1
|
Jensen GS, Leon-Palmer NE, Townsend KL. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the central regulation of energy balance and adult neural plasticity. Metabolism 2021; 123:154837. [PMID: 34331962 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current worldwide obesity pandemic highlights a need to better understand the regulation of energy balance and metabolism, including the role of the nervous system in controlling energy intake and energy expenditure. Neural plasticity in the hypothalamus of the adult brain has been implicated in full-body metabolic health, however, the mechanisms surrounding hypothalamic plasticity are incompletely understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control metabolic health through actions in the brain as well as in peripheral tissues such as adipose, together regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. BMP ligands, receptors, and inhibitors are found throughout plastic adult brain regions and have been demonstrated to modulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis, as well as synaptic and dendritic plasticity. This role for BMPs in adult neural plasticity is distinct from their roles in brain development. Existing evidence suggests that BMPs induce weight loss through hypothalamic pathways, and part of the mechanism of action may be through inducing neural plasticity. In this review, we summarize the data regarding how BMPs affect neural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, as well as the relationship between central BMP signaling and metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Jensen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Noelle E Leon-Palmer
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu S, Zhang W, Yang L, Zhou F, Liu P, Wang Y. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 reduces oligodendrocytes loss and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8764-8774. [PMID: 34390115 PMCID: PMC8435414 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as a severe disease with no effective therapeutic measures, has always been a hot topic for scientists. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), as a multifunctional cytokine, has been reported to exert protective effects on the nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and the potential mechanisms of BMP7 on rats that suffered SCI. Rat models of SCI were established by the modified Allen's method. Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) was injected at T9 immediately before SCI to overexpress BMP7. Results showed that the expression of BMP7 decreased in the injured spinal cords that were at the same time demyelinated. AAV‐BMP7 partly reversed oligodendrocyte (OL) loss, and it was beneficial to maintain the normal structure of myelin. The intervention group showed an increase in the number of axons and Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan scores. Moreover, double‐labelled immunofluorescence images indicated p‐Smad1/5/9 and p‐STAT3 in OLs induced by BMP7 might be involved in the protective effects of BMP7. These findings suggest that BMP7 may be a feasible therapy for SCI to reduce demyelination and promote functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liu
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 921th Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Broekman BFP, Chong YS, Shek LP, Gluckman PD, Meaney MJ, Fortier MV, Qiu A. Inflammatory modulation of the associations between prenatal maternal depression and neonatal brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:470-477. [PMID: 32688365 PMCID: PMC7852623 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signaling has a role in sensing intrauterine environment, which may be moderators in altering fetal brain development upon maternal environment. This study integrated cytokine transcriptome of post-mortem fetal brains, neonatal brain imaging and genetic variants (n = 161) to examine whether cytokines are candidates for modulating the relationship between prenatal maternal depression and fetal brain development. This study obtained the transcriptome data of 208 cytokine genes in 12 fetal brain regions from the BrainSpan database. We also included 161 mother-child dyads with prenatal maternal depressive symptoms assessed at 26 weeks of gestation, cytokine genotype data extracted from umbilical cord specimens, and neonatal brain images from a longitudinal prospective birth cohort. We revealed that 22 cytokine genes are expressed in specific brain regions in utero, whose variants have roles in modulating the effects of the prenatal environment on the accelerated fetal development of the hippocampus, auditory, parietal, orbitofrontal, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Neonates high in the genetic expression score (GES) of TNFRSF19 and IL17RB showed a larger right hippocampal volume, high in the GES of BMPR1B showed the thicker thickness of the sensorimotor cortex, and high in the GES of IL1RAP and CXCR4 demonstrated the thicker thickness of the dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex in relation with greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that in humans, the cytokine genes are expressed in a brain region-specific manner in utero and may have potential roles in modulating the fetal development of the corresponding brain regions in response to the maternal environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Wu
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Zhang
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changqing Wang
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birit F. P. Broekman
- grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P. Shek
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat – National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marielle V. Fortier
- grid.414963.d0000 0000 8958 3388Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vickers E, Osypenko D, Clark C, Okur Z, Scheiffele P, Schneggenburger R. LTP of inhibition at PV interneuron output synapses requires developmental BMP signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10047. [PMID: 32572071 PMCID: PMC7308402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (PV-INs) mediate well-timed inhibition of cortical principal neurons, and plasticity of these interneurons is involved in map remodeling of primary sensory cortices during critical periods of development. To assess whether bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling contributes to the developmental acquisition of the synapse- and plasticity properties of PV-INs, we investigated conditional/conventional double KO mice of BMP-receptor 1a (BMPR1a; targeted to PV-INs) and 1b (BMPR1a/1b (c)DKO mice). We report that spike-timing dependent LTP at the synapse between PV-INs and principal neurons of layer 4 in the auditory cortex was absent, concomitant with a decreased paired-pulse ratio (PPR). On the other hand, baseline synaptic transmission at this connection, and action potential (AP) firing rates of PV-INs were unchanged. To explore possible gene expression targets of BMP signaling, we measured the mRNA levels of the BDNF receptor TrkB and of P/Q-type Ca2+ channel α-subunits, but did not detect expression changes of the corresponding genes in PV-INs of BMPR1a/1b (c)DKO mice. Our study suggests that BMP-signaling in PV-INs during and shortly after the critical period is necessary for the expression of LTP at PV-IN output synapses, involving gene expression programs that need to be addressed in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Vickers
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Denys Osypenko
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Clark
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Okur
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralf Schneggenburger
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inhibitors of Myelination and Remyelination, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, are Upregulated in Human Neurological Disease. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:656-662. [PMID: 32030597 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, myelin is destroyed and along with it, the oligodendrocytes that synthesize the myelin. Thus, recovery is limited due to both interruptions in neuronal transmission as well as lack of support for neurons. Although oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain abundant in the central nervous system, they rarely mature and form new functional myelin in the diseased CNS. In cell culture and in experimental models of demyelinating disease, inhibitory signaling factors decrease myelination and remyelination. One of the most potent of these are the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of proteins that strongly inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelination in culture. BMPs are highly expressed in the dorsal CNS during pre-natal development and serve to regulate dorsal ventral patterning. Their expression decreases after birth but is significantly increased in rodent demyelination models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cuprizone ingestion and spinal cord injury. However, until recently, evidence for BMP upregulation in human disease has been scarce. This review discusses new human studies showing that in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, BMPs are expressed by immune cells invading the CNS as well as resident CNS cell types, mostly astrocytes and microglia. Expression of endogenous BMP antagonists is also regulated. Identification of BMPs in the CNS is correlated with areas of demyelination and inflammation. These studies further support BMP as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
6
|
Inhibiting Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Type I Receptor Signaling Promotes Remyelination by Potentiating Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0399-18.2019. [PMID: 31028086 PMCID: PMC6529590 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0399-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking inhibitory factors within CNS demyelinating lesions is regarded as a promising strategy to promote remyelination. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an inhibitory factor present in demyelinating lesions. Noggin, an endogenous antagonist to BMP, has previously been shown to increase the number of oligodendrocytes and promote remyelination in vivo. However, it remains unclear how BMP4 signaling inhibits remyelination. Here we investigated the downstream signaling pathway that mediates the inhibitory effect that BMP4 exerts upon remyelination through pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Using the cuprizone mouse model of central demyelination, we demonstrate that selectively blocking BMP4 signaling via the pharmacological inhibitor LDN-193189 significantly promotes oligodendroglial differentiation and the extent of remyelination in vivo. This was accompanied by the downregulation of transcriptional targets that suppress oligodendrocyte differentiation. Further, selective deletion of BMP receptor type IA (BMPRIA) within primary mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly enhanced their differentiation and subsequent myelination in vitro. Together, the results of this study identify that BMP4 signals via BMPRIA within OPCs to inhibit oligodendroglial differentiation and their capacity to myelinate axons, and suggest that blocking the BMP4/BMPRIA pathway in OPCs is a promising strategy to promote CNS remyelination.
