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Gray N, Shaikh J, Cowley A, Goosey-Tolfrey V, Logan P, Quraishi N, Booth V. The effect of early mobilisation (< 14 days) on pathophysiological and functional outcomes in animals with induced spinal cord injury: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:20. [PMID: 38528450 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The optimum time to mobilise (standing, walking) following spinal cord injury (SCI) is unknown but may have implications for patient outcomes. There are no high-quality experimental studies that examine this issue, with a paucity of guidance for clinicians. Pre-clinical studies lead research in this field and can contribute to knowledge and support future clinical practice. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the effect of early compared to no mobilisation on pathophysiological and functional outcomes in animals with induced SCI. METHODS A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted by searching pre-clinical literature in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), Web of Science, OpenGrey, and EThOS (June 2023). Studies were included of any research method giving numerical results comparing pathophysiological and functional outcomes in rats and mice mobilised within 14-days of induced SCI to those that did not mobilise. Data were synthesised using random-effects meta-analyses. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the CAMARADES checklist. The certainty of findings was reported using the GRADE approach. This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023437494). RESULTS Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Outcomes found that Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor levels were greater in those that initiated mobilisation within 14-days of SCI compared to the groups that did not. Mobilisation initiated within 14-days of SCI was also associated with statistically significant functional gains: (Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating score (BBB) = 2.13(0-21), CI 1.43, 2.84, Ladder Rung Walking Task = - 12.38(0-100), CI 20.01, - 4.76). Meta-analysis identified the greatest functional gains when mobilisation was initiated within 3 days of SCI (BBB = 3.00, CI 2.31-3.69, p < 0.001), or when delivered at low intensity (BBB = 2.88, CI 2.03-3.70, p < 0.001). Confidence in the findings from this review was low to moderate due to the risk of bias and mixed methodological quality. CONCLUSION Mobilisation instigated within 14-days of injury, may be an effective way of improving functional outcomes in animal models following SCI, with delays potentially detrimental to recovery. Outcomes from this study support further research in this field to guide future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gray
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Junaid Shaikh
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alison Cowley
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vicky Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Loughborough, Loughborough, UK
| | - Pip Logan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nasir Quraishi
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vicky Booth
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Tigner TJ, Dampf G, Tucker A, Huang YC, Jagrit V, Clevenger AJ, Mohapatra A, Raghavan SA, Dulin JN, Alge DL. Clickable Granular Hydrogel Scaffolds for Delivery of Neural Progenitor Cells to Sites of Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303912. [PMID: 38470994 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious condition with limited treatment options. Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising treatment option, and the identification of novel biomaterial scaffolds that support NPC engraftment and therapeutic activity is a top research priority. The objective of this study is to evaluate in situ assembled poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based granular hydrogels for NPC delivery in a murine model of SCI. Microgel precursors are synthesized by using thiol-norbornene click chemistry to react four-armed PEG-amide-norbornene with enzymatically degradable and cell adhesive peptides. Unreacted norbornene groups are utilized for in situ assembly into scaffolds using a PEG-di-tetrazine linker. The granular hydrogel scaffolds exhibit good biocompatibility and do not adversely affect the inflammatory response after SCI. Moreover, when used to deliver NPCs, the granular hydrogel scaffolds supported NPC engraftment, do not adversely affect the immune response to the NPC grafts, and successfully support graft differentiation toward neuronal or astrocytic lineages as well as axonal extension into the host tissue. Collectively, these data establish PEG-based granular hydrogel scaffolds as a suitable biomaterial platform for NPC delivery and justify further testing, particularly in the context of more severe SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Tigner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
| | - Gabrielle Dampf
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3258, USA
| | - Ashley Tucker
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3258, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
| | - Vipin Jagrit
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3258, USA
| | - Abigail J Clevenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
| | - Arpita Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
| | - Shreya A Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
| | - Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3258, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Daniel L Alge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3120, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
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Tashiro S, Shibata S, Nagoshi N, Zhang L, Yamada S, Tsuji T, Nakamura M, Okano H. Do Pharmacological Treatments Act in Collaboration with Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury Treatment? A Review of Preclinical Studies. Cells 2024; 13:412. [PMID: 38474376 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no choice other than rehabilitation as a practical medical treatment to restore impairments or improve activities after acute treatment in people with spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the effect is unremarkable. Therefore, researchers have been seeking effective pharmacological treatments. These will, hopefully, exert a greater effect when combined with rehabilitation. However, no review has specifically summarized the combinatorial effects of rehabilitation with various medical agents. In the current review, which included 43 articles, we summarized the combinatorial effects according to the properties of the medical agents, namely neuromodulation, neurotrophic factors, counteraction to inhibitory factors, and others. The recovery processes promoted by rehabilitation include the regeneration of tracts, neuroprotection, scar tissue reorganization, plasticity of spinal circuits, microenvironmental change in the spinal cord, and enforcement of the musculoskeletal system, which are additive, complementary, or even synergistic with medication in many cases. However, there are some cases that lack interaction or even demonstrate competition between medication and rehabilitation. A large fraction of the combinatorial mechanisms remains to be elucidated, and very few studies have investigated complex combinations of these agents or targeted chronically injured spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shin Yamada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsuji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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4
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Ryan F, Francos-Quijorna I, Hernández-Mir G, Aquino C, Schlapbach R, Bradbury EJ, David S. Tlr4 Deletion Modulates Cytokine and Extracellular Matrix Expression in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, Leading to Improved Secondary Damage and Functional Recovery. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0778232023. [PMID: 38326029 PMCID: PMC10860514 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0778-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune response after CNS injury. Although TLR4 is one of the best characterized, its role in chronic stages after spinal cord injury (SCI) is not well understood. We examined the role of TLR4 signaling in injury-induced responses at 1 d, 7 d, and 8 weeks after spinal cord contusion injury in adult female TLR4 null and wild-type mice. Analyses include secondary damage, a range of transcriptome and protein analyses of inflammatory, cell death, and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, as well as immune cell infiltration and changes in axonal sprouting and locomotor recovery. Lack of TLR4 signaling results in reduced neuronal and myelin loss, reduced activation of NFκB, and decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and necroptotic cell death pathway at a late time point (8 weeks) after injury. TLR4 null mice also showed reduction of scar-related ECM molecules at 8 weeks after SCI, accompanied by increase in ECM molecules associated with perineuronal nets, increased sprouting of serotonergic fibers, and improved locomotor recovery. These findings reveal novel effects of TLR4 signaling in chronic SCI. We show that TLR4 influences inflammation, cell death, and ECM deposition at late-stage post-injury when secondary injury processes are normally considered to be over. This highlights the potential for late-stage targeting of TLR4 as a potential therapy for chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Isaac Francos-Quijorna
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Hernández-Mir
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine Aquino
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Schlapbach
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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5
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Lee CYP, Chooi WH, Ng SY, Chew SY. Modulating neuroinflammation through molecular, cellular and biomaterial-based approaches to treat spinal cord injury. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10389. [PMID: 36925680 PMCID: PMC10013833 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response that is elicited after spinal cord injury contributes to both tissue damage and reparative processes. The complex and dynamic cellular and molecular changes within the spinal cord microenvironment result in a functional imbalance of immune cells and their modulatory factors. To facilitate wound healing and repair, it is necessary to manipulate the immunological pathways during neuroinflammation to achieve successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, recent advancements and fresh perspectives on the consequences of neuroinflammation after SCI and modulation of the inflammatory responses through the use of molecular-, cellular-, and biomaterial-based therapies to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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Semita IN, Utomo DN, Suroto H, Sudiana IK, Gandi P. The mechanism of human neural stem cell secretomes improves neuropathic pain and locomotor function in spinal cord injury rat models: through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-matrix degradation, and neurotrophic activities. Korean J Pain 2023; 36:72-83. [PMID: 36549874 PMCID: PMC9812698 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a big burden, including 90% suffering permanent disability, and 60%-69% experiencing neuropathic pain. The main causes are oxidative stress, inflammation, and degeneration. The efficacy of the stem cell secretome is promising, but the role of human neural stem cell (HNSC)-secretome in neuropathic pain is unclear. This study evaluated how the mechanism of HNSC-secretome improves neuropathic pain and locomotor function in SCI rat models through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-matrix degradation, and neurotrophic activities. Methods A proper experimental study investigated 15 Rattus norvegicus divided into normal, control, and treatment groups (30 μL HNSC-secretome, intrathecal in the level of T10, three days post-traumatic SCI). Twenty-eight days post-injury, specimens were collected, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, F2-Isoprostanes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were analyzed. Locomotor recovery was evaluated via Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores. Neuropathic pain was evaluated using the Rat Grimace Scale. Results The HNSC-secretome could improve locomotor recovery and neuropathic pain, decrease F2-Isoprostane (antioxidant), decrease MMP-9 and TNF-α (anti-inflammatory), as well as modulate TGF-β and BDNF (neurotrophic factor). Moreover, HNSC-secretomes maintain the extracellular matrix of SCI by reducing the matrix degradation effect of MMP-9 and increasing the collagen formation effect of TGF-β as a resistor of glial scar formation. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the mechanism of HNSC-secretome in improving neuropathic pain and locomotor function in SCI through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-matrix degradation, and neurotrophic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Semita
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Dwikora Novembri Utomo
- Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,Correspondence: Dwikora Novembri Utomo Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jl. Manyar Tirtosari IV/7, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Tel: +628123036236, Fax: +62315020406, E-mail:
