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Hornby TG, Plawecki A, Lotter JK, Shoger LH, Voigtmann CJ, Inks E, Henderson CE. Acute Intermittent Hypoxia With High-Intensity Gait Training in Chronic Stroke: A Phase II Randomized Crossover Trial. Stroke 2024; 55:1748-1757. [PMID: 38860389 PMCID: PMC11196200 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.047261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in individuals with chronic stroke indicate high-intensity training (HIT) focused on walking improves locomotor function, which may be due to repeated activation of locomotor circuits and serotonin-dependent modulation of motor output. Separate studies in animals and individuals with spinal cord injury suggest acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) can augment the effects of locomotor interventions through similar serotonin-dependent mechanisms, although no studies have coupled AIH with HIT in individuals poststroke. The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AIH+HIT versus HIT alone in individuals with chronic stroke. METHODS This phase II double-blind randomized, crossover trial recruited individuals between 18 and 85 years old, >6 months poststroke, and self-selected speeds <1.0 m/s. Participants received up to 15 sessions of AIH for 30 minutes using 15 cycles of hypoxia (60-90 seconds; 8%-9% O2) and normoxia (30-60 seconds; 21% O2), followed by 1 hour of HIT targeting >75% heart rate reserve. The control condition received normoxia for 30 minutes before HIT. Following the first training phase, participants performed the second phase >1 month later. The primary outcomes were self-selected speed and fastest speed, a 6-minute walk test, and peak treadmill speed. A 3-way mixed-model ANOVA assessed the effects of time, training, and order of interventions. RESULTS Of 55 individuals screened, 35 were randomized to AIH+HIT or normoxia+HIT first, and 28 individuals completed both interventions, revealing greater gains in self-selected speeds (0.14 [0.08-0.18] versus 0.05 [0.01-0.10] m/s), fastest speed (0.16 [0.10-0.21] versus 0.06 [0.02-0.10] m/s), and peak treadmill speed (0.21 [0.14-0.29] versus 0.11 [0.06-0.16] m/s) following AIH+HIT versus normoxia+HIT (P<0.01) with no order effects. Greater gains in spatiotemporal symmetry were observed with AIH+HIT, with worse outcomes for those prescribed serotonin-mediated antidepressant medications. CONCLUSIONS AIH+HIT resulted in greater gains in locomotor function than normoxia+HIT. Subsequent phase III trials should further evaluate the efficacy of this intervention. REGISTRATION URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/; Unique identifier: NCT04472442.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. George Hornby
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN
- Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Abbey Plawecki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN
- Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | - Erin Inks
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN
- Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Christopher E. Henderson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN
- Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN
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2
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Cheng J, Guan NN. A fresh look at propriospinal interneurons plasticity and intraspinal circuits remodeling after spinal cord injury. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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3
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Kondo T, Saito R, Sato Y, Sato K, Uchida A, Yoshino-Saito K, Shinozaki M, Tashiro S, Nagoshi N, Nakamura M, Ushiba J, Okano H. Treadmill Training for Common Marmoset to Strengthen Corticospinal Connections After Thoracic Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:858562. [PMID: 35530175 PMCID: PMC9074843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.858562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to locomotor dysfunction. Locomotor rehabilitation promotes the recovery of stepping ability in lower mammals, but it has limited efficacy in humans with a severe SCI. To explain this discrepancy between different species, a nonhuman primate rehabilitation model with a severe SCI would be useful. In this study, we developed a rehabilitation model of paraplegia caused by a severe traumatic SCI in a nonhuman primate, common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The locomotor rating scale for marmosets was developed to accurately assess the recovery of locomotor functions in marmosets. All animals showed flaccid paralysis of the hindlimb after a thoracic contusive SCI, but the trained group showed significant locomotor recovery. Kinematic analysis revealed significantly improved hindlimb stepping patterns in trained marmosets. Furthermore, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the motor cortex evoked the hindlimb muscles in the trained group, suggesting the reconnection between supraspinal input and the lumbosacral network. Because rehabilitation may be combined with regenerative interventions such as medicine or cell therapy, this primate model can be used as a preclinical test of therapies that can be used in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenta Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akito Uchida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Munehisa Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Neurotransmitter phenotype switching by spinal excitatory interneurons regulates locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:617-629. [PMID: 35524138 PMCID: PMC9076533 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury in adults leads to irreversible paralysis below the lesion. However, adult rodents that received a complete thoracic lesion just after birth demonstrate proficient hindlimb locomotion without input from the brain. How the spinal cord achieves such striking plasticity remains unknown. In this study, we found that adult spinal cord injury prompts neurotransmitter switching of spatially defined excitatory interneurons to an inhibitory phenotype, promoting inhibition at synapses contacting motor neurons. In contrast, neonatal spinal cord injury maintains the excitatory phenotype of glutamatergic interneurons and causes synaptic sprouting to facilitate excitation. Furthermore, genetic manipulation to mimic the inhibitory phenotype observed in excitatory interneurons after adult spinal cord injury abrogates autonomous locomotor functionality in neonatally injured mice. In comparison, attenuating this inhibitory phenotype improves locomotor capacity after adult injury. Together, these data demonstrate that neurotransmitter phenotype of defined excitatory interneurons steers locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury.
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5
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Tashiro S, Nakamura M, Okano H. Regenerative Rehabilitation and Stem Cell Therapy Targeting Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Preclinical Studies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040685. [PMID: 35203335 PMCID: PMC8870591 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell medicine has led to functional recovery in the acute-to-subacute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI), but not yet in the chronic phase, during which various molecular mechanisms drastically remodel the tissue and render it treatment-resistant. Researchers are attempting to identify effective combinatorial treatments that can overcome the refractory state of the chronically injured spinal cord. Regenerative rehabilitation, combinatorial treatment with regenerative medicine that aims to elicit synergistic effects, is being developed. Rehabilitation upon SCI in preclinical studies has recently attracted more attention because it is safe, induces neuronal plasticity involving transplanted stem cells and sensorimotor circuits, and is routinely implemented in human clinics. However, regenerative rehabilitation has not been extensively reviewed, and only a few reviews have focused on the use of physical medicine modalities for rehabilitative purposes, which might be more important in the chronic phase. Here, we summarize regenerative rehabilitation studies according to the effector, site, and mechanism. Specifically, we describe effects on transplanted cells, microstructures at and distant from the lesion, and molecular changes. To establish a treatment regimen that induces robust functional recovery upon chronic SCI, further investigations are required of combinatorial treatments incorporating stem cell therapy, regenerative rehabilitation, and medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (M.N.); (H.O.); Tel.: +81-3-5363-3833 (S.T.)
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (M.N.); (H.O.); Tel.: +81-3-5363-3833 (S.T.)
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (M.N.); (H.O.); Tel.: +81-3-5363-3833 (S.T.)
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6
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Swann-Thomsen HE, Viall DD, Brumley MR. Acute intrathecal administration of quipazine elicits air-stepping behavior. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:259-264. [PMID: 33595953 PMCID: PMC8119288 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin plays a pivotal role in the initiation and modulation of locomotor behavior in the intact animal, as well as following spinal cord injury. Quipazine, a serotonin 2 receptor agonist, has been used successfully to initiate and restore motor behavior in rodents. Although evidence suggests that the effects of quipazine are spinally mediated, it is unclear whether intrathecal (IT) quipazine administration alone is enough to activate locomotor-like activity or whether additional stimulation is needed. Thus, the current study examined the effects of IT administration of quipazine in postnatal day 1 rats in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, quipazine (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) was dissolved in saline and administered via IT injection to the thoracolumbar cord. There was no significant effect of drug on hindlimb alternating stepping. In experiment 2, quipazine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) was dissolved in a polysorbate 80-saline solution (Tween 80) and administered via IT injection. Polysorbate 80 was used to disrupt the blood-brain barrier to facilitate absorption of quipazine. The injection was followed by tail pinch 5 minutes post-injection. A significant increase in the percentage of hindlimb alternating steps was found in subjects treated with 0.3 mg/kg quipazine, suggesting that IT quipazine when combined with sensory stimulation to the spinal cord, facilitates locomotor-like behavior. These findings indicate that dissolving the drug in polysorbate 80 rather than saline may heighten the effects of IT quipazine. Collectively, this study provides clarification on the role of quipazine in evoking spinally-mediated locomotor behavior.