Collapse
|
7
|
Meadowcroft MD, Wang J, Purnell CJ, Peters DG, Eslinger PJ, Neely EB, Gill DJ, Vasavada M, Ali-Rahmani F, Yang QX, Connor JR. Reduced white matter MRI transverse relaxation rate in cognitively normal H63D-HFE human carriers and H67D-HFE mice. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 10:1231-1242. [PMID: 26660104 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations within the HFE protein gene sequence have been associated with increased risk of developing a number of neurodegenerative disorders. To this effect, an animal model has been created which incorporates the mouse homologue to the human H63D-HFE mutation: the H67D-HFE knock-in mouse. These mice exhibit alterations in iron management proteins, have increased neuronal oxidative stress, and a disruption in cholesterol regulation. However, it remains undetermined how these differences translate to human H63D carriers in regards to white matter (WM) integrity. To this endeavor, MRI transverse relaxation rate (R2) parametrics were employed to test the hypothesis that WM alterations are present in H63D human carriers and are recapitulated in the H67D mice. H63D carriers exhibit widespread reductions in brain R2 compared to non-carriers within white matter association fibers in the brain. Similar R2 decreases within white matter tracts were observed in the H67D mouse brain. Additionally, an exacerbation of age-related R2 decrease is found in the H67D animal model in white matter regions of interest. The decrease in R2 within white matter tracts of both species is speculated to be multifaceted. The R2 changes are hypothesized to be due to alterations in axonal biochemical tissue composition. The R2 changes observed in both the human-H63D and mouse-H67D data suggest that modified white matter myelination is occurring in subjects with HFE mutations, potentially increasing vulnerability to neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, H066 - The Center for NMR Research, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Carson J Purnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Douglas G Peters
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Eslinger
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David J Gill
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Megha Vasavada
- Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fatima Ali-Rahmani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meadowcroft MD, Wang J, Purnell CJ, Eslinger PJ, Neely EB, Yang QX, Connor JR. Reduced Cerebral White Matter Integrity Assessed by DTI in Cognitively Normal H63D-HFE Polymorphism Carriers. J Neuroimaging 2017; 28:126-133. [PMID: 28771940 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The H63D-HFE single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with brain iron dysregulation; however, the emergent role of this missense variant in brain structure and function has yet to be determined. Previous work has demonstrated that HFE SNP carriers have reduced white matter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton relaxation rates. The mechanism by which white matter alterations perturb MRI relaxation is unknown as is how these metrics are related to myelin integrity. METHODS Fifteen subjects heterozygous for the HFE-H63D SNP and 25 controls with wild-type HFE had diffusion-weighted, anatomical MRIs taken, and underwent cognitive assessment. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), and mode of anisotropy (MO) were calculated from the diffusion dataset to investigate the relationship between the H63D-HFE SNP and myelin integrity. RESULTS A decrease in FA, an increase in MD, and an increase in MO are demonstrated in multiple H63D-HFE polymorphism carrier white matter tracts. Regions with altered diffusion metrics are notably located in heavily myelinated white matter association fibers, such as the anterior corona radiata and longitudinal fasciculi. CONCLUSIONS The MRI data presented here demonstrate that H63D-HFE polymorphism carriers have diffusivity changes in white matter compared to wild-type subjects. The reduced integrity white matter tracts in H63D-HFE carriers are hypothesized to be related to increased susceptibility of these late-myelinating regions to cellular stress induced by oligodendrocyte iron dyshomeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.,Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Carson J Purnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Paul J Eslinger
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.,Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meyers EA, Kessler JA. TGF-β Family Signaling in Neural and Neuronal Differentiation, Development, and Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022244. [PMID: 28130363 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is necessary for proper neural development and function throughout life. Sequential waves of activation, inhibition, and reactivation of TGF-β family members regulate numerous elements of the nervous system from the earliest stages of embryogenesis through adulthood. This review discusses the expression, regulation, and function of TGF-β family members in the central nervous system at various developmental stages, beginning with induction and patterning of the nervous system to their importance in the adult as modulators of inflammatory response and involvement in degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Meyers
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sabo JK, Heine V, Silbereis JC, Schirmer L, Levison SW, Rowitch DH. Olig1 is required for noggin-induced neonatal myelin repair. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:560-571. [PMID: 28253550 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal white matter injury (NWMI) is a lesion found in preterm infants that can lead to cerebral palsy. Although antagonists of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, such as Noggin, promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) production after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, the downstream functional targets are poorly understood. The basic helix-loop-helix protein, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 (Olig1), promotes oligodendrocyte (OL) development and is essential during remyelination in adult mice. Here, we investigated whether Olig1 function is required downstream of BMP antagonism for response to injury in the neonatal brain. METHODS We used wild-type and Olig1-null mice subjected to neonatal stroke and postnatal neural progenitor cultures, and we analyzed Olig1 expression in human postmortem samples from neonates that suffered HI encephalopathy (HIE). RESULTS Olig1-null neonatal mice showed significant hypomyelination after moderate neonatal stroke. Surprisingly, damaged white matter tracts in Olig1-null mice lacked Olig2+ OPCs, and instead proliferating neuronal precursors and GABAergic interneurons were present. We demonstrate that Noggin-induced OPC production requires Olig1 function. In postnatal neural progenitors, Noggin governs production of OLs versus interneurons through Olig1-mediated repression of Dlx1/2 transcription factors. Additionally, we observed that Olig1 and the BMP signaling effector, phosphorylated SMADs (Sma- and Mad-related proteins) 1, 5, and 8, were elevated in the subventricular zone of human infants with HIE compared to controls. INTERPRETATION These findings indicate that Olig1 has a critical function in regulation of postnatal neural progenitor cell production in response to Noggin. Ann Neurol 2017;81:560-571.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Sabo
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vivi Heine
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John C Silbereis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
ARX polyalanine expansion mutations lead to migration impediment in the rostral cortex coupled with a developmental deficit of calbindin-positive cortical GABAergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28627419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX) is indispensable for interneuron development. Patients with ARX polyalanine expansion mutations of the first two tracts (namely PA1 and PA2) suffer from intellectual disability of varying severity, with seizures a frequent comorbidity. The impact of PA1 and PA2 mutations on the brain development is unknown, hindering the search for therapeutic interventions. Here, we characterized the disturbances to cortical interneuron development in mice modeling the two most common ARX polyalanine expansion mutations in human. We found a consistent ∼40-50% reduction of calbindin-positive interneurons, but not Stt+ or Cr+ interneurons, within the cortex of newborn hemizygous mice (p=0.024) for both mutant strains compared to wildtype (p=0.011). We demonstrate that this was a consequence of calbindin precursor cells being arrested or delayed at the ventral subpallium en route of tangential migration. Ex-vivo assay validated this migration deficit in PA1 cells (p=0.0002) suggesting that the defect is contributed by intrinsic loss of Arx function within migrating cells. Both humans and mice with PA1 mutations present with severe clinical features, including intellectual disability and infantile spasms. Our data further demonstrated the pathogenic mechanism was robustly shared between PA1 and PA2 mutations, as previously reported including Arx protein reduction and overlapping transcriptome profiles within the developing mouse brains. Data from our study demonstrated that cortical calbindin interneuron development and migration is negatively affected by ARX polyalanine expansion mutations. Understanding the cellular pathogenesis contributing to disease manifestation is necessary to screen efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wheeler NA, Fuss B. Extracellular cues influencing oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:512-30. [PMID: 27016069 PMCID: PMC5010977 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of neurologic disorders found to be associated with loss and/or dysfunction of the CNS myelin sheath, ranging from the classic demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, through CNS injury, to neuropsychiatric diseases. The disabling burden of these diseases has sparked a growing interest in gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the differentiation of the myelinating cells of the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLGs), and the process of (re)myelination. In this context, the importance of the extracellular milieu is becoming increasingly recognized. Under pathological conditions, changes in inhibitory as well as permissive/promotional cues are thought to lead to an overall extracellular environment that is obstructive for the regeneration of the myelin sheath. Given the general view that remyelination is, even though limited in human, a natural response to demyelination, targeting pathologically 'dysregulated' extracellular cues and their downstream pathways is regarded as a promising approach toward the enhancement of remyelination by endogenous (or if necessary transplanted) OLG progenitor cells. In this review, we will introduce the extracellular cues that have been implicated in the modulation of (re)myelination. These cues can be soluble, part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or mediators of cell-cell interactions. Their inhibitory and permissive/promotional roles with regard to remyelination as well as their potential for therapeutic intervention will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cole AE, Murray SS, Xiao J. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Signalling in Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells during Development and after Injury. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9260592. [PMID: 27293450 PMCID: PMC4884839 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9260592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in identifying the extracellular signalling pathways that regulate neural stem and precursor cell biology in the central nervous system (CNS). The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), in particular BMP4, are key players regulating neuronal and glial cell development from neural precursor cells in the embryonic, postnatal, and injured CNS. Here we review recent studies on BMP4 signalling in the generation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglial cells in the CNS. We also discuss putative mechanisms that BMP4 may utilise to influence glial cell development following CNS injury and highlight some questions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair E. Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon S. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang J, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Pan Y, Qiu M, Wu S, Zhao G, Wang YZ. Predominant neuronal differentiation of Olig1+ neural progenitors in forebrain cortex biased by β-catenin over-expression. Neurosci Lett 2016; 622:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Cittaro D, Lampis V, Luchetti A, Coccurello R, Guffanti A, Felsani A, Moles A, Stupka E, D' Amato FR, Battaglia M. Histone Modifications in a Mouse Model of Early Adversities and Panic Disorder: Role for Asic1 and Neurodevelopmental Genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25131. [PMID: 27121911 PMCID: PMC4848503 DOI: 10.1038/srep25131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperventilation following transient, CO2-induced acidosis is ubiquitous in mammals and heritable. In humans, respiratory and emotional hypersensitivity to CO2 marks separation anxiety and panic disorders, and is enhanced by early-life adversities. Mice exposed to the repeated cross-fostering paradigm (RCF) of interference with maternal environment show heightened separation anxiety and hyperventilation to 6% CO2-enriched air. Gene-environment interactions affect CO2 hypersensitivity in both humans and mice. We therefore hypothesised that epigenetic modifications and increased expression of genes involved in pH-detection could explain these relationships. Medullae oblongata of RCF- and normally-reared female outbred mice were assessed by ChIP-seq for H3Ac, H3K4me3, H3K27me3 histone modifications, and by SAGE for differential gene expression. Integration of multiple experiments by network analysis revealed an active component of 148 genes pointing to the mTOR signalling pathway and nociception. Among these genes, Asic1 showed heightened mRNA expression, coherent with RCF-mice’s respiratory hypersensitivity to CO2 and altered nociception. Functional enrichment and mRNA transcript analyses yielded a consistent picture of enhancement for several genes affecting chemoception, neurodevelopment, and emotionality. Particularly, results with Asic1 support recent human findings with panic and CO2 responses, and provide new perspectives on how early adversities and genes interplay to affect key components of panic and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cittaro
- Centre for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Lampis
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchetti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Guffanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Genomnia srl, Lainate, Italy
| | - Armando Felsani
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Genomnia srl, Lainate, Italy
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Genomnia srl, Lainate, Italy
| | - Elia Stupka
- Centre for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca R D' Amato
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Battaglia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Child and Youth Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Caronia-Brown G, Anderegg A, Awatramani R. Expression and functional analysis of the Wnt/beta-catenin induced mir-135a-2 locus in embryonic forebrain development. Neural Dev 2016; 11:9. [PMID: 27048518 PMCID: PMC4822265 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain size and patterning are dependent on dosage-sensitive morphogen signaling pathways - yet how these pathways are calibrated remains enigmatic. Recent studies point to a new role for microRNAs in tempering the spatio-temporal range of morphogen functions during development. Here, we investigated the role of miR-135a, derived from the mir-135a-2 locus, in embryonic forebrain development. METHOD 1. We characterized the expression of miR-135a, and its host gene Rmst, by in situ hybridization (ish). 2. We conditionally ablated, or activated, beta-catenin in the dorsal forebrain to determine if this pathway was necessary and/or sufficient for Rmst/miR-135a expression. 3. We performed bioinformatics analysis to unveil the most predicted pathways targeted by miR-135a. 4. We performed gain and loss of function experiments on mir-135a-2 and analyzed by ish the expression of key markers of cortical hem, choroid plexus, neocortex and hippocampus. RESULTS 1. miR-135a, embedded in the host long non-coding transcript Rmst, is robustly expressed, and functional, in the medial wall of the embryonic dorsal forebrain, a Wnt and TGFβ/BMP-rich domain. 2. Canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is critical for the expression of Rmst and miR-135a, and the cortical hem determinant Lmx1a. 3. Bioinformatics analyses reveal that the Wnt and TGFβ/BMP cascades are among the top predicted pathways targeted by miR-135a. 4. Analysis of mir-135a-2 null embryos showed that dorsal forebrain development appeared normal. In contrast, modest mir-135a-2 overexpression, in the early dorsal forebrain, resulted in a phenotype resembling that of mutants with Wnt and TGFβ/BMP deficits - a smaller cortical hem and hippocampus primordium associated with a shorter neocortex as well as a less convoluted choroid plexus. Interestingly, late overexpression of mir-135a-2 revealed no change. CONCLUSIONS All together, our data suggests the existence of a Wnt/miR-135a auto-regulatory loop, which could serve to limit the extent, the duration and/or intensity of the Wnt and, possibly, the TGFβ/BMP pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Caronia-Brown
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 7-113 Lurie Bldg., 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Angela Anderegg
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 7-113 Lurie Bldg., 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rajeshwar Awatramani
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 7-113 Lurie Bldg., 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hover LD, Owens P, Munden AL, Wang J, Chambless LB, Hopkins CR, Hong CC, Moses HL, Abel TW. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling promotes tumorigenesis in a murine model of high-grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:928-38. [PMID: 26683138 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved therapies for high-grade glioma (HGG) are urgently needed as the median survival for grade IV gliomas is only 15 months. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling plays critical and complex roles in many types of cancer, including glioma, with most of the recently published work focusing on BMP-mediated regulation of glioma stem cells (GSCs). We hypothesized that BMP signaling may be an important modulator of tumorigenic properties in glioma cells outside of the GSC compartment. METHODS We used a human HGG tissue microarray and performed immunohistochemistry for phospho-Smads1,5,8. To examine the role of BMP signaling in tumorigenic astrocytes, transgenic mice were used to delete the BMP type IA receptor (Bmpr1a) and generate astrocytes transformed with oncogenic Ras and homozygous deletion of p53. The cells were transplanted orthotopically into immunocompetent adult host mice. RESULTS First we established that BMP signaling is active within the vast majority of HGG tumor cells. Mice implanted with BMPR1a-knockout transformed astrocytes showed an increase in median survival compared with mice that received BMPR1a-intact transformed astrocytes (52.5 vs 16 days). In vitro analysis showed that deletion of BMPR1a in oncogenic astrocytes resulted in decreased proliferation, decreased invasion, decreased migration, and increased expression of stemness markers. In addition, inhibition of BMP signaling in murine cells and astrocytoma cells with a small molecule BMP receptor kinase inhibitor resulted in similar tumor suppressive effects in vitro. CONCLUSION BMP inhibition may represent a viable therapeutic approach in adult HGG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Hover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Philip Owens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Alexander L Munden
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Harold L Moses