| | - Heri Suroto
- Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - I Ketut Sudiana
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Parama Gandi
- Departement of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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7
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Li S, Wernersbach I, Harms GS, Schäfer MKE. Microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. Front Immunol 2022. [PMID: 36105813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022b.945485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are phagocytosis-competent CNS cells comprising a spectrum of subtypes with beneficial and/or detrimental functions in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The heterogeneity of microglia suggests differences in phagocytic activity and phenotype plasticity between microglia subtypes. To study these issues, primary murine glial cultures were cultivated in the presence of serum, different growth factors and cytokines to obtain M0-like, M1-like, and M2-like microglia as confirmed by morphology, M1/M2 gene marker expression, and nitric oxide assay. Single-cell analysis after 3 hours of phagocytosis of E.coli particles or IgG-opsonized beads showed equal internalization by M0-like microglia, whereas M1-like microglia preferably internalized E.coli particles and M2-like microglia preferably internalized IgG beads, suggesting subtype-specific preferences for different phagocytosis substrates. Time-lapse live-cells imaging over 16 hours revealed further differences between microglia subtypes in phagocytosis preference and internalization dynamics. M0- and, more efficiently, M1-like microglia continuously internalized E.coli particles for 16 hours, whereas M2-like microglia discontinued internalization after approximately 8 hours. IgG beads were continuously internalized by M0- and M1-like microglia but strikingly less by M2-like microglia. M2-like microglia initially showed continuous internalization similar to M0-like microglia but again discontinuation of internalization after 8 hours suggesting that the time of substrate exposure differently affect microglia subtypes. After prolonged exposure to E.coli particles or IgG beads for 5 days all microglia subtypes showed increased internalization of E.coli particles compared to IgG beads, increased nitric oxide release and up-regulation of M1 gene markers, irrespectively of the phagocytosis substrate, suggesting phenotype plasticity. In summary, microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. The results suggest that prolonged phagocytosis substrate exposure enhances M1-like profiles and M2-M1 repolarization of microglia. Similar processes may also take place in conditions of acute and chronic brain insults when microglia encounter different types of phagocytic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isa Wernersbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory S Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Lewis NE, Tabarestani TQ, Cellini BR, Zhang N, Marrotte EJ, Wang H, Laskowitz DT, Abd-El-Barr MM, Faw TD. Effect of Acute Physical Interventions on Pathophysiology and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:671-686. [PMID: 36203293 PMCID: PMC9537860 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244476.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical rehabilitation is essential for enhancing recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI); however, aside from early surgical intervention and hemodynamic management, there are no proven interventions for promoting recovery in the acute phase. In general, early rehabilitation is considered beneficial, but optimal parameters and potential contraindications for implementing rehabilitation at very early time points are unclear. Moreover, clinical trials to date are limited to studies initiating rehabilitation 2 weeks after injury and later. To address these gaps, this article reviews the preclinical literature on physical interventions initiated within the first 8 days postinjury. Effects of early rehabilitation on molecular and structural nervous system changes, behavioral function, and body systems are considered. Most studies utilized treadmill or cycle training as the primary intervention. Treadmill training initiated within the first 3 days and terminated by 1 week after injury worsened autonomic function, inflammation, and locomotor outcomes, while swim training during this period increased microvascular dysfunction. In contrast, lower-intensity rehabilitation such as reach training, ladder training, or voluntary wheel or ball training showed benefits when implemented during the first 3 days. Rehabilitation initiated at 4 days postinjury was also associated with enhanced motor recovery. Cycling appears to have the greatest risk-benefit ratio; however, the effects of cycle training in the first 3 days were not investigated. Overall, research suggests that lower intensity or voluntary rehabilitation during the hyperacute phase is more appropriate until at least 4 days postinjury, at which point higher-intensity activity becomes safer and more beneficial for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholle E. Lewis
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Brianna R. Cellini
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nina Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric J. Marrotte
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy D. Faw
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding Author Timothy D. Faw Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 311 Research Drive, Durham, NC 21170, USA
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9
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Li S, Wernersbach I, Harms GS, Schäfer MKE. Microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945485. [PMID: 36105813 PMCID: PMC9465456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are phagocytosis-competent CNS cells comprising a spectrum of subtypes with beneficial and/or detrimental functions in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The heterogeneity of microglia suggests differences in phagocytic activity and phenotype plasticity between microglia subtypes. To study these issues, primary murine glial cultures were cultivated in the presence of serum, different growth factors and cytokines to obtain M0-like, M1-like, and M2-like microglia as confirmed by morphology, M1/M2 gene marker expression, and nitric oxide assay. Single-cell analysis after 3 hours of phagocytosis of E.coli particles or IgG-opsonized beads showed equal internalization by M0-like microglia, whereas M1-like microglia preferably internalized E.coli particles and M2-like microglia preferably internalized IgG beads, suggesting subtype-specific preferences for different phagocytosis substrates. Time-lapse live-cells imaging over 16 hours revealed further differences between microglia subtypes in phagocytosis preference and internalization dynamics. M0- and, more efficiently, M1-like microglia continuously internalized E.coli particles for 16 hours, whereas M2-like microglia discontinued internalization after approximately 8 hours. IgG beads were continuously internalized by M0- and M1-like microglia but strikingly less by M2-like microglia. M2-like microglia initially showed continuous internalization similar to M0-like microglia but again discontinuation of internalization after 8 hours suggesting that the time of substrate exposure differently affect microglia subtypes. After prolonged exposure to E.coli particles or IgG beads for 5 days all microglia subtypes showed increased internalization of E.coli particles compared to IgG beads, increased nitric oxide release and up-regulation of M1 gene markers, irrespectively of the phagocytosis substrate, suggesting phenotype plasticity. In summary, microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. The results suggest that prolonged phagocytosis substrate exposure enhances M1-like profiles and M2-M1 repolarization of microglia. Similar processes may also take place in conditions of acute and chronic brain insults when microglia encounter different types of phagocytic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isa Wernersbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory S. Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael K. E. Schäfer,
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10
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Faw TD, Lakhani B, Schmalbrock P, Knopp MV, Lohse KR, Kramer JLK, Liu H, Nguyen HT, Phillips EG, Bratasz A, Fisher LC, Deibert RJ, Boyd LA, McTigue DM, Basso DM. Eccentric rehabilitation induces white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113853. [PMID: 34464653 PMCID: PMC10084731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent white matter plasticity offers new potential for rehabilitation-induced recovery after neurotrauma. This first-in-human translational experiment combined myelin water imaging in humans and genetic fate-mapping of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in mice to investigate whether downhill locomotor rehabilitation that emphasizes eccentric muscle actions promotes white matter plasticity and recovery in chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). In humans, of 20 individuals with SCI that enrolled, four passed the imaging screen and had myelin water imaging before and after a 12-week (3 times/week) downhill locomotor treadmill training program (SCI + DH). One individual was excluded for imaging artifacts. Uninjured control participants (n = 7) had two myelin water imaging sessions within the same day. Changes in myelin water fraction (MWF), a histopathologically-validated myelin biomarker, were analyzed in a priori motor learning and non-motor learning brain regions and the cervical spinal cord using statistical approaches appropriate for small sample sizes. PDGFRα-CreERT2:mT/mG mice, that express green fluorescent protein on oligodendrocyte precursor cells and subsequent newly-differentiated oligodendrocytes upon tamoxifen-induced recombination, were either naive (n = 6) or received a moderate (75 kilodyne), contusive SCI at T9 and were randomized to downhill training (n = 6) or unexercised groups (n = 6). We initiated recombination 29 days post-injury, seven days prior to downhill training. Mice underwent two weeks of daily downhill training on the same 10% decline grade used in humans. Between-group comparison of functional (motor and sensory) and histological (oligodendrogenesis, oligodendroglial/axon interaction, paranodal structure) outcomes occurred post-training. In humans with SCI, downhill training increased MWF in brain motor learning regions (postcentral, precuneus) and mixed motor and sensory tracts of the ventral cervical spinal cord compared to control participants (P < 0.05). In mice with thoracic SCI, downhill training induced oligodendrogenesis in cervical dorsal and lateral white matter, increased axon-oligodendroglial interactions, and normalized paranodal structure in dorsal column sensory tracts (P < 0.05). Downhill training improved sensorimotor recovery in mice by normalizing hip and knee motor control and reducing hyperalgesia, both of which were associated with new oligodendrocytes in the cervical dorsal columns (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that eccentric-focused, downhill rehabilitation promotes white matter plasticity and improved function in chronic SCI, likely via oligodendrogenesis in nervous system regions activated by the training paradigm. Together, these data reveal an exciting role for eccentric training in white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Faw
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petra Schmalbrock
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - John L K Kramer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Huyen T Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eileen G Phillips
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resources, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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11
