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Menescal-de-Oliveira L, Brentegani MR, Teixeira FP, Giusti H, Saia RS. Immune-mediated impairment of tonic immobility defensive behavior in an experimental model of colonic inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-03011-1. [PMID: 39218820 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-03011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis has been associated with psychological distress and an aberrant immune response. The immunomodulatory role of systemic cytokines produced during experimental intestinal inflammation in tonic immobility (TI) defensive behavior remains unknown. The present study characterized the TI defensive behavior of guinea pigs subjected to colitis induction at the acute stage and after recovery from intestinal mucosa injury. Moreover, we investigated whether inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and prostaglandins) act on the mesencephalic nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Colitis was induced in guinea pigs by intrarectal administration of acetic acid. The TI defensive behavior, histology, cytokine production, and expression of c-FOS, IBA-1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in PAG were evaluated. Colitis reduced the duration of TI episodes from the first day, persisting throughout the 7-day experimental period. Neuronal c-FOS immunoreactivity was augmented in both columns of the PAG (ventrolateral (vlPAG) and dorsal), but there were no changes in IBA-1 expression. Dexamethasone, infliximab, and parecoxib treatments increased the duration of TI episodes, suggesting a modulatory role of peripheral inflammatory mediators in this behavior. Immunoneutralization of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in the vlPAG reversed all effects produced by colitis. In contrast, IL-10 neutralization further reduced the duration of TI episodes. Our results reveal that peripherally produced inflammatory mediators during colitis may modulate neuronal functioning in mesencephalic structures such as vlPAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Menescal-de-Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mariulza Rocha Brentegani
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pincelli Teixeira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto Giusti
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Simone Saia
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
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Ahmadi S, Majidi M, Koraei M, Vasef S. The Inflammation/NF-κB and BDNF/TrkB/CREB Pathways in the Cerebellum Are Implicated in the Changes in Spatial Working Memory After Both Morphine Dependence and Withdrawal in Rat. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6721-6733. [PMID: 38347284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the impact of the cerebellum on the decline in spatial working memory following morphine dependence and withdrawal. Two groups of male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of either saline (1 ml/kg) or morphine (10 mg/kg) twice daily for 10 days, serving as the control and dependent groups. Additionally, a withdrawal group underwent a 30-day withdrawal period after the dependence phase. Spatial working memory was assessed using a Y maze test. ELISA and western blot were used to assess protein levels in the cerebellum. On day 1, morphine impaired spatial working memory, deteriorated further after 10 days of morphine use, and nearly returned to its initial level following a 30-day withdrawal period. On day 10, significant increases in TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL12 and a notable decrease in IL-10 levels were detected in the morphine-dependent group, which did not completely restore in the withdrawal group. The protein levels of CXCR4, TLR4, P2X7R, and NF-κB sharply increased in the morphine-dependent group. However, these levels almost returned to normal after withdrawal. In the morphine-dependent group, BDNF decreased, while TrkB and CREB1 increased noticeably. Nevertheless, after withdrawal, TrkB and CREB1 but not BDNF levels returned to normal. In the morphine-dependent group, both CACNA1 and KCNMA1 decreased significantly and after withdrawal, only KCNMA1 showed partial restoration, while CACNA1 did not. It can be concluded that inflammation/NF-κB and BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathways play key roles in neural adaptation within the cerebellum, contributing to the decline in spatial working memory after both morphine dependence and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Majidi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Koraei
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Samira Vasef
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
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Truitt B, Tao J, Roy S. Impact of Morphine withdrawal on genes related to the TLR2 pathway expressed in the Prefrontal Cortex. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241264994. [PMID: 39228316 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241264994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Millions of people suffer from opioid use disorder, because of the ongoing opioid epidemic. The aversive symptoms of withdrawal are a leading factor for drug relapses, yet there are limited therapeutic options to minimize or prevent withdrawal symptoms. The mechanism behind opioid withdrawal is still not fully understood, thus preventing the development of new therapeutics. This study is an extension of our previously proposed mechanism of a toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mediated withdrawal response as a result of morphine induced microbial change that occurs during morphine withdrawal. Transcriptome analysis of the pre-frontal cortex indicated that there was increased expression of genes related to TLR2 signaling in morphine withdrawal treated animals compared to placebo controls. Antibiotic treatment further altered TLR2 related genes, recovering some of the morphine induced effect and leading to additional suppression of some genes related to the TLR2 pathway. Morphine withdrawal induced gene expression was attenuated in a whole body TLR2 knockout model. These results provide more support that TLR2 plays an integral role in morphine withdrawal mechanisms and could be a potential therapeutic target to minimize opioid withdrawal associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Truitt
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Junyi Tao
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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4