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| | - Ty W Abel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (L.D.H., T.W.A.); Department of Cancer Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (P.O., H.L.M.); Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (A.M.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (J.W., L.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.H.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (C.C.H.); Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.); Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (C.C.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li H, Richardson WD. Evolution of the CNS myelin gene regulatory program. Brain Res 2015; 1641:111-121. [PMID: 26474911 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a specialized subcellular structure that evolved uniquely in vertebrates. A myelinated axon conducts action potentials many times faster than an unmyelinated axon of the same diameter; for the same conduction speed, the unmyelinated axon would need a much larger diameter and volume than its myelinated counterpart. Hence myelin speeds information transfer and saves space, allowing the evolution of a powerful yet portable brain. Myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is controlled by a gene regulatory program that features a number of master transcriptional regulators including Olig1, Olig2 and Myrf. Olig family genes evolved from a single ancestral gene in non-chordates. Olig2, which executes multiple functions with regard to oligodendrocyte identity and development in vertebrates, might have evolved functional versatility through post-translational modification, especially phosphorylation, as illustrated by its evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine phospho-acceptor sites and its accumulation of serine residues during more recent stages of vertebrate evolution. Olig1, derived from a duplicated copy of Olig2 in early bony fish, is involved in oligodendrocyte development and is critical to remyelination in bony vertebrates, but is lost in birds. The origin of Myrf orthologs might be the result of DNA integration between an invading phage or bacterium and an early protist, producing a fusion protein capable of self-cleavage and DNA binding. Myrf seems to have adopted new functions in early vertebrates - initiation of the CNS myelination program as well as the maintenance of mature oligodendrocyte identity and myelin structure - by developing new ways to interact with DNA motifs specific to myelin genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells is controlled by transforming growth factor β family proteins during corticogenesis. J Neurosci 2015; 34:14973-83. [PMID: 25378163 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1156-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are generated first in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally to occupy the cortex. The molecular cues that guide this migratory route are currently completely unknown. Here, we show that bone morphogenetic protein-4 (Bmp4), Bmp7, and Tgfβ1 produced by the meninges and pericytes repelled ventral OPCs into the cortex at mouse embryonic stages. Ectopic activation of Bmp or Tgfβ1 signaling before the entrance of OPCs into the cortex hindered OPC migration into the cortical areas. OPCs without Smad4 signaling molecules also failed to migrate into the cortex efficiently and formed heterotopia in ventral areas. OPC migration into the cortex was also dramatically reduced by conditional inhibition of Tgfβ1 or Bmp expression from mesenchymal cells. The data suggest that mesenchymal Tgfβ family proteins promote migration of ventral OPCs into the cortex during corticogenesis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Greenberg Z, Ramshaw H, Schwarz Q. Time Windows of Interneuron Development: Implications to Our Understanding of the Aetiology and Treatment of Schizophrenia. AIMS Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2015.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
21
|
|
22
|
MacKay H, Abizaid A. Embryonic development of the hypothalamic feeding circuitry: Transcriptional, nutritional, and hormonal influences. Mol Metab 2014; 3:813-22. [PMID: 25506547 PMCID: PMC4264037 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic neurogenesis and differentiation in the hypothalamic feeding circuitry is under the control of a variety of diffused morphogens and intrinsic transcription factors, leading to the unique structural and functional characteristics of each nucleus. Scope of review The transcriptional regulation of the development of feeding neuroendocrine systems during the period of embryonic neurogenesis and differentiation will be reviewed here, with a special emphasis on genetic and environmental manipulations that yield an adverse metabolic phenotype. Major conclusions Emerging data suggest that developmental mechanisms can be perturbed not only by genetic manipulation, but also by manipulations to maternal nutrition during the gestational period, leading to long-lasting behavioral, neurobiological, and metabolic consequences. Leptin is neurotrophic in the embryonic brain, and given that it varies in proportion to maternal energy balance, may mediate these effects through an interaction with the mechanisms of hypothalamic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry MacKay
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gallo V, Deneen B. Glial development: the crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS. Neuron 2014; 83:283-308. [PMID: 25033178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexities of the mammalian CNS, its regeneration is viewed as the holy grail of regenerative medicine. Extraordinary efforts have been made to understand developmental neurogenesis, with the hopes of clinically applying this knowledge. CNS regeneration also involves glia, which comprises at least 50% of the cellular constituency of the brain and is involved in all forms of injury and disease response, recovery, and regeneration. Recent developmental studies have given us unprecedented insight into the processes that regulate the generation of CNS glia. Because restorative processes often parallel those found in development, we will peer through the lens of developmental gliogenesis to gain a clearer understanding of the processes that underlie glial regeneration under pathological conditions. Specifically, this review will focus on key signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte development and describe how these mechanisms are reutilized in these populations during regeneration and repair after CNS injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jaumotte JD, Zigmond MJ. Comparison of GDF5 and GDNF as neuroprotective factors for postnatal dopamine neurons in ventral mesencephalic cultures. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1425-33. [PMID: 24916473 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Loss of dopamine neurons is associated with the motor deficits that occur in Parkinson's disease. Although many drugs have proven to be useful in the treatment of the symptoms of this disease, none has been shown to have a significant impact on the development of the disease. However, we believe that several neurotrophic factors have the potential to reduce its progression. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily of neurotrophic factors, has been extensively studied in this regard. Less attention has been paid to growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), another member of the same superfamily. This study compares GDNF and GDF5 in dissociated cultures prepared from ventral mesencephalon and in organotypic co-cultures containing substantia nigra, striatum, and neocortex. We report that both GDNF (10-500 ng/ml) and GDF5 (100-500 ng/ml) promoted the survival of dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra of postnatal rats, although GDNF was considerably more potent than GDF5. In contrast, neither factor had any significant effect on the survival of dopamine neurons from the rat ventral tegmental area. Using organotypic co-cultures, we also compared GDF5 with GDNF as chemoattractants for the innervation of the striatum and the neocortex by dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra. The addition of either GDF5 or GDNF (100-500 ng/ml) caused innervation by dopamine neurons into the cortex as well as the striatum, which did not occur in untreated cultures. Our results are consistent with similar findings suggesting that GDF5, like GDNF, deserves attention as a possible therapeutic intervention for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliann D Jaumotte
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Silbereis JC, Nobuta H, Tsai HH, Heine VM, McKinsey GL, Meijer DH, Howard MA, Petryniak MA, Potter GB, Alberta JA, Baraban SC, Stiles CD, Rubenstein JLR, Rowitch DH. Olig1 function is required to repress dlx1/2 and interneuron production in Mammalian brain. Neuron 2014; 81:574-87. [PMID: 24507192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal GABAergic interneuron density, and imbalance of excitatory versus inhibitory tone, is thought to result in epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders, and psychiatric disease. Recent studies indicate that interneuron cortical density is determined primarily by the size of the precursor pool in the embryonic telencephalon. However, factors essential for regulating interneuron allocation from telencephalic multipotent precursors are poorly understood. Here we report that Olig1 represses production of GABAergic interneurons throughout the mouse brain. Olig1 deletion in mutant mice results in ectopic expression and upregulation of Dlx1/2 genes in the ventral medial ganglionic eminences and adjacent regions of the septum, resulting in an ∼30% increase in adult cortical interneuron numbers. We show that Olig1 directly represses the Dlx1/2 I12b intergenic enhancer and that Dlx1/2 functions genetically downstream of Olig1. These findings establish Olig1 as an essential repressor of Dlx1/2 and interneuron production in developing mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Silbereis
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Magda A Petryniak