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7
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Ahmed RU, Edgerton VR, Li S, Zheng YP, Alam M. Buspirone Dose-Response on Facilitating Forelimb Functional Recovery in Cervical Spinal Cord Injured Rats. Dose Response 2021; 19:1559325821998136. [PMID: 33716591 PMCID: PMC7924001 DOI: 10.1177/1559325821998136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Buspirone, widely used as a neuropsychiatric drug, has also shown potentials for motor function recovery of injured spinal cord. However, the optimum dosages of such treatment remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the dose-response of Buspirone treatment on reaching and grasping function in cervical cord injured rats. Seventeen adult Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to reach and grasp sugar pellets before a C4 bilateral dorsal column crush injury. After 1 week post-injury, the rats were divided into 3 groups to receive 1 of 3 different dosages of Buspirone (i.p., 1 dose/day: 1.5, n = 5; 2.5, n = 6 and 3.5 mg/kg b.w., n = 6). Forelimb reaching and grip strength test were recorded once per week, within 1 hour of Buspirone administration for 11 weeks post-injury. Different dose groups began to exhibit differences in reaching scores from 4 weeks post-injury. From 4-11 weeks post-injury, the reaching scores were highest in the lowest-dose group rats compared to the other 2 dose groups rats. Average grip strength was also found higher in the lowest-dose rats. Our results demonstrate a significant dose-dependence of Buspirone on the recovery of forelimb motor functions after cervical cord injury with the best performance occurring at the lowest dose tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakib Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,The Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Monzurul Alam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Fadeev F, Eremeev A, Bashirov F, Shevchenko R, Izmailov A, Markosyan V, Sokolov M, Kalistratova J, Khalitova A, Garifulin R, Islamov R, Lavrov I. Combined Supra- and Sub-Lesional Epidural Electrical Stimulation for Restoration of the Motor Functions after Spinal Cord Injury in Mini Pigs. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100744. [PMID: 33081405 PMCID: PMC7650717 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of combined epidural electrical stimulation (EES) applied above (C5) and below (L2) the spinal cord injury (SCI) at T8–9 combined with motor training on the restoration of sensorimotor function in mini pigs. The motor evoked potentials (MEP) induced by EES applied at C5 and L2 levels were recorded in soleus muscles before and two weeks after SCI. EES treatment started two weeks after SCI and continued for 6 weeks led to improvement in multiple metrics, including behavioral, electrophysiological, and joint kinematics outcomes. In control animals after SCI a multiphasic M-response was observed during M/H-response testing, while animals received EES-enable training demonstrated the restoration of the M-response and H-reflex, although at a lower amplitude. The joint kinematic and assessment with Porcine Thoracic Injury Behavior scale (PTIBS) motor recovery scale demonstrated improvement in animals that received EES-enable training compared to animals with no treatment. The positive effect of two-level (cervical and lumbar) epidural electrical stimulation on functional restoration in mini pigs following spinal cord contusion injury in mini pigs could be related with facilitation of spinal circuitry at both levels and activation of multisegmental coordination. This approach can be taken as a basis for the future development of neuromodulation and neurorehabilitation therapy for patients with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Fadeev
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Anton Eremeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Farid Bashirov
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Roman Shevchenko
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Andrei Izmailov
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Vage Markosyan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Mikhail Sokolov
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Julia Kalistratova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Anastasiia Khalitova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Ravil Garifulin
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Rustem Islamov
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (F.F.); (F.B.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (V.M.); (M.S.); (J.K.); (A.K.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (R.I.); (I.L.)
| | - Igor Lavrov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: (R.I.); (I.L.)
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9
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Pham BN, Luo J, Anand H, Kola O, Salcedo P, Nguyen C, Gaunt S, Zhong H, Garfinkel A, Tillakaratne N, Edgerton VR. Redundancy and multifunctionality among spinal locomotor networks. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1469-1479. [PMID: 32966757 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00338.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Fos is used to identify system-wide neural activation with cellular resolution in vivo. However, c-Fos can only capture neural activation of one event. Targeted recombination in active populations (TRAP) allows the capture of two different c-Fos activation patterns in the same animal. So far, TRAP has only been used to examine brain circuits. This study uses TRAP to investigate spinal circuit activation during resting and stepping, giving novel insights of network activation during these events. The level of colabeled (c-Fos+ and TRAP+) neurons observed after performing two bouts of stepping suggests that there is a probabilistic-like phenomenon that can recruit many combinations of neural populations (synapses) when repetitively generating many step cycles. Between two 30-min bouts of stepping, each consisting of thousands of steps, only ∼20% of the neurons activated from the first bout of stepping were also activated by the second bout. We also show colabeling of interneurons that have been active during stepping and resting. The use of the FosTRAP methodology in the spinal cord provides a new tool to compare the engagement of different populations of spinal interneurons in vivo under different motor tasks or under different conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results are consistent with there being an extensive amount of redundancy among spinal locomotor circuits. Using the newly developed FosTRAP mouse model, only ∼20% of neurons that were active (labeled by Fos-linked tdTomato expression) during a first bout of 30-min stepping were also labeled for c-Fos during a second bout of stepping. This finding suggests variability of neural networks that enables selection of many combinations of neurons (synapses) when generating each step cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau N Pham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiangyuan Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harnadar Anand
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olivia Kola
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pia Salcedo
- Department of Psychobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Connie Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah Gaunt
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan Garfinkel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Niranjala Tillakaratne
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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10
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Chia R, Zhong H, Vissel B, Edgerton VR, Gad P. Novel Activity Detection Algorithm to Characterize Spontaneous Stepping During Multimodal Spinal Neuromodulation After Mid-Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 13:82. [PMID: 32009910 PMCID: PMC6974470 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A mid-thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) severely impairs activation of the lower limb sensorimotor spinal networks, leading to paralysis. Various neuromodulatory techniques including electrical and pharmacological activation of the spinal networks have been successful in restoring locomotor function after SCI. We hypothesized that the combination of self-training in a natural environment with epidural stimulation (ES), quipazine (Quip), and strychnine (Strych) would result in greater activity in a cage environment after paralysis compared to either intervention alone. To assess this, we developed a method measuring and characterizing the chronic EMG recordings from tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (Sol) muscles while rats were freely moving in their home cages. We then assessed the relationship between the change in recorded activity over time and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in animals receiving treatments. We found that the combination of ES, Quip, and Strych (sqES) generated the greatest level of recovery followed by ES + Quip (qES) while ES + Strych (sES) and ES alone showed least improvement in recorded activity. Further, we observed an exponential relationship between late response (LR) component of the MEPs and spontaneously generated step-like activity. Our data demonstrate the feasibility and potential importance of quantitatively monitoring mechanistic factors linked to activity-dependence in response to combinatorial interventions compared to individual therapies after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Chia
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari Adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Parag Gad
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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11
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Laliberte AM, Goltash S, Lalonde NR, Bui TV. Propriospinal Neurons: Essential Elements of Locomotor Control in the Intact and Possibly the Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:512. [PMID: 31798419 PMCID: PMC6874159 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Propriospinal interneurons (INs) communicate information over short and long distances within the spinal cord. They act to coordinate different parts of the body by linking motor circuits that control muscles across the forelimbs, trunk, and hindlimbs. Their role in coordinating locomotor circuits near and far may be invaluable to the recovery of locomotor function lost due to injury to the spinal cord where the flow of motor commands from the brain and brainstem to spinal motor circuits is disrupted. The formation and activation of circuits established by spared propriospinal INs may promote the re-emergence of locomotion. In light of progress made in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) and in human patients, we discuss the role of propriospinal INs in the intact spinal cord and describe recent studies investigating the assembly and/or activation of propriospinal circuits to promote recovery of locomotion following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Laliberte
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Goltash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas R Lalonde
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tuan Vu Bui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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12
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Jayaraman A, O'Brien MK, Madhavan S, Oikawa K, Endo Y, Kantak S, Stinear J, Hornby TG, Rymer WZ. WITHDRAWN: Immediate Adaptations to Poststroke Walking Performance Using a Wearable Robotic Exoskeleton. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019:S0003-9993(19)31058-5. [PMID: 31518566 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Jayaraman
- Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megan K O'Brien
- Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kiyoshi Oikawa
- Fundamental Technology Research Center, Honda R&D Co, Ltd, Wako, Japan
| | - Yosuke Endo
- Fundamental Technology Research Center, Honda R&D Co, Ltd, Wako, Japan
| | - Shailesh Kantak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
| | - James Stinear
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Fundamental Technology Research Center, Honda R&D Co, Ltd, Wako, Japan; Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T George Hornby
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - William Zev Rymer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Proprioception: Bottom-up directive for motor recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2019; 154:1-8. [PMID: 31336141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proprioceptive feedback provides movement-matched sensory information essential for motor control and recovery after spinal cord injury. While it is understood that the fundamental contribution of proprioceptive feedback circuits in locomotor recovery is to activate the local spinal cord interneurons and motor neurons in a context-dependent manner, the precise mechanisms by which proprioception enables motor recovery after a spinal cord injury remain elusive. Furthermore, how proprioception contributes to motor learning mechanisms intrinsic to spinal cord networks and gives rise to motor recovery is currently unknown. This review discusses the existence of motor learning mechanisms intrinsic to spinal cord circuits and circuit-level insights on how proprioception might contribute to spinal cord plasticity, adaptability, and learning, in addition to the logic in which proprioception helps to establish an internal motor command to execute motor output using spared circuits after a spinal cord injury.
