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Fu YW, Jin SY, Li JT, Li XW, Gao TM, Yang JM. Mature astrocytes as source for astrocyte repopulation after deletion in the medial prefrontal cortex: Implications for depression. Glia 2024; 72:1646-1662. [PMID: 38801194 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The adult brain retains a high repopulation capacity of astrocytes after deletion, and both mature astrocytes in the neocortex and neural stem cells in neurogenic regions possess the potential to generate astrocytes. However, the origin and the repopulation dynamics of the repopulating astrocytes after deletion remain largely unclear. The number of astrocytes is reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of patients with depression, and selective elimination of mPFC astrocytes is sufficient to induce depression-like behaviors in rodents. However, whether astrocyte repopulation capacity is impaired in depression is unknown. In this study, we used different transgenic mouse lines to genetically label different cell types and demonstrated that in the mPFC of normal adult mice of both sexes, mature astrocytes were a major source of the repopulating astrocytes after acute deletion induced by an astrocyte-specific toxin, L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA), and astrocyte regeneration was accomplished within two weeks accompanied by reversal of depression-like behaviors. Furthermore, re-ablation of mPFC astrocytes post repopulation led to reappearance of depression-like behaviors. In adult male mice subjected to 14-day chronic restraint stress, a well-validated mouse model of depression, the number of mPFC astrocytes was reduced; however, the ability of mPFC astrocytes to repopulate after L-AAA-induced deletion was largely unaltered. Our study highlights a potentially beneficial role for repopulating astrocytes in depression and provides novel therapeutic insights into enhancing local mature astrocyte generation in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Chen Y, Luan P, Liu J, Wei Y, Wang C, Wu R, Wu Z, Jing M. Spatiotemporally selective astrocytic ATP dynamics encode injury information sensed by microglia following brain injury in mice. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1522-1533. [PMID: 38862791 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Injuries to the brain result in tunable cell responses paired with stimulus properties, suggesting the existence of intrinsic processes that encode and transmit injury information; however, the molecular mechanism of injury information encoding is unclear. Here, using ATP fluorescent indicators, we identify injury-evoked spatiotemporally selective ATP dynamics, Inflares, in adult mice of both sexes. Inflares are actively released from astrocytes and act as the internal representations of injury. Inflares encode injury intensity and position at their population level through frequency changes and are further decoded by microglia, driving changes in their activation state. Mismatches between Inflares and injury severity lead to microglia dysfunction and worsening of injury outcome. Blocking Inflares in ischemic stroke in mice reduces secondary damage and improves recovery of function. Our results suggest that astrocytic ATP dynamics encode injury information and are sensed by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Pengwei Luan
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yelan Wei
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Department of College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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3
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Raoofi Nejad M, Siasi E, Abdollahifar MA, Aliaghaei A. Elderberry diet enhances motor performance and reduces neuroinflammation-induced cell death in cerebellar ataxia rat models. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102399. [PMID: 38401660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is a condition in which cerebellar dysfunction results in movement disorders such as dysmetria, synergy and dysdiadochokinesia. This study investigates the therapeutic effects of elderberry (EB) diet on the 3-acetylpyridine-induced (3-AP) CA rat model. First, CA rat models were generated by 3-AP administration followed by elderberry diet treatment containing 2 % EB for 8 consecutive weeks. Motor performance, electromyographic activity and gene expression were then evaluated. The number of Purkinje neurons were evaluated by stereological methods. Immunohistochemistry for the microgliosis, astrogliosis and apoptosis marker caspase-3 was also performed. In addition, the morphology of microglia and astrocytes was assessed using the Sholl analysis method. The results showed that EB diet administration in a 3-AP ataxia model improved motor coordination, locomotor activity and neuro-muscular function, prevented Purkinje neurons degeneration, increased microglia and astrocyte complexity and reduced cell soma size. Moreover, EB diet administration decreased apoptosis in cerebellum of 3-AP ataxic model. In addition, elderberry diet treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory, apoptotic and necroptotic genes and increased the expression of antioxidant-related genes. The results suggest that the EB diet attenuates 3-AP-induced neuroinflammation leading to cell death and improves motor performance. Thus, the EB diet could be used as a therapeutic procedure for CA due to its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Raoofi Nejad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Siasi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Chen J, Stork T, Kang Y, Nardone KAM, Auer F, Farrell RJ, Jay TR, Heo D, Sheehan A, Paton C, Nagel KI, Schoppik D, Monk KR, Freeman MR. Astrocyte growth is driven by the Tre1/S1pr1 phospholipid-binding G protein-coupled receptor. Neuron 2024; 112:93-112.e10. [PMID: 38096817 PMCID: PMC11073822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes play crucial roles in regulating neural circuit function by forming a dense network of synapse-associated membrane specializations, but signaling pathways regulating astrocyte morphogenesis remain poorly defined. Here, we show the Drosophila lipid-binding G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Tre1 is required for astrocytes to establish their intricate morphology in vivo. The lipid phosphate phosphatases Wunen/Wunen2 also regulate astrocyte morphology and, via Tre1, mediate astrocyte-astrocyte competition for growth-promoting lipids. Loss of s1pr1, the functional analog of Tre1 in zebrafish, disrupts astrocyte process elaboration, and live imaging and pharmacology demonstrate that S1pr1 balances proper astrocyte process extension/retraction dynamics during growth. Loss of Tre1 in flies or S1pr1 in zebrafish results in defects in simple assays of motor behavior. Tre1 and S1pr1 are thus potent evolutionarily conserved regulators of the elaboration of astrocyte morphological complexity and, ultimately, astrocyte control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Chen
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Tobias Stork
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yunsik Kang
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katherine A M Nardone
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Franziska Auer
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ryan J Farrell
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Taylor R Jay
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dongeun Heo
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amy Sheehan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cameron Paton
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - David Schoppik
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Hull VL, Wang Y, Burns T, Sternbach S, Gong S, McDonough J, Guo F, Borodinsky LN, Pleasure D. Pathological Bergmann glia alterations and disrupted calcium dynamics in ataxic Canavan disease mice. Glia 2023; 71:2832-2849. [PMID: 37610133 PMCID: PMC10591969 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Canavan disease (CD) is a recessively inherited pediatric leukodystrophy resulting from inactivating mutations to the oligodendroglial enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA). ASPA is responsible for hydrolyzing the amino acid derivative N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), and without it, brain NAA concentrations increase by 50% or more. Infants and children with CD present with progressive cognitive and motor delays, cytotoxic edema, astroglial vacuolation, and prominent spongiform brain degeneration. ASPA-deficient CD mice (Aspanur7/nur7 ) present similarly with elevated NAA, widespread astroglial dysfunction, ataxia, and Purkinje cell (PC) dendritic atrophy. Bergmann glia (BG), radial astrocytes essential for cerebellar development, are intimately intertwined with PCs, where they regulate synapse stability, functionality, and plasticity. BG damage is common to many neurodegenerative conditions and frequently associated with PC dysfunction and ataxia. Here, we report that, in CD mice, BG exhibit significant morphological alterations, decreased structural associations with PCs, loss of synaptic support proteins, and altered calcium dynamics. We also find that BG dysfunction predates cerebellar vacuolation and PC damage in CD mice. Previously, we developed an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy targeting Nat8l (N-acetyltransferase-8-like, "Nat8l ASO") that inhibits the production of NAA and reverses ataxia and PC atrophy in CD mice. Here, we show that Nat8l ASO administration in adult CD mice also leads to BG repair. Furthermore, blocking astroglial uptake of NAA is neuroprotective in astroglia-neuron cocultures exposed to elevated NAA. Our findings suggest that restoration of BG structural and functional integrity could be a mechanism for PC regeneration and improved motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Hull
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Travis Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sarah Sternbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Gong
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Laura N. Borodinsky
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - David Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
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6