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Cui D, Zhang Y, Zhang M. The effect of cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist on morphine tolerance. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:43-50. [PMID: 38145173 PMCID: PMC10733637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain highly impacts the quality of life of patients. Morphine is used for pain treatment; however, its side effects, especially morphine tolerance, limit its use in the clinic. The problem of morphine tolerance has plagued health workers and patients for years. Unfortunately, the exact mechanism of morphine tolerance has not been fully clarified. The mechanisms of morphine tolerance that are currently being studied may include μ-opioid receptor (MOR) desensitization and internalization, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation and crosstalk, the effects of microglia and the increase in inflammatory factors. Morphine tolerance can be alleviated by improving the pathophysiological changes that lead to morphine tolerance. Previous studies have shown that a cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist could attenuate morphine tolerance in a variety of animal models. Many studies have shown an interaction between the cannabinoid system and the opioid system. The CB2 receptor may modulate the effect of morphine through a pathway that is common to the MOR, since both receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This study introduces the potential mechanism of morphine tolerance and the effect of CB2 receptor agonists on reducing morphine tolerance, which can provide new ideas for researchers studying morphine and provide beneficial effects for patients suffering from morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Cannella N, Tambalo S, Lunerti V, Scuppa G, de Vivo L, Abdulmalek S, Kinen A, Mackle J, Kuhn B, Solberg Woods LC, Chung D, Kalivas P, Soverchia L, Ubaldi M, Hardiman G, Bifone A, Ciccocioppo R. Long-access heroin self-administration induces region specific reduction of grey matter volume and microglia reactivity in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:210-220. [PMID: 38452987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In opioid use disorder (OUD) patients, a decrease in brain grey matter volume (GMV) has been reported. It is unclear whether this is the consequence of prolonged exposure to opioids or is a predisposing causal factor in OUD development. To investigate this, we conducted a structural MRI longitudinal study in NIH Heterogeneous Stock rats exposed to heroin self-administration and age-matched naïve controls housed in the same controlled environment. Structural MRI scans were acquired before (MRI1) and after (MRI2) a prolonged period of long access heroin self-administration resulting in escalation of drug intake. Heroin intake resulted in reduced GMV in various cortical and sub-cortical brain regions. In drug-naïve controls no difference was found between MRI1 and MRI2. Notably, the degree of GMV reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the insula positively correlated with the amount of heroin consumed and the escalation of heroin use. In a preliminary gene expression analysis, we identified a number of transcripts linked to immune response and neuroinflammation. This prompted us to hypothesize a link between changes in microglia homeostasis and loss of GMV. For this reason, we analyzed the number and morphology of microglial cells in the mPFC and insula. The number of neurons and their morphology was also evaluated. The primary motor cortex, where no GMV change was observed, was used as negative control. We found no differences in the number of neurons and microglia cells following heroin. However, in the same regions where reduced GMV was detected, we observed a shift towards a rounder shape and size reduction in microglia, suggestive of their homeostatic change towards a reactive state. Altogether these findings suggest that escalation of heroin intake correlates with loss of GMV in specific brain regions and that this phenomenon is linked to changes in microglial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Tambalo
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Veronica Lunerti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulia Scuppa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Luisa de Vivo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Analia Kinen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - James Mackle
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Brittany Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston (SC), USA
| | | | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus (OH), USA
| | - Peter Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston (SC), USA
| | - Laura Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Bifone
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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6
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Cannella N, Tambalo S, Lunerti V, Scuppa G, de Vivo L, Abdulmalek S, Kinen A, Mackle J, Kuhn B, Solberg Woods LC, Chung D, Kalivas P, Soverchia L, Ubaldi M, Hardiman G, Bifone A, Ciccocioppo R. Long-access heroin self-administration induces region specific reduction of grey matter volume and microglia reactivity in the rat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582024. [PMID: 38463974 PMCID: PMC10925188 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In opioid use disorder (OUD) patients, a decrease in brain grey matter volume (GMV) has been reported. It is unclear whether this is the consequence of prolonged exposure to opioids or is a predisposing causal factor in OUD development. To investigate this, we conducted a structural MRI longitudinal study in NIH Heterogeneous Stock rats exposed to heroin self-administration and age-matched naïve controls housed in the same controlled environment. Structural MRI scans were acquired before (MRI 1 ) and after (MRI 2 ) a prolonged period of long access heroin self-administration resulting in escalation of drug intake. Heroin intake resulted in reduced GMV in various cortical and sub-cortical brain regions. In drug-naïve controls no difference was found between MRI 1 and MRI 2 . Notably, the degree of GMV reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the insula positively correlated with the amount of heroin consumed and the escalation of heroin use. In a preliminary gene expression analysis, we identified a number of transcripts linked to immune response and neuroinflammation. This prompted us to hypothesize a link between changes in microglia homeostasis and loss of GMV. For this reason, we analyzed the number and morphology of microglial cells in the mPFC and insula. The number of neurons and their morphology was also evaluated. The primary motor cortex, where no GMV change was observed, was used as negative control. We found no differences in the number of neurons and microglia cells following heroin. However, in the same regions where reduced GMV was detected, we observed a shift towards a rounder shape and size reduction in microglia, suggestive of their homeostatic change towards a reactive state. Altogether these findings suggest that escalation of heroin intake correlates with loss of GMV in specific brain regions and that this phenomenon is linked to changes in microglial morphology.