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14
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Loy K, Bareyre FM. Rehabilitation following spinal cord injury: how animal models can help our understanding of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:405-412. [PMID: 30539806 PMCID: PMC6334617 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that is followed by long and often unsuccessful recovery after trauma. The state of the art approach to manage paralysis and concomitant impairments is rehabilitation, which is the only strategy that has proven to be effective and beneficial for the patients over the last decades. How rehabilitation influences the remodeling of spinal axonal connections in patients is important to understand, in order to better target these changes and define the optimal timing and onset of training. While clinically the answers to these questions remain difficult to obtain, rodent models of rehabilitation like bicycling, treadmill training, swimming, enriched environments or wheel running that mimic clinical rehabilitation can be helpful to reveal the axonal changes underlying motor recovery. This review will focus on the different animal models of spinal cord injury rehabilitation and the underlying changes in neuronal networks that are improved by exercise and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Loy
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence M Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury is associated with chronic sensorimotor deficits due to the interruption of ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord. Functional recovery after anatomically complete spinal cord injury is limited due to the lack of long-distance axonal regeneration of severed fibers in the adult central nervous system. Most spinal cord injuries in humans, however, are anatomically incomplete. Although restorative treatment options for spinal cord injury remain currently limited, research from experimental models of spinal cord injury have revealed a tremendous capability for both spontaneous and treatment-induced plasticity of the corticospinal system that supports functional recovery. We review recent advances in the understanding of corticospinal circuit plasticity after spinal cord injury and concentrate mainly on the hindlimb motor cortex, its corticospinal projections, and the role of spinal mechanisms that support locomotor recovery. First, we discuss plasticity that occurs at the level of motor cortex and the reorganization of cortical movement representations. Next, we explore downstream plasticity in corticospinal projections. We then review the role of spinal mechanisms in locomotor recovery. We conclude with a perspective on harnessing neuroplasticity with therapeutic interventions to promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Brown
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (CIUSS-NIM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (CIUSS-NIM), Montréal; Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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16
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Barik A, Thompson JH, Seltzer M, Ghitani N, Chesler AT. A Brainstem-Spinal Circuit Controlling Nocifensive Behavior. Neuron 2018; 100:1491-1503.e3. [PMID: 30449655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Response to danger needs to be rapid and appropriate. In humans, nocifensive behaviors often precede conscious pain perception. Much is known about local spinal cord circuits for simple reflexive responses, but the mechanisms underlying more complex behaviors remain poorly understood. We now describe a brainstem circuit that controls escape responses to select noxious stimuli. Tracing experiments characterized a highly interconnected excitatory circuit involving the dorsal spinal cord, parabrachial nucleus (PBNl), and reticular formation (MdD). A combination of chemogenetic, optogenetic, and genetic ablation approaches revealed that PBNlTac1 neurons are activated by noxious stimuli and trigger robust escape responses to heat through connections to the MdD. Remarkably, MdDTac1 neurons receive excitatory input from the PBN and target both the spinal cord and PBN; activation of these neurons phenocopies the behavioral effects of PBNlTac1 neuron stimulation. These findings identify a substrate for controlling appropriate behavioral responses to painful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Barik
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - James Hunter Thompson
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Mathew Seltzer
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Nima Ghitani
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA.
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17
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Rivera-Oliver M, Moreno E, Álvarez-Bagnarol Y, Ayala-Santiago C, Cruz-Reyes N, Molina-Castro GC, Clemens S, Canela EI, Ferré S, Casadó V, Díaz-Ríos M. Adenosine A 1-Dopamine D 1 Receptor Heteromers Control the Excitability of the Spinal Motoneuron. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:797-811. [PMID: 29797183 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
While the role of the ascending dopaminergic system in brain function and dysfunction has been a subject of extensive research, the role of the descending dopaminergic system in spinal cord function and dysfunction is just beginning to be understood. Adenosine plays a key role in the inhibitory control of the ascending dopaminergic system, largely dependent on functional complexes of specific subtypes of adenosine and dopamine receptors. Combining a selective destabilizing peptide strategy with a proximity ligation assay and patch-clamp electrophysiology in slices from male mouse lumbar spinal cord, the present study demonstrates the existence of adenosine A1-dopamine D1 receptor heteromers in the spinal motoneuron by which adenosine tonically inhibits D1 receptor-mediated signaling. A1-D1 receptor heteromers play a significant control of the motoneuron excitability, represent main targets for the excitatory effects of caffeine in the spinal cord and can constitute new targets for the pharmacological therapy after spinal cord injury, motor aging-associated disorders and restless legs syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Rivera-Oliver
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Rio Piedras and Cayey Campuses, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yocasta Álvarez-Bagnarol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Rio Piedras and Cayey Campuses, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Christian Ayala-Santiago
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Rio Piedras and Cayey Campuses, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Nicole Cruz-Reyes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Rio Piedras and Cayey Campuses, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Gian Carlo Molina-Castro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Rio Piedras and Cayey Campuses, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Stefan Clemens
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Enric I Canela
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Network (CIBERNED) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Díaz-Ríos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, Rio Piedras and Cayey Campuses, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
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18
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Gad PN, Gerasimenko YP, Zdunowski S, Sayenko D, Haakana P, Turner A, Lu D, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Iron 'ElectriRx' man: Overground stepping in an exoskeleton combined with noninvasive spinal cord stimulation after paralysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2015:1124-7. [PMID: 26736463 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We asked whether coordinated voluntary movement of the lower limbs could be regained in an individual having been completely paralyzed (>4 yr) and completely absent of vision (>15 yr) using a novel strategy - transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation at selected sites over the spinal vertebrae with just one week of training. We also asked whether this stimulation strategy could facilitate stepping assisted by an exoskeleton (EKSO, EKSO Bionics) that is designed so that the subject can voluntarily complement the work being performed by the exoskeleton. We found that spinal cord stimulation enhanced the level of effort that the subject could generate while stepping in the exoskeleton. In addition, stimulation improved the coordination patterns of the lower limb muscles resulting in a more continuous, smooth stepping motion in the exoskeleton. These stepping sessions in the presence of stimulation were accompanied by greater cardiac responses and sweating than could be attained without the stimulation. Based on the data from this case study it appears that there is considerable potential for positive synergistic effects after complete paralysis by combining the overground stepping in an exoskeleton, a novel transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation paradigm, and daily training.
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Khalki L, Sadlaoud K, Lerond J, Coq JO, Brezun JM, Vinay L, Coulon P, Bras H. Changes in innervation of lumbar motoneurons and organization of premotor network following training of transected adult rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 299:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Taccola G, Sayenko D, Gad P, Gerasimenko Y, Edgerton VR. And yet it moves: Recovery of volitional control after spinal cord injury. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 160:64-81. [PMID: 29102670 PMCID: PMC5773077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical neurophysiological and neurorehabilitation research has generated rather surprising levels of recovery of volitional sensory-motor function in persons with chronic motor paralysis following a spinal cord injury. The key factor in this recovery is largely activity-dependent plasticity of spinal and supraspinal networks. This key factor can be triggered by neuromodulation of these networks with electrical and pharmacological interventions. This review addresses some of the systems-level physiological mechanisms that might explain the effects of electrical modulation and how repetitive training facilitates the recovery of volitional motor control. In particular, we substantiate the hypotheses that: (1) in the majority of spinal lesions, a critical number and type of neurons in the region of the injury survive, but cannot conduct action potentials, and thus are electrically non-responsive; (2) these neuronal networks within the lesioned area can be neuromodulated to a transformed state of electrical competency; (3) these two factors enable the potential for extensive activity-dependent reorganization of neuronal networks in the spinal cord and brain, and (4) propriospinal networks play a critical role in driving this activity-dependent reorganization after injury. Real-time proprioceptive input to spinal networks provides the template for reorganization of spinal networks that play a leading role in the level of coordination of motor pools required to perform a given functional task. Repetitive exposure of multi-segmental sensory-motor networks to the dynamics of task-specific sensory input as occurs with repetitive training can functionally reshape spinal and supraspinal connectivity thus re-enabling one to perform complex motor tasks, even years post injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Taccola
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Sayenko
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - P Gad
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Y Gerasimenko
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - V R Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA; The Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia; Institut Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain.
