; 31:1233-1253. [PMID: 34520598 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of acetylcholine on cortical activation were studied in wild-type (WT) mice, compared to knockout (KO) mice depleted of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene in the basal forebrain, and knockdown (KD) mice with heterogeneous depletion of VAChT gene in the brain. Cortical activation was assessed by comparing power spectra of local field potentials (LFPs) during activated states of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM) or walk (WLK), with those during non-activated states of slow-wave sleep (SWS) or awake-immobility (IMM). Activation-induced suppression of delta (1-4 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) power in the hippocampus, and delta power in frontal cortex, were reduced in KO and KD mice compared to WT mice. Mean theta frequency was higher in KD than KO mice during WLK and REM, but not different between WT and KO mice. Peak theta (4-12 Hz) and integrated gamma (30-150 Hz) power were not significantly different among mouse groups. However, theta-peak-frequency selected gamma2 (62-100 Hz) power was lower in KO than WT or KD mice during WLK, and theta-peak-frequency selected theta power during REM decreased faster with high theta frequency in KO than WT/ KD mice. Theta power increase during REM compared to WLK was lower in KO and KD mice compared to WT mice. Theta-gamma cross-frequency coherence, a measure of synchronization of gamma with theta phase, was not different among mouse groups. However, during REM, SWS, and IMM, delta-gamma coherence was significantly higher and proximal-distal delta coherence in CA1 was lower in KO than WT/KD mice. We conclude that a deficiency in basal forebrain acetylcholine release not only enhances slow waves and suppresses theta-associated gamma waves during activation, but also increases delta-gamma cross-frequency coherence during nonactivated states, with a possible effect of disrupting cognitive processing during any brain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liangwei Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Hippocampus-retrosplenial cortex interaction is increased during phasic REM and contributes to memory consolidation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13078. [PMID: 34158548 PMCID: PMC8219679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal (HPC) theta oscillation during post-training rapid eye movement (REM) sleep supports spatial learning. Theta also modulates neuronal and oscillatory activity in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) during REM sleep. To investigate the relevance of theta-driven interaction between these two regions to memory consolidation, we computed the Granger causality within theta range on electrophysiological data recorded in freely behaving rats during REM sleep, both before and after contextual fear conditioning. We found a training-induced modulation of causality between HPC and RSC that was correlated with memory retrieval 24 h later. Retrieval was proportional to the change in the relative influence RSC exerted upon HPC theta oscillation. Importantly, causality peaked during theta acceleration, in synchrony with phasic REM sleep. Altogether, these results support a role for phasic REM sleep in hippocampo-cortical memory consolidation and suggest that causality modulation between RSC and HPC during REM sleep plays a functional role in that phenomenon.
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15
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Lepperød ME, Christensen AC, Lensjø KK, Buccino AP, Yu J, Fyhn M, Hafting T. Optogenetic pacing of medial septum parvalbumin-positive cells disrupts temporal but not spatial firing in grid cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabd5684. [PMID: 33952512 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) exhibit remarkable spatial activity patterns with spikes coordinated by theta oscillations driven by the medial septal area (MSA). Spikes from grid cells progress relative to the theta phase in a phenomenon called phase precession, which is suggested as essential to create the spatial periodicity of grid cells. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells in the MSA enabled selective pacing of local field potential (LFP) oscillations in MEC. During optogenetic stimulation, the grid cells were locked to the imposed pacing frequency but kept their spatial patterns. Phase precession was abolished, and speed information was no longer reflected in the LFP oscillations but was still carried by rate coding of individual MEC neurons. Together, these results support that theta oscillations are not critical to the spatial pattern of grid cells and do not carry a crucial velocity signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Elle Lepperød
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Charlotte Christensen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Kinden Lensjø
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alessio Paolo Buccino
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jai Yu
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, and Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, 5848 S. University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marianne Fyhn
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torkel Hafting
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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An S, Sun H, Wu M, Xie D, Hu SW, Ding HL, Cao JL. Medial septum glutamatergic neurons control wakefulness through a septo-hypothalamic circuit. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1379-1392.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Yi F, Garrett T, Deisseroth K, Haario H, Stone E, Lawrence JJ. Septohippocampal transmission from parvalbumin-positive neurons features rapid recovery from synaptic depression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2117. [PMID: 33483520 PMCID: PMC7822967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-containing projection neurons of the medial-septum-diagonal band of Broca ([Formula: see text]) are essential for hippocampal rhythms and learning operations yet are poorly understood at cellular and synaptic levels. We combined electrophysiological, optogenetic, and modeling approaches to investigate [Formula: see text] neuronal properties. [Formula: see text] neurons had intrinsic membrane properties distinct from acetylcholine- and somatostatin-containing MS-DBB subtypes. Viral expression of the fast-kinetic channelrhodopsin ChETA-YFP elicited action potentials to brief (1-2 ms) 470 nm light pulses. To investigate [Formula: see text] transmission, light pulses at 5-50 Hz frequencies generated trains of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in CA1 stratum oriens interneurons. Using a similar approach, optogenetic activation of local hippocampal PV ([Formula: see text]) neurons generated trains of [Formula: see text]-mediated IPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Both synapse types exhibited short-term depression (STD) of IPSCs. However, relative to [Formula: see text] synapses, [Formula: see text] synapses possessed lower initial release probability, transiently resisted STD at gamma (20-50 Hz) frequencies, and recovered more rapidly from synaptic depression. Experimentally-constrained mathematical synapse models explored mechanistic differences. Relative to the [Formula: see text] model, the [Formula: see text] model exhibited higher sensitivity to calcium accumulation, permitting a faster rate of calcium-dependent recovery from STD. In conclusion, resistance of [Formula: see text] synapses to STD during short gamma bursts enables robust long-range GABAergic transmission from MS-DBB to hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Tavita Garrett
- Vollum Institute Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Bioengineering, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Heikki Haario
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Emily Stone
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - J Josh Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Garrison Institute on Aging, and Center for Excellence in Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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18