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gregory B Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John A Alberta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charles D Stiles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Paes de Faria J, Kessaris N, Andrew P, Richardson WD, Li H. New Olig1 null mice confirm a non-essential role for Olig1 in oligodendrocyte development. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:12. [PMID: 24423059 PMCID: PMC3904929 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olig1 and Olig2, encoding closely related basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, were originally identified in screens for glial-specific genes. Olig1 and Olig2 are both expressed in restricted parts of the neuroepithelium of the embryonic spinal cord and telencephalon and subsequently in oligodendrocyte lineage cells throughout life. In the spinal cord, Olig2 plays a crucial role in the development of oligodendrocytes and motor neurons, and both cell types are lost from Olig2 null mutant mice. The role of Olig1 has been more cryptic. It was initially reported that Olig1 null mice (with a Cre-Pgk-Neo cassette at the Olig1 locus) have a mild developmental phenotype characterized by a slight delay in oligodendrocyte differentiation. However, a subsequent study of the same line following removal of Pgk-Neo (leaving Olig1-Cre) found severe disruption of oligodendrocyte production, myelination failure and early postnatal lethality. A plausible explanation was proposed, that the highly expressed Pgk-Neo cassette in the original line might have up-regulated the neighbouring Olig2 gene, compensating for loss of Olig1. However, this was not tested, so the importance of Olig1 for oligodendrocyte development has remained unclear. Results We generated two independent lines of Olig1 null mice. Both lines had a mild phenotype featuring slightly delayed oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation but no long-term effect. In addition, we found that Olig2 transcripts were not up-regulated in our Olig1 null mice. Conclusions Our findings support the original conclusion that Olig1 plays a minor and non-essential role in oligodendrocyte development and have implications for the interpretation of studies based on Olig1 deficient mice (and perhaps Olig1-Cre mice) from different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Terasaka T, Otsuka F, Tsukamoto N, Nakamura E, Inagaki K, Toma K, Ogura-Ochi K, Glidewell-Kenney C, Lawson MA, Makino H. Mutual interaction of kisspeptin, estrogen and bone morphogenetic protein-4 activity in GnRH regulation by GT1-7 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:8-15. [PMID: 23880664 PMCID: PMC4079587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is integrated by interaction of neural and hormonal signals converging on hypothalamic neurons for controlling gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Kisspeptin, the peptide product of the kiss1 gene and the endogenous agonist for the GRP54 receptor, plays a key role in the regulation of GnRH secretion. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between kisspeptin, estrogen and BMPs in the regulation of GnRH production by using mouse hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. Treatment with kisspeptin increased GnRH mRNA expression and GnRH protein production in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression levels of kiss1 and GPR54 were not changed by kisspeptin stimulation. Kisspeptin induction of GnRH was suppressed by co-treatment with BMPs, with BMP-4 action being the most potent for suppressing the kisspeptin effect. The expression of kisspeptin receptor, GPR54, was suppressed by BMPs, and this effect was reversed in the presence of kisspeptin. It was also revealed that BMP-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and Id-1 expression were suppressed and inhibitory Smad6/7 was induced by kisspeptin. In addition, estrogen induced GPR54 expression, while kisspeptin increased the expression levels of ERα and ERβ, suggesting that the actions of estrogen and kisspeptin are mutually enhanced in GT1-7 cells. Moreover, kisspeptin stimulated MAPKs and AKT signaling, and ERK signaling was functionally involved in the kisspeptin-induced GnRH expression. BMP-4 was found to suppress kisspeptin-induced GnRH expression by reducing ERK signaling activity. Collectively, the results indicate that the axis of kisspeptin-induced GnRH production is bi-directionally controlled, being augmented by an interaction between ERα/β and GPR54 signaling and suppressed by BMP-4 action in GT1-7 neuron cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Duque A, Gazula VR, Kaczmarek LK. Expression of Kv1.3 potassium channels regulates density of cortical interneurons. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:841-55. [PMID: 23821603 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Kv1.3 protein is a member of the large family of voltage-dependent K+ subunits (Kv channels), which assemble to form tetrameric membrane-spanning channels that provide a selective pore for the conductance of K+ across the cell membrane. Kv1.3 differs from most other Kv channels in that deletion of Kv1.3 gene produces very striking changes in development and structure of the olfactory bulb, where Kv1.3 is expressed at high levels, resulting in a lower threshold for detection of odors, an increased number of synaptic glomeruli and alterations in the levels of a variety of neuronal signaling molecules. Because Kv1.3 is also expressed in the cerebral cortex, we have now examined the effects of deletion of the Kv1.3 gene on the expression of interneuron populations of the cerebral cortex. Using unbiased stereology we found an increase in the number of parvalbumin (PV) cells in whole cerebral cortex of Kv1.3-/- mice relative to that in wild-type mice, and a decrease in the number of calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and somatostatin (SOM) interneurons. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the cortical volume such that the cell density of PV interneurons is significantly increased and that of SOM neurons is decreased in Kv1.3-/- animals. Our studies suggest that, as in the olfactory bulb, Kv1.3 plays a unique role in neuronal differentiation and/or survival of interneuron populations and that expression of Kv1.3 is required for normal cortical function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Duque
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang H, Zhao XF, Zheng K, Qiu M. Regulation of the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation: mechanisms and perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:155-64. [PMID: 23456566 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal myelination is an essential process for normal functioning of the vertebrate central nervous system. Proper formation of myelin sheaths around axons depends on the timely differentiation of oligodendrocytes. This differentiation occurs on a predictable schedule both in culture and during development. However, the timing mechanisms for oligodendrocyte differentiation during normal development have not been fully uncovered. Recent studies have identified a large number of regulatory factors, including cell-intrinsic factors and extracellular signals, that could control the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here we provide a mechanistic and critical review of the timing control of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Hypothalamic neural circuits are known to regulate energy homeostasis and feeding behavior, but how these circuits are established during development is not well understood. Here we report that embryonic neural progenitors that express the transcription factor OLIG1 contribute neurons to the ventral hypothalamus including the arcuate nucleus (ARH), a center that regulates feeding behavior. Ablation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1a (BMPR1A) in the OLIG1 lineage resulted in hypophagia, hypoglycemia, and weight loss after the second postnatal week with death by week 4. Differentiation and specification of inhibitory hypothalamic neurons contributing to melanocortin and dopaminergic systems were abnormal in the BMPR1A-deficient ARH. Although the hypophagia promoted expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti related protein (AgRP) in the BMPR1A-deficient ARH, there was a profound decrease of AgRP(+) axonal terminals in the mutant ARH targets including dorsomedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. Projection of AgRP(+) neurons to these nuclei is known to be regulated by leptin. Leptin injection in neonatal mice increased bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling in the ventral hypothalamus, and blocking BMP signaling prevented leptin-induced neurite outgrowth in ARH explant cultures. These findings suggest that BMPR1A signaling is critical for postnatal establishment of leptin-responsive orexigenic fibers from ARH to multiple hypothalamic nuclei. More generally these observations indicate that BMPR1A signaling regulates postnatal establishment of OLIG1 lineage-derived ARH neuronal circuits that are critical for leptin-mediated feeding behavior.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bond AM, Bhalala OG, Kessler JA. The dynamic role of bone morphogenetic proteins in neural stem cell fate and maturation. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1068-84. [PMID: 22489086 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of powerful morphogens that are critical for development of the nervous system. The effects of BMP signaling on neural stem cells are myriad and dynamic, changing with each stage of development. During early development inhibition of BMP signaling differentiates neuroectoderm from ectoderm, and BMP signaling helps to specify neural crest. Thus modulation of BMP signaling underlies formation of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. BMPs secreted from dorsal structures then form a gradient which helps pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing spinal cord and brain. During forebrain development BMPs sequentially induce neurogenesis and then astrogliogenesis and participate in neurite outgrowth from immature neurons. BMP signaling also plays a critical role in maintaining adult neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). BMPs are able to exert such diverse effects through closely regulated temporospatial expression and interaction with other signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Weng Q, Chen Y, Wang H, Xu X, Yang B, He Q, Shou W, Chen Y, Higashi Y, van den Berghe V, Seuntjens E, Kernie SG, Bukshpun P, Sherr EH, Huylebroeck D, Lu QR. Dual-mode modulation of Smad signaling by Smad-interacting protein Sip1 is required for myelination in the central nervous system. Neuron 2012; 73:713-28. [PMID: 22365546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for proper brain function, yet the molecular determinants that control this process remain poorly understood. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 promote myelination, whereas bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibit myelination. Here we show that these opposing regulators of myelination are functionally linked by the Olig1/2 common target Smad-interacting protein-1 (Sip1). We demonstrate that Sip1 is an essential modulator of CNS myelination. Sip1 represses differentiation inhibitory signals by antagonizing BMP receptor-activated Smad activity while activating crucial oligodendrocyte-promoting factors. Importantly, a key Sip1-activated target, Smad7, is required for oligodendrocyte differentiation and partially rescues differentiation defects caused by Sip1 loss. Smad7 promotes myelination by blocking the BMP- and β-catenin-negative regulatory pathways. Thus, our findings reveal that Sip1-mediated antagonism of inhibitory signaling is critical for promoting CNS myelination and point to new mediators for myelin repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Weng