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21
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Leech KA, Kim HE, Hornby TG. Strategies to augment volitional and reflex function may improve locomotor capacity following incomplete spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:894-903. [PMID: 29093168 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00051.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies highlight the remarkable plasticity demonstrated by spinal circuits following an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Such plasticity can contribute to improvements in volitional motor recovery, such as walking function, although similar mechanisms underlying this recovery may also contribute to the manifestation of exaggerated responses to afferent input, or spastic behaviors. Rehabilitation interventions directed toward augmenting spinal excitability have shown some initial success in improving locomotor function. However, the potential effects of these strategies on involuntary motor behaviors may be of concern. In this article, we provide a brief review of the mechanisms underlying recovery of volitional function and exaggerated reflexes, and the potential overlap between these changes. We then highlight findings from studies that explore changes in spinal excitability during volitional movement in controlled conditions, as well as altered kinematic and behavioral performance during functional tasks. The initial focus will be directed toward recovery of reflex and volitional behaviors following incomplete SCI, followed by recent work elucidating neurophysiological mechanisms underlying patterns of static and dynamic muscle activation following chronic incomplete SCI during primarily single-joint movements. We will then transition to studies of locomotor function and the role of altered spinal integration following incomplete SCI, including enhanced excitability of specific spinal circuits with physical and pharmacological interventions that can modulate locomotor output. The effects of previous and newly developed strategies will need to focus on changes in both volitional function and involuntary spastic reflexes for the successful translation of effective therapies to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristan A Leech
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hyosub E Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California
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22
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Enhancing Spinal Plasticity Amplifies the Benefits of Rehabilitative Training and Improves Recovery from Stroke. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10983-10997. [PMID: 29025926 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0770-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited recovery that occurs following stroke happens almost entirely in the first weeks postinjury. Moreover, the efficacy of rehabilitative training is limited beyond this narrow time frame. Sprouting of spared corticospinal tract axons in the contralesional spinal cord makes a significant contribution to sensorimotor recovery, but this structural plasticity is also limited to the first few weeks after stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inducing plasticity in the spinal cord during chronic stroke could improve recovery from persistent sensorimotor impairment. We potentiated spinal plasticity during chronic stroke, weeks after the initial ischemic injury, in male Sprague-Dawley rats via intraspinal injections of chondroitinase ABC. Our data show that chondroitinase injections into the contralesional gray matter of the cervical spinal cord administered 28 d after stroke induced significant sprouting of corticospinal axons originating in the peri-infarct cortex. Chondroitinase ABC injection during chronic stroke without additional training resulted in moderate improvements of sensorimotor deficits. Importantly, this therapy dramatically potentiated the efficacy of rehabilitative training delivered during chronic stroke in a skilled forelimb reaching task. These novel data suggest that spinal therapy during chronic stroke can amplify the benefits of delayed rehabilitative training with the potential to reduce permanent disability in stroke survivors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain and spinal cord undergo adaptive rewiring ("plasticity") following stroke. This plasticity allows for partial functional recovery from stroke induced sensorimotor impairments. However, the plasticity that underlies recovery occurs predominantly in the first weeks following stroke, and most stroke survivors are left with permanent disability even after rehabilitation. Using animal models, our data show that removal of plasticity-inhibiting signals in the spinal cord (via intraspinal injections of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC) augments rewiring of circuits connecting the brain to the spinal cord, even weeks after stroke. Moreover, this plasticity can be harnessed by rehabilitative training to significantly promote sensorimotor recovery. Thus, intraspinal therapy may augment rehabilitative training and improve recovery even in individuals living with chronic disability due to stroke.
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23
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Liu Y, Wang X, Li W, Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Chen B, Williams PR, Zhang Y, Yu B, Gu X, He Z. A Sensitized IGF1 Treatment Restores Corticospinal Axon-Dependent Functions. Neuron 2017; 95:817-833.e4. [PMID: 28817801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A major hurdle for functional recovery after both spinal cord injury and cortical stroke is the limited regrowth of the axons in the corticospinal tract (CST) that originate in the motor cortex and innervate the spinal cord. Despite recent advances in engaging the intrinsic mechanisms that control CST regrowth, it remains to be tested whether such methods can promote functional recovery in translatable settings. Here we show that post-lesional AAV-assisted co-expression of two soluble proteins, namely insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and osteopontin (OPN), in cortical neurons leads to robust CST regrowth and the recovery of CST-dependent behavioral performance after both T10 lateral spinal hemisection and a unilateral cortical stroke. In these mice, a compound able to increase axon conduction, 4-aminopyridine-3-methanol, promotes further improvement in CST-dependent behavioral tasks. Thus, our results demonstrate a potentially translatable strategy for restoring cortical dependent function after injury in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuhua Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenlei Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zicong Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip R Williams
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Chen K, Marsh BC, Cowan M, Al'Joboori YD, Gigout S, Smith CC, Messenger N, Gamper N, Schwab ME, Ichiyama RM. Sequential therapy of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment and treadmill training leads to cumulative improvements after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2017; 292:135-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Lamola G, Bertolucci F, Vallone F, Di Garbo A, Chisari C, Micera S, Caleo M. Neuroplastic Changes Following Brain Ischemia and their Contribution to Stroke Recovery: Novel Approaches in Neurorehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28360842 PMCID: PMC5352696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better understanding of this plastic remodeling is crucial to develop more effective strategies for stroke rehabilitation. In this review article, we discuss advances in the comprehension of post-stroke network reorganization in patients and animal models. We first focus on rodent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling in the perilesional area and contralesional hemisphere after motor cortex infarcts. Analysis of electrophysiological data has demonstrated brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity in both hemispheres, well beyond the infarcted area. We then illustrate the potential use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to boost recovery. We finally discuss rehabilitative protocols based on robotic devices as a tool to promote endogenous plasticity and functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamola
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Italian institute of Technology (IIT)Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of BioengineeringLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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Villette V, Levesque M, Miled A, Gosselin B, Topolnik L. Simple platform for chronic imaging of hippocampal activity during spontaneous behaviour in an awake mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43388. [PMID: 28240275 PMCID: PMC5327464 DOI: 10.1038/srep43388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity combined with two-photon Ca2+ imaging give access to high resolution and cellular specificity. In addition, awake drug-free experimentation is required for investigating the physiological mechanisms that operate in the brain. Here, we developed a simple head fixation platform, which allows simultaneous chronic imaging and electrophysiological recordings to be obtained from the hippocampus of awake mice. We performed quantitative analyses of spontaneous animal behaviour, the associated network states and the cellular activities in the dorsal hippocampus as well as estimated the brain stability limits to image dendritic processes and individual axonal boutons. Ca2+ imaging recordings revealed a relatively stereotyped hippocampal activity despite a high inter-animal and inter-day variability in the mouse behavior. In addition to quiet state and locomotion behavioural patterns, the platform allowed the reliable detection of walking steps and fine speed variations. The brain motion during locomotion was limited to ~1.8 μm, thus allowing for imaging of small sub-cellular structures to be performed in parallel with recordings of network and behavioural states. This simple device extends the drug-free experimentation in vivo, enabling high-stability optophysiological experiments with single-bouton resolution in the mouse awake brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Villette
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Levesque
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Amine Miled