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Li Z, Wang Q, Hu H, Zheng W, Gao C. Research advances of biomaterials-based microenvironment-regulation therapies for repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34384071 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac1d3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in restricted behaviour recovery and even life-changing paralysis, accompanied with numerous complications. Pathologically, the initial injuries trigger a series of secondary injuries, leading to an expansion of lesion site, a mass of neuron loss, and eventual failure of endogenous axon regeneration. As the advances rapidly spring up in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering biomaterials, regulation of these secondary injuries becomes possible, shedding a light on normal functional restoration. The successful tissue regeneration lies in proper regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment, including the inflammatory immune cells and inflammatory factors that lead to oxidative stress, inhibitory glial scar and neuroexcitatory toxicity. Specifically, the approaches based on microenvironment-regulating biomaterials have shown great promise in the repair and regeneration of SCI. In this review, the pathological inflammatory microenvironments of SCI are discussed, followed by the introduction of microenvironment-regulating biomaterials in terms of their impressive therapeutic effect in attenuation of secondary inflammation and promotion of axon regrowth. With the emphasis on regulating secondary events, the biomaterials for SCI treatment will become promising for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Dr Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Morse LR, Field-Fote EC, Contreras-Vidal J, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Rodreick M, Shields RK, Sofroniew M, Wudlick R, Zanca JM. Meeting Proceedings for SCI 2020: Launching a Decade of Disruption in Spinal Cord Injury Research. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1251-1266. [PMID: 33353467 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) research community has experienced great advances in discovery research, technology development, and promising clinical interventions in the past decade. To build upon these advances and maximize the benefit to persons with SCI, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) hosted a conference February 12-13, 2019 titled "SCI 2020: Launching a Decade of Disruption in Spinal Cord Injury Research." The purpose of the conference was to bring together a broad range of stakeholders, including researchers, clinicians and healthcare professionals, persons with SCI, industry partners, regulators, and funding agency representatives to break down existing communication silos. Invited speakers were asked to summarize the state of the science, assess areas of technological and community readiness, and build collaborations that could change the trajectory of research and clinical options for people with SCI. In this report, we summarize the state of the science in each of five key domains and identify the gaps in the scientific literature that need to be addressed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Morse
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edelle C Field-Fote
- Shepherd Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jose Contreras-Vidal
- Laboratory for Non-Invasive Brain Machine Interfaces, NSF IUCRC BRAIN, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurology and Psychology and the Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Wudlick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeanne M Zanca
- Spinal Cord Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Biglari B, Heller RA, Hörner M, Sperl A, Bock T, Reible B, Haubruck P, Grützner PA, Moghaddam A. Novel approach to an early assessment of a patient's potential for neurological remission after acute spinal cord injury: Analysis of hemoglobin concentration dynamics. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:229-240. [PMID: 31211658 PMCID: PMC7952079 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1632060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Context/objective: Examining hemoglobin (Hb) dynamics with regard to the potential of neurological remission in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI).Design: Prospective Clinical Observational Study.Setting: BG Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen, Department of Paraplegiology, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.Methods: From 2011 to 2017 a total of 80 patients with acute spinal injury were enrolled and divided into three groups: initial neurological impairment either with (G1; n = 33) or without subsequent neurological remission (G0; n = 35) and vertebral fractures without initial neurological impairment as control group (C; n = 12). Blood samples were taken for 3 months at 11 time-points after injury. Analyses were performed using routine diagnostics.Outcome measures: Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the prognostic value of Hb regarding neurological remission respecting clinical covariates.Results: Data showed elevated mean Hb concentrations in G1 from the third day to 1 month compared to G0, Hb levels were significantly higher in G1 after 3 days (P = 0.03, G1 > G0). The final multiple logistic regression model based on this data predicting the presence of neurological remission resulted in an AUC (area under the curve) of 80.5% (CI: 67.8%-93.2%) in the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis.Conclusion: Elevated Hb concentrations are associated with a higher likelihood of neurological remission. Elevated concentrations of Hb in G1 compared to G0 over time might be linked to both a better initial oxygen supply response and a decreased ECM (extracellular matrix) degradation highlighting the role of Hb as a valuable biomarker for neural regeneration after TSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Biglari
- Department of Paraplegiology, BG Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany,Correspondence to: Bahram Biglari, Head of the Department, Department of Paraplegiology, BG Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Straße 13, Ludwigshafen am Rhein67071, Germany; Ph: +49/(0) 621 6810-2571.
| | - Raban Arved Heller
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and SCI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hörner
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and SCI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andre Sperl
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and SCI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bock
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and SCI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Reible
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and SCI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Haubruck
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and SCI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Alfred Grützner
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopaedics, BG Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Group, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
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Dugan EA, Schachner B, Jergova S, Sagen J. Intensive Locomotor Training Provides Sustained Alleviation of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury-Associated Neuropathic Pain: A Two-Year Pre-Clinical Study. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:789-802. [PMID: 33218293 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain often accompanies the functional deficits associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and further reduces a patient's quality of life. Clinical and pre-clinical research is beginning to highlight the beneficial role that rehabilitative therapies such as locomotor training can have not only on functional recovery but also on chronic pain management. Our group has previously developed an intensive locomotor training (ILT) treadmill protocol on rats that reduced SCI neuropathic pain symptoms for at least 3 months. We have extended these findings in the current study to evaluate the ability of regular ILT regimen over a 2 year period post-SCI to maintain neuropathic pain reduction. To assess this, the rat clip compression SCI model (T7/8) was used and treadmill training was initiated starting 4 weeks after SCI and continuing through the duration of the study. Results showed continued suppression of SCI neuropathic pain responses (reduced mechanical, heat, and cold hypersensitivity throughout the entire time course of the study). In contrast, non-exercised rats showed consistent and sustained neuropathic pain responses during this period. In addition, prolonged survival and improved locomotor outcomes were observed in rats undergoing ILT as the study longevity progressed. Potential contributory mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of ILT include reduced inflammation and restoration of anti-nociceptive inhibitory processes as indicated by neurochemical assays in spinal tissue of remaining rats at 2 years post-SCI. The benefits of chronic ILT suggest that long-term physical exercise therapy can produce powerful and prolonged management of neuropathic pain, partly through sustained reduction of spinal pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Dugan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin Schachner
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stanislava Jergova
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jacqueline Sagen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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15
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Tadjalli A, Seven YB, Perim RR, Mitchell GS. Systemic inflammation suppresses spinal respiratory motor plasticity via mechanisms that require serine/threonine protein phosphatase activity. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 33468163 PMCID: PMC7816383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation undermines multiple forms of neuroplasticity. Although inflammation and its influence on plasticity in multiple neural systems has been extensively studied, its effects on plasticity of neural networks controlling vital life functions, such as breathing, are less understood. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanisms whereby lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation impairs plasticity within the phrenic motor system—a major spinal respiratory motor pool that drives contractions of the diaphragm muscle. Here, we tested the hypotheses that lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation (1) blocks phrenic motor plasticity by a mechanism that requires cervical spinal okadaic acid-sensitive serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP) 1/2A activity and (2) prevents phosphorylation/activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK1/2 MAPK)—a key enzyme necessary for the expression of phrenic motor plasticity. Methods To study phrenic motor plasticity, we utilized a well-characterized model for spinal respiratory plasticity called phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). pLTF is characterized by a long-lasting, progressive enhancement of inspiratory phrenic nerve motor drive following exposures to moderate acute intermittent hypoxia (mAIH). In anesthetized, vagotomized and mechanically ventilated adult Sprague Dawley rats, we examined the effect of inhibiting cervical spinal serine/threonine PP 1/2A activity on pLTF expression in sham-vehicle and LPS-treated rats. Using immunofluorescence optical density analysis, we compared mAIH-induced phosphorylation/activation of ERK 1/2 MAPK with and without LPS-induced inflammation in identified phrenic motor neurons. Results We confirmed that mAIH-induced pLTF is abolished 24 h following low-dose systemic LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.). Cervical spinal delivery of the PP 1/2A inhibitor, okadaic acid, restored pLTF in LPS-treated rats. LPS also prevented mAIH-induced enhancement in phrenic motor neuron ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation. Thus, a likely target for the relevant okadaic acid-sensitive protein phosphatases is ERK1/2 MAPK or its upstream activators. Conclusions This study increases our understanding of fundamental mechanisms whereby inflammation disrupts neuroplasticity in a critical population of motor neurons necessary for breathing, and highlights key roles for serine/threonine protein phosphatases and ERK1/2 MAPK kinase in the plasticity of mammalian spinal respiratory motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Tadjalli
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100154, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100154, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Raphael R Perim
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100154, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100154, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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16
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Fouad K, Popovich PG, Kopp MA, Schwab JM. The neuroanatomical-functional paradox in spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:53-62. [PMID: 33311711 PMCID: PMC9012488 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although lesion size is widely considered to be the most reliable predictor of outcome after CNS injury, lesions of comparable size can produce vastly different magnitudes of functional impairment and subsequent recovery. This neuroanatomical-functional paradox is likely to contribute to the many failed attempts to independently replicate findings from animal models of neurotrauma. In humans, the analogous clinical-radiological paradox could explain why individuals with similar injuries can respond differently to rehabilitation. We describe the neuroanatomical-functional paradox in the context of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and discuss the underlying mechanisms of the paradox, including the concepts of lesion-affected and recovery-related networks. We also consider the various secondary complications that further limit the accuracy of outcome prediction in SCI and provide suggestions for how to increase the predictive, translational value of preclinical SCI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fouad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marcel A Kopp
- Clinical & Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (QUEST-Center for Transforming Biomedical Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Clinical & Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Spinal Cord Injury Medicine (Neuroplegiology), Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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17