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Choi JY, Jang HJ, Ornelas S, Fleming WT, Fürth D, Au J, Bandi A, Engel EA, Witten IB. A Comparison of Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Populations Reveals Unique Contributions of VTA Dopamine Neurons to Short-Term Memory. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108492. [PMID: 33326775 PMCID: PMC8038523 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically compare the contributions of two dopaminergic and two cholinergic ascending populations to a spatial short-term memory task in rats. In ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) and nucleus basalis cholinergic (NB-ChAT) populations, trial-by-trial fluctuations in activity during the delay period relate to performance with an inverted-U, despite the fact that both populations have low activity during that time. Transient manipulations reveal that only VTA-DA neurons, and not the other three populations we examine, contribute causally and selectively to short-term memory. This contribution is most significant during the delay period, when both increases and decreases in VTA-DA activity impair short-term memory. Our results reveal a surprising dissociation between when VTA-DA neurons are most active and when they have the biggest causal contribution to short-term memory, and they also provide support for classic ideas about an inverted-U relationship between neuromodulation and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Choi
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hee Jae Jang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sharon Ornelas
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Weston T Fleming
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel Fürth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jennifer Au
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Akhil Bandi
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Esteban A Engel
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ilana B Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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19
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Laszlovszky T, Schlingloff D, Hegedüs P, Freund TF, Gulyás A, Kepecs A, Hangya B. Distinct synchronization, cortical coupling and behavioral function of two basal forebrain cholinergic neuron types. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:992-1003. [PMID: 32572235 PMCID: PMC7611978 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) modulate synaptic plasticity, cortical processing, brain states and oscillations. However, whether distinct types of BFCNs support different functions remains unclear. Therefore, we recorded BFCNs in vivo, to examine their behavioral functions, and in vitro, to study their intrinsic properties. We identified two distinct types of BFCNs that differ in their firing modes, synchronization properties and behavioral correlates. Bursting cholinergic neurons (Burst-BFCNs) fired synchronously, phase-locked to cortical theta activity and fired precisely timed bursts after reward and punishment. Regular-firing cholinergic neurons (Reg-BFCNs) were found predominantly in the posterior basal forebrain, displayed strong theta rhythmicity and responded with precise single spikes after behavioral outcomes. In an auditory detection task, synchronization of Burst-BFCNs to the auditory cortex predicted the timing of behavioral responses, whereas tone-evoked cortical coupling of Reg-BFCNs predicted correct detections. We propose that differential recruitment of two basal forebrain cholinergic neuron types generates behavior-specific cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Laszlovszky
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panna Hegedüs
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Kepecs
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Mouchati PR, Kloc ML, Holmes GL, White SL, Barry JM. Optogenetic "low-theta" pacing of the septohippocampal circuit is sufficient for spatial goal finding and is influenced by behavioral state and cognitive demand. Hippocampus 2020; 30:1167-1193. [PMID: 32710688 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal theta oscillations show prominent changes in frequency and amplitude depending on behavioral state or cognitive demands. How these dynamic changes in theta oscillations contribute to the spatial and temporal organization of hippocampal cells, and ultimately behavior, remain unclear. We used low-theta frequency optogenetic stimulation to pace coordination of cellular and network activity between the medial septum (MS) and hippocampus during baseline and MS stimulation while rats were at rest or performing a spatial accuracy task with a visible or hidden goal zone. Hippocampal receptivity to pan-neuronal septal stimulation at low-theta frequency was primarily determined by speed and secondarily by task demands. Competition between artificial and endogenous field potentials at theta frequency attenuated hippocampal phase preference relative to local theta, but the spike-timing activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells was effectively driven by artificial septal output, particularly during the hidden goal task. Notwithstanding temporal reorganization by artificial theta stimulation, place field properties were unchanged and alterations to spatial behavior were limited to goal zone approximation. Our results indicate that even a low-theta frequency timing signal in the septohippocampal circuit is sufficient for spatial goal finding behavior. The results also advance a mechanistic understanding of how endogenous or artificial somatodendritic timing signals relate to displacement computations during navigation and spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R Mouchati
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Michelle L Kloc
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sheryl L White
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jeremy M Barry
- Epilepsy Cognition and Development Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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21
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Zhu PK, Zheng WS, Zhang P, Jing M, Borden PM, Ali F, Guo K, Feng J, Marvin JS, Wang Y, Wan J, Gan L, Kwan AC, Lin L, Looger LL, Li Y, Zhang Y. Nanoscopic Visualization of Restricted Nonvolume Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Transmission with Genetically Encoded Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4073-4083. [PMID: 32396366 PMCID: PMC7519949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How neuromodulatory transmitters diffuse into the extracellular space remains an unsolved fundamental biological question, despite wide acceptance of the volume transmission model. Here, we report development of a method combining genetically encoded fluorescent sensors with high-resolution imaging and analysis algorithms which permits the first direct visualization of neuromodulatory transmitter diffusion at various neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Our analysis reveals that acetylcholine and monoamines diffuse at individual release sites with a spread length constant of ∼0.75 μm. These transmitters employ varied numbers of release sites, and when spatially close-packed release sites coactivate they can spillover into larger subcellular areas. Our data indicate spatially restricted (i.e., nonvolume) neuromodulatory transmission to be a prominent intercellular communication mode, reshaping current thinking of control and precision of neuromodulation crucial for understanding behaviors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Math, Engineering & Science Academy Class of 2020, Albemarle High School, Charlottesville, VA 22901
- Summer Secondary School Neurobiology Class of 2019, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Current address: Undergraduate Class of 2024, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - W. Sharon Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Class of 2021, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Miao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Philip M. Borden
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
- Current address: LifeEDIT, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Farhan Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kaiming Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiesi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jonathan S. Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jinxia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alex C. Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Loren L. Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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22