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7
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Quintanilla ME, Morales P, Santapau D, Ávila A, Ponce C, Berrios-Cárcamo P, Olivares B, Gallardo J, Ezquer M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y, Ezquer F. Chronic Voluntary Morphine Intake Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structures Involved in Drug Dependence in a Rat Model of Polydrug Use. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17081. [PMID: 38069404 PMCID: PMC10707256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic opioid intake leads to several brain changes involved in the development of dependence, whereby an early hedonistic effect (liking) extends to the need to self-administer the drug (wanting), the latter being mostly a prefrontal-striatal function. The development of animal models for voluntary oral opioid intake represents an important tool for identifying the cellular and molecular alterations induced by chronic opioid use. Studies mainly in humans have shown that polydrug use and drug dependence are shared across various substances. We hypothesize that an animal bred for its alcohol preference would develop opioid dependence and further that this would be associated with the overt cortical abnormalities clinically described for opioid addicts. We show that Wistar-derived outbred UChB rats selected for their high alcohol preference additionally develop: (i) a preference for oral ingestion of morphine over water, resulting in morphine intake of 15 mg/kg/day; (ii) marked opioid dependence, as evidenced by the generation of strong withdrawal signs upon naloxone administration; (iii) prefrontal cortex alterations known to be associated with the loss of control over drug intake, namely, demyelination, axonal degeneration, and a reduction in glutamate transporter GLT-1 levels; and (iv) glial striatal neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, as previously reported for chronic alcohol and chronic nicotine use. These findings underline the relevance of polydrug animal models and their potential in the study of the wide spectrum of brain alterations induced by chronic morphine intake. This study should be valuable for future evaluations of therapeutic approaches for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Alba Ávila
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Carolina Ponce
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Pablo Berrios-Cárcamo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Belén Olivares
- Center for Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile;
| | - Javiera Gallardo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
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Taboun ZS, Sadeghi J. The bidirectional relationship between opioids and the gut microbiome: Implications for opioid tolerance and clinical interventions. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111142. [PMID: 37918085 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are widely used in treating patients with acute and chronic pain; however, this class of drugs is also commonly abused. Opioid use disorder and associated overdoses are becoming more prevalent as the opioid crisis continues. Chronic opioid use is associated with tolerance, which decreases the efficacy of opioids over time, but also puts individuals at risk of fatal overdoses. Therefore, it is essential to identify strategies to reduce opioid tolerance in those that use these agents. The gut microbiome has been found to play a critical role in opioid tolerance, with opioids causing dysbiosis of the gut, and changes in the gut microbiome impacting opioid tolerance. These changes in turn have a detrimental effect on the gut microbiome, creating a positive feedback cycle. We review the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and opioid tolerance, discuss the role of modulation of the gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic option in opioid-induced gut dysbiosis, and suggest opportunities for further research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra S Taboun
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javad Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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Darvishmolla M, Saeedi N, Tavassoli Z, Heysieattalab S, Janahmadi M, Hosseinmardi N. Maladaptive plasticity induced by morphine is mediated by hippocampal astrocytic Connexin-43. Life Sci 2023; 330:121969. [PMID: 37541575 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Drug addiction is an aberrant learning process that involves the recruitment of memory systems. We have previously demonstrated that morphine exposure causes maladaptive synaptic plasticity which involved hippocampal glial cells, especially astrocytes. Morphine addiction has been associated with astrocytic connexin 43 (Cx43), which plays a role in synaptic homeostasis. This study aimed to examine the role of hippocampal astrocytic Cx43 in morphine-induced maladaptive plasticity as a mechanism of addiction. MAIN METHODS Male rats were injected with morphine (10 mg/kg) subcutaneously every 12 h for nine days to induce dependence. Cx43 was inhibited by TAT-Gap19 (1 μl/1 nmol) microinjection in the CA1 region of the hippocampus 30 min before each morning morphine injection. Field potential recordings were used to assess synaptic plasticity. fEPSP was recorded from the CA1 area following CA3 stimulation. KEY FINDINGS Electrophysiological results showed that morphine treatment altered baseline synaptic responses. It also appears that morphine treatment augmented long-term potentiation (LTP) compared with the control group. Hippocampal astrocytic Cx43 inhibition, with the TAT-Gap19, undermines these effects of morphine on baseline synaptic responses and LTP. Despite this, long-term depression (LTD) did not differ significantly between the groups. Additionally, in the morphine-receiving group, inhibition of Cx43 significantly reduced the paired-pulse index at an 80-millisecond inter-pulse interval when assessing short-term plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study demonstrated that inhibiting Cx43 reduced synaptic plasticity induced by morphine. It can be concluded that hippocampal astrocytes through Cx43 are involved in morphine-induced metaplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahgol Darvishmolla
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Saeedi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Tavassoli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Mo J, Lu Z, Peng J, Li XP, Lan L, Wang H, Peng Y. PAG neuronal NMDARs activation mediated morphine-induced hyperalgesia by HMGB1-TLR4 dependent microglial inflammation. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:150-161. [PMID: 37352811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most effective and widely used analgesic drugs. However, chronic morphine use caused opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). The development of OIH limits the use of morphine. The mechanisms of OIH are not fully understood. Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) and glutamate receptors in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) are critical in OIH, however, the association between TLR4 and N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) activation in PAG remains unclear. Microglia activation, increased TLR4/p65 nuclear factor-kappa B (p65 NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines in microglia, and phosphorylation of NMDAR1 subunit (NR1) and NMDAR2B subunit (NR2B) in neurons were observed in PAG of OIH mice. Up-regulations of TLR4/p65 NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in BV2 cells were prevented by inhibiting and knocking down TLR4. By inhibiting myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and knocking down the High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), we found that morphine activated TLR4 by HMGB1 but not MD2. We co-cultured Neuro-2a (N2A) with BV2 microglial cell line and found that instead of directly phosphorylating NMDAR subunits, morphine increased the phosphorylation of NR1 and NR2B by inducing TLR4-mediated microglia inflammation. Knocking TLR4 out of PAG by Lentivirus-GFP-TLR4 shRNA reversed these changes and relieved OIH. Our findings suggested that the secretion of HMGB1 induced by morphine-activated TLR4 in microglia, and the proinflammatory factors released by activated microglia phosphorylated NR1 and NR2B of adjacent neurons, induced increased neuronal excitability. In conclusion, TLR4/NMDARs in PAG were involved in the development and maintenance of OIH and supported novel strategies for OIH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Mo