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit Gosselin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Swann HE, Kauer SD, Allmond JT, Brumley MR. Stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors recovers sensory responsiveness in acute spinal neonatal rats. Behav Neurosci 2017; 131:92-98. [PMID: 28004950 PMCID: PMC5269442 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Quipazine is a 5-HT2A-receptor agonist that has been used to induce motor activity and promote recovery of function after spinal cord injury in neonatal and adult rodents. Sensory stimulation also activates sensory and motor circuits and promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. In rats, tail pinching is an effective and robust method of sacrocaudal sensory afferent stimulation that induces motor activity, including alternating stepping. In this study, responsiveness to a tail pinch following treatment with quipazine (or saline vehicle control) was examined in spinal cord transected (at midthoracic level) and intact neonatal rats. Rat pups were secured in the supine posture with limbs unrestricted. Quipazine or saline was administered intraperitoneally and after a 10-min period, a tail pinch was administered. A 1-min baseline period prior to tail-pinch administration and a 1-min response period postpinch was observed and hind-limb motor activity, including locomotor-like stepping behavior, was recorded and analyzed. Neonatal rats showed an immediate and robust response to sensory stimulation induced by the tail pinch. Quipazine recovered hind-limb movement and step frequency in spinal rats back to intact levels, suggesting a synergistic, additive effect of 5-HT-receptor and sensory stimulation in spinal rats. Although levels of activity in spinal rats were restored with quipazine, movement quality (high vs. low amplitude) was only partially restored. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Huie JR, Morioka K, Haefeli J, Ferguson AR. What Is Being Trained? How Divergent Forms of Plasticity Compete To Shape Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1831-1840. [PMID: 27875927 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating syndrome that produces dysfunction in motor and sensory systems, manifesting as chronic paralysis, sensory changes, and pain disorders. The multi-faceted and heterogeneous nature of SCI has made effective rehabilitative strategies challenging. Work over the last 40 years has aimed to overcome these obstacles by harnessing the intrinsic plasticity of the spinal cord to improve functional locomotor recovery. Intensive training after SCI facilitates lower extremity function and has shown promise as a tool for retraining the spinal cord by engaging innate locomotor circuitry in the lumbar cord. As new training paradigms evolve, the importance of appropriate afferent input has emerged as a requirement for adaptive plasticity. The integration of kinematic, sensory, and loading force information must be closely monitored and carefully manipulated to optimize training outcomes. Inappropriate peripheral input may produce lasting maladaptive sensory and motor effects, such as central pain and spasticity. Thus, it is important to closely consider the type of afferent input the injured spinal cord receives. Here we review preclinical and clinical input parameters fostering adaptive plasticity, as well as those producing maladaptive plasticity that may undermine neurorehabilitative efforts. We differentiate between passive (hindlimb unloading [HU], limb immobilization) and active (peripheral nociception) forms of aberrant input. Furthermore, we discuss the timing of initiating exposure to afferent input after SCI for promoting functional locomotor recovery. We conclude by presenting a candidate rapid synaptic mechanism for maladaptive plasticity after SCI, offering a pharmacological target for restoring the capacity for adaptive spinal plasticity in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell Huie
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Jenny Haefeli
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California.,2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California
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Tashiro S, Nakamura M, Okano H. The prospects of regenerative medicine combined with rehabilitative approaches for chronic spinal cord injury animal models. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:43-46. [PMID: 28250738 PMCID: PMC5319231 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has opened a window for functional recovery in acute-to-subacute phase spinal cord injury (SCI). By contrast, there are still only a few studies have focused on the treatment of the chronically injured spinal cord, in which cell-based regenerative medicine seems less effective. Since the majority of SCI patients are in the chronic phase, representing a major challenge for the clinical application of cell-based regenerative medicine. Although combined therapies for the treatment of chronic SCI have attracted attention of researchers and its potential importance is also widely recognized, there had been very few studies involving rehabilitative treatments to date. In a recent study, we have demonstrated for the first time that treadmill training combined with cell transplantation significantly promotes functional recovery even in chronic SCI, not only in additive but also in synergistic manner. Even though we have succeeded to outline the profiles of recovery secondary to the combination therapy, the mechanism underlying the effects remain unsolved. In this review article, we summarize the present progress and consider the prospect of the cell-based regenerative medicine particularly combined with rehabilitative approaches for chronic SCI animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Côté MP, Murray M, Lemay MA. Rehabilitation Strategies after Spinal Cord Injury: Inquiry into the Mechanisms of Success and Failure. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1841-1857. [PMID: 27762657 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-weight supported locomotor training (BWST) promotes recovery of load-bearing stepping in lower mammals, but its efficacy in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited and highly dependent on injury severity. While animal models with complete spinal transections recover stepping with step-training, motor complete SCI individuals do not, despite similarly intensive training. In this review, we examine the significant differences between humans and animal models that may explain this discrepancy in the results obtained with BWST. We also summarize the known effects of SCI and locomotor training on the muscular, motoneuronal, interneuronal, and supraspinal systems in human and non-human models of SCI and address the potential causes for failure to translate to the clinic. The evidence points to a deficiency in neuronal activation as the mechanism of failure, rather than muscular insufficiency. While motoneuronal and interneuronal systems cannot be directly probed in humans, the changes brought upon by step-training in SCI animal models suggest a beneficial re-organization of the systems' responsiveness to descending and afferent feedback that support locomotor recovery. The literature on partial lesions in humans and animal models clearly demonstrate a greater dependency on supraspinal input to the lumbar cord in humans than in non-human mammals for locomotion. Recent results with epidural stimulation that activates the lumbar interneuronal networks and/or increases the overall excitability of the locomotor centers suggest that these centers are much more dependent on the supraspinal tonic drive in humans. Sensory feedback shapes the locomotor output in animal models but does not appear to be sufficient to drive it in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pascale Côté
- 1 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marion Murray
- 1 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michel A Lemay
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Huang R, Baca SM, Worrell JW, Liu X, Seo Y, Leiter JC, Lu DC. Modulation of respiratory output by cervical epidural stimulation in the anesthetized mouse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1272-1281. [PMID: 27763875 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00473.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration is produced and controlled by well-characterized brain stem nuclei, but the contributions of spinal circuits to respiratory control and modulation remain under investigation. Many respiratory studies are conducted in in vitro preparations (e.g., brain stem slice) obtained from neonatal rodents. While informative, these studies do not fully recapitulate the complex afferent and efferent neural circuits that are likely to be involved in eupnea (i.e., quiet breathing). To begin to investigate spinal contributions to respiration, we electrically stimulated the cervical spinal cord during unassisted respiration in anesthetized, intact mice. Specifically, we used epidermal electrical stimulation at 20 Hz and varied current intensity to map changes in respiration. Stimulating at 1.5 mA at cervical level 3 (C3) consistently caused a significant increase in respiratory frequency compared with prestimulation baseline and when compared with sham stimulations. The increase in respiratory frequency persisted for several minutes after epidural stimulation ceased. There was no change in tidal volume, and the estimated minute ventilation was increased as a consequence of the increase in respiratory frequency. Sigh frequency also increased during epidural stimulation at C3. Neither the increase in respiratory frequency nor the increase in sighing were observed after stimulation at other dorsal cervical levels. These findings suggest that the spinal circuits involved in the modulation of eupnea and sighing may be preferentially activated by specific endogenous inputs. Moreover, the cervical spinal cord may play a role in respiratory modulation that affects both eupneic respiration and sigh production in intact, adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Neuromotor Recovery and Rehabilitation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Serapio M Baca
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jason W Worrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Neuromotor Recovery and Rehabilitation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xingquan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Neuromotor Recovery and Rehabilitation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yeji Seo
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Neuromotor Recovery and Rehabilitation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James C Leiter
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Daniel C Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; .,Neuromotor Recovery and Rehabilitation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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32
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Functional Recovery from Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Combined with Treadmill Training in Mice with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30898. [PMID: 27485458 PMCID: PMC4971501 DOI: 10.1038/srep30898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies targeting chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) have concluded that neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) transplantation exerts only a subclinical recovery; this in contrast to its remarkable effect on acute and subacute SCI. To determine whether the addition of rehabilitative intervention enhances the effect of NS/PC transplantation for chronic SCI, we used thoracic SCI mouse models to compare manifestations secondary to both transplantation and treadmill training, and the two therapies combined, with a control group. Significant locomotor recovery in comparison with the control group was only achieved in the combined therapy group. Further investigation revealed that NS/PC transplantation improved spinal conductivity and central pattern generator activity, and that treadmill training promoted the appropriate inhibitory motor control. The combined therapy enhanced these independent effects of each single therapy, and facilitated neuronal differentiation of transplanted cells and maturation of central pattern generator activity synergistically. Our data suggest that rehabilitative treatment represents a therapeutic option for locomotor recovery after NS/PC transplantation, even in chronic SCI.