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D'Mello V, Subramaniam M, Bhalla AP, Saavedra S, Leiba O, Levison SW. Intranasal Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Attenuates Gliosis and Axonal Injury and Improves Sensorimotor Function After a Mild Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:236-250. [PMID: 37095853 PMCID: PMC10122240 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a neuroprotective cytokine that is essential for appropriate glial responses, remyelination, and preservation of neuronal conductance after injury. The intranasal route for delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system is of particular interest given that it bypasses the blood-brain barrier and peripheral clearance systems. We explored the possibility that LIF might improve neurological function when administered intranasally during the acute phase in a pediatric model of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We tested two doses of LIF and evaluated behavioral outcomes. Here, we show that acute 40-ng intranasal LIF treatment twice a day for 3 days attenuates astrogliosis and microgliosis, protects against axonal damage, significantly improves sensorimotor function, and is well tolerated without detrimental effects on growth. Altogether, our studies provide pre-clinical evidence for the use of acute intranasal LIF treatment as a viable therapeutic for pediatric cases of mTBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera D'Mello
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Malini Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aditya Paul Bhalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sherlyn Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ofri Leiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Address correspondence to: Steven W. Levison, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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7
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de Lima IB, Ribeiro FM. The Implication of Glial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:164-182. [PMID: 34951388 PMCID: PMC10190153 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first identified more than 100 years ago, yet aspects pertaining to its origin and the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not well known. To this date, there is no therapeutic approach or disease-modifying drug that could halt or at least delay disease progression. Until recently, glial cells were seen as secondary actors in brain homeostasis. Although this view was gradually refuted and the relevance of glial cells for the most diverse brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission was vastly proved, many aspects of its functioning, as well as its role in pathological conditions, remain poorly understood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in glial cells were shown to be involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Besides its relevance for glial function, glutamatergic receptors are also central in the pathology of AD, and recent studies have shown that glial mGluRs play a role in the establishment and progression of AD. AD-related alterations in Ca2+ signalling, APP processing, and Aβ load, as well as AD-related neurodegeneration, are influenced by glial mGluRs. However, different types of mGluRs play different roles, depending on the cell type and brain region that is being analysed. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the current understanding of glial mGluRs and their implication in AD, providing an insight for future therapeutics and identifying existing research gaps worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella B.Q. de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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8
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Seib DR, Princz-Lebel O, Chahley ER, Floresco SB, Snyder JS. Hippocampal neurogenesis promotes effortful responding but does not regulate effort-based choice. Hippocampus 2022; 32:818-827. [PMID: 36177887 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental trait of depression is low motivation. Hippocampal neurogenesis has been associated with motivational deficits but detailed evidence on how it regulates human-relevant behavioral traits is still missing. We used the hGFAP-TK rat model to deplete actively dividing neural stem cells in the rat hippocampus. Use of the effort-discounting operant task allowed us to identify specific and detailed deficits in motivation behavior. In this task, rats are given a choice between small and large food rewards, where 2-20 lever presses are required to obtain the large reward (four sugar pellets) versus one press to receive the smaller reward (two sugar pellets). We found that depleting adult neurogenesis did not affect effort-based choice or general motivation to complete the task. However, lack of adult neurogenesis reduced the pressing rate and thus increased time to complete the required presses to obtain a reward. In summary, the present study finds that adult hippocampal neurogenesis specifically reduces response vigor to obtain rewards and thus deepens our understanding in how neurogenesis shapes depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée R Seib
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oren Princz-Lebel
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin R Chahley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Park JC, Im SH. The gut-immune-brain axis in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 38046904 PMCID: PMC10688819 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is gaining momentum as an interdisciplinary field addressing how intestinal microbes influence the central nervous system (CNS). Studies using powerful tools, including germ-free, antibiotic-fed, and fecal microbiota transplanted mice, demonstrate how gut microbiota perturbations alter the fate of neurodevelopment. Probiotics are also becoming more recognized as potentially effective therapeutic agents in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders. While gut microbes may directly communicate with the CNS through their effector molecules, including metabolites, their influence on neuroimmune populations, including newly discovered brain-resident T cells, underscore the host immunity as a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. In this review, we examine the unique immune populations within the brain, the effects of the gut microbiota on the CNS, and the efficacy of specific probiotic strains to propose the novel concept of the gut-immune-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Susaki EA, Shimizu C, Kuno A, Tainaka K, Li X, Nishi K, Morishima K, Ono H, Ode KL, Saeki Y, Miyamichi K, Isa K, Yokoyama C, Kitaura H, Ikemura M, Ushiku T, Shimizu Y, Saito T, Saido TC, Fukayama M, Onoe H, Touhara K, Isa T, Kakita A, Shibayama M, Ueda HR. Versatile whole-organ/body staining and imaging based on electrolyte-gel properties of biological tissues. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1982. [PMID: 32341345 PMCID: PMC7184626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-organ/body three-dimensional (3D) staining and imaging have been enduring challenges in histology. By dissecting the complex physicochemical environment of the staining system, we developed a highly optimized 3D staining imaging pipeline based on CUBIC. Based on our precise characterization of biological tissues as an electrolyte gel, we experimentally evaluated broad 3D staining conditions by using an artificial tissue-mimicking material. The combination of optimized conditions allows a bottom-up design of a superior 3D staining protocol that can uniformly label whole adult mouse brains, an adult marmoset brain hemisphere, an ~1 cm3 tissue block of a postmortem adult human cerebellum, and an entire infant marmoset body with dozens of antibodies and cell-impermeant nuclear stains. The whole-organ 3D images collected by light-sheet microscopy are used for computational analyses and whole-organ comparison analysis between species. This pipeline, named CUBIC-HistoVIsion, thus offers advanced opportunities for organ- and organism-scale histological analysis of multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan.
| | - Chika Shimizu
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kengo Nishi
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ken Morishima
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji L Ode
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan
| | - Yuki Saeki
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunari Miyamichi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitaura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemura
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimizu
- Laboratory for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science Laboratory, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-5241, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
Astrocytes, initially described as merely support cells, are now known as a heterogeneous population of cells actively involved in a variety of biological functions such as: neuronal migration and differentiation; regulation of cerebral blood flow; metabolic control of extracellular potassium concentration; and modulation of synapse formation and elimination; among others. Cerebellar glial cells have been shown to play a significant role in proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. However, less evidence is available about the role of neuron-astrocyte interactions during cerebellar development and their impact on diseases of the cerebellum. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms underlying cellular interactions, specifically neuron-astrocyte interactions, during cerebellar development, function, and disease. We will discuss how cerebellar glia, astrocytes, and Bergmann glia play a fundamental role in several steps of cerebellar development, such as granule cell migration, axonal growth, neuronal differentiation, and synapse formation, and in diseases associated with the cerebellum. We will focus on how astrocytes and thyroid hormones impact cerebellar development. Furthermore, we will provide evidence of how growth factors secreted by glial cells, such as epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factors, control cerebellar organogenesis. Finally, we will argue that glia are a key mediator of cerebellar development and that identification of molecules and pathways involved in neuron-glia interactions may contribute to a better understanding of cerebellar development and associated disorders.