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510510, Guangdong, China
| | - Jialing Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Pen Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihuan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510828, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Zhang D, Jing B, Chen ZN, Li X, Shi HM, Zheng YC, Chang SQ, Gao L, Zhao GP. Ferulic acid alleviates sciatica by inhibiting neuroinflammation and promoting nerve repair via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1000-1011. [PMID: 36601662 PMCID: PMC10018085 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sciatica causes intense pain. No satisfactory therapeutic drugs exist to treat sciatica. This study aimed to probe the potential mechanism of ferulic acid in sciatica treatment. METHODS Thirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation, chronic constriction injury (CCI), mecobalamin, and ferulic acid. We conducted RNA sequencing, behavioral tests, ELISA, PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. TAK-242 and JSH23 were administered to RSC96 and GMI-R1 cells to explore whether ferulic acid can inhibit apoptosis and alleviate inflammation. RESULTS RNA sequencing showed that TLR4/NF-κB pathway is involved in the mechanism of sciatica. CCI induced cold and mechanical hyperalgesia; destroyed the sciatic nerve structure; increased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and TGF-β protein levels and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, TLR4, and IBA-1 mRNA levels; and decreased IL-10 and INF-γ protein levels and IL-4 mRNA levels. Immunohistochemistry showed that IBA-1, CD32, IL-1β, iNOS, nNOS, COX2, and TLR4 expression was increased while S100β and Arg-1 decreased. CCI increased TLR4, IBA-1, IL-1β, iNOS, Myd88, p-NF-κB, and p-p38MAPK protein levels. Treatment with mecobalamin and ferulic acid reversed these trends. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RSC96 cell apoptosis by reducing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl protein and mRNA levels and increasing Bax and Bad mRNA and IL-1β, TLR4, Myd88, p-NF-κB, and p-p38MAPK protein levels, while ferulic acid inhibited cell apoptosis by decreasing IL-1β, TLR4, Myd88, p-NF-κB, and p-p38MAPK levels and increasing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl levels. In GMI-R1 cells, Ferulic acid attenuated LPS-induced M1 polarization by decreasing the M1 polarization markers IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and CD32 and increasing the M2 polarization markers CD206, IL-4, IL-10 and Arg-1. After LPS treatment, IL-1β, iNOS, TLR4, Myd88, p-p38MAPK, and p-NF-κB levels were obviously increased, and Arg-1 expression was reduced, while ferulic acid reversed these changes. CONCLUSION Ferulic acid can promote injured sciatic nerve repair by reducing neuronal cell apoptosis and inflammatory infiltration though the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Jing
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Mei Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Chun Zheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Quan Chang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Ahmadi S, Mohammadi Talvar S, Masoudi K, Zobeiri M. Repeated Use of Morphine Induces Anxiety by Affecting a Proinflammatory Cytokine Signaling Pathway in the Prefrontal Cortex in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1425-1439. [PMID: 36450935 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and proinflammatory cytokine signaling pathways in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in anxiety-like behaviors after repeated use of morphine. Morphine (10 mg/kg) was used twice daily for 8 days to induce morphine dependence in male Wistar rats. On day 8, opioid dependence was confirmed by measuring naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs. On days 1 and 8, anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using a light/dark box test. Expression of TLR1 and 4, proinflammatory cytokines, and some of the downstream signaling molecules was also evaluated in the bilateral PFC at mRNA and protein levels following morphine dependence. The results revealed that morphine caused anxiolytic-like effects on day 1 while induced anxiety following 8 days of repeated injection. On day 8, a significant decrease in TLR1 expression was detected in the PFC in morphine-dependent rats, but TLR4 remained unaffected. Repeated morphine injection significantly increased IL1-β, TNFα, and IL6 expression, but decreased IL1R and TNFR at mRNA and protein levels except for IL6R at the protein level in the PFC. The p38α mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase expression significantly increased but the JNK3 expression decreased in the PFC in morphine-dependent rats. Repeated injection of morphine also significantly increased the NF-κB expression in the PFC. Further, significant increases in Let-7c, mir-133b, and mir-365 were detected in the PFC in morphine-dependent rats. We conclude that TLR1 and proinflammatory cytokines signaling pathways in the PFC are associated with the anxiogenic-like effects of morphine following its chronic use in rats via a MAP kinase/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Shiva Mohammadi Talvar
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Kayvan Masoudi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zobeiri
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
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13
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Hummig W, Baggio DF, Lopes RV, dos Santos SMD, Ferreira LEN, Chichorro JG. Antinociceptive effect of ultra-low dose naltrexone in a pre-clinical model of postoperative orofacial pain. Brain Res 2023; 1798:148154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Zamani N, Osgoei LT, Aliaghaei A, Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Chronic exposure to methadone induces activated microglia and astrocyte and cell death in the cerebellum of adult male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:323-338. [PMID: 36287354 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Methadone is a centrally-acting synthetic opioid analgesic widely used in the methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) programs throughout the world. Considering its neurotoxic effects particularly on the cerebellum, this study aims to address the behavioral and histological alterations in the cerebellar cortex associated with methadone administration. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were randomized into two groups of control and methadone treatment. Methadone was subcutaneously administered (2.5-10 mg/kg) once a day for two consecutive weeks. The functional and structural changes in the cerebellum were compared to the control group. Our data revealed that treating rats with methadone not only induced cerebellar atrophy, but also prompted the actuation of microgliosis, astrogliosis, and apoptotic biomarkers. We further demonstrated that treating rats with methadone increased complexity of astrocyte processes and decreased complexity of microglia processes. Our result showed that methadone impaired motor coordination and locomotor performance and neuromuscular activity. Additionally, relative gene expression of TNF-α, caspase-3 and RIPK3 increased significantly due to methadone. Our findings suggest that methadone administration has a neurodegenerative effect on the cerebellar cortex via dysregulation of microgliosis, astrogliosis, apoptosis, and neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya Takbiri Osgoei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Zamani