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33
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Battistuzzo CR, Rank MM, Flynn JR, Morgan DL, Callister R, Callister RJ, Galea MP. Gait recovery following spinal cord injury in mice: Limited effect of treadmill training. J Spinal Cord Med 2016; 39:335-43. [PMID: 26781526 PMCID: PMC5073763 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2015.1133017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies in rodents with complete spinal cord transections have demonstrated that treadmill training improves stepping movements. However, results from studies in incomplete spinal cord injured animals have been conflicting and questions regarding the training dosage after injury remain unresolved. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of treadmill-training regimen (20 minutes daily, 5 days a week) for 3, 6 or 9 weeks on the recovery of locomotion in hemisected SCI mice. METHODS A randomized and blinded controlled experimental trial used a mouse model of incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). After a left hemisection at T10, adult male mice were randomized to trained or untrained groups. The trained group commenced treadmill training one week after surgery and continued for 3, 6 or 9 weeks. Quantitative kinematic gait analysis was used to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of the left hindlimb prior to injury and at 1, 4, 7 and 10 weeks post-injury. RESULTS One week after injury there was no movement of the left hindlimb and some animals dragged their foot. Treadmill training led to significant improvements in step duration, but had limited effect on the hindlimb movement pattern. Locomotor improvements in trained animals were most evident at the hip and knee joints whereas recovery of ankle movement was limited, even after 9 weeks of treadmill training. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that treadmill training may lead to only modest improvement in recovery of hindlimb movement after incomplete spinal cord injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R. Battistuzzo
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Corresponding author: Camila R. Battistuzzo. Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Park Campus, Royal Parade, 34–54 Poplar Road, 3052, VIC, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Michelle M. Rank
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie R. Flynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - David L. Morgan
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J. Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mary P. Galea
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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Willenberg R, Zukor K, Liu K, He Z, Steward O. Variable laterality of corticospinal tract axons that regenerate after spinal cord injury as a result of PTEN deletion or knock-down. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2654-76. [PMID: 26878190 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Corticospinal tract (CST) axons from one hemisphere normally extend and terminate predominantly in the contralateral spinal cord. We previously showed that deleting the gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the sensorimotor cortex enables CST axons to regenerate after spinal cord injury and that some regenerating axons extend along the "wrong" side. Here, we characterize the degree of specificity of regrowth in terms of laterality. PTEN was selectively deleted via cortical adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Cre injections in neonatal PTEN-floxed mice. As adults, mice received dorsal hemisection injuries at T12 or complete crush injuries at T9. CST axons from one hemisphere were traced by unilateral biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injections in PTEN-deleted mice with spinal cord injury and in noninjured PTEN-floxed mice that had not received AAV-Cre. In noninjured mice, 97.9 ± 0.7% of BDA-labeled axons in white matter and 88.5 ± 1.0% of BDA-labeled axons in gray matter were contralateral to the cortex of origin. In contrast, laterality of CST axons that extended past a lesion due to PTEN deletion varied across animals. In some cases, regenerated axons extended predominantly on the ipsilateral side; in other cases, axons extended predominantly contralaterally, and in others, axons were similar in numbers on both sides. Similar results were seen in analyses of cases from previous studies using short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated PTEN knock-down. These results indicate that CST axons that extend past a lesion due to PTEN deletion or knock-down do not maintain the contralateral rule of the noninjured CST, highlighting one aspect of how the resultant circuitry from regenerating axons may differ from that of the uninjured CST. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2654-2676, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafer Willenberg
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697.,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697.,School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Katherine Zukor
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Kai Liu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, 999077
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697.,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697
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35
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von Zitzewitz J, Asboth L, Fumeaux N, Hasse A, Baud L, Vallery H, Courtine G. A neurorobotic platform for locomotor prosthetic development in rats and mice. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:026007. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/2/026007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Kim JA, Roy RR, Zhong H, Alaynick WA, Embler E, Jang C, Gomez G, Sonoda T, Evans RM, Edgerton VR. PPARδ preserves a high resistance to fatigue in the mouse medial gastrocnemius after spinal cord transection. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:287-96. [PMID: 26044200 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity decreases and fatigability increases after spinal cord injury. Transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) promotes a more oxidative phenotype. METHODS We asked whether PPARδ overexpression could ameliorate these deficits in the medial gastrocnemius of spinal cord transected (ST) adult mice. RESULTS Time-to-peak tension and half-relaxation times were longer in PPARδ-Con and PPARδ-ST compared with littermate wild-type (WT) controls. Fatigue index was 50% higher in PPARδ-Con than WT-Con and 70% higher in the PPARδ-ST than WT-ST. There was an overall higher percent of darkly stained fibers for succinate dehydrogenase in both PPARδ groups. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a conversion toward slower, more oxidative, and less fatigable muscle properties with overexpression of PPARδ. Importantly, the elevated fatigue resistance was maintained after ST, suggesting that enhanced PPARδ expression, and possibly small molecule agonists, could ameliorate the increased fatigability routinely observed in chronically paralyzed muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung A Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA
| | | | - Emi Embler
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire Jang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Takuma Sonoda
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095-7239, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lavrov I, Gerasimenko Y, Burdick J, Zhong H, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Integrating multiple sensory systems to modulate neural networks controlling posture. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:3306-14. [PMID: 26445868 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00583.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the ability of sensory input to produce tonic responses in hindlimb muscles to facilitate standing in adult spinal rats and tested two hypotheses: 1) whether the spinal neural networks below a complete spinal cord transection can produce tonic reactions by activating different sensory inputs and 2) whether facilitation of tonic and rhythmic responses via activation of afferents and with spinal cord stimulation could engage similar neuronal mechanisms. We used a dynamically controlled platform to generate vibration during weight bearing, epidural stimulation (at spinal cord level S1), and/or tail pinching to determine the postural control responses that can be generated by the lumbosacral spinal cord. We observed that a combination of platform displacement, epidural stimulation, and tail pinching produces a cumulative effect that progressively enhances tonic responses in the hindlimbs. Tonic responses produced by epidural stimulation alone during standing were represented mainly by monosynaptic responses, whereas the combination of epidural stimulation and tail pinching during standing or epidural stimulation during stepping on a treadmill facilitated bilaterally both monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses. The results demonstrate that tonic muscle activity after complete spinal cord injury can be facilitated by activation of specific combinations of afferent inputs associated with load-bearing proprioception and cutaneous input in the presence of epidural stimulation and indicate that whether activation of tonic or rhythmic responses is generated depends on the specific combinations of sources and types of afferents activated in the hindlimb muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lavrov
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; and
| | - Y Gerasimenko
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; and
| | - J Burdick
- Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - H Zhong
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - R R Roy
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - V R Edgerton
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Desautels TA, Choe J, Gad P, Nandra MS, Roy RR, Zhong H, Tai YC, Edgerton VR, Burdick JW. An Active Learning Algorithm for Control of Epidural Electrostimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2443-2455. [PMID: 25974925 PMCID: PMC4617183 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2431911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidural electrostimulation has shown promise for spinal cord injury therapy. However, finding effective stimuli on the multi-electrode stimulating arrays employed requires a laborious manual search of a vast space for each patient. Widespread clinical application of these techniques would be greatly facilitated by an autonomous, algorithmic system which choses stimuli to simultaneously deliver effective therapy and explore this space. We propose a method based on GP-BUCB, a Gaussian process bandit algorithm. In n = 4 spinally transected rats, we implant epidural electrode arrays and examine the algorithm's performance in selecting bipolar stimuli to elicit specified muscle responses. These responses are compared with temporally interleaved intra-animal stimulus selections by a human expert. GP-BUCB successfully controlled the spinal electrostimulation preparation in 37 testing sessions, selecting 670 stimuli. These sessions included sustained autonomous operations (ten-session duration). Delivered performance with respect to the specified metric was as good as or better than that of the human expert. Despite receiving no information as to anatomically likely locations of effective stimuli, GP-BUCB also consistently discovered such a pattern. Further, GP-BUCB was able to extrapolate from previous sessions' results to make predictions about performance in new testing sessions, while remaining sufficiently flexible to capture temporal variability. These results provide validation for applying automated stimulus selection methods to the problem of spinal cord injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Desautels