- Department of Developmental Biology and Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Basic Neuroscience Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Venugopal AK, Sameer Kumar GS, Mahadevan A, Selvan LDN, Marimuthu A, Dikshit JB, Tata P, Ramachandra Y, Chaerkady R, Sinha S, Chandramouli B, Arivazhagan A, Satishchandra P, Shankar S, Pandey A. Transcriptomic Profiling of Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5. [PMID: 23483634 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting ~1% of the population. Medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent type of epilepsy observed in adults who do not respond to pharmacological treatment. The reason for intractability in these patients has not been systematically studied. Further, no markers are available that can predict the subset of patients who will not respond to pharmacotherapy. To identify potential biomarkers of epileptogenicity, we compared the mRNA profiles of surgically resected tissue from seizure zones with non-seizure zones from cases of intractable MTLE. We identified 413 genes that exhibited ≥2-fold change that were statistically significant across these two groups. Several of these differentially expressed genes have not been previously described in the context of MTLE including claudin 11 (CLDN11) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB (BMPR1B). In addition, we found significant downregulation of a subset of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) associated genes. We also identified molecules such as BACH2 and ADAMTS15, which are already known to be associated with epilepsy. We validated one upregulated molecule, serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31) and one downregulated molecule, SMARCA4, by immunohistochemical labeling of tissue sections. These molecules need to be further confirmed in large-scale studies to determine their potential use as diagnostic as well as prognostic markers in intractable MTLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash K Venugopal
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India ; Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, India ; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Departments of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
NMDA receptor signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitors is not required for oligodendrogenesis and myelination. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12650-62. [PMID: 21880926 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2455-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) express NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and form synapses with glutamatergic neurons throughout the CNS. Although glutamate influences the proliferation and maturation of these progenitors in vitro, the role of NMDAR signaling in oligodendrogenesis and myelination in vivo is not known. Here, we investigated the consequences of genetically deleting the obligatory NMDAR subunit NR1 from OPCs and their oligodendrocyte progeny in the CNS of developing and mature mice. NMDAR-deficient OPCs proliferated normally, achieved appropriate densities in gray and white matter, and differentiated to form major white matter tracts without delay. OPCs also retained their characteristic physiological and morphological properties in the absence of NMDAR signaling and were able to form synapses with glutamatergic axons. However, expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs) was enhanced in NMDAR-deficient OPCs. These results suggest that NMDAR signaling is not used to control OPC development but to regulate AMPAR-dependent signaling with surrounding axons, pointing to additional functions for these ubiquitous glial cells.
Collapse
|
35
|
Oligodendrocyte progenitors reversibly exit the cell cycle and give rise to astrocytes in response to interferon-γ. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6235-46. [PMID: 21508246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5905-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte progenitor cells (O-2A/OPCs) populate the CNS and generate oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Understanding how O-2A/OPCs respond to their environment is crucial to understanding how these cells function in the CNS and how to best promote their therapeutic proliferation and differentiation. We show that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was not toxic to highly purified perinatal or adult rat O-2A/OPCs. IFN-γ treatment led to downregulation of PDGFR-α (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α) and Ki-67 and decreased self-renewal in clonal populations. IFN-γ also significantly increased the proportion of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle, decreased BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation, and led to increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitors Rb and p27(kip1). Although p27(kip1) expression was not necessary for IFN-γ-mediated quiescence, its upstream regulator IRF-1 was required. The quiescent state of O-2A/OPCs caused by IFN-γ was reversible as the withdrawal of IFN-γ allowed O-2A/OPCs to appropriately respond to both proliferation and differentiation signals. Differentiation into oligodendrocytes induced by either thyroid hormone or CNTF was also abrogated by IFN-γ. This inhibition was specific to the oligodendrocyte pathway, as O-2A/OPC differentiation into astrocytes was not inhibited. IFN-γ alone also led to the generation of GFAP-positive astrocytes in a subset of O-2A/OPCs. Together, these results demonstrate a reversible inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on O-2A/OPC proliferation with a concomitant generation of astrocytes. We propose that neuroinflammation involving increased IFN-γ can reduce progenitor numbers and inhibit differentiation, which has significant clinical relevance for injury repair, but may also contribute to the generation of astrocytes.
Collapse
|
36
|
Khaira SK, Nefzger CM, Beh SJ, Pouton CW, Haynes JM. Midbrain and forebrain patterning delivers immunocytochemically and functionally similar populations of neuropeptide Y containing GABAergic neurons. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:413-20. [PMID: 21349310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurons differentiated in vitro from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to serve both as models of disease states and in drug discovery programs. In this study, we use sonic hedgehog (SHH) and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) to enrich for forebrain and midbrain phenotypes from mouse ESCs. We then investigate, using Ca(2+) imaging and [(3)H]-GABA release studies, whether the GABAergic neurons produced exhibit distinct functional phenotypes. At day 24 of differentiation, reverse transcriptase-PCR showed the presence of both forebrain (Bf-1, Hesx1, Pgc-1α, Six3) and midbrain (GATA2, GATA3) selective mRNA markers in developing forebrain-enriched cultures. All markers were present in midbrain cultures except for Bf-1 and Pgc-1α. Irrespective of culture conditions all GABA immunoreactive neurons were also immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y (NPY) antibodies. Forebrain and midbrain GABAergic neurons responded to ATP (1 mM), L-glutamate (30 μM), noradrenaline (30 μM), acetylcholine (30 μM) and dopamine (30 μM), with similar elevations of intracellular Ca(2+)([Ca(2+)](i)). The presence of GABA(A) and GABA(B) antagonists, bicuculline (30 μM) and CGP55845 (1 μM), increased the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) in response to dopamine (30 μM) in midbrain, but not forebrain GABAergic neurons. All agonists, except dopamine, elicited similar [(3)H]-GABA release from forebrain and midbrain cultures. Dopamine (30 μM) did not stimulate significant [(3)H]-GABA release in midbrain cultures, although it was effective in forebrain cultures. This study shows that differentiating neurons toward a midbrain fate restricts the expression of forebrain markers. Forebrain differentiation results in the expression of forebrain and midbrain markers. All GABA(+) neurons contain NPY, and show similar agonist-induced elevations of [Ca(2+)](i) and [(3)H]-GABA release. This study indicates that the pharmacological phenotype of these particular neurons may be independent of the addition of the patterning factors that direct neurons toward forebrain and midbrain fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Khaira
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dizon MLV, Maa T, Kessler JA. The bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin protects white matter after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:318-26. [PMID: 21310236 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in the neonate leads to white matter injury and subsequently cerebral palsy. We find that expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) increases in the neonatal mouse brain after unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia. Since signaling by the BMP family of factors is a potent inhibitor of oligodendroglial differentiation, we tested the hypothesis that antagonism of BMP signaling would prevent loss of oligodendroglia (OL) and white matter in a mouse model of perinatal HI. Perinatal HI was induced in transgenic mice in which the BMP antagonist noggin is overexpressed during oligodendrogenesis (pNSE-Noggin). Following perinatal HI, pNSE-Noggin mice had more oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) and more mature OL compared to wild type (WT) animals. The increase in OPC numbers did not result from proliferation but rather from increased differentiation from precursor cells. Immunofluorescence studies showed preservation of white matter in lesioned pNSE-Noggin mice compared to lesioned WT animals. Further, following perinatal HI, the pNSE-Noggin mice were protected from gait deficits. Together these findings indicate that the BMP-inhibitor noggin protects from HI-induced loss of oligodendroglial lineage cells and white matter as well as loss of motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L V Dizon