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Fouad K, Ng C, Basso DM. Behavioral testing in animal models of spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 333:113410. [PMID: 32735871 PMCID: PMC8325780 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is based on a lecture presented at the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation sponsored Spinal Cord Injury Training Program at Ohio State University. We discuss the advantages and challenges of injury models in rodents and theory relation to various behavioral outcome measures. We offer strategies and advice on experimental design, behavioral testing, and on the challenges, one will encounter with animal testing. This review is designed to guide those entering the field of spinal cord injury and/or involved with in vivo animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fouad
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dept of Physical Therapy, 3-48 Corbett Hall, Edmonton T6G 2G4, Canada; University of Alberta, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - C Ng
- University of Alberta, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D M Basso
- Ohio State University, College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, 106A Atwell Hall, 453 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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18
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O'Reilly ML, Tom VJ. Neuroimmune System as a Driving Force for Plasticity Following CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:187. [PMID: 32792908 PMCID: PMC7390932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), spontaneous plasticity is observed throughout the neuraxis and affects multiple key circuits. Much of this spontaneous plasticity can elicit beneficial and deleterious functional outcomes, depending on the context of plasticity and circuit affected. Injury-induced activation of the neuroimmune system has been proposed to be a major factor in driving this plasticity, as neuroimmune and inflammatory factors have been shown to influence cellular, synaptic, structural, and anatomical plasticity. Here, we will review the mechanisms through which the neuroimmune system mediates plasticity after CNS injury. Understanding the role of specific neuroimmune factors in driving adaptive and maladaptive plasticity may offer valuable therapeutic insight into how to promote adaptive plasticity and/or diminish maladaptive plasticity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela L O'Reilly
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Protein Degradome of Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2702-2726. [PMID: 32328876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degradomics is a proteomics sub-discipline whose goal is to identify and characterize protease-substrate repertoires. With the aim of deciphering and characterizing key signature breakdown products, degradomics emerged to define encryptic biomarker neoproteins specific to certain disease processes. Remarkable improvements in structural and analytical experimental methodologies as evident in research investigating cellular behavior in neuroscience and cancer have allowed the identification of specific degradomes, increasing our knowledge about proteases and their regulators and substrates along with their implications in health and disease. A physiologic balance between protein synthesis and degradation is sought with the activation of proteolytic enzymes such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Proteolysis is essential for development, growth, and regeneration; however, inappropriate and uncontrolled activation of the proteolytic system renders the diseased tissue susceptible to further neurotoxic processes. In this article, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires as well as emerging therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury at the degradomic level. Several protease substrates and their breakdown products, essential for the neuronal structural integrity and functional capacity, have been characterized in neurotrauma including cytoskeletal proteins, neuronal extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell junction proteins, and ion channels. Therefore, targeting exaggerated protease activity provides a potentially effective therapeutic approach in the management of protease-mediated neurotoxicity in reducing the extent of damage secondary to spinal cord injury.
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20
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Patwa S, Benson CA, Dyer L, Olson K, Bangalore L, Hill M, Waxman SG, Tan AM. Spinal cord motor neuron plasticity accompanies second-degree burn injury and chronic pain. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14288. [PMID: 31858746 PMCID: PMC6923170 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injuries and associated complications present a major public health challenge. Many burn patients develop clinically intractable complications, including pain and other sensory disorders. Recent evidence has shown that dendritic spine neuropathology in spinal cord sensory and motor neurons accompanies central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) trauma and disease. However, no research has investigated similar dendritic spine neuropathologies following a cutaneous thermal burn injury. In this retrospective investigation, we analyzed dendritic spine morphology and localization in alpha-motor neurons innervating a burn-injured area of the body (hind paw). To identify a molecular regulator of these dendritic spine changes, we further profiled motor neuron dendritic spines in adult mice treated with romidepsin, a clinically approved Pak1-inhibitor, or vehicle control at two postburn time points: Day 6 immediately after treatment, or Day 10 following drug withdrawal. In control treated mice, we observed an overall increase in dendritic spine density, including structurally mature spines with mushroom-shaped morphology. Pak1-inhibitor treatment reduced injury-induced changes to similar levels observed in animals without burn injury. The effectiveness of the Pak1-inhibitor was durable, since normalized dendritic spine profiles remained as long as 4 days despite drug withdrawal. This study is the first report of evidence demonstrating that a second-degree burn injury significantly affects motor neuron structure within the spinal cord. Furthermore, our results support the opportunity to study dendritic spine dysgenesis as a novel avenue to clarify the complexities of neurological disease following traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Patwa
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Curtis A. Benson
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Lauren Dyer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Kai‐Lan Olson
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Lakshmi Bangalore
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Myriam Hill
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
| | - Andrew M. Tan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Rehabilitation Research CenterVeterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticut
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Honjoh K, Nakajima H, Hirai T, Watanabe S, Matsumine A. Relationship of Inflammatory Cytokines From M1-Type Microglia/Macrophages at the Injured Site and Lumbar Enlargement With Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury in the CCL21 Knockout ( plt) Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:525. [PMID: 31824269 PMCID: PMC6881269 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of normal sensation and often leads to debilitating neuropathic pain (NeP). Chronic NeP develops at or below the SCI lesion in as many as 80% of patients with SCI and may be induced by modulators of neuronal excitability released from activated microglia and macrophages. In the inflammatory response after SCI, different microglia/macrophage populations that are classically activated (M1 phenotype) or alternatively activated (M2 phenotype) have become of great interest. Chemokines have also recently attracted attention in neuron-microglia communication. CCL21 is a chemokine that activates microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and is expressed only in neurons with an insult or mechanical injury. In this study using an SCI model in mutant (plt) mice with deficient CCL21 expression, we assessed post-SCI NeP and expression of microglia/macrophages and inflammatory cytokines at the injured site and lumbar enlargement. SCI-induced hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation were relieved in plt mice compared with those in wild-type (C57BL/6) mice, although there was no difference in motor function. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis showed that the phenotype of microglia/macrophages was M1 type-dominant in both types of mice at the lesion site and lumbar enlargement. A decrease of M1-type microglia/macrophages was seen in plt mice compared with wild-type, while the number of M2-type microglia/macrophages did not differ between these mice. In immunoblot analysis, expression of M1-induced cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] was decreased in plt mice, while that of M2-induced cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4, IL-10) did not differ in the two types of mice. The results of this study indicate that suppression of expression of inflammatory cytokines by decreasing the number of M1-type microglia/macrophages at the injured site and lumbar enlargement is associated with provision of an environment for reduction of NeP. These findings may be useful for the design of new therapies to alleviate NeP after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Honjoh
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shuji Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsumine
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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22
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Dokalis N, Prinz M. Resolution of neuroinflammation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic option. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:699-709. [PMID: 31705317 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised by an elaborate neural network that is under constant surveillance by tissue-intrinsic factors for maintenance of its homeostasis. Invading pathogens or sterile injuries might compromise vitally the CNS integrity and function. A prompt anti-inflammatory response is therefore essential to contain and repair the local tissue damage. Although the origin of the insults might be different, the principles of tissue backlashes, however, share striking similarities. CNS-resident cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, together with peripheral immune cells orchestrate an array of events that aim to functional restoration. If the acute inflammatory event remains unresolved, it becomes toxic leading to progressive CNS degeneration. Therefore, the cellular, molecular, and biochemical processes that regulate inflammation need to be on a fine balance with the intrinsic CNS repair mechanisms that influence tissue healing. The purpose of this review is to highlight aspects that facilitate the resolution of CNS inflammation, promote tissue repair, and functional recovery after acute injury and infection that could potentially contribute as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dokalis
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Sabirzhanov B, Li Y, Coll-Miro M, Matyas JJ, He J, Kumar A, Ward N, Yu J, Faden AI, Wu J. Inhibition of NOX2 signaling limits pain-related behavior and improves motor function in male mice after spinal cord injury: Participation of IL-10/miR-155 pathways. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:73-87. [PMID: 30807841 PMCID: PMC6660361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is an enzyme that induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and serves as a switch between the pro-inflammatory and neurorestorative microglial/macrophage phenotypes; such changes play an important role in neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction. Increased NOX2 expression after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been reported, and inhibition of NOX2 improves motor function. However, the underlying mechanisms of NOX2 in post-traumatic pain and motor deficit remain unexplored. In the present study, we report that depletion of NOX2 (NOX2-/-) or inhibition of NOX2 using NOX2ds-tat significantly reduced mechanical/thermal cutaneous hypersensitivity and motor dysfunction after moderate contusion SCI at T10 in male mice. Western blot (WB, 3 mm lesion area) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that SCI elevates NOX2 expression predominantly in microglia/macrophages up to 8 weeks post-injury. Deletion of NOX2 significantly reduced CD11b+/CD45hiF4/80+ macrophage infiltration at 24 h post-injury detected by flow cytometry and 8-OHG+ ROS production at 8 weeks post-injury by IHC in both lesion area and lumbar enlargement. NOX2 deficiency also altered microglial/macrophage pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance towards the neurorestorative response. WB analysis showed robust increase of Arginase-1 and YM1 proteins in NOX2-/- mice. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed significant up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels in NOX2-/- mice, associated with reduced microRNA-155 expression. These findings were confirmed in CD11b+ microglia/macrophages isolated from spinal cord at 3 days post-injury. Taken together, our data suggest an important role for IL-10/miR-155 pathway in regulating NOX2-mediated SCI-dysfunction. Thus, specific targeting of NOX2 may provide an effective strategy for treating neurological dysfunction in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Marino Coll-Miro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Jessica J. Matyas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Nicole Ward