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Deng M, Zou W. Noncoding RNAs: Novel Targets for Opioid Tolerance. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1202-1213. [PMID: 36453497 PMCID: PMC10286586 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129122932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a global health problem, chronic pain is one of the leading causes of disability, and it imposes a huge economic and public health burden on families and society. Opioids represent the cornerstone of analgesic drugs. However, opioid tolerance caused by long-term application of opioids is a major factor leading to drug withdrawal, serious side effects caused by dose increases, and even the death of patients, placing an increasing burden on individuals, medicine, and society. Despite efforts to develop methods to prevent and treat opioid tolerance, no effective treatment has yet been found. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying opioid tolerance is crucial for finding new prevention and treatment strategies. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important parts of mammalian gene transcriptomes, and there are thousands of unique noncoding RNA sequences in cells. With the rapid development of high-throughput genome technology, research on ncRNAs has become a hot topic in biomedical research. In recent years, studies have shown that ncRNAs mediate physiological and pathological processes, including chromatin remodeling, transcription, posttranscriptional modification and signal transduction, which are key regulators of physiological processes in developmental and disease environments and have become biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. An increasing number of studies have found that ncRNAs are closely related to the development of opioid tolerance. In this review, we have summarized the evidence that ncRNAs play an important role in opioid tolerance and that ncRNAs may be novel targets for opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
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16
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Ouyang H, Zhang J, Chi D, Zhang K, Huang Y, Huang J, Huang W, Bai X. The YTHDF1-TRAF6 pathway regulates the neuroinflammatory response and contributes to morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia in the periaqueductal gray. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:310. [PMID: 36550542 PMCID: PMC9784087 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term use of opioids such as morphine has negative side effects, such as morphine analgesic tolerance and morphine-induced hyperalgesia (MIH). These side effects limit the clinical use and analgesic efficacy of morphine. Elucidation of the mechanisms and identification of feasible and effective methods or treatment targets to solve this clinical phenomenon are important. Here, we discovered that YTHDF1 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) are crucial for morphine analgesic tolerance and MIH. The m6A reader YTHDF1 positively regulated the translation of TRAF6 mRNA, and chronic morphine treatments enhanced the m6A modification of TRAF6 mRNA. TRAF6 protein expression was drastically reduced by YTHDF1 knockdown, although TRAF6 mRNA levels were unaffected. By reducing inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB, targeted reduction of YTHDF1 or suppression of TRAF6 activity in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) slows the development of morphine analgesic tolerance and MIH. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of morphine analgesic tolerance and MIH indicating that YTHDF1 regulates inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB by enhancing TRAF6 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Ouyang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Chi
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongtian Huang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiu Huang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan Huang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Rd East, Guangzhou, China ,grid.412536.70000 0004 1791 7851Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yangjiang Road West, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Zhao W, Shen F, Yao J, Su S, Zhao Z. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:318. [PMID: 36004465 PMCID: PMC9437959 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is the most common drug of choice in clinical pain management; however, morphine tolerance presents a significant clinical challenge. The pathogenesis of morphine tolerance is known to be closely associated with angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) in microglia. As an AT1R antagonist, candesartan may serve an important role in regulating morphine tolerance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of candesartan in morphine tolerance, and to explore the underlying mechanism. To meet this aim, BV2 microglial cells were treated with morphine or candesartan alone, or as a combination, and the expression levels of AT1R in BV2 cells were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6 were subsequently detected by ELISA and western blotting. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis, western blotting and RT‑qPCR were used to detect the expression levels of the BV2 cell activation marker, ionized calcium‑binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA‑1). Western blotting was also used to detect the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ/AMP‑activated protein kinase (PPARγ/AMPK) signaling pathway‑associated proteins. Finally, the cells were treated with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 and the AMPK inhibitor compound C to further explore the mechanism underlying the effects of candesartan on improving morphine tolerance. The expression levels of AT1R were revealed to be significantly increased following morphine induction; however, candesartan treatment inhibited the expression levels of AT1R, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the protein expression levels of IBA‑1 in morphine‑induced BV2 cells in a dose‑dependent manner. These processes may be associated with activation of the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study revealed that treatment with candesartan reduced morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via PPARγ/AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Shen
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Jixiang Yao
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Zhongmin Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
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18
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Afrose L, McDermott MV, Bhuiyan AI, Pathak SK, Bobeck EN. GPR171 activation regulates morphine tolerance but not withdrawal in a test-dependent manner in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:442-451. [PMID: 35942845 PMCID: PMC9477863 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A newly deorphanized G protein-coupled receptor, GPR171, is found to be highly expressed within the periaqueductal gray, a pain-modulating region in the brain. Our recent research has shown that a GPR171 agonist increases morphine antinociception in male mice and opioid signaling in vitro . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of combination treatment in females as well as whether chronic treatment can be used without exacerbating morphine-induced tolerance and withdrawal in female and male mice. Our results demonstrate that activation of GPR171 with an agonist attenuates morphine tolerance in both female and male mice on the tail-flick test, but not the hotplate test. Importantly, the GPR171 agonist in combination with morphine does not exacerbate morphine-induced tolerance and withdrawal during long-term morphine treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that the GPR171 agonist may be combined with morphine to maintain antinociception while reducing the dose of morphine and therefore reducing side effects and abuse liability. The outcome of this study is clearly an important step toward understanding the functional interactions between opioid receptors and GPR171 and developing safer therapeutics for long-term pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max V. McDermott