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave Ward 10-231, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cate HS, Sabo JK, Merlo D, Kemper D, Aumann TD, Robinson J, Merson TD, Emery B, Perreau VM, Kilpatrick TJ. Modulation of bone morphogenic protein signalling alters numbers of astrocytes and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone during cuprizone-induced demyelination. J Neurochem 2010; 115:11-22. [PMID: 20193041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) is a potential source of precursor cells to replace neural cells lost during demyelination. To better understand the molecular events that regulate neural precursor cell responsiveness in this context we undertook a microarray and quantitative PCR based analysis of genes expressed within the SVZ during cuprizone-induced demyelination. We identified an up-regulation of the genes encoding bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and its receptors. Immunohistochemistry confirmed an increase in BMP4 protein levels and also showed an increase in phosphorylated SMAD 1/5/8, a key component of BMP4 signalling, during demyelination. In vitro analysis revealed that neural precursor cells isolated from demyelinated animals, as well as those treated with BMP4, produce more astrocytes. Similarly, there were increased numbers of astrocytes in vivo within the SVZ during demyelination. Intraventricular infusion of Noggin, an endogenous antagonist of BMP4, during cuprizone-induced demyelination reduced pSMAD1/5/8, decreased astrocyte numbers and increased oligodendrocyte numbers in the SVZ. Our results suggest that lineage commitment of SVZ neural precursor cells is altered during demyelination and that BMP signalling plays a role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly S Cate
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dizon M, Szele F, Kessler JA. Hypoxia-ischemia induces an endogenous reparative response by local neural progenitors in the postnatal mouse telencephalon. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:173-83. [PMID: 20616554 DOI: 10.1159/000313468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in the preterm neonate commonly results in white matter injury for which there is no specific therapy. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain harbors neural stem cells and more committed progenitors including oligodendroglial progenitor cells that might serve as replacement cells for treating white matter injury. Data from rodent models suggest limited replacement of mature oligodendroglia by endogenous cells. Rare newly born mature oligodendrocytes have been reported within the striatum, corpus callosum and infarcted cortex 1 month following hypoxia-ischemia. Whether these oligodendrocytes arise in situ or emigrate from the SVZ is unknown. We used a postnatal day 9 mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia, BrdU labeling of mitotic cells, immunofluorescence and time-lapse multiphoton microscopy to determine whether hypoxia-ischemia increases production of oligodendroglial progenitors within the SVZ with emigration toward injured areas. Although cells of the oligodendroglial lineage increased in the brain ipsilateral to hypoxic-ischemic injury, they did not originate from the SVZ but rather arose within the striatum and cortex. Furthermore, they resulted from proliferation within the striatum but not within the cortex. Thus, an endogenous regenerative oligodendroglial response to postnatal hypoxia-ischemia occurs locally, with minimal long-distance contribution by cells of the SVZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dizon
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill., USA. m-dizon @ northwestern.edu
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in the developing telencephalon controls formation of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and modifies fear-related behavior. J Neurosci 2010; 30:6291-301. [PMID: 20445055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0550-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical hem is an embryonic signaling center that generates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and acts as an organizer for the hippocampus. The role of BMP signaling in hippocampal neurogenesis, however, has not been established. We therefore generated mice that were deficient in Bmpr1b constitutively, and deficient in Bmpr1a conditionally in the dorsal telencephalon. In double mutant male and female mice, the dentate gyrus (DG) was dramatically smaller than in control mice, reflecting decreased production of granule neurons at the peak period of DG neurogenesis. Additionally, the pool of cells that generates new DG neurons throughout life was reduced, commensurate with the smaller size of the DG. Effects of diminished BMP signaling on the cortical hem were at least partly responsible for these defects in DG development. Reduction of the DG and its major extrinsic output to CA3 raised the possibility that the DG was functionally compromised. We therefore looked for behavioral deficits in double mutants and found that the mice were less responsive to fear- or anxiety-provoking stimuli, whether the association of the stimulus with fear or anxiety was learned or innate. Given that no anatomical defects appeared in the double mutant telencephalon outside the DG, our observations support a growing literature that implicates the hippocampus in circuitry mediating fear and anxiety. Our results additionally indicate a requirement for BMP signaling in generating the dorsalmost neuronal lineage of the telencephalon, DG granule neurons, and in the development of the stem cell niche that makes neurons in the adult hippocampus.
Collapse
|
41
|
Identification of a Smad4/YY1-recognized and BMP2-responsive transcriptional regulatory module in the promoter of mouse GABA transporter subtype I (Gat1) gene. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4062-71. [PMID: 20237276 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2964-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic dysfunction is implicated in a variety of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms underlying GABAergic differentiation, however, are not well understood. GABA transporter 1 (Gat1; Slc6a1) is an essential component of the GABAergic system, and its ectopic mRNA expression may be responsible for GABAergic malfunction under different pathological conditions. Thus, monitoring the transcriptional regulation of gat1 may help to elucidate the mechanisms that govern the differentiation of GABAergic neurons. In this study, we identified a promoter region that is sufficient to recapitulate endogenous gat1 expression in transgenic mice. A 46 bp cis-regulator in the promoter sequence was responsible for the stimulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) on gat1 expression in cortical cortex. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that Smad4 and YY1 are physically bound to the element and mediate both the negative and positive regulatory effects in which BMP2 can affect the balance. In summary, we have identified a Smad4/YY1-based bidirectional regulation model for GABAergic gene transcription and demonstrated a molecular cue important for the differentiation of GABAergic neurons.
Collapse
|
42
|
Chordin-induced lineage plasticity of adult SVZ neuroblasts after demyelination. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:541-550. [PMID: 20418875 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate the developmental potential of adult neural progenitor populations under physiological and pathological conditions remain poorly defined. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)- and Doublecortin (Dcx)-expressing cells constitute major progenitor populations in the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ). Under normal physiological conditions, SVZ-derived GAD65-positive and Dcx-positive cells expressed the transcription factor Pax6 and migrated along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb to generate interneurons. After lysolecithin-induced demyelination of corpus callosum, however, these cells altered their molecular and cellular properties and migratory path. Demyelination upregulated chordin in the SVZ, which redirected GAD65-positive and Dcx-positive progenitors from neuronal to glial fates, generating new oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Our findings suggest that the lineage plasticity of SVZ progenitor cells could be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseased or injured brain.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Astrogliosis following spinal cord injury (SCI) involves an early hypertrophic response that is beneficial and a subsequent formation of a dense scar. We investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in gliosis after SCI and find that BMPR1a and BMPR1b signaling exerts opposing effects on hypertrophy. Conditional ablation of BMPR1a from glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells leads to defective astrocytic hypertrophy, increased infiltration by inflammatory cells, and reduced axon density. BMPR1b-null mice conversely develop "hyperactive" reactive astrocytes and consequently have smaller lesion volumes. The effects of ablation of either receptor are reversed in the double knock-out animals. These findings indicate that BMPR1a and BMPR1b exert directly opposing effects on the initial reactive astrocytic hypertrophy. Also, BMPR1b knock-out mice have an attenuated glial scar in the chronic stages following injury, suggesting that it has a greater role in glial scar progression. To elucidate the differing roles of the two receptors in astrocytes, we examined the effects of ablation of either receptor in serum-derived astrocytes in vitro. We find that the two receptors exert opposing effects on the posttranscriptional regulation of astrocytic microRNA-21. Further, overexpression of microRNA-21 in wild-type serum-derived astrocytes causes a dramatic reduction in cell size accompanied by reduction in GFAP levels. Hence, regulation of microRNA-21 by BMP signaling provides a novel mechanism for regulation of astrocytic size. Targeting specific BMPR subunits for therapeutic purposes may thus provide an approach for manipulating gliosis and enhancing functional outcomes after SCI.