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Petersen PC, Buzsáki G. Cooling of Medial Septum Reveals Theta Phase Lag Coordination of Hippocampal Cell Assemblies. Neuron 2020; 107:731-744.e3. [PMID: 32526196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal theta oscillations coordinate neuronal firing to support memory and spatial navigation. The medial septum (MS) is critical in theta generation by two possible mechanisms: either a unitary "pacemaker" timing signal is imposed on the hippocampal system, or it may assist in organizing target subcircuits within the phase space of theta oscillations. We used temperature manipulation of the MS to test these models. Cooling of the MS reduced both theta frequency and power and was associated with an enhanced incidence of errors in a spatial navigation task, but it did not affect spatial correlates of neurons. MS cooling decreased theta frequency oscillations of place cells and reduced distance-time compression but preserved distance-phase compression of place field sequences within the theta cycle. Thus, the septum is critical for sustaining precise theta phase coordination of cell assemblies in the hippocampal system, a mechanism needed for spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neurology, NYU Langone, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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23
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Wang S, Tan N, Chen C, Chen L, Wu X, Fei F, Cheng H, Lin W, Qi Y, Chen B, Liang J, Zhao J, Xu Z, Guo Y, Zhang S, Li X, Zhou Y, Duan S, Chen Z. Direct Septum-Hippocampus Cholinergic Circuit Attenuates Seizure Through Driving Somatostatin Inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:843-856. [PMID: 31987494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicated the involvement of cholinergic neurons in seizure; however, the specific role of the medial septum (MS)-hippocampus cholinergic circuit in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has not yet been completely elucidated. METHODS In the current study, we used magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to characterize the pathological change of the MS-hippocampus circuit in 42 patients with TLE compared with 22 healthy volunteers. Using optogenetics and chemogenetics, combined with in vivo or in vitro electrophysiology and retrograde rabies virus tracing, we revealed a direct MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit that potently attenuates seizure through driving somatostatin inhibition in animal TLE models. RESULTS We found that patients with TLE with hippocampal sclerosis showed a decrease of neuronal fiber connectivity of the MS-hippocampus compared with healthy people. In the mouse TLE model, MS cholinergic neurons ceased firing during hippocampal seizures. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of MS cholinergic neurons (but not glutamatergic or GABAergic [gamma-aminobutyric acidergic] neurons) significantly attenuated hippocampal seizures, while specific inhibition promoted hippocampal seizures. Electrophysiology combined with modified rabies virus tracing studies showed that direct (but not indirect) MS-hippocampal cholinergic projections mediated the antiseizure effect by preferentially targeting hippocampal GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of hippocampal somatostatin-positive (rather than parvalbumin-positive) subtype of GABAergic neurons reversed the antiseizure effect of the MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit, which was mimicked by activating somatostatin-positive neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the notable antiseizure role of the direct cholinergic MS-hippocampus circuit in TLE through driving the downstream somatostatin effector. This may provide a better understanding of the changes of the seizure circuit and the precise spatiotemporal control of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heming Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingbei Qi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghao Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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The Firing of Theta State-Related Septal Cholinergic Neurons Disrupt Hippocampal Ripple Oscillations via Muscarinic Receptors. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3591-3603. [PMID: 32265261 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1568-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The septo-hippocampal cholinergic system is critical for hippocampal learning and memory. However, a quantitative description of the in vivo firing patterns and physiological function of medial septal (MS) cholinergic neurons is still missing. In this study, we combined optogenetics with multichannel in vivo recording and recorded MS cholinergic neuron firings in freely behaving male mice for 5.5-72 h. We found that their firing activities were highly correlated with hippocampal theta states. MS cholinergic neurons were highly active during theta-dominant epochs, such as active exploration and rapid eye movement sleep, but almost silent during non-theta epochs, such as slow-wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, optogenetic activation of these MS cholinergic neurons during SWS suppressed CA1 ripple oscillations. This suppression could be rescued by muscarinic M2 or M4 receptor antagonists. These results suggest the following important physiological function of MS cholinergic neurons: maintaining high hippocampal acetylcholine level by persistent firing during theta epochs, consequently suppressing ripples and allowing theta oscillations to dominate.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The major source of acetylcholine in the hippocampus comes from the medial septum. Early experiments found that lesions to the MS result in the disappearance of hippocampal theta oscillation, which leads to speculation that the septo-hippocampal cholinergic projection contributing to theta oscillation. In this article, by long-term recording of MS cholinergic neurons, we found that they show a theta state-related firing pattern. However, optogenetically activating these neurons shows little effect on theta rhythm in the hippocampus. Instead, we found that activating MS cholinergic neurons during slow-wave sleep could suppress hippocampal ripple oscillations. This suppression is mediated by muscarinic M2 and M4 receptors.
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Katona L, Hartwich K, Tomioka R, Somogyi J, Roberts JDB, Wagner K, Joshi A, Klausberger T, Rockland KS, Somogyi P. Synaptic organisation and behaviour-dependent activity of mGluR8a-innervated GABAergic trilaminar cells projecting from the hippocampus to the subiculum. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:705-734. [PMID: 32016558 PMCID: PMC7046583 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the hippocampal CA1 area, the GABAergic trilaminar cells have their axon distributed locally in three layers and also innervate the subiculum. Trilaminar cells have a high level of somato-dendritic muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptor, lack somatostatin expression and their presynaptic inputs are enriched in mGluR8a. But the origin of their inputs and their behaviour-dependent activity remain to be characterised. Here we demonstrate that (1) GABAergic neurons with the molecular features of trilaminar cells are present in CA1 and CA3 in both rats and mice. (2) Trilaminar cells receive mGluR8a-enriched GABAergic inputs, e.g. from the medial septum, which are probably susceptible to hetero-synaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release by group III mGluRs. (3) An electron microscopic analysis identifies trilaminar cell output synapses with specialised postsynaptic densities and a strong bias towards interneurons as targets, including parvalbumin-expressing cells in the CA1 area. (4) Recordings in freely moving rats revealed the network state-dependent segregation of trilaminar cell activity, with reduced firing during movement, but substantial increase in activity with prolonged burst firing (> 200 Hz) during slow wave sleep. We predict that the behaviour-dependent temporal dynamics of trilaminar cell firing are regulated by their specialised inhibitory inputs. Trilaminar cells might support glutamatergic principal cells by disinhibition and mediate the binding of neuronal assemblies between the hippocampus and the subiculum via the transient inhibition of local interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Katona
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Katja Hartwich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ryohei Tomioka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jozsef Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - J David B Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kristina Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Klausberger
- Center for Brain Research, Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Abstract
Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical sleep state characterized by brain activity similar to wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement, and lack of muscle tone. REM sleep is a fundamental brain function, evolutionary conserved across species, including human, mouse, bird, and even reptiles. The physiological importance of REM sleep is highlighted by severe sleep disorders incurred by a failure in REM sleep regulation. Despite the intense interest in the mechanism of REM sleep regulation, the molecular machinery is largely left to be investigated. In models of REM sleep regulation, acetylcholine has been a pivotal component. However, even newly emerged techniques such as pharmacogenetics and optogenetics have not fully clarified the function of acetylcholine either at the cellular level or neural-circuit level. Recently, we discovered that the Gq type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes, Chrm1 and Chrm3, are essential for REM sleep. In this review, we develop the perspective of current knowledge on REM sleep from a molecular viewpoint. This should be a starting point to clarify the molecular and cellular machinery underlying REM sleep regulation and will provide insights to explore physiological functions of REM sleep and its pathological roles in REM-sleep-related disorders such as depression, PTSD, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikuhiro G Yamada
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Kang L, DeWeese MR. Replay as wavefronts and theta sequences as bump oscillations in a grid cell attractor network. eLife 2019; 8:46351. [PMID: 31736462 PMCID: PMC6901334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grid cells fire in sequences that represent rapid trajectories in space. During locomotion, theta sequences encode sweeps in position starting slightly behind the animal and ending ahead of it. During quiescence and slow wave sleep, bouts of synchronized activity represent long trajectories called replays, which are well-established in place cells and have been recently reported in grid cells. Theta sequences and replay are hypothesized to facilitate many cognitive functions, but their underlying mechanisms are unknown. One mechanism proposed for grid cell formation is the continuous attractor network. We demonstrate that this established architecture naturally produces theta sequences and replay as distinct consequences of modulating external input. Driving inhibitory interneurons at the theta frequency causes attractor bumps to oscillate in speed and size, which gives rise to theta sequences and phase precession, respectively. Decreasing input drive to all neurons produces traveling wavefronts of activity that are decoded as replays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Kang
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael R DeWeese
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Ahmed NY, Knowles R, Dehorter N. New Insights Into Cholinergic Neuron Diversity. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:204. [PMID: 31551706 PMCID: PMC6736589 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons comprise a small population of cells in the striatum but have fundamental roles in fine tuning brain function, and in the etiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) or schizophrenia. The process of developmental cell specification underlying neuronal identity and function is an area of great current interest. There has been significant progress in identifying the developmental origins, commonalities in molecular markers, and physiological properties of the cholinergic neurons. Currently, we are aware of a number of key factors that promote cholinergic fate during development. However, the extent of cholinergic cell diversity is still largely underestimated. New insights into the biological basis of their specification indicate that cholinergic neurons may be far more diverse than previously thought. This review article, highlights the physiological features and the synaptic properties that segregate cholinergic cell subtypes. It provides an accurate picture of cholinergic cell diversity underlying their organization and function in neuronal networks. This review article, also discusses current challenges in deciphering the logic of the cholinergic cell heterogeneity that plays a fundamental role in the control of neural processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorya Yasmin Ahmed
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rhys Knowles
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nathalie Dehorter
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Sakai K. What single‐unit recording studies tell us about the basic mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 52:3507-3530. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Lyon Neuroscience Research Center INSERM U1028 University Lyon 1 Lyon France
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Park SE, Laxpati NG, Gutekunst CA, Connolly MJ, Tung J, Berglund K, Mahmoudi B, Gross RE. A Machine Learning Approach to Characterize the Modulation of the Hippocampal Rhythms Via Optogenetic Stimulation of the Medial Septum. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 29:1950020. [PMID: 31505977 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065719500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The medial septum (MS) is a potential target for modulating hippocampal activity. However, given the multiple cell types involved, the changes in hippocampal neural activity induced by MS stimulation have not yet been fully characterized. We combined MS optogenetic stimulation with local field potential (LFP) recordings from the hippocampus and leveraged machine learning techniques to explore how activating or inhibiting multiple MS neuronal subpopulations using different optical stimulation parameters affects hippocampal LFP biomarkers. First, of the seven different optogenetic viral vectors used for modulating different neuronal subpopulations, only two induced a substantial change in hippocampal LFP. Second, we found hippocampal low-gamma band to be most effectively modulated by the stimulation. Third, the hippocampal biomarkers were sensitive to the optogenetic virus type and the stimulation frequency, establishing those parameters as the critical ones for the regulation of hippocampal biomarker activity. Last, we built a Gaussian process regression model to describe the relationship between stimulation parameters and activity of the biomarker as well as to identify the optimal parameters for biomarker modulation. This new machine learning approach can further our understanding of the effects of neural stimulation and guide the selection of optimal parameters for neural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eon Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Nealen G Laxpati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Mark J Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jack Tung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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31
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Goswamee P, McQuiston AR. Acetylcholine Release Inhibits Distinct Excitatory Inputs Onto Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons via Different Cellular and Network Mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:267. [PMID: 31249513 PMCID: PMC6582433 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In hippocampal CA1, muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (mAChR) activation via exogenous application of cholinergic agonists has been shown to presynaptically inhibit Schaffer collateral (SC) glutamatergic inputs in stratum radiatum (SR), and temporoammonic (TA) and thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) glutamatergic inputs in stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM). However, steady-state uniform mAChR activation may not mimic the effect of ACh release in an intact hippocampal network. To more accurately examine the effect of ACh release on glutamatergic synaptic efficacy, we measured electrically evoked synaptic responses in CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) following the optogenetic release of ACh in genetically modified mouse brain slices. The ratio of synaptic amplitudes in response to paired-pulse SR stimulation (stimulus 2/stimulus 1) was significantly reduced by the optogenetic release of ACh, consistent with a postsynaptic decrease in synaptic efficacy. The effect of ACh release was blocked by the M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP, the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 52432, inclusion of GDP-β-S, cesium, QX314 in the intracellular patch clamp solution, or extracellular barium. These observations suggest that ACh release decreased SC synaptic transmission through an M3 muscarinic receptor-mediated increase in inhibitory interneuron excitability, which activate GABAB receptors and inwardly rectifying potassium channels on CA1 pyramidal cells. In contrast, the ratio of synaptic amplitudes in response to paired-pulse stimulation in the SLM was increased by ACh release, consistent with presynaptic inhibition. ACh-mediated effects in SLM were blocked by the M2 receptor antagonist AF-DX 116, presumably located on presynaptic terminals. Therefore, our data indicate that ACh release differentially modulates excitatory inputs in SR and SLM of CA1 through different cellular and network mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyodarshan Goswamee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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32