- Department of Biology
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Ashif I. Bhuiyan
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York
- Chemistry Doctoral Program
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York
- Chemistry Doctoral Program
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York
| | - Erin N. Bobeck
- Department of Biology
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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19
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Zare N, Pourhadi M, Vaseghi G, Javanmard SH. The potential interplay between Opioid and the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 45:240-252. [PMID: 36073178 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2122500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Opioids are available for the management of severe and chronic pain. However, long-term use of high-dose opioids could lead to physiologic tolerance, hyperalgesia, gastrointestinal immobility, addiction, respiratory depression, tumor progression, and inhibition of the immune system. It seems some of these adverse effects of opioids might be induced by TLR-4 signaling. OBJECTIVE The review aims to investigate the potential interplay between opioids and TLR-4 in CNS, gastrointestinal, cancer, and immune system. METHODS The search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, web of sciences, and Google scholar was performed for all relevant studies published. From a total of 513 papers obtained at the initial database search, publications including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies were selected for the review. RESULTS A comprehensive review of studies indicated that using opioids for the reduction of pain might induce adverse effects such as analgesic tolerance, hyperalgesia, cancer progression, and suppression of the immune system. Some studies have indicated these effects may be due to a change in the level of expression and signaling pathway of TLR-4. The generalizability of the results was limited due to the inconsistency of findings. CONCLUSIONS More studies are needed to clarify TLR-4-mediated opioid effects on the biology or stages of the disease as well as the role of different types of opioids, appropriate dosage, and exposure in various contexts. Designing the drug candidate and doing many formulation studies for different diseases and various stages of disease could be associated with effective treatment and pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Zare
- School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.,Clinical research Development Centre, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad university, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Marjan Pourhadi
- Applied Physiology Research Canter, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Interventional Cardiology Research Canter, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Applied Physiology Research Canter, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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20
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Wang X, Lin C, Wu S, Zhang T, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang X. Cannabidivarin alleviates neuroinflammation by targeting TLR4 co-receptor MD2 and improves morphine-mediated analgesia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929222. [PMID: 36032146 PMCID: PMC9399816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that regulates the activation of immune cells, which is a target for treating inflammation. In this study, Cannabidivarin (CBDV), an active component of Cannabis, was identified as an antagonist of TLR4. In vitro, intrinsic protein fluorescence titrations revealed that CBDV directly bound to TLR4 co-receptor myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2). Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showed that CBDV binding decreased MD2 stability, which is consistent with in silico simulations that CBDV binding increased the flexibility of the internal loop of MD2. Moreover, CBDV was found to restrain LPS-induced activation of TLR4 signaling axes of NF-κB and MAPKs, therefore blocking LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factors NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Hot plate test showed that CBDV potentiated morphine-induced antinociception. Furthermore, CBDV attenuated morphine analgesic tolerance as measured by the formalin test by specifically inhibiting chronic morphine-induced glial activation and pro-inflammatory factors expression in the nucleus accumbent. This study confirms that MD2 is a direct binding target of CBDV for the anti-neuroinflammatory effect and implies that CBDV has great translational potential in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Lin, ; Yanfang Jiang, ; Xiaohui Wang,
| | - Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Lin, ; Yanfang Jiang, ; Xiaohui Wang,
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Lin, ; Yanfang Jiang, ; Xiaohui Wang,
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21
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Gabel F, Hovhannisyan V, Berkati AK, Goumon Y. Morphine-3-Glucuronide, Physiology and Behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:882443. [PMID: 35645730 PMCID: PMC9134088 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.882443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine remains the gold standard painkiller available to date to relieve severe pain. Morphine metabolism leads to the production of two predominant metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). This metabolism involves uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which catalyze the addition of a glucuronide moiety onto the C3 or C6 position of morphine. Interestingly, M3G and M6G have been shown to be biologically active. On the one hand, M6G produces potent analgesia in rodents and humans. On the other hand, M3G provokes a state of strong excitation in rodents, characterized by thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. Its coadministration with morphine or M6G also reduces the resulting analgesia. Although these behavioral effects show quite consistency in rodents, M3G effects are much more debated in humans and the identity of the receptor(s) on which M3G acts remains unclear. Indeed, M3G has little affinity for mu opioid receptor (MOR) (on which morphine binds) and its effects are retained in the presence of naloxone or naltrexone, two non-selective MOR antagonists. Paradoxically, MOR seems to be essential to M3G effects. In contrast, several studies proposed that TLR4 could mediate M3G effects since this receptor also appears to be essential to M3G-induced hyperalgesia. This review summarizes M3G's behavioral effects and potential targets in the central nervous system, as well as the mechanisms by which it might oppose analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gabel
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Volodya Hovhannisyan
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdel-Karim Berkati
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- SMPMS, Mass Spectrometry Facilities of the CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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22