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12
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Tognatta R, Karl MT, Fyffe-Maricich SL, Popratiloff A, Garrison ED, Schenck JK, Abu-Rub M, Miller RH. Astrocytes Are Required for Oligodendrocyte Survival and Maintenance of Myelin Compaction and Integrity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:74. [PMID: 32300294 PMCID: PMC7142332 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have been implicated in regulating oligodendrocyte development and myelination in vitro, although their functions in vivo remain less well defined. Using a novel approach to locally ablate GFAP+ astrocytes, we demonstrate that astrocytes are required for normal CNS myelin compaction during development, and for maintaining myelin integrity in the adult. Transient ablation of GFAP+ astrocytes in the mouse spinal cord during the first postnatal week reduced the numbers of mature oligodendrocytes and inhibited myelin formation, while prolonged ablation resulted in myelin that lacked compaction and structural integrity. Ablation of GFAP+ astrocytes in the adult spinal cord resulted in the rapid, local loss of myelin integrity and regional demyelination. The loss of myelin integrity induced by astrocyte ablation was greatly reduced by NMDA receptor antagonists, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that myelin stability was affected by elevation of local glutamate levels following astrocyte ablation. Furthermore, targeted delivery of glutamate into adult spinal cord white matter resulted in reduction of myelin basic protein expression and localized disruption of myelin compaction which was also reduced by NMDA receptor blockade. The pathology induced by localized astrocyte loss and elevated exogenous glutamate, supports the concept that astrocytes are critical for maintenance of myelin integrity in the adult CNS and may be primary targets in the initiation of demyelinating diseases of the CNS, such as Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Tognatta
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Diseases, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Molly T Karl
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Anastas Popratiloff
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric D Garrison
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jessica K Schenck
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mohammad Abu-Rub
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Robert H Miller
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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13
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Cerebellar Astrocytes: Much More Than Passive Bystanders In Ataxia Pathophysiology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030757. [PMID: 32168822 PMCID: PMC7141261 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is a neurodegenerative syndrome, which can emerge as a major element of a disease or represent a symptom of more complex multisystemic disorders. It comprises several forms with a highly variegated etiology, mainly united by motor, balance, and speech impairments and, at the tissue level, by cerebellar atrophy and Purkinje cells degeneration. For this reason, the contribution of astrocytes to this disease has been largely overlooked in the past. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, growing evidences are pointing to cerebellar astrocytes as crucial players not only in the progression but also in the onset of distinct forms of ataxia. Although the current knowledge on this topic is very fragmentary and ataxia type-specific, the present review will attempt to provide a comprehensive view of astrocytes’ involvement across the distinct forms of this pathology. Here, it will be highlighted how, through consecutive stage-specific mechanisms, astrocytes can lead to non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration and, consequently, to the behavioral impairments typical of this disease. In light of that, treating astrocytes to heal neurons will be discussed as a potential complementary therapeutic approach for ataxic patients, a crucial point provided the absence of conclusive treatments for this disease.
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14
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Rigby MJ, Gomez TM, Puglielli L. Glial Cell-Axonal Growth Cone Interactions in Neurodevelopment and Regeneration. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:203. [PMID: 32210757 PMCID: PMC7076157 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing nervous system is a complex yet organized system of neurons, glial support cells, and extracellular matrix that arranges into an elegant, highly structured network. The extracellular and intracellular events that guide axons to their target locations have been well characterized in many regions of the developing nervous system. However, despite extensive work, we have a poor understanding of how axonal growth cones interact with surrounding glial cells to regulate network assembly. Glia-to-growth cone communication is either direct through cellular contacts or indirect through modulation of the local microenvironment via the secretion of factors or signaling molecules. Microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, neural progenitor cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells have all been demonstrated to directly impact axon growth and guidance. Expanding our understanding of how different glial cell types directly interact with growing axons throughout neurodevelopment will inform basic and clinical neuroscientists. For example, identifying the key cellular players beyond the axonal growth cone itself may provide translational clues to develop therapeutic interventions to modulate neuron growth during development or regeneration following injury. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge about glial involvement in development of the nervous system, specifically focusing on how glia directly interact with growing and maturing axons to influence neuronal connectivity. This focus will be applied to the clinically-relevant field of regeneration following spinal cord injury, highlighting how a better understanding of the roles of glia in neurodevelopment can inform strategies to improve axon regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rigby
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Timothy M Gomez
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Vigo MB, Pérez MJ, De Fino F, Gómez G, Martínez SA, Bisagno V, Di Carlo MB, Scazziota A, Manautou JE, Ghanem CI. Acute acetaminophen intoxication induces direct neurotoxicity in rats manifested as astrogliosis and decreased dopaminergic markers in brain areas associated with locomotor regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Edamakanti CR, Do J, Didonna A, Martina M, Opal P. Mutant ataxin1 disrupts cerebellar development in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. J Clin Invest 2018. [PMID: 29533923 DOI: 10.1172/jci96765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein ATXN1, which is involved in transcriptional regulation. Although symptoms appear relatively late in life, primarily from cerebellar dysfunction, pathogenesis begins early, with transcriptional changes detectable as early as a week after birth in SCA1-knockin mice. Given the importance of this postnatal period for cerebellar development, we asked whether this region might be developmentally altered by mutant ATXN1. We found that expanded ATXN1 stimulates the proliferation of postnatal cerebellar stem cells in SCA1 mice. These hyperproliferating stem cells tended to differentiate into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons rather than astrocytes; this significantly increased the GABAergic inhibitory interneuron synaptic connections, disrupting cerebellar Purkinje cell function in a non-cell autonomous manner. We confirmed the increased basket cell-Purkinje cell connectivity in human SCA1 patients. Mutant ATXN1 thus alters the neural circuitry of the developing cerebellum, setting the stage for the later vulnerability of Purkinje cells to SCA1. We propose that other late-onset degenerative diseases may also be rooted in subtle developmental derailments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeehaeh Do
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Leung AW, Li JYH. The Molecular Pathway Regulating Bergmann Glia and Folia Generation in the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:42-48. [PMID: 29218544 PMCID: PMC5809181 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of complex behaviors in higher vertebrates and primates require the development of sophisticated neuronal circuitry and the expansion of brain surface area to accommodate the vast number of neuronal and glial populations. To achieve these goals, the neocortex in primates and the cerebellum in amniotes have developed specialized types of basal progenitors to aid the folding of their cortices. In the cerebellum, Bergmann glia constitute such a basal progenitor population, having a distinctive morphology and playing a critical role in cerebellar corticogenesis. Here, we review recent studies on the induction of Bergmann glia and their crucial role in mediating folding of the cerebellar cortex. These studies uncover a key function of FGF-ERK-ETV signaling cascade in the transformation of Bergmann glia from radial glia in the ventricular zone. Remarkably, in the neocortex, the same signaling axis operates to facilitate the transformation of ventricular radial glia into basal radial glia, a Bergmann glia-like basal progenitor population, which have been implicated in the establishment of neocortical gyri. These new findings draw a striking similarity in the function and ontogeny of the two basal progenitor populations born in distinct brain compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Leung
- Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8073, USA
| | - James Y H Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-6403, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-6403, USA.