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. He is now with the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London WC1N 3AR UK
| | - Jaehoon Choe
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. J. Choe is now with HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Parag Gad
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. J. Choe is now with HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA, USA
| | | | - Roland R Roy
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. J. Choe is now with HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Hui Zhong
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. J. Choe is now with HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Chong Tai
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. J. Choe is now with HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA, USA
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Gourab K, Schmit BD, Hornby TG. Increased Lower Limb Spasticity but Not Strength or Function Following a Single-Dose Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor in Chronic Stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96:2112-9. [PMID: 26376447 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of single doses of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on lower limb voluntary and reflex function in individuals with chronic stroke. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. SETTING Outpatient research setting. PARTICIPANTS Individuals (N=10; 7 men; mean age ± SD, 57±10y) with poststroke hemiplegia of >1 year duration who completed all assessments. INTERVENTIONS Patients were assessed before and 5 hours after single-dose, overencapsulated 10-mg doses of escitalopram (SSRI) or placebo, with 1 week between conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary assessments included maximal ankle and knee isometric strength, and velocity-dependent (30°/s-120°/s) plantarflexor stretch reflexes under passive conditions, and separately during and after 3 superimposed maximal volitional drive to simulate conditions of increased serotonin release. Secondary measures included clinical measures of lower limb coordination and locomotion. RESULTS SSRI administration significantly increased stretch reflex torques at higher stretch velocities (eg, 90°/s; P=.03), with reflexes at lower velocities enhanced by superimposed voluntary drive (P=.02). No significant improvements were seen in volitional peak torques or in clinical measures of lower limb function (lowest P=.10). CONCLUSIONS Increases in spasticity but not strength or lower limb function were observed with single-dose SSRI administration in individuals with chronic stroke. Further studies should evaluate whether repeated dosing of SSRIs, or as combined with specific interventions, is required to elicit significant benefit of these agents on lower limb function poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaj Gourab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI; Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - T George Hornby
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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Foffani G, Shumsky J, Knudsen EB, Ganzer PD, Moxon KA. Interactive Effects Between Exercise and Serotonergic Pharmacotherapy on Cortical Reorganization After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:479-89. [PMID: 26338432 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315600523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rat models of spinal cord injury, at least 3 different strategies can be used to promote long-term cortical reorganization: (1) active exercise above the level of the lesion; (2) passive exercise below the level of the lesion; and (3) serotonergic pharmacotherapy. Whether and how these potential therapeutic strategies-and their underlying mechanisms of action-interact remains unknown. Methods In spinally transected adult rats, we compared the effects of active exercise above the level of the lesion (treadmill), passive exercise below the level of the lesion (bike), serotonergic pharmacotherapy (quipazine), and combinations of the above therapies (bike+quipazine, treadmill+quipazine, bike+treadmill+quipazine) on long-term cortical reorganization (9 weeks after the spinal transection). Cortical reorganization was measured as the percentage of cells recorded in the deafferented hindlimb cortex that responded to tactile stimulation of the contralateral forelimb. Results Bike and quipazine are "competing" therapies for cortical reorganization, in the sense that quipazine limits the cortical reorganization induced by bike, whereas treadmill and quipazine are "collaborative" therapies, in the sense that the reorganization induced by quipazine combined with treadmill is greater than the reorganization induced by either quipazine or treadmill. CONCLUSIONS These results uncover the interactive effects between active/passive exercise and serotonergic pharmacotherapy on cortical reorganization after spinal cord injury, emphasizing the importance of understanding the effects of therapeutic strategies in spinal cord injury (and in other forms of deafferentation) from an integrated system-level approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Foffani
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain Hospitales de Madrid, Móstoles, Spain CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jed Shumsky
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Karen A Moxon
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Alluin O, Delivet-Mongrain H, Rossignol S. Inducing hindlimb locomotor recovery in adult rat after complete thoracic spinal cord section using repeated treadmill training with perineal stimulation only. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1931-46. [PMID: 26203108 PMCID: PMC4579296 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00416.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a complete thoracic spinal cord section in various mammals induces paralysis of voluntary movements, the spinal lumbosacral circuitry below the lesion retains its ability to generate hindlimb locomotion. This important capacity may contribute to the overall locomotor recovery after partial spinal cord injury (SCI). In rats, it is usually triggered by pharmacological and/or electrical stimulation of the cord while a robot sustains the animals in an upright posture. In the present study we daily trained a group of adult spinal (T7) rats to walk with the hindlimbs for 10 wk (10 min/day for 5 days/wk), using only perineal stimulation. Kinematic analysis and terminal electromyographic recordings revealed a strong effect of training on the reexpression of hindlimb locomotion. Indeed, trained animals gradually improved their locomotion while untrained animals worsened throughout the post-SCI period. Kinematic parameters such as averaged and instant swing phase velocity, step cycle variability, foot drag duration, off period duration, and relationship between the swing features returned to normal values only in trained animals. The present results clearly demonstrate that treadmill training alone, in a normal horizontal posture, elicited by noninvasive perineal stimulation is sufficient to induce a persistent hindlimb locomotor recovery without the need for more complex strategies. This provides a baseline level that should be clearly surpassed if additional locomotor-enabling procedures are added. Moreover, it has a clinical value since intrinsic spinal reorganization induced by training should contribute to improve locomotor recovery together with afferent feedback and supraspinal modifications in patients with incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Alluin
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Delivet-Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Rossignol
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Robot-Assisted Passive Exercise for Ankle Hypertonia in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Med Biol Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-015-0059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gerasimenko Y, Gorodnichev R, Moshonkina T, Sayenko D, Gad P, Reggie Edgerton V. Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2015. [PMID: 26205686 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Locomotor behavior is controlled by specific neural circuits called central pattern generators primarily located at the lumbosacral spinal cord. These locomotor-related neuronal circuits have a high level of automaticity; that is, they can produce a "stepping" movement pattern also seen on electromyography (EMG) in the absence of supraspinal and/or peripheral afferent inputs. These circuits can be modulated by epidural spinal-cord stimulation and/or pharmacological intervention. Such interventions have been used to neuromodulate the neuronal circuits in patients with motor-complete spinal-cord injury (SCI) to facilitate postural and locomotor adjustments and to regain voluntary motor control. Here, we describe a novel non-invasive stimulation strategy of painless transcutaneous electrical enabling motor control (pcEmc) to neuromodulate the physiological state of the spinal cord. The technique can facilitate a stepping performance in non-injured subjects with legs placed in a gravity-neutral position. The stepping movements were induced more effectively with multi-site than single-site spinal-cord stimulation. From these results, a multielectrode surface array technology was developed. Our preliminary data indicate that use of the multielectrode surface array can fine-tune the control of the locomotor behavior. As well, the pcEmc strategy combined with exoskeleton technology is effective for improving motor function in paralyzed patients with SCI. The potential impact of using pcEmc to neuromodulate the spinal circuitry has significant implications for furthering our understanding of the mechanisms controlling locomotion and for rehabilitating sensorimotor function even after severe SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Gerasimenko
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1527 USA.