Collapse
|
44
|
Samanta J, Alden T, Gobeske K, Kan L, Kessler JA. Noggin protects against ischemic brain injury in rodents. Stroke 2009; 41:357-62. [PMID: 20019326 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.565523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors are expressed in adult brains, and their expression levels increase after cerebral ischemia. The brain also expresses an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, noggin, but the role of noggin in ischemic disease outcome has not been studied. METHODS We used transgenic mice overexpressing noggin to assess whether inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling affects ischemic injury responses after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS Transgenic mice overexpressing noggin mice had significantly smaller infarct volumes and lower motor deficits compared to wild-type mice. CD11b(+) and IBA1(+) microglia along with oligodendroglial progenitors were significantly increased in transgenic mice overexpressing noggin mice at 14 days after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS These results provide genetic evidence that overexpression of noggin reduces ischemic brain injury after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion via enhanced activation of microglia and oligodendrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Otani H, Otsuka F, Takeda M, Mukai T, Terasaka T, Miyoshi T, Inagaki K, Suzuki J, Ogura T, Lawson MA, Makino H. Regulation of GNRH production by estrogen and bone morphogenetic proteins in GT1-7 hypothalamic cells. J Endocrinol 2009; 203:87-97. [PMID: 19635757 PMCID: PMC2768486 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are important regulators in the pituitary-gonadal endocrine axis. We here investigated the effects of BMPs on GNRH production controlled by estrogen using murine GT1-7 hypothalamic neuron cells. GT1-7 cells expressed estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha; ESR1 as listed in MGI Database), ERbeta (ESR2 as listed in MGI Database), BMP receptors, SMADs, and a binding protein follistatin. Treatment with BMP2 and BMP4 had no effect on Gnrh mRNA expression; however, BMP6 and BMP7 significantly increased Gnrh mRNA expression as well as GnRH production by GT1-7 cells. Notably, the reduction of Gnrh expression caused by estradiol (E(2)) was restored by cotreatment with BMP2 and BMP4, whereas it was not affected by BMP6 or BMP7. E(2) activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) signaling but did not activate p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in GT1-7 cells. Inhibition of ERK1/ERK2 reversed the inhibitory effect of estrogen on Gnrh expression, whereas SAPK/JNK inhibition did not affect the E(2) actions. Expression levels of Eralpha and Erbeta were reduced by BMP2 and BMP4, but were increased by BMP6 and BMP7. Treatment with an ER antagonist inhibited the E(2) effects on Gnrh suppression including reduction of E(2)-induced ERK phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of genomic ER actions in Gnrh suppression. BMP2 and BMP4 also suppressed estrogen-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2 and SAPK/JNK signaling, suggesting that BMP2 and BMP4 downregulate estrogen effects by attenuating ER-MAPK signaling. Considering that BMP6 and BMP7 increased the expression of alpha1E-subunit of R-type calcium channel (Cacna1e), which is critical for GNRH secretion, it is possible that BMP6 and BMP7 directly stimulate GNRH release by GT1-7 cells. Collectively, a newly uncovered interaction of BMPs and ER may be involved in controlling hypothalamic GNRH production and secretion via an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Otani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mukhopadhyay A, McGuire T, Peng CY, Kessler JA. Differential effects of BMP signaling on parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron differentiation. Development 2009; 136:2633-42. [PMID: 19592576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several different populations of interneurons in the murine cortex, including somatostatin (SST)- or parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells, are born in the ventral ganglionic eminences during mid-gestation and then migrate tangentially to the cortex. SST is expressed by some interneuron progenitors in the cerebral cortex and in migrating populations in the ventrolateral cortex at birth. However, PV (also known as PVALB) is not expressed by interneurons until the second postnatal week after reaching the cortex, suggesting that molecular cues in the cerebral cortex might be involved in the differentiation process. BMP4 is expressed at high levels in the somatosensory cortex at the time when the PV(+) interneurons differentiate. Treatment of cortical cultures containing interneuron precursors is sufficient to generate PV(+) interneurons prematurely and inhibit SST differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of BMP4 in vivo increases the number of interneurons expressing PV, with a reduction in the number of SST(+) interneurons. PV(+) interneurons in the cortex express BMP type I receptors and a subpopulation displays activated BMP signaling, assessed by downstream molecules including phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8. Conditional mutation of BMP type I receptors in interneuron precursors significantly reduces the number of cortical PV(+) interneurons in the adult brain. Thus, BMP4 signaling through type I receptors regulates the differentiation of two major medial ganglionic eminence-derived interneuron populations and defines their relative numbers in the cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Mathieu C, Sii-Felice K, Fouchet P, Etienne O, Haton C, Mabondzo A, Boussin FD, Mouthon MA. Endothelial cell-derived bone morphogenetic proteins control proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:569-77. [PMID: 18583149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain subventricular zone where neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) lie close to brain endothelial cells (BECs). We show in mouse that BECs produce bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Coculture of embryonic and adult NSPCs with BECs activated the canonical BMP/Smad pathway and reduced their proliferation. We demonstrate that coculture with BECs in the presence of EGF and FGF2 induced a reversible cell cycle exit of NSPCs (LeX+) and an increase in the amount of GFAP/LeX-expressing progenitors thought to be stem cells. Levels of the phosphatidylinositol phosphatase PTEN were upregulated in NSPCs after coculture with BECs, or treatment with recombinant BMP4, with a concomitant reduction in Akt phosphorylation. Silencing Smad5 with siRNA or treatment with Noggin, a BMP antagonist, demonstrated that upregulation of PTEN in NSPCs required BMP/Smad signaling and that this pathway regulated cell cycle exit of NSPCs. Therefore, BECs may provide a feedback mechanism to control the proliferation of NSPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mathieu
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie-IPSC, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jiao J, Chen DF. Induction of neurogenesis in nonconventional neurogenic regions of the adult central nervous system by niche astrocyte-produced signals. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1221-30. [PMID: 18323412 PMCID: PMC2683670 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals regenerates poorly; in vivo, neurogenesis occurs only in two restricted areas, the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Neurogenic potential depends on both the intrinsic properties of neural progenitors and the environment, or niche, in which progenitor cells reside. Isolation of multipotent progenitor cells from broad CNS regions suggests that the neurogenic potential of the adult CNS is dictated by local environmental cues. Here, we report that astrocytes in the neurogenic brain regions, the SGZ and SVZ, of adult mice release molecular signals, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh), that stimulate adult neural progenitors to reenter the cell cycle and generate new neurons in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation of SGZ astrocytes or application of Shh caused de novo neurogenesis from the non-neurogenic neocortex of adult mice. These findings identify a molecular target that can activate the dormant neurogenic potential from nonconventional neurogenic regions of the adult CNS and suggest a novel mechanism of neural replacement therapy for treating neurodegenerative disease and injury without transplanting exogenous cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Jiao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
BMP signaling through BMPRIA in astrocytes is essential for proper cerebral angiogenesis and formation of the blood-brain-barrier. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:417-30. [PMID: 18501628 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in differentiation of neural precursor cells into astrocytes, but its contribution to angiogenesis is not well characterized. This study examines the role of BMP signaling through BMP type IA receptor (BMPRIA) in early neural development using a conditional knockout mouse model, in which Bmpr1a is selectively disrupted in telencephalic neural stem cells. The conditional mutant mice show a significant increase in the number of cerebral blood vessels and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is significantly upregulated in the mutant astrocytes. The mutant mice also show leakage of immunoglobulin around cerebral microvessels in neonatal mice, suggesting a defect in formation of the blood-brain-barrier. In addition, astrocytic endfeet fail to encircle cortical blood vessels in the mutant mice. These results suggest that BMPRIA signaling in astrocytes regulates the expression of VEGF for proper cerebrovascular angiogenesis and has a role on in the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.
Collapse
|