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA; University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
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24
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Trivedi A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Levine JM, Santucci AD, Reeves TM, Phillips LL. Matrix metalloproteinase signals following neurotrauma are right on cue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3141-3156. [PMID: 31168660 PMCID: PMC11105352 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma, a term referencing both traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, is unique to neurodegeneration in that onset is clearly defined. From the perspective of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), there is opportunity to define their temporal participation in injury and recovery beginning at the level of the synapse. Here we examine the diverse roles of MMPs in the context of targeted insults (optic nerve lesion and hippocampal and olfactory bulb deafferentation), and clinically relevant focal models of traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Time-specific MMP postinjury signaling is critical to synaptic recovery after focal axonal injuries; members of the MMP family exhibit a signature temporal profile corresponding to axonal degeneration and regrowth, where they direct postinjury reorganization and synaptic stabilization. In both traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, MMPs mediate early secondary pathogenesis including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, creating an environment that may be hostile to recovery. They are also critical players in wound healing including angiogenesis and the formation of an inhibitory glial scar. Experimental strategies to reduce their activity in the acute phase result in long-term neurological recovery after neurotrauma and have led to the first clinical trial in spinal cord injured pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE 760, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, and Neurology, the Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alison D Santucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Thomas M Reeves
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Linda L Phillips
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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25
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Norden DM, Faw TD, McKim DB, Deibert RJ, Fisher LC, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP, Basso DM. Bone Marrow-Derived Monocytes Drive the Inflammatory Microenvironment in Local and Remote Regions after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:937-949. [PMID: 30014767 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces a toxic inflammatory microenvironment that negatively affects plasticity and recovery. Recently, we showed glial activation and peripheral myeloid cell infiltration extending beyond the epicenter through the remote lumbar cord after thoracic SCI. The presence and role of infiltrating monocytes is important, especially in the lumbar cord where locomotor central pattern generators are housed. Therefore, we compared the inflammatory profile of resident microglia and peripheral myeloid cells after SCI. Bone marrow chimeras received midthoracic contusive SCI, and trafficking was determined 1-7 days later. Fluorescence-activated cell (FAC) sorting showed similar infiltration timing of both neutrophils and macrophages in epicenter and lumbar regions. While neutrophil numbers were attenuated by day 3, macrophages remained unchanged at day 7, suggesting that macrophages have important long-term influence on the microenvironment. Nanostring gene array identified a strong proinflammatory profile of infiltrating macrophages relative to microglia at both epicenter and lumbar sites. Macrophages had elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFNγ), chemokines (CCL2, CXCL2), mediators (COX-1, MMP-9), and receptors (CCR2, Ly6C), and decreased expression of growth promoting genes (GDNF, BDNF). Importantly, lumbar macrophages had elevated expression of active trafficking genes (CCR2, l-selectin, MMP-9) compared with epicenter macrophages. Further, acute rehabilitation exacerbated the inflammatory profile of infiltrated macrophages in the lumbar cord. Such high inflammatory potential and negative response to rehabilitation of infiltrating macrophages within lumbar locomotor central pattern generators likely impedes activity-dependent recovery. Therefore, limiting active trafficking of macrophages into the lumbar cord identifies a novel target for SCI therapies to improve locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Norden
- 1 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Timothy D Faw
- 1 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,3 Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel B McKim
- 3 Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,4 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,5 Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- 1 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- 1 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John F Sheridan
- 4 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,5 Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- 2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,4 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - D Michele Basso
- 1 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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26
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Consideration of Dose and Timing When Applying Interventions After Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurol Phys Ther 2018. [PMID: 28628593 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nearly 4 decades of investigation into the plasticity of the nervous system suggest that both timing and dose could matter. This article provides a synopsis of our lectures at the IV STEP meeting, which presented a perspective of current data on the issues of timing and dose for adult stroke and spinal cord injury motor rehabilitation. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS For stroke, the prevailing evidence suggests that greater amounts of therapy do not result in better outcomes for upper extremity interventions, regardless of timing. Whether or not greater amounts of therapy result in better outcomes for lower extremity and mobility interventions needs to be explicitly tested. For spinal cord injury, there is a complex interaction of timing postinjury, task-specificity, and the microenvironment of the spinal cord. Inflammation appears to be a key determinant of whether or not an intervention will be beneficial or maladaptive, and specific retraining of eccentric control during gait may be necessary. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE To move beyond the limitations of our current interventions and to effectively reach nonresponders, greater precision in task-specific interventions that are well-timed to the cellular environment may hold the key. Neurorehabilitation that ameliorates persistent deficits, attains greater recovery, and reclaims nonresponders will decrease institutionalization, improve quality of life, and prevent multiple secondary complications common after stroke and spinal cord injury.
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27
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Faw TD, Lerch JK, Thaxton TT, Deibert RJ, Fisher LC, Basso DM. Unique Sensory and Motor Behavior in Thy1-GFP-M Mice before and after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2167-2182. [PMID: 29385890 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is of utmost importance to injured individuals and will rely on improved understanding of SCI pathology and recovery. Novel transgenic mouse lines facilitate discovery, but must be understood to be effective. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sensory and motor behavior of a common transgenic mouse line (Thy1-GFP-M) before and after SCI. Thy1-GFP-M positive (TG+) mice and their transgene negative littermates (TG-) were acquired from two sources (in-house colony, n = 32, Jackson Laboratories, n = 4). C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice (Jackson Laboratories, n = 10) were strain controls. Moderate-severe T9 contusion (SCI) or transection (TX) occurred in TG+ (SCI, n = 25, TX, n = 5), TG- (SCI, n = 5), and WT (SCI, n = 10) mice. To determine responsiveness to rehabilitation, a cohort of TG+ mice with SCI (n = 4) had flat treadmill (TM) training 42-49 days post-injury (dpi). To characterize recovery, we performed Basso Mouse Scale, Grid Walk, von Frey Hair, and Plantar Heat Testing before and out to day 42 post-SCI. Open field locomotion was significantly better in the Thy1 SCI groups (TG+ and TG-) compared with WT by 7 dpi (p < 0.01) and was maintained through 42 dpi (p < 0.01). These unexpected locomotor gains were not apparent during grid walking, indicating severe impairment of precise motor control. Thy1 derived mice were hypersensitive to mechanical stimuli at baseline (p < 0.05). After SCI, mechanical hyposensitivity emerged in Thy1 derived groups (p < 0.001), while thermal hyperalgesia occurred in all groups (p < 0.001). Importantly, consistent findings across TG+ and TG- groups suggest that the effects are mediated by the genetic background rather than transgene manipulation itself. Surprisingly, TM training restored mechanical and thermal sensation to baseline levels in TG+ mice with SCI. This behavioral profile and responsiveness to chronic training will be important to consider when choosing models to study the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Faw
- 1 Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica K Lerch
- 3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tyler T Thaxton
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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28
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Frank LR, Roynard PFP. Veterinary Neurologic Rehabilitation: The Rationale for a Comprehensive Approach. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:49-57. [PMID: 30236409 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increase in client willingness to pursue surgical procedures, the heightened perceived value of veterinary patients, and the desire to provide comprehensive medical care have driven the recent demand of using an integrative treatment approach in veterinary rehabilitation. Physical therapy following neurologic injury has been the standard of care in human medicine for decades, whereas similar rehabilitation techniques have only recently been adapted and utilized in veterinary medicine. Spinal cord injury is the most common neurologic disease currently addressed by veterinary rehabilitation specialists and will be the primary focus of this review; however, research in other neurologic conditions will also be discussed. Of particular interest, to clients and veterinarians are techniques and modalities used to promote functional recovery after neurologic injury, which can mean the difference between life and death for many veterinary patients. The trend in human neurologic rehabilitation, often regardless of etiology, is a multimodal approach to therapy. Evidence supports faster and improved recoveries in people after neurologic injury using a combination of rehabilitation techniques. Although the primary neurological disorders researched tend to be spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathies, allodynia, multiple sclerosis, and strokes-many correlations can be made to common veterinary neurological disorders. Such comprehensive protocols entail gait training activities in combination with neuromuscular electrical stimulation and directed exercises. Additionally, pain-relieving and functional benefits are bolstered when acupuncture is used in addition to rehabilitation. Studies, both laboratory and clinical, support the use of acupuncture in the management of neurologic conditions in small animals, specifically in cases of intervertebral disc disease, other myelopathies, and neuropathic pain conditions. Acupuncture's ability to promote analgesia, stimulate trophic factors, and decrease inflammation, including neuroinflammation, make it an alluring adjunct therapy after neurologic injury. Although there is limited research in veterinary medicine on physical techniques that expedite recovery after neurologic injury, there are sparse publications on clinical veterinary research suggesting the benefits of acupuncture, rehabilitation, and LASER in dogs with intervertebral disk disease. Accordingly, due to the relative lack of evidence-based studies in veterinary neurologic rehabilitation, much of the data available is human or laboratory-animal based, however, evidence supports the utilization of an early, comprehensive treatment protocol for optimal neurologic recovery. The rationale for why an integrative approach is critical will be detailed in this review; in addition, literature on specific physical rehabilitation techniques that have evidence of improved recoveries after neurologic injury, will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Frank