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Sil’kis IG. Possible Mechanisms of the Complex Effects of Acetylcholine on Theta Activity, Learning, and Memory. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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GABAergic Medial Septal Neurons with Low-Rhythmic Firing Innervating the Dentate Gyrus and Hippocampal Area CA3. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4527-4549. [PMID: 30926750 PMCID: PMC6554630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3024-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial septum implements cortical theta oscillations, a 5–12 Hz rhythm associated with locomotion and paradoxical sleep reflecting synchronization of neuronal assemblies such as place cell sequence coding. Highly rhythmic burst-firing parvalbumin-positive GABAergic medial septal neurons are strongly coupled to theta oscillations and target cortical GABAergic interneurons, contributing to coordination within one or several cortical regions. However, a large population of medial septal neurons of unidentified neurotransmitter phenotype and with unknown axonal target areas fire with a low degree of rhythmicity. We investigated whether low-rhythmic-firing neurons (LRNs) innervated similar or different cortical regions to high-rhythmic-firing neurons (HRNs) and assessed their temporal dynamics in awake male mice. The majority of LRNs were GABAergic and parvalbumin-immunonegative, some expressing calbindin; they innervated interneurons mostly in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3. Individual LRNs showed several distinct firing patterns during immobility and locomotion, forming a parallel inhibitory stream for the modulation of cortical interneurons. Despite their fluctuating firing rates, the preferred firing phase of LRNs during theta oscillations matched the highest firing probability phase of principal cells in the DG and CA3. In addition, as a population, LRNs were markedly suppressed during hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, had a low burst incidence, and several of them did not fire on all theta cycles. Therefore, CA3 receives GABAergic input from both HRNs and LRNs, but the DG receives mainly LRN input. We propose that distinct GABAergic LRNs contribute to changing the excitability of the DG and CA3 during memory discrimination via transient disinhibition of principal cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT For the encoding and recall of episodic memories, nerve cells in the cerebral cortex are activated in precisely timed sequences. Rhythmicity facilitates the coordination of neuronal activity and these rhythms are detected as oscillations of different frequencies such as 5–12 Hz theta oscillations. Degradation of these rhythms, such as through neurodegeneration, causes memory deficits. The medial septum, a part of the basal forebrain that innervates the hippocampal formation, contains high- and low-rhythmic-firing neurons (HRNs and LRNs, respectively), which may contribute differentially to cortical neuronal coordination. We discovered that GABAergic LRNs preferentially innervate the dentate gyrus and the CA3 area of the hippocampus, regions important for episodic memory. These neurons act in parallel with the HRNs mostly via transient inhibition of inhibitory neurons.
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34
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Jing M, Zhang P, Wang G, Feng J, Mesik L, Zeng J, Jiang H, Wang S, Looby JC, Guagliardo NA, Langma LW, Lu J, Zuo Y, Talmage DA, Role LW, Barrett PQ, Zhang LI, Luo M, Song Y, Zhu JJ, Li Y. A genetically encoded fluorescent acetylcholine indicator for in vitro and in vivo studies. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:726-737. [PMID: 29985477 PMCID: PMC6093211 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates a diverse array of physiological processes throughout the body. Despite its importance, cholinergic transmission in the majority of tissues and organs remains poorly understood owing primarily to the limitations of available ACh-monitoring techniques. We developed a family of ACh sensors (GACh) based on G-protein-coupled receptors that has the sensitivity, specificity, signal-to-noise ratio, kinetics and photostability suitable for monitoring ACh signals in vitro and in vivo. GACh sensors were validated with transfection, viral and/or transgenic expression in a dozen types of neuronal and non-neuronal cells prepared from multiple animal species. In all preparations, GACh sensors selectively responded to exogenous and/or endogenous ACh with robust fluorescence signals that were captured by epifluorescence, confocal, and/or two-photon microscopy. Moreover, analysis of endogenous ACh release revealed firing-pattern-dependent release and restricted volume transmission, resolving two long-standing questions about central cholinergic transmission. Thus, GACh sensors provide a user-friendly, broadly applicable tool for monitoring cholinergic transmission underlying diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871,
China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Guangfu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin
150001, China
| | - Jiesi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871,
China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lukas Mesik
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - Jianzhi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871,
China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huoqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871,
China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Jess C. Looby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Undergraduate Class of 2019, University of Virginia College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA
22908
| | - Nick A. Guagliardo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Linda W. Langma
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ju Lu
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA
95064
| | - David A. Talmage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Lorna W. Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Paula Q. Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Li I. Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - Minmin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Song
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - J. Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, China
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Nijmegen,
Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871,
China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
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35
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Takács VT, Cserép C, Schlingloff D, Pósfai B, Szőnyi A, Sos KE, Környei Z, Dénes Á, Gulyás AI, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Co-transmission of acetylcholine and GABA regulates hippocampal states. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2848. [PMID: 30030438 PMCID: PMC6054650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic system is widely assumed to control cortical functions via non-synaptic transmission of a single neurotransmitter. Yet, we find that mouse hippocampal cholinergic terminals invariably establish GABAergic synapses, and their cholinergic vesicles dock at those synapses only. We demonstrate that these synapses do not co-release but co-transmit GABA and acetylcholine via different vesicles, whose release is triggered by distinct calcium channels. This co-transmission evokes composite postsynaptic potentials, which are mutually cross-regulated by presynaptic autoreceptors. Although postsynaptic cholinergic receptor distribution cannot be investigated, their response latencies suggest a focal, intra- and/or peri-synaptic localisation, while GABAA receptors are detected intra-synaptically. The GABAergic component alone effectively suppresses hippocampal sharp wave-ripples and epileptiform activity. Therefore, the differentially regulated GABAergic and cholinergic co-transmission suggests a hitherto unrecognised level of control over cortical states. This novel model of hippocampal cholinergic neurotransmission may lead to alternative pharmacotherapies after cholinergic deinnervation seen in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virág T Takács