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Thomas JHL, Lui L, Abell A, Tieu W, Somogyi AA, Bajic JE, Hutchinson MR. Toll-like receptors change morphine-induced antinociception, tolerance and dependence: Studies using male and female TLR and signalling gene KO mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:71-85. [PMID: 35131445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) have been proposed as a site of action that alters opioid pharmacodynamics. However, a comprehensive assessment of acute opioid antinociception, tolerance and withdrawal behaviours in genetic null mutant strains with altered innate immune signalling has not been performed. Nor has the impact of genetic deletion of TLR2/4 on high-affinity opioid receptor binding. Here we show that diminished TLR signalling potentiates acute morphine antinociception equally in male and female mice. However, only male TIR8 null mutant mice showed reduced morphine analgesia. Analgesic tolerance was prevented in TLR2 and TLR4 null mutants, but not MyD88 animals. Withdrawal behaviours were only protected in TLR2-/- mice. In silico docking simulations revealed opioid ligands bound preferentially to the LPS binding pocket of MD-2 rather than TLR4. There was no binding of [3H](-)-naloxone or [3H]diprenorphine to TLR4 in the concentrations explored. These data confirm that opioids have high efficacy activity at innate immune pattern recognition binding sites but do not bind to TLR4 and identify critical pathway and sex-specific effects of the complex innate immune signalling contributions to opioid pharmacodynamics. These data further support the behavioural importance of the TLR-opioid interaction but fail to demonstrate direct evidence for high-affinity binding of the TLR4 signalling complex to ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H L Thomas
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Liang Lui
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew Abell
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - William Tieu
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Juliana E Bajic
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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23
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Gonçalves S, Gowler PR, Woodhams SG, Turnbull J, Hathway G, Chapman V. The challenges of treating osteoarthritis pain and opportunities for novel peripherally directed therapeutic strategies. Neuropharmacology 2022; 213:109075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Micheli L, Lucarini E, Toti A, Ferrara V, Ciampi C, Parisio C, Bartolucci G, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C. Effects of Ultramicronized N-Palmitoylethanolamine Supplementation on Tramadol and Oxycodone Analgesia and Tolerance Prevention. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020403. [PMID: 35214131 PMCID: PMC8875545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain management requires increasing doses of opioids, the milestone of painkillers, which may result in the onset of tolerance with exacerbated side effects. Maintaining stable analgesia with low doses of opioids is thus imperative. N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) is an endogenous lipid compound endowed with pain-relieving as well as anti-inflammatory properties. The ultramicronized formulation of PEA was recently demonstrated to be able to modulate morphine’s effects, delaying tolerance and improving efficacy. To evaluate the possible application to other opioids, in this study, we analysed the capacity of ultramicronized PEA to regulate analgesia and tolerance induced by oxycodone and tramadol. Pre-emptive and continuative treatment with ultramicronized PEA (30 mg kg−1, daily, per os) delayed the onset of opioid tolerance and enhanced opioid analgesia when it was acutely administered in association with tramadol (20 mg kg−1, daily, subcutaneously) or oxycodone (0.5 mg kg−1, daily, subcutaneously). Moreover, PEA exerted antinociceptive effects on tolerant rats, suggesting the use of PEA together with opioids for stable, long-lasting analgesia. To that purpose, the oxycodone dose needed to be increased from 0.3 mg kg−1 (day 1) up to 1 mg kg−1 (day 31) in the oxycodone + vehicle group; the tramadol dose was progressively enhanced from 15 mg kg−1 to 50 mg kg−1 in 31 days in the tramadol + vehicle group. Acute oral co-treatment with PEA (120 mg kg−1) achieved the same analgesia without increasing the dose of both opioids. The behavioural effects of PEA on opioid chronic treatment paralleled a decrease in astrocyte activation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (a marker of the development of opioid tolerance) and with a modulation of mRNA expression of IL-6 and serpin-A3. In conclusion, pre- and co-administration of ultramicronized PEA delayed the development of tramadol tolerance, potentiating either oxycodone or tramadol analgesia and allowing a long-lasting analgesic effect with a low opioid dose regimen. The use of PEA is suggested for clinical purposes to support the opioid-based management of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Ferrara
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2758-395
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
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25
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Somogyi AA, Musolino ST, Barratt DT. New pharmacological perspectives and therapeutic options for opioids: Differences matter. Anaesth Intensive Care 2022; 50:127-140. [PMID: 35112584 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x211063891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioids remain the major drug class for the treatment of acute, chronic and cancer pain, but have major harmful effects such as dependence and opioid-induced ventilatory impairment. Although no new typical opioids have come onto the market in the past almost 50 years, a plethora of new innovative formulations has been developed to meet the clinical need. This review is intended to shed light on new understanding of the molecular pharmacology of opioids, which has arisen largely due to the genomic revolution, and what new drugs may become available in the coming years. Atypical opioids have and are being developed which not only target the mu opioid receptor but other targets in the pain pathway. Biased mu agonists have been developed but remain 'unbiased' clinically. The contribution of drugs targeting non-mu opioid receptors either alone or as heterodimers shows potential promise but remains understudied. That gene splice variants of the mu opioid receptor produce multiple receptor isoforms in different brain regions, and may change with pain chronicity and phenotype, presents new challenges but also opportunities for precision pain medicine. Finally, that opioids also have pro-inflammatory effects not aligned with mu opioid receptor binding affinity implicates a fresh understanding of their role in chronic pain, whether cancer or non-cancer. Hopefully, a new understanding of opioid analgesic drug action may lead to new drug development and better precision medicine in acute and chronic pain relief with less patient harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stefan T Musolino
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel T Barratt
- Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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26