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18
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Liu Y, Yuelling LW, Wang Y, Du F, Gordon RE, O'Brien JA, Ng JMY, Robins S, Lee EH, Liu H, Curran T, Yang ZJ. Astrocytes Promote Medulloblastoma Progression through Hedgehog Secretion. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6692-6703. [PMID: 28986380 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the brain, play critical roles in supporting neuronal development and brain function. Although astrocytes have been frequently detected in brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MB), their functions in tumorigenesis are not clear. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes are essential components of the MB tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated astrocytes (TAA) secrete the ligand sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is required for maintaining MB cell proliferation despite the absence of its primary receptor Patched-1 (Ptch1). Shh drives expression of Nestin in MB cells through a smoothened-dependent, but Gli1-independent mechanism. Ablation of TAA dramatically suppresses Nestin expression and blocks tumor growth. These findings demonstrate an indispensable role for astrocytes in MB tumorigenesis and reveal a novel Ptch1-independent Shh pathway involved in MB progression. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6692-703. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Larra W Yuelling
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renata E Gordon
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenny A O'Brien
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Y Ng
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Shannon Robins
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H Lee
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hailong Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Kuter K, Olech Ł, Głowacka U. Prolonged Dysfunction of Astrocytes and Activation of Microglia Accelerate Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Substantia Nigra and Block Compensation of Early Motor Dysfunction Induced by 6-OHDA. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3049-3066. [PMID: 28466266 PMCID: PMC5842510 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is the underlying cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The disease in early stages is difficult to diagnose, because behavioral deficits are masked by compensatory processes. Astrocytic and microglial pathology precedes motor symptoms. Besides supportive functions of astrocytes in the brain, their role in PD is unrecognized. Prolonged dysfunction of astrocytes could increase the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons and advance their degeneration during aging. The aim of our studies was to find out whether prolonged dysfunction of astrocytes in the SN is deleterious for neuronal functioning and if it influences their survival after toxic insult or changes the compensatory potential of the remaining neurons. In Wistar rat model, we induced activation, prolonged dysfunction, and death of astrocytes by chronic infusion of fluorocitrate (FC) into the SN, without causing dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Strongly enhanced dopamine turnover in the SN after 7 days of FC infusion was induced probably by microglia activated in response to astrocyte stress. The FC effect was reversible, and astrocyte pool was replenished 3 weeks after the end of infusion. Importantly, the prolonged astrocyte dysfunction and microglia activation accelerated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by 6-hydroxydopamine and blocked the behavioral compensation normally observed after moderate neurodegeneration. Impaired astrocyte functioning, activation of microglia, diminishing compensatory capability of the dopaminergic system, and increasing neuronal vulnerability to external insults could be the underlying causes of PD. This animal model of prolonged astrocyte dysfunction can be useful for in vivo studies of glia–microglia–neuron interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Olech
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Głowacka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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20
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Franco C, Genis L, Navarro JA, Perez-Domper P, Fernandez AM, Schneuwly S, Torres Alemán I. A role for astrocytes in cerebellar deficits in frataxin deficiency: Protection by insulin-like growth factor I. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:100-110. [PMID: 28286293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited neurodegenerative diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), produced by deficiency of the mitochondrial chaperone frataxin (Fxn), shows specific neurological deficits involving different subset of neurons even though deficiency of Fxn is ubiquitous. Because astrocytes are involved in neurodegeneration, we analyzed whether they are also affected by frataxin deficiency and contribute to the disease. We also tested whether insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), that has proven effective in increasing frataxin levels both in neurons and in astrocytes, also exerts in vivo protective actions. Using the GFAP promoter expressed by multipotential stem cells during development and mostly by astrocytes in the adult, we ablated Fxn in a time-dependent manner in mice (FGKO mice) and found severe ataxia and early death when Fxn was eliminated during development, but not when deleted in the adult. Analysis of underlying mechanisms revealed that Fxn deficiency elicited growth and survival impairments in developing cerebellar astrocytes, whereas forebrain astrocytes grew normally. A similar time-dependent effect of frataxin deficiency in astrocytes was observed in a fly model. In addition, treatment of FGKO mice with IGF-I improved their motor performance, reduced cerebellar atrophy, and increased survival. These observations indicate that a greater vulnerability of developing cerebellar astrocytes to Fxn deficiency may contribute to cerebellar deficits in this inherited disease. Our data also confirm a therapeutic benefit of IGF-I in early FRDA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Franco
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Spain
| | - L Genis
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Spain
| | | | | | - A M Fernandez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Spain
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21
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Johnson K, Barragan J, Bashiruddin S, Smith CJ, Tyrrell C, Parsons MJ, Doris R, Kucenas S, Downes GB, Velez CM, Schneider C, Sakai C, Pathak N, Anderson K, Stein R, Devoto SH, Mumm JS, Barresi MJF. Gfap-positive radial glial cells are an essential progenitor population for later-born neurons and glia in the zebrafish spinal cord. Glia 2016; 64:1170-89. [PMID: 27100776 PMCID: PMC4918407 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells are presumptive neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing nervous system. The direct requirement of radial glia for the generation of a diverse array of neuronal and glial subtypes, however, has not been tested. We employed two novel transgenic zebrafish lines and endogenous markers of NSCs and radial glia to show for the first time that radial glia are essential for neurogenesis during development. By using the gfap promoter to drive expression of nuclear localized mCherry we discerned two distinct radial glial-derived cell types: a major nestin+/Sox2+ subtype with strong gfap promoter activity and a minor Sox2+ subtype lacking this activity. Fate mapping studies in this line indicate that gfap+ radial glia generate later-born CoSA interneurons, secondary motorneurons, and oligodendroglia. In another transgenic line using the gfap promoter-driven expression of the nitroreductase enzyme, we induced cell autonomous ablation of gfap+ radial glia and observed a reduction in their specific derived lineages, but not Blbp+ and Sox2+/gfap-negative NSCs, which were retained and expanded at later larval stages. Moreover, we provide evidence supporting classical roles of radial glial in axon patterning, blood-brain barrier formation, and locomotion. Our results suggest that gfap+ radial glia represent the major NSC during late neurogenesis for specific lineages, and possess diverse roles to sustain the structure and function of the spinal cord. These new tools will both corroborate the predicted roles of astroglia and reveal novel roles related to development, physiology, and regeneration in the vertebrate nervous system. GLIA 2016;64:1170-1189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Barragan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Bashiruddin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Cody J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Chelsea Tyrrell
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Parsons
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosemarie Doris
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gerald B Downes
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Carla M Velez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Catalina Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Narendra Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Katrina Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Rachael Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen H Devoto
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J F Barresi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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22
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Herwerth M, Kalluri SR, Srivastava R, Kleele T, Kenet S, Illes Z, Merkler D, Bennett JL, Misgeld T, Hemmer B. In vivo imaging reveals rapid astrocyte depletion and axon damage in a model of neuromyelitis optica-related pathology. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:794-805. [PMID: 26946517 PMCID: PMC5021140 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, which resembles multiple sclerosis (MS). NMO differs from MS, however, in the distribution and histology of neuroinflammatory lesions and shows a more aggressive clinical course. Moreover, the majority of NMO patients carry immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), an astrocytic water channel. Antibodies against AQP4 can damage astrocytes by complement, but NMO histopathology also shows demyelination, and — importantly—axon injury, which may determine permanent deficits following NMO relapses. The dynamics of astrocyte injury in NMO and the mechanisms by which toxicity spreads to axons are not understood. Methods Here, we establish in vivo imaging of the spinal cord, one of the main sites of NMO pathology, as a powerful tool to study the formation of experimental NMO‐related lesions caused by human AQP4 antibodies in mice. Results We found that human AQP4 antibodies caused acute astrocyte depletion with initial oligodendrocyte survival. Within 2 hours of antibody application, we observed secondary axon injury in the form of progressive swellings. Astrocyte toxicity and axon damage were dependent on AQP4 antibody titer and complement, specifically C1q. Interpretation In vivo imaging of the spinal cord reveals the swift development of NMO‐related acute axon injury after AQP4 antibody‐mediated astrocyte depletion. This approach will be useful in studying the mechanisms underlying the spread of NMO pathology beyond astrocytes, as well as in evaluating potential neuroprotective interventions. Ann Neurol 2016;79:794–805