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - András Szőnyi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Katalin E Sos
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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Sakai K. Behavioural state-specific neurons in the mouse medulla involved in sleep-wake switching. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1482-1503. [PMID: 29791042 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medullary reticular formation (RF) is involved in the maintenance of several vital physiological functions and level of vigilance. In this study, in nonanesthetised, head-fixed mice, I examined the role of medullary RF neurons in the control of sleep-wake states, that is, wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical (or rapid eye movement) sleep (PS). I showed, for the first time, that the mouse medullary RF contains presumed SWS-promoting, SWS-on neurons that remain silent during W, display a sharp increase in discharge rate at sleep onset, and discharge tonically and selectively during SWS. In addition, I showed the presence in the medullary RF of both PS-on and PS-off neurons, which, respectively, commence discharging or cease firing selectively just prior to, and during, PS. PS-off neurons were located in the raphe nuclei and ventral medulla, while PS-on neurons were found in both the lateral part of the ventral gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the raphe nuclei, as were SWS-on neurons. PS-off and SWS-on neurons appear to play an important role in both the W-SWS and SWS-PS switches, while PS-on and PS-off neurons play an important role in the PS-W switch. The present findings on the trends in spike activity at the transitions from SWS to PS and from PS to W are in line with the reciprocal interaction hypothesis according to which PS occurs as a result of the cessation of discharge of PS-off neurons, while PS ends as a result of the start of discharge of PS-off neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
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37
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Sakai K. Single unit activity of periaqueductal gray and deep mesencephalic nucleus neurons involved in sleep stage switching in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1110-1126. [PMID: 29498771 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 668 single units were recorded in the mouse periaqueductal gray (PAG) and adjacent deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) to determine their role in the switching of sleep-wake states, that is, wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical (or rapid eye movement) sleep (PS) in general, and, in particular, to determine whether PS-on and PS-off neurons involved in PS state switching are present in these structures and to identify neuronal substrates for the SWS-PS switching mediated by DpMe neurons. Both structures were found to contain similar percentages of W/PS-active neurons, which discharge at a higher rate during W and PS than during SWS, while W-active neurons, which discharge maximally during W, were found mainly in the PAG. Both also contained similar percentages of SWS/PS-active neurons, which discharge at higher rates during SWS and PS than during W, and PS-active neurons, which discharge maximally during PS, while SWS-active neurons, which discharge maximally during SWS, were found almost exclusively in the PAG. Both structures contained virtually no PS-on or PS-off neurons, which, respectively, discharge or cease firing selectively and tonically just prior to, and during, PS. Unlike the PAG, the DpMe contained many SWS/PS-on neurons, which discharge selectively at high rates during SWS and PS, but show a decrease in discharge rate at the transition from SWS to PS. Analysis of discharge profiles and trends in spike activity at the state transitions strongly suggests that PAG and DpMe neurons play an important role in the W-SWS, SWS-PS and/or PS-W switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS, UMR5292, School of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, F-69373, Lyon, France
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38
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Viney TJ, Salib M, Joshi A, Unal G, Berry N, Somogyi P. Shared rhythmic subcortical GABAergic input to the entorhinal cortex and presubiculum. eLife 2018; 7:e34395. [PMID: 29620525 PMCID: PMC5908441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic theta frequency (~5-12 Hz) oscillations coordinate neuronal synchrony and higher frequency oscillations across the cortex. Spatial navigation and context-dependent episodic memories are represented in several interconnected regions including the hippocampal and entorhinal cortices, but the cellular mechanisms for their dynamic coupling remain to be defined. Using monosynaptically-restricted retrograde viral tracing in mice, we identified a subcortical GABAergic input from the medial septum that terminated in the entorhinal cortex, with collaterals innervating the dorsal presubiculum. Extracellularly recording and labeling GABAergic entorhinal-projecting neurons in awake behaving mice show that these subcortical neurons, named orchid cells, fire in long rhythmic bursts during immobility and locomotion. Orchid cells discharge near the peak of hippocampal and entorhinal theta oscillations, couple to entorhinal gamma oscillations, and target subpopulations of extra-hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. Thus, orchid cells are a specialized source of rhythmic subcortical GABAergic modulation of 'upstream' and 'downstream' cortico-cortical circuits involved in mnemonic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim James Viney
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Minas Salib
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Gunes Unal
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Naomi Berry
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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39
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Unal G, Crump MG, Viney TJ, Éltes T, Katona L, Klausberger T, Somogyi P. Spatio-temporal specialization of GABAergic septo-hippocampal neurons for rhythmic network activity. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2409-2432. [PMID: 29500537 PMCID: PMC5968071 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Medial septal GABAergic neurons of the basal forebrain innervate the hippocampus and related cortical areas, contributing to the coordination of network activity, such as theta oscillations and sharp wave-ripple events, via a preferential innervation of GABAergic interneurons. Individual medial septal neurons display diverse activity patterns, which may be related to their termination in different cortical areas and/or to the different types of innervated interneurons. To test these hypotheses, we extracellularly recorded and juxtacellularly labeled single medial septal neurons in anesthetized rats in vivo during hippocampal theta and ripple oscillations, traced their axons to distant cortical target areas, and analyzed their postsynaptic interneurons. Medial septal GABAergic neurons exhibiting different hippocampal theta phase preferences and/or sharp wave-ripple related activity terminated in restricted hippocampal regions, and selectively targeted a limited number of interneuron types, as established on the basis of molecular markers. We demonstrate the preferential innervation of bistratified cells in CA1 and of basket cells in CA3 by individual axons. One group of septal neurons was suppressed during sharp wave-ripples, maintained their firing rate across theta and non-theta network states and mainly fired along the descending phase of CA1 theta oscillations. In contrast, neurons that were active during sharp wave-ripples increased their firing significantly during "theta" compared to "non-theta" states, with most firing during the ascending phase of theta oscillations. These results demonstrate that specialized septal GABAergic neurons contribute to the coordination of network activity through parallel, target area- and cell type-selective projections to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Unal
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Bogazici University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Michael G Crump
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tim J Viney
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tímea Éltes
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Katona
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Thomas Klausberger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.