- Physical Rehabilitation and Acupuncture Service, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA
| | - Patrick F P Roynard
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Department, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA; Fipapharm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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29
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Ham TR, Leipzig ND. Biomaterial strategies for limiting the impact of secondary events following spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:024105. [PMID: 29155409 PMCID: PMC5824690 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9bbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nature of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often involves limited recovery and long-term quality of life complications. The initial injury sets off a variety of secondary cascades, which result in an expanded lesion area. Ultimately, the native tissue fails to regenerate. As treatments are developed in the laboratory, the management of this secondary cascade is an important first step in achieving recovery of normal function. Current literature identifies four broad targets for intervention: inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier, and formation of an inhibitory glial scar. Because of the complex and interconnected nature of these events, strategies that combine multiple therapies together show much promise. Specifically, approaches that rely on biomaterials to perform a variety of functions are generating intense research interest. In this review, we examine each target and discuss how biomaterials are currently used to address them. Overall, we show that there are an impressive amount of biomaterials and combinatorial treatments which show good promise for slowing secondary events and improving outcomes. If more emphasis is placed on growing our understanding of how materials can manage secondary events, treatments for SCI can be designed in an increasingly rational manner, ultimately improving their potential for translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Auburn Science and Engineering Center 275, West Tower, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, United States of America
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30
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Lee M, Lee Y, Song J, Lee J, Chang SY. Tissue-specific Role of CX 3CR1 Expressing Immune Cells and Their Relationships with Human Disease. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e5. [PMID: 29503738 PMCID: PMC5833124 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1, also known as fractalkine) and its receptor chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1) are widely expressed in immune cells and non-immune cells throughout organisms. However, their expression is mostly cell type-specific in each tissue. CX3CR1 expression can be found in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Interaction between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 can mediate chemotaxis of immune cells according to concentration gradient of ligands. CX3CR1 expressing immune cells have a main role in either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory response depending on environmental condition. In a given tissue such as bone marrow, brain, lung, liver, gut, and cancer, CX3CR1 expressing cells can maintain tissue homeostasis. Under pathologic conditions, however, CX3CR1 expressing cells can play a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we discuss recent progresses of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in major tissues and their relationships with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsoo Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yongsung Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jihye Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Junhyung Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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31
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Guo Y, Benson C, Hill M, Henry S, Effraim P, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj S, Tan AM. Therapeutic potential of Pak1 inhibition for pain associated with cutaneous burn injury. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918788648. [PMID: 29956587 PMCID: PMC6053256 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918788648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Painful burn injuries are among the most debilitating form of trauma, globally ranking in the top 15 leading causes of chronic disease burden. Despite its prevalence, however, chronic pain after burn injury is under-studied. We previously demonstrated the contribution of the Rac1-signaling pathway in several models of neuropathic pain, including burn injury. However, Rac1 belongs to a class of GTPases with low therapeutic utility due to their complex intracellular dynamics. To further understand the mechanistic underpinnings of burn-induced neuropathic pain, we performed a longitudinal study to address the hypothesis that inhibition of the downstream effector of Rac1, Pak1, will improve pain outcome following a second-degree burn injury. Substantial evidence has identified Pak1 as promising a clinical target in cognitive dysfunction and is required for dendritic spine dysgenesis associated with many neurological diseases. In our burn injury model, mice exhibited significant tactile allodynia and heat hyperalgesia and dendritic spine dysgenesis in the dorsal horn. Activity-dependent expression of c-fos also increased in dorsal horn neurons, an indicator of elevated central nociceptive activity. To inhibit Pak1, we repurposed an FDA-approved inhibitor, romidepsin. Treatment with romidepsin decreased dendritic spine dysgenesis, reduced c-fos expression, and rescued pain thresholds. Drug discontinuation resulted in a relapse of cellular correlates of pain and in lower pain thresholds in behavioral tests. Taken together, our findings identify Pak1 signaling as a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention in traumatic burn-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Curtis Benson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Myriam Hill
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefanie Henry
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip Effraim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sulayman Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew M Tan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and
Regeneration Research,
Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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32
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The role of timing in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:128-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Astrocytic expression of the RNA regulator HuR accentuates spinal cord injury in the acute phase. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:140-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Thomaty S, Pezard L, Xerri C, Brezun JM. Acute granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor treatment modulates neuroinflammatory processes and promotes tactile recovery after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2017; 349:144-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Kataria H, Shahriary GM, Nguyen DH, Santhosh KT, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1 positively modulates glial response and improves neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury. Glia 2017; 65:1152-1175. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Scott M. Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Ghazaleh M. Shahriary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Dung H. Nguyen
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Kallivalappil T. Santhosh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
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36
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Deletion of the Fractalkine Receptor, CX3CR1, Improves Endogenous Repair, Axon Sprouting, and Synaptogenesis after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3568-3587. [PMID: 28264978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2841-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired signaling via CX3CR1, the fractalkine receptor, promotes recovery after traumatic spinal contusion injury in mice, a benefit achieved in part by reducing macrophage-mediated injury at the lesion epicenter. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CX3CR1-dependent changes in microglia and macrophage functions also will enhance neuroplasticity, at and several segments below the injury epicenter. New data show that in the presence of inflammatory stimuli, CX3CR1-deficient (CX3CR1-/-) microglia and macrophages adopt a reparative phenotype and increase expression of genes that encode neurotrophic and gliogenic proteins. At the lesion epicenter (mid-thoracic spinal cord), the microenvironment created by CX3CR1-/- microglia/macrophages enhances NG2 cell responses, axon sparing, and sprouting of serotonergic axons. In lumbar spinal cord, inflammatory signaling is reduced in CX3CR1-/- microglia. This is associated with reduced dendritic pathology and improved axonal and synaptic plasticity on ventral horn motor neurons. Together, these data indicate that CX3CR1, a microglia-specific chemokine receptor, is a novel therapeutic target for enhancing neuroplasticity and recovery after SCI. Interventions that specifically target CX3CR1 could reduce the adverse effects of inflammation and augment activity-dependent plasticity and restoration of function. Indeed, limiting CX3CR1-dependent signaling could improve rehabilitation and spinal learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Published data show that genetic deletion of CX3CR1, a microglia-specific chemokine receptor, promotes recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in mice, a benefit achieved in part by reducing macrophage-mediated injury at the lesion epicenter. Data in the current manuscript indicate that CX3CR1 deletion changes microglia and macrophage function, creating a tissue microenvironment that enhances endogenous repair and indices of neuroplasticity, at and several segments below the injury epicenter. Interventions that specifically target CX3CR1 might be used in the future to reduce the adverse effects of intraspinal inflammation and augment activity-dependent plasticity (e.g., rehabilitation) and restoration of function.
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37
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Shi LL, Zhang N, Xie XM, Chen YJ, Wang R, Shen L, Zhou JS, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Transcriptome profile of rat genes in injured spinal cord at different stages by RNA-sequencing. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:173. [PMID: 28201982 PMCID: PMC5312572 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in fatal damage and currently has no effective treatment. The pathological mechanisms of SCI remain unclear. In this study, genome-wide transcriptional profiling of spinal cord samples from injured rats at different time points after SCI was performed by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). The transcriptomes were systematically characterized to identify the critical genes and pathways that are involved in SCI pathology. Results RNA-Seq results were obtained from total RNA harvested from the spinal cords of sham control rats and rats in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of SCI (1 day, 6 days and 28 days after injury, respectively; n = 3 in every group). Compared with the sham-control group, the number of differentially expressed genes was 1797 in the acute phase (1223 upregulated and 574 downregulated), 6590 in the subacute phase (3460 upregulated and 3130 downregulated), and 3499 in the chronic phase (1866 upregulated and 1633 downregulated), with an adjusted P-value <0.05 by DESeq. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were most enriched in immune response, MHC protein complex, antigen processing and presentation, translation-related genes, structural constituent of ribosome, ion gated channel activity, small GTPase mediated signal transduction and cytokine and/or chemokine activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the most enriched pathways included ribosome, antigen processing and presentation, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, axon guidance, dopaminergic synapses, glutamatergic synapses, GABAergic synapses, TNF, HIF-1, Toll-like receptor, NF-kappa B, NOD-like receptor, cAMP, calcium, oxytocin, Rap1, B cell receptor and chemokine signaling pathway. Conclusions This study has not only characterized changes in global gene expression through various stages of SCI progression in rats, but has also systematically identified the critical genes and signaling pathways in SCI pathology. These results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in SCI and provide a foundation for future studies of spinal cord tissue damage and repair. The sequence data from this study have been deposited into Sequence Read Archive (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra; accession number PRJNA318311). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3532-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Mei Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Juan Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Sheng Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China.