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Herwerth
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sudhakar Reddy Kalluri
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Kenet
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,equal contributing senior authors
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,equal contributing senior authors
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23
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Reactive gliosis in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Kleiderman S, Sá JV, Teixeira AP, Brito C, Gutbier S, Evje LG, Hadera MG, Glaab E, Henry M, Sachinidis A, Alves PM, Sonnewald U, Leist M. Functional and phenotypic differences of pure populations of stem cell-derived astrocytes and neuronal precursor cells. Glia 2015; 64:695-715. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleiderman
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - João V. Sá
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ana P. Teixeira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Simon Gutbier
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Lars G. Evje
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen; Allégaten 41 5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Mussie G. Hadera
- Department of Pharmacy; College of Health Sciences; Mekelle University, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; Belvaux L-4366 Luxembourg
| | - Margit Henry
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Trondheim Norway
| | - Marcel Leist
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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25
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Abstract
Astrocytes regulate multiple aspects of neuronal and synaptic function from development through to adulthood. Instead of addressing each function independently, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the different ways astrocytes modulate neuronal synaptic function throughout life, with a particular focus on recent findings in each area. It includes the emerging functions of astrocytes, such as a role in synapse formation, as well as more established roles, including the uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters. This broad approach covers the many ways astrocytes and neurons constantly interact to maintain the correct functioning of the brain. It is important to consider all of these diverse functions of astrocytes when investigating how astrocyte-neuron interactions regulate synaptic behavior to appreciate the complexity of these ongoing interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037;
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26
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Sathyamurthy A, Yin DM, Barik A, Shen C, Bean JC, Figueiredo D, She JX, Xiong WC, Mei L. ERBB3-mediated regulation of Bergmann glia proliferation in cerebellar lamination. Development 2015; 142:522-32. [PMID: 25564653 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cortical lamination is crucial for the assembly of cerebellar circuitry. In this process, granule neurons (GNs) migrate along Bergmann glia (BG), which are specialized astroglial cells, from the external granule layer to the internal granule layer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BG development are not well understood. Here, we show that GFAP::Cre;Erbb3(F/F) mice, which lack Erbb3 in both radial glia and neurons, exhibit impairments in balance and motor coordination. Cerebellar lamination is aberrant, with misplaced Purkinje neurons and GN clusters. These phenotypes were not observed in Math1::CreER(T2);Erbb3(F/F) mice, where the Erbb3 gene was deleted in GNs, suggesting involvement of non-neuronal Erbb3 in cerebellar lamination. Mechanistic studies indicate that ERBB3 is crucial for the proliferation of BG, which are required for GN migration. These observations identify a crucial role for ERBB3 in cerebellar lamination and reveal a novel mechanism that regulates BG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dong-Min Yin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Arnab Barik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Jonathan C Bean
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dwight Figueiredo
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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27
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Pekny M, Pekna M. Astrocyte reactivity and reactive astrogliosis: costs and benefits. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1077-98. [PMID: 25287860 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that provide nutrients, recycle neurotransmitters, as well as fulfill a wide range of other homeostasis maintaining functions. During the past two decades, astrocytes emerged also as increasingly important regulators of neuronal functions including the generation of new nerve cells and structural as well as functional synapse remodeling. Reactive gliosis or reactive astrogliosis is a term coined for the morphological and functional changes seen in astroglial cells/astrocytes responding to CNS injury and other neurological diseases. Whereas this defensive reaction of astrocytes is conceivably aimed at handling the acute stress, limiting tissue damage, and restoring homeostasis, it may also inhibit adaptive neural plasticity mechanisms underlying recovery of function. Understanding the multifaceted roles of astrocytes in the healthy and diseased CNS will undoubtedly contribute to the development of treatment strategies that will, in a context-dependent manner and at appropriate time points, modulate reactive astrogliosis to promote brain repair and reduce the neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M. The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Neurosci Lett 2014; 565:30-8. [PMID: 24406153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis accompany most of the pathologies in the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Reactive gliosis has been described as constitutive, graded, multi-stage, and evolutionary conserved defensive astroglial reaction [Verkhratsky and Butt (2013) In: Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology]. A well- known feature of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis are the increased production of intermediate filament proteins (also known as nanofilament proteins) and remodeling of the intermediate filament system of astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes is associated with changes in the expression of many genes and characteristic morphological hallmarks, and has important functional consequences in situations such as stroke, trauma, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. The impact of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis on the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders is not yet fully understood but the available experimental evidence points to many beneficial aspects of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis that range from isolation and sequestration of the affected region of the central nervous system (CNS) from the neighboring tissue that limits the lesion size to active neuroprotection and regulation of the CNS homeostasis in times of acute ischemic, osmotic, or other kinds of stress. The available experimental data from selected CNS pathologies suggest that if not resolved in time, reactive gliosis can exert inhibitory effects on several aspects of neuroplasticity and CNS regeneration and thus might become a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Abstract
Targeted cell ablation has proven to be a valuable approach to study in vivo cell functions during organogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Over the last two decades, various approaches have been developed to refine the control of cell ablation. In this review, we give an overview of the distinct genetic tools available for targeted cell ablation, with a particular emphasis on their respective specificity.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
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31
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Buffo A, Rossi F. Origin, lineage and function of cerebellar glia. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:42-63. [PMID: 23981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glial cells of the cerebellum, and particularly astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are characterized by a remarkable phenotypic variety, in which highly peculiar morphological features are associated with specific functional features, unique among the glial cells of the entire CNS. Here, we provide a critical report about the present knowledge of the development of cerebellar glia, including lineage relationships between cerebellar neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the origins and the genesis of the repertoire of glial types, and the processes underlying their acquisition of mature morphological and functional traits. In parallel, we describe and discuss some fundamental roles played by specific categories of glial cells during cerebellar development. In particular, we propose that Bergmann glia exerts a crucial scaffolding activity that, together with the organizing function of Purkinje cells, is necessary to achieve the normal pattern of foliation and layering of the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, we discuss some of the functional tasks of cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that are distinctive of cerebellar glia throughout the CNS. Notably, we report about the regulation of synaptic signalling in the molecular and granular layer mediated by Bergmann glia and parenchymal astrocytes, and the functional interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons. On the whole, this review provides an extensive overview of the available literature and some novel insights about the origin and differentiation of the variety of cerebellar glial cells and their function in the developing and mature cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Buffo
- Rita Levi-Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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32