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40
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Albert-Gascó H, Ma S, Ros-Bernal F, Sánchez-Pérez AM, Gundlach AL, Olucha-Bordonau FE. GABAergic Neurons in the Rat Medial Septal Complex Express Relaxin-3 Receptor (RXFP3) mRNA. Front Neuroanat 2018; 11:133. [PMID: 29403361 PMCID: PMC5777284 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial septum (MS) complex modulates hippocampal function and related behaviors. Septohippocampal projections promote and control different forms of hippocampal synchronization. Specifically, GABAergic and cholinergic projections targeting the hippocampal formation from the MS provide bursting discharges to promote theta rhythm, or tonic activity to promote gamma oscillations. In turn, the MS is targeted by ascending projections from the hypothalamus and brainstem. One of these projections arises from the nucleus incertus in the pontine tegmentum, which contains GABA neurons that co-express the neuropeptide relaxin-3 (Rln3). Both stimulation of the nucleus incertus and septal infusion of Rln3 receptor agonist peptides promotes hippocampal theta rhythm. The Gi/o-protein-coupled receptor, relaxin-family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3), is the cognate receptor for Rln3 and identification of the transmitter phenotype of neurons expressing RXFP3 in the septohippocampal system can provide further insights into the role of Rln3 transmission in the promotion of septohippocampal theta rhythm. Therefore, we used RNAscope multiplex in situ hybridization to characterize the septal neurons expressing Rxfp3 mRNA in the rat. Our results demonstrate that Rxfp3 mRNA is abundantly expressed in vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) mRNA- and parvalbumin (PV) mRNA-positive GABA neurons in MS, whereas ChAT mRNA-positive acetylcholine neurons lack Rxfp3 mRNA. Approximately 75% of Rxfp3 mRNA-positive neurons expressed vGAT mRNA (and 22% were PV mRNA-positive), while the remaining 25% expressed Rxfp3 mRNA only, consistent with a potential glutamatergic phenotype. Similar proportions were observed in the posterior septum. The occurrence of RXFP3 in PV-positive GABAergic neurons gives support to a role for the Rln3-RXFP3 system in septohippocampal theta rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Albert-Gascó
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sherie Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francisco Ros-Bernal
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez-Pérez
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francisco E Olucha-Bordonau
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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41
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Teles-Grilo Ruivo LM, Baker KL, Conway MW, Kinsley PJ, Gilmour G, Phillips KG, Isaac JTR, Lowry JP, Mellor JR. Coordinated Acetylcholine Release in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Is Associated with Arousal and Reward on Distinct Timescales. Cell Rep 2017; 18:905-917. [PMID: 28122241 PMCID: PMC5289927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission throughout the neocortex and hippocampus regulates arousal, learning, and attention. However, owing to the poorly characterized timing and location of acetylcholine release, its detailed behavioral functions remain unclear. Using electrochemical biosensors chronically implanted in mice, we made continuous measurements of the spatiotemporal dynamics of acetylcholine release across multiple behavioral states. We found that tonic levels of acetylcholine release were coordinated between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and maximal during training on a rewarded working memory task. Tonic release also increased during REM sleep but was contingent on subsequent wakefulness. In contrast, coordinated phasic acetylcholine release occurred only during the memory task and was strongly localized to reward delivery areas without being contingent on trial outcome. These results show that coordinated acetylcholine release between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is associated with reward and arousal on distinct timescales, providing dual mechanisms to support learned behavior acquisition during cognitive task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor M Teles-Grilo Ruivo
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Keeley L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Michael W Conway
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Peter J Kinsley
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Keith G Phillips
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John T R Isaac
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - John P Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Abstract
The septo–hippocampal pathway adjusts CA1 network excitability to different behavioral states and is crucially involved in theta rhythmogenesis. In the medial septum, cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons form a highly interconnected local network. Neurons of these three classes project to glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and different subsets of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region. From there, GABAergic neurons project back to the medial septum and form a feedback loop between the two remote brain areas. In vivo, the firing of GABAergic medial septal neurons is theta modulated, while theta modulation is not observed in cholinergic neurons. One prominent feature of glutamatergic neurons is the correlation of their firing rates to the animals running speed. The cellular diversity, the high local interconnectivity and different activity patterns of medial septal neurons during different behaviors complicate the functional dissection of this network. New technical advances help to define specific functions of individual cell classes. In this review, we seek to highlight recent findings and elucidate functional implications of the septo-hippocampal connectivity on the microcircuit scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Müller
- Neuronal Networks Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Helmholtz Association (DZNE e.V.), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefan Remy
- Neuronal Networks Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Helmholtz Association (DZNE e.V.), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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43
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Joshi A, Salib M, Viney TJ, Dupret D, Somogyi P. Behavior-Dependent Activity and Synaptic Organization of Septo-hippocampal GABAergic Neurons Selectively Targeting the Hippocampal CA3 Area. Neuron 2017; 96:1342-1357.e5. [PMID: 29198757 PMCID: PMC5746169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic medial septal (MS) GABAergic input coordinates cortical theta oscillations. However, the rules of innervation of cortical cells and regions by diverse septal neurons are unknown. We report a specialized population of septal GABAergic neurons, the Teevra cells, selectively innervating the hippocampal CA3 area bypassing CA1, CA2, and the dentate gyrus. Parvalbumin-immunopositive Teevra cells show the highest rhythmicity among MS neurons and fire with short burst duration (median, 38 ms) preferentially at the trough of both CA1 theta and slow irregular oscillations, coincident with highest hippocampal excitability. Teevra cells synaptically target GABAergic axo-axonic and some CCK interneurons in restricted septo-temporal CA3 segments. The rhythmicity of their firing decreases from septal to temporal termination of individual axons. We hypothesize that Teevra neurons coordinate oscillatory activity across the septo-temporal axis, phasing the firing of specific CA3 interneurons, thereby contributing to the selection of pyramidal cell assemblies at the theta trough via disinhibition. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.