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Huie JR, Morioka K, Haefeli J, Ferguson AR. What Is Being Trained? How Divergent Forms of Plasticity Compete To Shape Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1831-1840. [PMID: 27875927 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating syndrome that produces dysfunction in motor and sensory systems, manifesting as chronic paralysis, sensory changes, and pain disorders. The multi-faceted and heterogeneous nature of SCI has made effective rehabilitative strategies challenging. Work over the last 40 years has aimed to overcome these obstacles by harnessing the intrinsic plasticity of the spinal cord to improve functional locomotor recovery. Intensive training after SCI facilitates lower extremity function and has shown promise as a tool for retraining the spinal cord by engaging innate locomotor circuitry in the lumbar cord. As new training paradigms evolve, the importance of appropriate afferent input has emerged as a requirement for adaptive plasticity. The integration of kinematic, sensory, and loading force information must be closely monitored and carefully manipulated to optimize training outcomes. Inappropriate peripheral input may produce lasting maladaptive sensory and motor effects, such as central pain and spasticity. Thus, it is important to closely consider the type of afferent input the injured spinal cord receives. Here we review preclinical and clinical input parameters fostering adaptive plasticity, as well as those producing maladaptive plasticity that may undermine neurorehabilitative efforts. We differentiate between passive (hindlimb unloading [HU], limb immobilization) and active (peripheral nociception) forms of aberrant input. Furthermore, we discuss the timing of initiating exposure to afferent input after SCI for promoting functional locomotor recovery. We conclude by presenting a candidate rapid synaptic mechanism for maladaptive plasticity after SCI, offering a pharmacological target for restoring the capacity for adaptive spinal plasticity in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell Huie
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Jenny Haefeli
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California , San Francisco, California.,2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco, California
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39
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40
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Moghaddam A, Heller R, Daniel V, Swing T, Akbar M, Gerner HJ, Biglari B. Exploratory study to suggest the possibility of MMP-8 and MMP-9 serum levels as early markers for remission after traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016; 55:8-15. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Hansen CN, Norden DM, Faw TD, Deibert R, Wohleb ES, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP, Basso DM. Lumbar Myeloid Cell Trafficking into Locomotor Networks after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 282:86-98. [PMID: 27191729 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) promotes inflammation along the neuroaxis that jeopardizes plasticity, intrinsic repair and recovery. While inflammation at the injury site is well-established, less is known within remote spinal networks. The presence of bone marrow-derived immune (myeloid) cells in these areas may further impede functional recovery. Previously, high levels of the gelatinase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) occurred within the lumbar enlargement after thoracic SCI and impeded activity-dependent recovery. Since SCI-induced MMP-9 potentially increases vascular permeability, myeloid cell infiltration may drive inflammatory toxicity in locomotor networks. Therefore, we examined neurovascular reactivity and myeloid cell infiltration in the lumbar cord after thoracic SCI. We show evidence of region-specific recruitment of myeloid cells into the lumbar but not cervical region. Myeloid infiltration occurred with concomitant increases in chemoattractants (CCL2) and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) around lumbar vasculature 24h and 7days post injury. Bone marrow GFP chimeric mice established robust infiltration of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells into the lumbar gray matter 24h after SCI. This cell infiltration occurred when the blood-spinal cord barrier was intact, suggesting active recruitment across the endothelium. Myeloid cells persisted as ramified macrophages at 7days post injury in parallel with increased inhibitory GAD67 labeling. Importantly, macrophage infiltration required MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Hansen
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diana M Norden
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Timothy D Faw
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rochelle Deibert
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Biosciences, , The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - John F Sheridan
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Biosciences, , The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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42
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DiSabato DJ, Quan N, Godbout JP. Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:136-153. [PMID: 26990767 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in understanding inflammatory responses within the brain and spinal cord. Inflammatory responses that are centralized within the brain and spinal cord are generally referred to as 'neuroinflammatory'. Aspects of neuroinflammation vary within the context of disease, injury, infection, or stress. The context, course, and duration of these inflammatory responses are all critical aspects in the understanding of these processes and their corresponding physiological, biochemical, and behavioral consequences. Microglia, innate immune cells of the CNS, play key roles in mediating these neuroinflammatory responses. Because the connotation of neuroinflammation is inherently negative and maladaptive, the majority of research focus is on the pathological aspects of neuroinflammation. There are, however, several degrees of neuroinflammatory responses, some of which are positive. In many circumstances including CNS injury, there is a balance of inflammatory and intrinsic repair processes that influences functional recovery. In addition, there are several other examples where communication between the brain and immune system involves neuroinflammatory processes that are beneficial and adaptive. The purpose of this review is to distinguish different variations of neuroinflammation in a context-specific manner and detail both positive and negative aspects of neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we will use brain and spinal cord injury, stress, aging, and other inflammatory events to illustrate the potential harm and benefits inherent to neuroinflammation. Context, course, and duration of the inflammation are highly important to the interpretation of these events, and we aim to provide insight into this by detailing several commonly studied insults. This article is part of the 60th anniversary supplemental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J DiSabato
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. .,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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43
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Hansen CN, Faw TD, White S, Buford JA, Grau JW, Basso DM. Sparing of Descending Axons Rescues Interneuron Plasticity in the Lumbar Cord to Allow Adaptive Learning After Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:11. [PMID: 26973469 PMCID: PMC4773638 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the role of spared axons on structural and behavioral neuroplasticity in the lumbar enlargement after a thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Previous work has demonstrated that recovery in the presence of spared axons after an incomplete lesion increases behavioral output after a subsequent complete spinal cord transection (TX). This suggests that spared axons direct adaptive changes in below-level neuronal networks of the lumbar cord. In response to spared fibers, we postulate that lumbar neuron networks support behavioral gains by preventing aberrant plasticity. As such, the present study measured histological and functional changes in the isolated lumbar cord after complete TX or incomplete contusion (SCI). To measure functional plasticity in the lumbar cord, we used an established instrumental learning paradigm (ILP). In this paradigm, neural circuits within isolated lumbar segments demonstrate learning by an increase in flexion duration that reduces exposure to a noxious leg shock. We employed this model using a proof-of-principle design to evaluate the role of sparing on lumbar learning and plasticity early (7 days) or late (42 days) after midthoracic SCI in a rodent model. Early after SCI or TX at 7 days, spinal learning was unattainable regardless of whether the animal recovered with or without axonal substrate. Failed learning occurred alongside measures of cell soma atrophy and aberrant dendritic spine expression within interneuron populations responsible for sensorimotor integration and learning. Alternatively, exposure of the lumbar cord to a small amount of spared axons for 6 weeks produced near-normal learning late after SCI. This coincided with greater cell soma volume and fewer aberrant dendritic spines on interneurons. Thus, an opportunity to influence activity-based learning in locomotor networks depends on spared axons limiting maladaptive plasticity. Together, this work identifies a time dependent interaction between spared axonal systems and adaptive plasticity in locomotor networks and highlights a critical window for activity-based rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Hansen
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy D. Faw
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Susan White
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - John A. Buford
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - James W. Grau
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA
| | - D. Michele Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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44
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Detloff MR, Quiros-Molina D, Javia AS, Daggubati L, Nehlsen AD, Naqvi A, Ninan V, Vannix KN, McMullen MK, Amin S, Ganzer PD, Houlé JD. Delayed Exercise Is Ineffective at Reversing Aberrant Nociceptive Afferent Plasticity or Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:685-700. [PMID: 26671215 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315619698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI) that correlates with sensory fiber sprouting. Recent data indicate that exercise initiated early after SCI prevents the development of allodynia and modulated nociceptive afferent plasticity. This study determined if delaying exercise intervention until pain is detected would similarly ameliorate established SCI-induced pain. Adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats with a C5 unilateral contusion were separated into SCI allodynic and SCI non-allodynic cohorts at 14 or 28 days postinjury when half of each group began exercising on automated running wheels. Allodynia, assessed by von Frey testing, was not ameliorated by exercise. Furthermore, rats that began exercise with no allodynia developed paw hypersensitivity within 2 weeks. At the initiation of exercise, the SCI Allodynia group displayed marked overlap of peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptive afferents in the C7 and L5 dorsal horn, while the SCI No Allodynia group had scant overlap. At the end of 5 weeks of exercise both the SCI Allodynia and SCI No Allodynia groups had extensive overlap of the 2 c-fiber types. Our findings show that exercise therapy initiated at early stages of allodynia is ineffective at attenuating neuropathic pain, but rather that it induces allodynia-aberrant afferent plasticity in previously pain-free rats. These data, combined with our previous results, suggest that there is a critical therapeutic window when exercise therapy may be effective at treating SCI-induced allodynia and that there are postinjury periods when exercise can be deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy S Javia
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Ali Naqvi
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vinu Ninan
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sheena Amin
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John D Houlé
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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45