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Reactive Astrocytes, Astrocyte Intermediate Filament Proteins, and Their Role in the Disease Pathogenesis. THE CYTOSKELETON 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-266-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Sinha D, Valapala M, Bhutto I, Patek B, Zhang C, Hose S, Yang F, Cano M, Stark WJ, Lutty GA, Zigler JS, Wawrousek EF. βA3/A1-crystallin is required for proper astrocyte template formation and vascular remodeling in the retina. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1033-42. [PMID: 22427112 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuc1 is a spontaneous rat mutant resulting from a mutation in the Cryba1 gene, coding for βA3/A1-crystallin. Our earlier studies with Nuc1 provided novel evidence that astrocytes, which express βA3/A1-crystallin, have a pivotal role in retinal remodeling. The role of astrocytes in the retina is only beginning to be explored. One of the limitations in the field is the lack of appropriate animal models to better investigate the function of astrocytes in retinal health and disease. We have now established transgenic mice that overexpress the Nuc1 mutant form of Cryba1, specifically in astrocytes. Astrocytes in wild type mice show normal compact stellate structure, producing a honeycomb-like network. In contrast, in transgenics over-expressing the mutant (Nuc1) Cryba1 in astrocytes, bundle-like structures with abnormal patterns and morphology were observed. In the nerve fiber layer of the transgenic mice, an additional layer of astrocytes adjacent to the vitreous is evident. This abnormal organization of astrocytes affects both the superficial and deep retinal vascular density and remodeling. Fluorescein angiography showed increased venous dilation and tortuosity of branches in the transgenic retina, as compared to wild type. Moreover, there appear to be fewer interactions between astrocytes and endothelial cells in the transgenic retina than in normal mouse retina. Further, astrocytes overexpressing the mutant βA3/A1-crystallin migrate into the vitreous, and ensheath the hyaloid artery, in a manner similar to that seen in the Nuc1 rat. Together, these data demonstrate that developmental abnormalities of astrocytes can affect the normal remodeling process of both fetal and retinal vessels of the eye and that βA3/A1-crystallin is essential for normal astrocyte function in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Sinha
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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34
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Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Flamant F. A bimodal influence of thyroid hormone on cerebellum oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:608-18. [PMID: 22361821 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T(3)) can trigger a massive differentiation of cultured oligodendrocytes precursor cells (OPC) by binding the nuclear T(3) receptor α1 (TRα1). Whether this reflects a physiological function of TRα1 remains uncertain. Using a recently generated mouse model, in which CRE/loxP recombination is used to block its function, we show that TRα1 acts at two levels for the in vivo differentiation of OPC in mouse cerebellum. At the early postnatal stage, it promotes the secretion of several neurotrophic factors by acting in Purkinje neurons and astrocytes, defining an environment suitable for OPC differentiation. At later stages, TRα1 acts in a cell-autonomous manner to ensure the complete arrest of OPC proliferation. These data explain contradictory observations made on various models and outline the importance of T(3) signaling both for synchronizing postnatal neurodevelopment and restraining OPC proliferation in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picou
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Recherché Agronomique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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35
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Pfrieger FW, Slezak M. Genetic approaches to study glial cells in the rodent brain. Glia 2011; 60:681-701. [PMID: 22162024 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development, function, and pathology of the brain depend on interactions of neurons and different types of glial cells, namely astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Understanding neuron-glia interactions in vivo requires dedicated experimental approaches to manipulate each cell type independently. In this review, we first summarize techniques that allow for cell-specific gene modification including targeted mutagenesis and viral transduction. In the second part, we describe the genetic models that allow to target the main glial cell types in the central nervous system. The existing arsenal of approaches to study glial cells in vivo and its expansion in the future are key to understand neuron-glia interactions under normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Pfrieger
- CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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36
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Vig PJS, Hearst S, Shao Q, Lopez ME, Murphy HA, Safaya E. Glial S100B protein modulates mutant ataxin-1 aggregation and toxicity: TRTK12 peptide, a potential candidate for SCA1 therapy. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 10:254-66. [PMID: 21384195 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-cell autonomous involvement of glial cells in the pathogenesis of polyglutamine diseases is gaining recognition in the ataxia field. We previously demonstrated that Purkinje cells (PCs) in polyglutamine disease spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA1) contain cytoplasmic vacuoles rich in Bergmann glial protein S100B. The vacuolar formation in SCA1 PCs is accompanied with an abnormal morphology of dendritic spines. In addition, S100B messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels are significantly high in the cerebella of asymptomatic SCA1 transgenic (Tg) mice and increase further with age when compared with the age-matched wild-type animals. This higher S100B mRNA expression positively correlates with an increase in the number of vacuoles. To further characterize the function of S100B in SCA1 pathology, we explored the effects of S100B protein on GFP-ataxin-1 (ATXN1) with expanded polyglutamines [82Q] in HEK stable cell line. Externally added S100B protein to these cells induced S100B-positive vacuoles similar to those seen in SCA1 PCs in vivo. Further, we found that both externally added and internally expressed S100B significantly reduced GFP-ATXN1[82Q] inclusion body formation. In contrast, the addition of S100B inhibitory peptide TRTK12 reversed S100B-mediated effects. Interestingly, in SCA1 Tg mice, PCs containing S100B vacuoles also showed the lack of nuclear inclusions, whereas PCs without vacuoles contained nuclear inclusions. Additionally, TRTK12 treatment reduced abnormal dendritic growth and morphology of PCs in cerebellar slice cultures prepared from SCA1 Tg mice. Moreover, intranasal administration of TRTK12 to SCA1 Tg mice reduced cerebellar S100B levels in the particulate fractions, and these mice displayed a significant improvement in their performance deficit on the Rotarod test. Taken together, our results suggest that glial S100B may augment degenerative changes in SCA1 PCs by modulating mutant ataxin-1 toxicity/solubility through an unknown signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder J S Vig
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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37
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Yu T, Yaguchi Y, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Basson MA. Sprouty genes prevent excessive FGF signalling in multiple cell types throughout development of the cerebellum. Development 2011; 138:2957-68. [PMID: 21693512 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and regulators of the FGF signalling pathway are expressed in several cell types within the cerebellum throughout its development. Although much is known about the function of this pathway during the establishment of the cerebellar territory during early embryogenesis, the role of this pathway during later developmental stages is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the function of sprouty genes (Spry1, Spry2 and Spry4), which encode feedback antagonists of FGF signalling, during cerebellar development in the mouse. Simultaneous deletion of more than one of these genes resulted in a number of defects, including mediolateral expansion of the cerebellar vermis, reduced thickness of the granule cell layer and abnormal foliation. Analysis of cerebellar development revealed that the anterior cerebellar neuroepithelium in the early embryonic cerebellum was expanded and that granule cell proliferation during late embryogenesis and early postnatal development was reduced. We show that the granule cell proliferation deficit correlated with reduced sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression and signalling. A reduction in Fgfr1 dosage during development rescued these defects, confirming that the abnormalities are due to excess FGF signalling. Our data indicate that sprouty acts both cell autonomously in granule cell precursors and non-cell autonomously to regulate granule cell number. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FGF signalling levels have to be tightly controlled throughout cerebellar development in order to maintain the normal development of multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, UK
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38
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Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behaviour. Nature 2011; 476:458-61. [PMID: 21814201 PMCID: PMC3162077 DOI: 10.1038/nature10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1079] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are released in response to stressful experiences and serve many beneficial homeostatic functions. However, dysregulation of glucocorticoids is associated with cognitive impairments and depressive illness1, 2. In the hippocampus, a brain region densely populated with receptors for stress hormones, stress and glucocorticoids strongly inhibit adult neurogenesis3. Decreased neurogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression, but direct evidence for this role is lacking4, 5. Here we show that adult-born hippocampal neurons are required for normal expression of the endocrine and behavioral components of the stress response. Using transgenic and radiation methods to specifically inhibit adult neurogenesis, we find that glucocorticoid levels are slower to recover after moderate stress and are less suppressed by dexamethasone in neurogenesis-deficient mice compared with intact mice, consistent with a role for the hippocampus in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis6, 7. Relative to controls, neurogenesis-deficient mice showed increased food avoidance in a novel environment after acute stress, increased behavioral despair in the forced swim test, and decreased sucrose preference, a measure of anhedonia. These findings identify a small subset of neurons within the dentate gyrus that are critical for hippocampal negative control of the HPA axis and support a direct role for adult neurogenesis in depressive illness.