| | - Minas Salib
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tim James Viney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - David Dupret
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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44
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Carpenter F, Burgess N, Barry C. Modulating medial septal cholinergic activity reduces medial entorhinal theta frequency without affecting speed or grid coding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14573. [PMID: 29109512 PMCID: PMC5673944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Medial septal inputs to the hippocampal system are crucial for aspects of temporal and spatial processing, such as theta oscillations and grid cell firing. However, the precise contributions of the medial septum’s cholinergic neurones to these functions remain unknown. Here, we recorded neuronal firing and local field potentials from the medial entorhinal cortex of freely foraging mice, while modulating the excitability of medial septal cholinergic neurones. Alteration of cholinergic activity produced a reduction in the frequency of theta oscillations, without affecting the slope of the non-linear theta frequency vs running speed relationship observed. Modifying septal cholinergic tone in this way also led mice to exhibit behaviours associated with novelty or anxiety. However, grid cell firing patterns were unaffected, concordant with an absence of change in the slopes of the theta frequency and firing rate speed signals thought to be used by grid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Carpenter
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.,Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3AR, London, UK
| | - Caswell Barry
- Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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45
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Tsanov M. Differential and complementary roles of medial and lateral septum in the orchestration of limbic oscillations and signal integration. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 48:2783-2794. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tsanov
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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46
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Tsanov M. Speed and Oscillations: Medial Septum Integration of Attention and Navigation. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28979196 PMCID: PMC5611363 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cortical and diencephalic limbic brain regions incorporate neurons that fire in correlation with the speed of whole-body motion, also known as linear velocity. Besides the field mapping and head-directional information, the linear velocity is among the major signals that guide animal’s spatial navigation. Large neuronal populations in the same limbic regions oscillate with theta rhythm during spatial navigation or attention episodes; and the frequency of theta also correlates with linear velocity. A functional similarity between these brain areas is that their inactivation impairs the ability to form new spatial memories; whereas an anatomical similarity is that they all receive projections from medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex. We review recent findings supporting the model that septal theta rhythm integrates different sensorimotor signals necessary for spatial navigation. The medial septal is described here as a circuitry that mediates experience-dependent balance of sustained attention and path integration during navigation. We discuss the hypothesis that theta rhythm serves as a key mechanism for the aligning of intrinsic spatial representation to: (1) rapid change of position in the spatial environment; (2) continuous alteration of sensory signals throughout navigation; and (3) adapting levels of attentional behavior. The synchronization of these spatial, somatosensory and neuromodulatory signals is proposed here to be anatomically and physiologically mediated by the medial septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tsanov
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
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47
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Boyce R, Williams S, Adamantidis A. REM sleep and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:167-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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48
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Giovannini F, Knauer B, Yoshida M, Buhry L. The CAN-In network: A biologically inspired model for self-sustained theta oscillations and memory maintenance in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:450-463. [PMID: 28052448 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During working memory tasks, the hippocampus exhibits synchronous theta-band activity, which is thought to be correlated with the short-term memory maintenance of salient stimuli. Recent studies indicate that the hippocampus contains the necessary circuitry allowing it to generate and sustain theta oscillations without the need of extrinsic drive. However, the cellular and network mechanisms supporting synchronous rhythmic activity are far from being fully understood. Based on electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal pyramidal CA1 cells, we present a possible mechanism for the maintenance of such rhythmic theta-band activity in the isolated hippocampus. Our model network, based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism, comprising pyramidal neurons equipped with calcium-activated nonspecific cationic (CAN) ion channels, is able to generate and sustain synchronized theta oscillations (4-12 Hz), following a transient stimulation. The synchronous network activity is maintained by an intrinsic CAN current (ICAN ), in the absence of constant external input. When connecting the pyramidal-CAN network to fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, the dynamics of the model reveal that feedback inhibition improves the robustness of fast theta oscillations, by tightening the synchronization of the pyramidal CAN neurons. The frequency and power of the theta oscillations are both modulated by the intensity of the ICAN , which allows for a wide range of oscillation rates within the theta band. This biologically plausible mechanism for the maintenance of synchronous theta oscillations in the hippocampus aims at extending the traditional models of septum-driven hippocampal rhythmic activity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giovannini
- Neurosys Team, INRIA CR Nancy Grand Est, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.,Neurosys Team, CNRS, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Beate Knauer
- Research School, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN) and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laure Buhry
- Neurosys Team, INRIA CR Nancy Grand Est, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.,Neurosys Team, CNRS, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LORIA UMR 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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49
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Herreras O. Local Field Potentials: Myths and Misunderstandings. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:101. [PMID: 28018180 PMCID: PMC5156830 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracerebral local field potential (LFP) is a measure of brain activity that reflects the highly dynamic flow of information across neural networks. This is a composite signal that receives contributions from multiple neural sources, yet interpreting its nature and significance may be hindered by several confounding factors and technical limitations. By and large, the main factor defining the amplitude of LFPs is the geometry of the current sources, over and above the degree of synchronization or the properties of the media. As such, similar levels of activity may result in potentials that differ in several orders of magnitude in different populations. The geometry of these sources has been experimentally inaccessible until intracerebral high density recordings enabled the co-activating sources to be revealed. Without this information, it has proven difficult to interpret a century's worth of recordings that used temporal cues alone, such as event or spike related potentials and frequency bands. Meanwhile, a collection of biophysically ill-founded concepts have been considered legitimate, which can now be corrected in the light of recent advances. The relationship of LFPs to their sources is often counterintuitive. For instance, most LFP activity is not local but remote, it may be larger further from rather than close to the source, the polarity does not define its excitatory or inhibitory nature, and the amplitude may increase when source's activity is reduced. As technological developments foster the use of LFPs, the time is now ripe to raise awareness of the need to take into account spatial aspects of these signals and of the errors derived from neglecting to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Herreras
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute-CSICMadrid, Spain
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50
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Ma S, Smith CM, Blasiak A, Gundlach AL. Distribution, physiology and pharmacology of relaxin-3/RXFP3 systems in brain. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:1034-1048. [PMID: 27774604 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is a member of a superfamily of structurally-related peptides that includes relaxin and insulin-like peptide hormones. Soon after the discovery of the relaxin-3 gene, relaxin-3 was identified as an abundant neuropeptide in brain with a distinctive topographical distribution within a small number of GABAergic neuron populations that is well conserved across species. Relaxin-3 is thought to exert its biological actions through a single class-A GPCR - relaxin-family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3). Class-A comprises GPCRs for relaxin-3 and insulin-like peptide-5 and other peptides such as orexin and the monoamine transmitters. The RXFP3 receptor is selectively activated by relaxin-3, whereas insulin-like peptide-5 is the cognate ligand for the related RXFP4 receptor. Anatomical and pharmacological evidence obtained over the last decade supports a function of relaxin-3/RXFP3 systems in modulating responses to stress, anxiety-related and motivated behaviours, circadian rhythms, and learning and memory. Electrophysiological studies have identified the ability of RXFP3 agonists to directly hyperpolarise thalamic neurons in vitro, but there are no reports of direct cell signalling effects in vivo. This article provides an overview of earlier studies and highlights more recent research that implicates relaxin-3/RXFP3 neural network signalling in the integration of arousal, motivation, emotion and related cognition, and that has begun to identify the associated neural substrates and mechanisms. Future research directions to better elucidate the connectivity and function of different relaxin-3 neuron populations and their RXFP3-positive target neurons in major experimental species and humans are also identified. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherie Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig M Smith
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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