| | - Ruslan Gorodnichev
- Velikie Luky State Academy of Physical Education and Sport, 182100 Velikie Luky, Russia
| | | | - Dimitry Sayenko
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1527 USA
| | - Parag Gad
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1527 USA
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610, Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1527 USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA
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Rossignol S, Martinez M, Escalona M, Kundu A, Delivet-Mongrain H, Alluin O, Gossard JP. The "beneficial" effects of locomotor training after various types of spinal lesions in cats and rats. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 218:173-98. [PMID: 25890137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews a number of experiments on the recovery of locomotion after various types of spinal lesions and locomotor training mainly in cats. We first recall the major evidence on the recovery of hindlimb locomotion in completely spinalized cats at the T13 level and the role played by the spinal locomotor network, also known as the central pattern generator, as well as the beneficial effects of locomotor training on this recovery. Having established that hindlimb locomotion can recover, we raise the issue as to whether spinal plastic changes could also contribute to the recovery after partial spinal lesions such as unilateral hemisections. We found that after such hemisection at T10, cats could recover quadrupedal locomotion and that deficits could be improved by training. We further showed that, after a complete spinalization a few segments below the first hemisection (at T13, i.e., the level of previous studies on spinalization), cats could readily walk with the hindlimbs within hours of completely severing the remaining spinal tracts and not days as is usually the case with only a single complete spinalization. This suggests that neuroplastic changes occurred below the first hemisection so that the cat was already primed to walk after the spinalization subsequent to the hemispinalization 3 weeks before. Of interest is the fact that some characteristic kinematic features in trained or untrained hemispinalized cats could remain after complete spinalization, suggesting that spinal changes induced by training could also be durable. Other studies on reflexes and on the pattern of "fictive" locomotion recorded after curarization corroborate this view. More recent work deals with training cats in more demanding situations such as ladder treadmill (vs. flat treadmill) to evaluate how the locomotor training regimen can influence the spinal cord. Finally, we report our recent studies in rats using compressive lesions or surgical complete spinalization and find that some principles of locomotor recovery in cats also apply to rats when adequate locomotor training is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rossignol
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team of the Canadian Institute of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Marina Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team of the Canadian Institute of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuel Escalona
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aritra Kundu
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Delivet-Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Alluin
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team of the Canadian Institute of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Gossard
- Department of Neuroscience and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; SensoriMotor Rehabilitation Research Team of the Canadian Institute of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hamlin M, Traughber T, Reinkensmeyer DJ, de Leon RD. A novel device for studying weight supported, quadrupedal overground locomotion in spinal cord injured rats. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 246:134-41. [PMID: 25794460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing weight support facilitates locomotion in spinal cord injured animals. To control weight support, robotic systems have been developed for treadmill stepping and more recently for overground walking. NEW METHOD We developed a novel device, the body weight supported ambulatory rodent trainer (i.e. BART). It has a small pneumatic cylinder that moves along a linear track above the rat. When air is supplied to the cylinder, the rats are lifted as they perform overground walking. We tested the BART device in rats that received a moderate spinal cord contusion injury and in normal rats. Locomotor training with the BART device was not performed. RESULTS All of the rats learned to walk in the BART device. In the contused rats, significantly greater paw dragging and dorsal stepping occurred in the hindlimbs compared to normal. Providing weight support significantly raised hip position and significantly reduced locomotor deficits. Hindlimb stepping was tightly coupled to forelimb stepping but only when the contused rats stepped without weight support. Three weeks after the contused rats received a complete spinal cord transection, significantly fewer hindlimb steps were performed. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Relative to rodent robotic systems, the BART device is a simpler system for studying overground locomotion. The BART device lacks sophisticated control and sensing capability, but it can be assembled relatively easily and cheaply. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the BART device is a useful tool for assessing quadrupedal, overground locomotion which is a more natural form of locomotion relative to treadmill locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Hamlin
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, 5151 State University Dr, LA, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Terence Traughber
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, 5151 State University Dr, LA, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - David J Reinkensmeyer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA, 92697-3875, USA
| | - Ray D de Leon
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, 5151 State University Dr, LA, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
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Duru PO, Tillakaratne NJK, Kim JA, Zhong H, Stauber SM, Pham TT, Xiao MS, Edgerton VR, Roy RR. Spinal neuronal activation during locomotor-like activity enabled by epidural stimulation and 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists in spinal rats. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1229-39. [PMID: 25789848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The neural networks that generate stepping in complete spinal adult rats remain poorly defined. To address this problem, we used c-fos (an activity-dependent marker) to identify active interneurons and motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of adult spinal rats during a 30-min bout of bipedal stepping. Spinal rats were either step trained (30 min/day, 3 days/week, for 7.5 weeks) or not step trained. Stepping was enabled by epidural stimulation and the administration of the serotonergic agonists quipazine and 8-OHDPAT. A third group of spinal rats served as untreated (no stimulation, drugs, or stepping) controls. The numbers of activated cholinergic central canal cluster cells and partition neurons were higher in both step-trained and nontrained rats than in untreated rats and were higher in nontrained than in step-trained rats. The latter finding suggests that daily treatment with epidural stimulation plus serotonergic agonist treatment without step training enhances the excitability of a broader cholinergic interneuronal population than does step training. The numbers of activated interneurons in laminae II-VI of lumbar cross-sections were higher in both step-trained and nontrained rats than in untreated rats, and they were highest in step-trained rats. This finding suggests that this population of interneurons is responsive to epidural stimulation plus serotonergic treatment and that load-bearing induced when stepping has an additive effect. The numbers of activated motoneurons of all size categories were higher in the step-trained group than in the other two groups, reflecting a strong effect of loading on motoneuron recruitment. In general, these results indicate that the spinal networks for locomotion are similar with and without brain input. SIGNIFICANCE We identified neurons within the spinal cord networks that are activated during assisted stepping in paraplegic rats. We stimulated the spinal cord and administered a drug to help the rats step. One group was trained to step and another was not trained. We observed a lower percentage of activated neurons in specific spinal cord regions in trained rats than in nontrained rats after a 1-hr stepping bout, suggesting that step training reduces activation of some types of spinal neurons. This observation indicates that training makes the spinal networks more efficient and suggests a "learning" phenomenon in the spinal cord without any brain input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Duru
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Niranjala J K Tillakaratne
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jung A Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacey M Stauber
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Trinh T Pham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mei S Xiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Brumley MR, Kauer SD, Swann HE. Developmental plasticity of coordinated action patterns in the perinatal rat. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:409-20. [PMID: 25739742 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most simple, stereotyped, reflexive, and spinal-mediated motor behaviors expressed by animals display a level of flexibility and plasticity that is not always recognized. We discuss several examples of how coordinated action patterns have been shown to be flexible and adaptive in response to sensory feedback. We focus on interlimb and intralimb coordination during the expression of two action patterns (stepping and the leg extension response) in newborn rats, as well as interlimb motor learning. We also discuss the idea that the spinal cord is a major site for supporting plasticity in the developing motor system. An implication of this research is that normally occurring sensory stimulation during the perinatal period influences the typical development and expression of action patterns, and that exploiting the developmental plasticity of the motor system may lead to improved strategies for promoting recovery of function in human infants with motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Brumley
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Ave, Stop 8112, Pocatello, 83209-8112, ID
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Song YS, Hogan N. A Novel Interactive Exoskeletal Robot for Overground Locomotion Studies in Rats. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2015; 23:591-9. [PMID: 25675461 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2396852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a newly developed apparatus, Iron Rat, for locomotion research in rodents. Its main purpose is to allow maximal freedom of voluntary overground movement of the animal while providing forceful interaction to the hindlimbs. Advantages and challenges of the proposed exoskeletal apparatus over other existing designs are discussed. Design and implementation challenges are presented and discussed, emphasizing their implications for free, voluntary movement of the animal. A live-animal experiment was conducted to assess the design. Unconstrained natural movement of the animal was compared with its movement with the exoskeletal module attached. The compact design and back-drivable implementation of this apparatus will allow novel experimental manipulations that may include forceful yet compliant dynamic interaction with the animal's overground locomotion.
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George Hornby T, Straube DS, Kinnaird CR, Holleran CL, Echauz AJ, Rodriguez KS, Wagner EJ, Narducci EA. Importance of Specificity, Amount, and Intensity of Locomotor Training to Improve Ambulatory Function in Patients Poststroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2015; 18:293-307. [DOI: 10.1310/tsr1804-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Strain MM, Kauer SD, Kao T, Brumley MR. Inter- and intralimb adaptations to a sensory perturbation during activation of the serotonin system after a low spinal cord transection in neonatal rats. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:80. [PMID: 25071461 PMCID: PMC4094843 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the serotonin system has been shown to induce locomotor activity following a spinal cord transection. This study examines how the isolated spinal cord adapts to a sensory perturbation during activation of the serotonergic system. Real-time and persistent effects of a perturbation were examined in intact and spinal transected newborn rats. Rats received a spinal surgery (sham or low thoracic transection) on postnatal day 1 and were tested 9 days later. At test, subjects were treated with the serotonergic receptor agonist quipazine (3.0 mg/kg) to induce stepping behavior. Half of the subjects experienced range of motion (ROM) restriction during stepping, while the other half did not. Differences in stepping behavior (interlimb coordination) and limb trajectories (intralimb coordination) were found to occur in both intact and spinal subjects. Adaptations were seen in the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Also, real-time and persistent effects of ROM restriction (following removal of the perturbation) were seen in ROM-restricted subjects. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the isolated spinal cord to sensory feedback in conjunction with serotonin modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty M Strain
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sierra D Kauer
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Tina Kao
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York Brooklyn, NY, USA ; Department of Psychology, New York University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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