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39
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Weber T, Baier V, Pauly R, Sahay A, Baur M, Herrmann E, Ciccolini F, Hen R, Kronenberg G, Bartsch D. Inducible gene expression in GFAP+ progenitor cells of the SGZ and the dorsal wall of the SVZ-A novel tool to manipulate and trace adult neurogenesis. Glia 2011; 59:615-26. [PMID: 21294160 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, neurogenesis originates from astrocyte-like stem cells. We generated a transgenic mouse line in which the tetracycline dependent transactivator (tTA) is expressed under the control of the murine GFAP promoter. In this mouse line, inducible gene expression targets virtually all GFAP-expressing stem-like cells in the dentate gyrus and a subset of GFAP-expressing progenitors located primarily in the dorsal wall/dorsolateral corner of the subventricular zone. Outside the neurogenic zones, astrocytes are infrequently targeted. We introduce a panel of transgenic mice which allow both inducible expression of candidate genes under control of the murine GFAP promoter and, at the same time, lineage tracing of all cells descendant from the original GFAP-positive cell. This new mouse line represents a versatile tool for functional analysis of neurogenesis and lineage tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Weber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Bonkowski D, Katyshev V, Balabanov RD, Borisov A, Dore-Duffy P. The CNS microvascular pericyte: pericyte-astrocyte crosstalk in the regulation of tissue survival. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:8. [PMID: 21349156 PMCID: PMC3042982 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The French scientist Charles Benjamin Rouget identified the pericyte nearly 140 years ago. Since that time the role of the pericyte in vascular function has been difficult to elucidate. It was not until the development of techniques to isolate and culture pericytes that scientists have begun to understand the true impact of this unique cell in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In the brain the pericyte is an integral cellular component of the blood-brain barrier and, together with other cells of the neurovascular unit (endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons) the pericyte makes fine-tuned regulatory adjustments and adaptations to promote tissue survival. These regulatory changes involve trans-cellular communication networks between cells. In this review we consider evidence for cell-to-cell crosstalk between pericytes and astrocytes during development and in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Bonkowski
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Road, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The subgranular zone of the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus contains a pool of neural stem cells that continuously divide and differentiate into functional granule cells. It has been shown that production of new hippocampal neurons is necessary for amelioration of stress-induced behavioral changes by antidepressants in animal models of depression. The survival of newly born hippocampal neurons is decreased by chronic psychosocial stress and increased by exposure to enriched environments. These observations suggest the existence of a link between hippocampal neurogenesis, stress-induced behavioral changes, and the beneficial effects of enriched environment. To show causality, we subjected transgenic mice with conditionally suppressed neurogenesis to psychosocial stress followed by environmental enrichment. First, we showed that repeated social defeat coupled with chronic exposure to an aggressor produces robust and quantifiable indices of submissive and depressive-like behaviors; second, subsequent exposure to an enriched environment led to extinction of the submissive phenotype, while animals exposed to an impoverished environment retained the submissive phenotype; and third, enrichment was not effective in reversing the submissive and depressive-like behaviors in transgenic mice lacking neurogenesis. Our data show two main findings. First, living in an enriched environment is highly effective in extinguishing submissive behavioral traits developed during chronic social stress, and second, these effects are critically dependent on adult neurogenesis, indicating that beneficial behavioral adaptations are dependent on intact adult neurogenesis.
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D'Antoni S, Zambusi L, Codazzi F, Zacchetti D, Grohovaz F, Provini L, Catania MV, Morara S. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) stimulates purkinje cell dendrite growth in culture. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:2135-43. [PMID: 20960054 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports described the transient expression during development of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in rodent cerebellar climbing fibers and CGRP receptor in astrocytes. Here, mixed cerebellar cultures were used to analyze the effects of CGRP on Purkinje cells growth. Our results show that CGRP stimulated Purkinje cell dendrite growth under cell culture conditions mimicking Purkinje cell development in vivo. The stimulation was not blocked by CGRP8-37, a specific antagonist, suggesting the activation of other related receptors. CGRP did not affect survival of Purkinje cells, granule cells or astrocytes. The selective expression of Receptor Component Protein (RCP) (a component of CGRP receptor family) in astrocytes points to a role of these cells as mediators of CGRP effect. Finally, in pure cerebellar astrocyte cultures CGRP induced a transient morphological differentiation from flat, polygonal to stellate form. It is concluded that CGRP influences Purkinje cell dendrite growth in vitro, most likely through the involvement of astrocytes.
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Procko C, Shaham S. Assisted morphogenesis: glial control of dendrite shapes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:560-5. [PMID: 20678911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurons display a myriad of dendritic architectures, reflecting their diverse roles in information processing and transduction in the nervous system. Recent findings suggest that neuronal signals may not account for all aspects of dendrite morphogenesis. Observations from C. elegans and other organisms suggest that glial cells can affect dendrite length and guidance, as well as localization and shapes of dendritic receptive structures, such as dendritic spines and sensory cilia. Thus, besides direct roles in controlling neuronal activity, glia contribute to neuron function by ensuring that neurons attain their proper shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Procko
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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44
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Buard I, Steinmetz CC, Claudepierre T, Pfrieger FW. Glial cells promote dendrite formation and the reception of synaptic input in Purkinje cells from postnatal mice. Glia 2010; 58:538-45. [PMID: 19908290 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that glial cells contribute to synaptogenesis in specific neurons from the postnatal CNS. Here, we studied whether this is true for Purkinje cells (PCs), which represent a unique neuronal cell type due to their large size, massive synaptic input, and high vulnerability. Using new glia-free cultures enriched in PCs from postnatal mice we show that these neurons survived and grew, but displayed only low levels of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. Coculture with glial cells strongly enhanced the frequency and size of spontaneous and miniature excitatory synaptic currents as well as neurite growth and branching. Immunocytochemical staining for microtubule-associated protein 2- (MAP2-) positive neurites revealed impaired dendrite formation in PCs under glia-free conditions, which can explain the absence of synaptic activity. Glial signals strongly enhanced dendritogenesis in PCs and thus their ability to receive excitatory synaptic input from granule cells (GCs). The enhancement of dendrite formation was mimicked by glia-conditioned medium (GCM), whereas the increase in synaptic activity required physical presence of glia. This indicated that dendrite development is necessary but not sufficient for PCs to receive excitatory synaptic input and that synaptogenesis requires additional signals. The level of inhibitory synaptic activity was low even in cocultures due to a low incidence of inhibitory interneurons. Taken together, our results reinforce the idea that glial cells promote synaptogenesis in specific neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Buard
- CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), 5, rue Blaise Pascal, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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45