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Kelly EA, Russo AS, Jackson CD, Lamantia CE, Majewska AK. Proteolytic regulation of synaptic plasticity in the mouse primary visual cortex: analysis of matrix metalloproteinase 9 deficient mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:369. [PMID: 26441540 PMCID: PMC4585116 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play important roles in regulating neuronal recovery from injury. The ECM can also impact physiological synaptic plasticity, although this process is less well understood. To understand the impact of the ECM on synaptic function and remodeling in vivo, we examined ECM composition and proteolysis in a well-established model of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. We describe a rapid change in ECM protein composition during Ocular Dominance Plasticity (ODP) in adolescent mice, and a loss of ECM remodeling in mice that lack the extracellular protease, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). Loss of MMP9 also attenuated functional ODP following monocular deprivation (MD) and reduced excitatory synapse density and spine density in sensory cortex. While we observed no change in the morphology of existing dendritic spines, spine dynamics were altered, and MMP9 knock-out (KO) mice showed increased turnover of dendritic spines over a period of 2 days. We also analyzed the effects of MMP9 loss on microglia, as these cells are involved in extracellular remodeling and have been recently shown to be important for synaptic plasticity. MMP9 KO mice exhibited very limited changes in microglial morphology. Ultrastructural analysis, however, showed that the extracellular space surrounding microglia was increased, with concomitant increases in microglial inclusions, suggesting possible changes in microglial function in the absence of MMP9. Taken together, our results show that MMP9 contributes to ECM degradation, synaptic dynamics and sensory-evoked plasticity in the mouse visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Kelly
- Center for Visual Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amanda S Russo
- Center for Visual Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Cory D Jackson
- Center for Visual Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Cassandra E Lamantia
- Center for Visual Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Center for Visual Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
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46
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Spinal Glia Division Contributes to Conditioning Lesion-Induced Axon Regeneration Into the Injured Spinal Cord: Potential Role of Cyclic AMP-Induced Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:500-11. [PMID: 25933384 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of sensory neurons after spinal cord injury depends on the function of dividing neuronal-glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing cells. We have shown that increases in the number of dividing NG2-positive cells through short-term pharmacologic inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases contributes to recovery after spinal cord injury. A conditioning sciatic nerve crush (SNC) preceding spinal cord injury stimulates central sensory axon regeneration via the intraganglionic action of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Here, using bromodeoxyuridine, mitomycin (mitosis inhibitor), and cholera toxin B tracer, we demonstrate that SNC-induced division of spinal glia is related to the spinal induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and contributes to central sensory axon growth into the damaged spinal cord. Dividing cells were mainly NG2-positive and Iba1-positive and included myeloid NG2-positive populations. The cells dividing in response to SNC mainly matured into oligodendrocytes and microglia within the injured spinal cord. Some postmitotic cells remained NG2-reactive and were associated with regenerating fibers. Moreover, intraganglionic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression was induced after administration of SNC or cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog (dbcAMP) to dorsal root ganglia in vivo and in primary adult dorsal root ganglia cultures. Collectively, these findings support a novel model whereby a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-activated regeneration program induced in sensory neurons by a conditioning peripheral nerve lesion uses tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 to protect against short-term proteolysis, enabling glial cell division and promoting axon growth into the damaged CNS.
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Semple BD, Lee S, Sadjadi R, Fritz N, Carlson J, Griep C, Ho V, Jang P, Lamb A, Popolizio B, Saini S, Bazarian JJ, Prins ML, Ferriero DM, Basso DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Repetitive concussions in adolescent athletes - translating clinical and experimental research into perspectives on rehabilitation strategies. Front Neurol 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25883586 PMCID: PMC4382966 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports-related concussions are particularly common during adolescence, a time when even mild brain injuries may disrupt ongoing brain maturation and result in long-term complications. A recent focus on the consequences of repetitive concussions among professional athletes has prompted the development of several new experimental models in rodents, as well as the revision of guidelines for best management of sports concussions. Here, we consider the utility of rodent models to understand the functional consequences and pathobiology of concussions in the developing brain, identifying the unique behavioral and pathological signatures of concussive brain injuries. The impact of repetitive concussions on behavioral consequences and injury progression is also addressed. In particular, we focus on the epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence underlying current recommendations for physical and cognitive rest after concussion, and highlight key areas in which further research is needed. Lastly, we consider how best to promote recovery after injury, recognizing that optimally timed, activity-based rehabilitative strategies may hold promise for the adolescent athlete who has sustained single or repetitive concussions. The purpose of this review is to inform the clinical research community as it strives to develop and optimize evidence-based guidelines for the concussed adolescent, in terms of both acute and long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raha Sadjadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nora Fritz
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaclyn Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Griep
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Ho
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrice Jang
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annick Lamb
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth Popolizio
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Saini
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Bazarian
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mayumi L. Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D. Michele Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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Silver J, Schwab ME, Popovich PG. Central nervous system regenerative failure: role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a020602. [PMID: 25475091 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are now showing the exciting potential to achieve significant functional recovery following central nervous system (CNS) injury by manipulating both the inefficient intracellular growth machinery in neurons, as well as the extracellular barriers, which further limit their regenerative potential. In this review, we have focused on the three major glial cell types: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia/macrophages, in addition to some of their precursors, which form major extrinsic barriers to regrowth in the injured CNS. Although axotomized neurons in the CNS have, at best, a limited capacity to regenerate or sprout, there is accumulating evidence that even in the adult and, especially after boosting their growth motor, neurons possess the capacity for considerable circuit reorganization and even lengthy regeneration when these glial obstacles to neuronal regrowth are modified, eliminated, or overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44140
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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49
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Zhang H, Chu G, Pan C, Hu J, Guo C, Liu J, Wang Y, Wu J. A nutrient mixture reduces the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in an animal model of spinal cord injury by modulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter activities. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1835-1840. [PMID: 25371741 PMCID: PMC4218658 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether a novel nutrient mixture (NM), composed of lysine, ascorbic acid, proline, green tea extracts and other micronutrients, attenuates impairments induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) and to investigate the related molecular mechanisms. A mouse model of SCI was established. Thirty-two mice were divided into four groups. The sham group received vehicle only. The SCI groups were treated orally with saline (saline group), a low dose (500 μg 3 times/day) of NM (NM-LD group) or a high dose (2,000 μg 3 times/day) of NM (NM-HD group). The levels of mouse hindlimb movement were determined every day in the first week post-surgery. The protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were determined by western blotting. Wild-type and mutant MMP-2- and MMP-9-directed luciferase constructs were generated and their luciferase activities were determined. NM significantly facilitated the recovery of hindlimb movement of the mice in comparison to that in the saline group. The expression levels of MMP-2 in the NM-LD and NM-HD groups were decreased by ~50% compared with the saline group as indicated by western blotting results. The expression levels of MMP-9 in the NM-LD and NM-HD groups were decreased to ~25 and ~10%, respectively. These results suggest that NM significantly inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction results indicated that NM reduced the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA. Furthermore, the luciferase results indicated that site-directed mutagenesis comprising a −1306 C to T (C/T) base change in the MMP-2 promoter and a −1562 C/T base change in the MMP-9 promoter abolished the inhibitory effects of NM on MMP-2 and MMP-9 promoters. These results suggest that NM attenuates SCI-induced impairments in mice movement by negatively affecting the promoter activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes and thus decreasing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ge Chu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jianhuang Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Spinal Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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50
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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Marfia G, Merli D, Ottobrini L, Degrassi A, Basso MD, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Exogenous adult postmortem neural precursors attenuate secondary degeneration and promote myelin sparing and functional recovery following experimental spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:703-19. [PMID: 25299753 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Neural stem cells from the subventricular zone of the forebrain have been considered a potential tool for cell replacement therapies. We recently isolated a subclass of neural progenitors from the cadaver of mouse donors. These cells, named postmortem neural precursor cells (PM-NPCs), express both erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor. Their EPO-dependent differentiation abilities produce a significantly higher percentage of neurons than regular NSCs. The cholinergic yield is also higher. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential repair properties of PM-NPCs in a mouse model of traumatic SCI. Labeled PM-NPCs were administered intravenously; then the functional recovery and the fate of transplanted cells were studied. Animals transplanted with PM-NPCs showed a remarkable improved recovery of hindlimb function that was evaluated up to 90 days after lesion. This was accompanied by reduced myelin loss, counteraction of the invasion of the lesion site by the inflammatory cells, and an attenuation of secondary degeneration. PM-NPCs migrate mostly at the injury site, where they survive at a significantly higher extent than classical NSCs. These cells accumulate at the edges of the lesion, where a reach neuropile is formed by MAP2- and β-tubulin III-positive transplanted cells that are also mostly labeled by anti-ChAT antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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