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Cerri S, Piccolini VM, Bernocchi G. Postnatal Development of the Central Nervous System: Anomalies in the Formation of Cerebellum Fissures. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:492-501. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Balani P, Boulaire J, Zhao Y, Zeng J, Lin J, Wang S. High mobility group box2 promoter-controlled suicide gene expression enables targeted glioblastoma treatment. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1003-11. [PMID: 19240692 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Achievement of specific tumor cell targeting remains a challenge for glioma gene therapy. We observed that the human high mobility group box2 (HMGB2) gene had a low level of expression in normal human brain tissues, but was significantly upregulated in glioblastoma tissues. With progressive truncation of a 5'-upstream sequence of the HMGB2 gene, we identified a 0.5-kb fragment displaying a high transcriptional activity in glioblastoma cells, but a low activity in normal brain cells. To test the feasibility of using the HMGB2 promoter sequence in targeted cancer therapy, we constructed a baculoviral vector expressing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene driven by the HMGB2 promoter. Transduction with the viral vector induced cell death in glioblastoma cell lines in the presence of ganciclovir (GCV), but did not affect the survival of human astrocytes and neurons. In a mouse xenograft model, intratumor injection of the baculoviral vector suppressed the growth of human glioblastoma cells and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our results suggest that the novel 5' sequence of HMGB2 gene has a potential to be used as an efficient, tumor-selective promoter in targeted vectors for glioblastoma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Balani
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
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Morara S, Wang LP, Filippov V, Dickerson IM, Grohovaz F, Provini L, Kettenmann H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) triggers Ca2+ responses in cultured astrocytes and in Bergmann glial cells from cerebellar slices. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:2213-20. [PMID: 19046367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is transiently expressed in cerebellar climbing fibers during development while its receptor is mainly expressed in astrocytes, in particular Bergmann glial cells. Here, we analyzed the effects of CGRP on astrocytic calcium signaling. Mouse cultured astrocytes from cerebellar or cerebral cortex as well as Bergmann glial cells from acutely isolated cerebellar slices were loaded with the Ca(2+) sensor Fura-2. CGRP triggered transient increases in intracellular Ca(2+) in astrocytes in culture as well as in acute slices. Responses were observed in the concentration range of 1 nm to 1 mm, in both the cell body and its processes. The calcium transients were dependent on release from intracellular stores as they were blocked by thapsigargin but not by the absence of extracellular calcium. In addition, after CGRP application a further delayed transient increase in calcium activity could be observed. Finally, cerebellar astrocytes from neonatal mice expressed receptor component protein, a component of the CGRP receptor, as revealed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. It is thus proposed that the CGRP-containing afferent fibers in the cerebellum (the climbing fibers) modulate calcium in astrocytes by releasing the neuropeptide during development and hence possibly influence the differentiation of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- C. N. R., Institute of Neuroscience, Via Privata Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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Tomioka Y, Miyazaki T, Taharaguchi S, Yoshino S, Morimatsu M, Uede T, Ono E, Watanabe M. Cerebellar pathology in transgenic mice expressing the pseudorabies virus immediate-early protein IE180. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2115-32. [PMID: 18412631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus is an alphaherpesvirus causing fatal neurological diseases in animals. Pseudorabies virus carries a gene encoding immediate-early (IE) protein IE180, which controls the transcription of other viral and host cell genes. Previously, we reported that transgenic expression of IE180 in mice causes severe ataxia and cerebellar deformity. Here we identified profound abnormalities in adult IE180 transgenic mice, including malpositioning of Purkinje cells (PCs), granule cells (GCs) and Bergmann glia (BG), impaired dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis in PCs, disoriented BG fibers, absence of molecular layer interneurons, and increased apoptosis of neurons and glia. In accordance with the cellular defects, we found the expression of IE180 in PCs, GCs and astrocytes during cerebellar development. We next examined transgenic mice expressing truncated IE180 mutants: dlN132 lacking the acidic transcriptional active domain, dlC629 lacking the nuclear localization signal and dlC1081 having all known domains but lacking the carboxyl-terminal sequence. Despite similar expression levels of the transgenes, ataxia and cerebellar defects were only manifested in the dlC1081 transgenic mice but their phenotypes were milder compared with the IE180 transgenic mice. In the dlC1081 transgenic mice, cerebellar neurons and glia were normally positioned but cerebellar size was severely reduced due to GC deficits. Interestingly, dlC1081 was mainly expressed in the GCs with low expression in a few BG. Taken together, the present findings clarified a causal relationship between cerebellar pathology and cellular expression of IE180, and further afforded an experimental insight into different symptomatic severity as a consequence of different cellular defects caused by such cytotoxic viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Tomioka
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Proliferating progenitor cells: a required cellular element for induction of ischemic tolerance in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1104-13. [PMID: 18319730 PMCID: PMC5997187 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Permanent cerebral blood flow reduction results in brain injury (stroke), whereas transient ischemic stress results in preconditioning, which can ameliorate the extent of irreversible brain injury from subsequent ischemia-the phenomena of ischemic tolerance. Neurogenesis in the brain occurs after both ischemic injury and the brief ischemia resulting in preconditioning. As neurogenesis is regarded as having an intrinsic neuroprotective role in the brain, we investigated the possible role of these endogenous progenitor cells in the induction of ischemic tolerance. Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) was injected in wild-type mice to attenuate precursor cell proliferation and ganciclovir was used to diminish newly generated cells in GFAP/HSV-TK mice. Both MAM and ganciclovir significantly attenuated ischemia-induced progenitor cell proliferation in the subventricular zone, dentate gyrus, penumbra, and corpus callosum as quantified by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine- or Ki-67-positive cells. Attenuation of ischemia-induced progenitor cell proliferation in the brain blocked the induction of ischemic tolerance. Further the number of TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling)-positive cells was considerably increased in MAM-treated animals, whereas MAM did not cause cell death in sham-operated controls. The results of this study suggest a role for endogenous progenitors in the protective effect of ischemic tolerance.
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Spassky N, Han YG, Aguilar A, Strehl L, Besse L, Laclef C, Ros MR, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Primary cilia are required for cerebellar development and Shh-dependent expansion of progenitor pool. Dev Biol 2008; 317:246-59. [PMID: 18353302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs), which give rise to the most abundant neuronal type in the mammalian brain, arise from a restricted pool of primary progenitors in the rhombic lip (RL). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted by developing Purkinje cells is essential for the expansion of GCPs and for cerebellar morphogenesis. Recent studies have shown that the primary cilium concentrates components of Shh signaling and that this structure is required for Shh signaling. GCPs have a primary cilium on their surface [Del Cerro, M.P., Snider, R.S. (1972). Studies on the developing cerebellum. II. The ultrastructure of the external granular layer. J Comp Neurol 144, 131-64.]. Here, we show that 1) this cilium can be conditionally ablated by crossing Kif3a(fl/-) mice with hGFAP-Cre mice, 2) removal of Kif3a from GCPs disrupts cerebellar development, and 3) these defects are due to a drastic reduction in Shh-dependent expansion of GCPs. A similar phenotype is observed when Smoothened (Smo), an essential transducer of Shh signaling, is removed from the same population of GCPs. Interestingly, Kif3a-Smo double conditional mutants show that Kif3a is epistatic to Smo. This work shows that Kif3a is essential for Shh-dependent expansion of cerebellar progenitors. Dysfunctional cilia are associated with diverse human disorders including Bardet-Biedl and Joubert syndromes. Cerebellar abnormalities observed in these patients could be explained by defects in Shh-induced GCP expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spassky
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie, IFR des Neurosciences, INSERM U711, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France.
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