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Dworsky-Fried Z, Faig CA, Vogel HA, Kerr BJ, Taylor AMW. Central amygdala inflammation drives pain hypersensitivity and attenuates morphine analgesia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pain 2022; 163:e49-e61. [PMID: 33863858 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic pain is a highly prevalent symptom associated with the autoimmune disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). The central nucleus of the amygdala plays a critical role in pain processing and modulation. Neuropathic pain alters nociceptive signaling in the central amygdala, contributing to pain chronicity and opioid tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that activated microglia within the central amygdala disrupt nociceptive sensory processing and contribute to pain hypersensitivity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most frequently used animal model of MS. Male and female mice with EAE exhibited differences in microglial morphology in the central amygdala, which was associated with heat hyperalgesia, impaired morphine reward, and reduced morphine antinociception in females. Animals with EAE displayed a lack of morphine-evoked activity in cells expressing somatostatin within the central amygdala, which drive antinociception. Induction of focal microglial activation in naïve mice via injection of lipopolysaccharide into the central amygdala produced a loss of morphine analgesia in females, similar to as observed in EAE animals. Our data indicate that activated microglia within the central amygdala may contribute to the sexually dimorphic effects of morphine and may drive neuronal adaptations that lead to pain hypersensitivity in EAE. Our results provide a possible mechanism underlying the decreased efficacy of opioid analgesics in the management of MS-related pain, identifying microglial activation as a potential therapeutic target for pain symptoms in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Dworsky-Fried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christian A Faig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Holly A Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anna M W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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27
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Green JM, Sundman MH, Chou YH. Opioid-induced microglia reactivity modulates opioid reward, analgesia, and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Pati D, Kash TL. Tumor necrosis factor-α modulates GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of female mice. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:2119-2129. [PMID: 34817244 PMCID: PMC8715045 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00251.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune signaling is increasingly identified as a critical component of various illnesses, including chronic pain, substance use disorder, and depression. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), may play a role by modulating synaptic function and long-term plasticity. The midbrain structure periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a well-established role in pain processing, and although TNF-α inhibitors have emerged as a therapeutic strategy for pain-related disorders, the impact of TNF-α on PAG neuronal activity has not been thoroughly characterized. Recent studies have identified subpopulations of ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) with opposing effects on nociception, with dopamine (DA) neurons driving pain relief in contrast to GABA neurons. Therefore, we used slice physiology to examine the impact of TNF-α on neuronal activity of both these subpopulations. We focused on female mice since the PAG is a sexually dimorphic region and most studies use male subjects, limiting our understanding of mechanistic variations in females. We selectively targeted GABA and DA neurons using transgenic reporter lines. Following exposure to TNF-α, there was an increase in excitability of GABA neurons along with a reduction in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In DA neurons, TNF-α exposure resulted in a robust decrease in excitability along with a modest reduction in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Interestingly, TNF-α had no effect on inhibitory transmission onto DA neurons. Collectively, these data suggest that TNF-α differentially affects the function of GABA and DA neurons in female mice and enhances our understanding of how TNF-α-mediated signaling modulates vlPAG function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study describes the effects of TNF-α on two distinct subpopulations of neurons in the vlPAG. We show that TNF-α alters both neuronal excitability and glutamatergic synaptic transmission on GABA and dopamine neurons within the vlPAG of female mice. This provides critical new information on the role of TNF-α in the potential modulation of pain, since activation of vlPAG GABA neurons drives nociception, whereas activation of dopamine neurons drives analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanwita Pati
- 1Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thomas L. Kash
- 1Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,2Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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29
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Rahman S, Rahman ZI, Ronan PJ, Lutfy K, Bell RL. Adolescent opioid abuse: Role of glial and neuroimmune mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:147-165. [PMID: 34801168 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are widely prescribed for pain management, and prescription opioid misuse in adolescents has become a major epidemic in the United States and worldwide. Emerging data indicate that adolescence represents a critical period of brain development, and exposure to opioids during adolescence may increase the risk of addiction in adulthood. There is growing evidence that disruptions in brain glial function may be implicated in numerous chronic neuropathologies. Evidence suggests that glial mechanisms have an important role in the development and maintenance of opioid abuse and the risk for addiction. This review will describe glial and neuroimmune mechanisms involved in opioid use disorders during adolescence, which may increase substance use disorder liability later in life. Moreover, this review will identify some important neuro-glial targets, involved in opioid abuse and addiction, to develop future preventions and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.
| | - Z I Rahman
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - P J Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - K Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - R L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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30
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Interaction of Opioids with TLR4-Mechanisms and Ramifications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215274. [PMID: 34771442 PMCID: PMC8582379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent evidence indicates that opioids can be active at a receptor that is abundantly expressed on innate immune cells as well as cancer cells: the receptor is termed toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4 is increasingly recognised as playing key roles in tumour biology and anticancer defences. However, the issue of whether TLR4 mediates some of the effects of opioids on tumour growth and metastasis is entirely unknown. We review existing evidence, mechanisms, and functional consequences of the action of opioids at TLR4. This opens new avenues of research on the role of opioids in cancer. Abstract The innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is known as a sensor for the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 activation leads to a strong pro-inflammatory response in macrophages; however, it is also recognised to play a key role in cancer. Recent studies of the opioid receptor (OR)-independent actions of opioids have identified that TLR4 can respond to opioids. Opioids are reported to weakly activate TLR4, but to significantly inhibit LPS-induced TLR4 activation. The action of opioids at TLR4 is suggested to be non-stereoselective, this is because OR-inactive (+)-isomers of opioids have been shown to activate or to inhibit TLR4 signalling, although there is some controversy in the literature. While some opioids can bind to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding cleft of the Myeloid Differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) co-receptor, pharmacological characterisation of the inhibition of opioids on LPS activation of TLR4 indicates a noncompetitive mechanism. In addition to a direct interaction at the receptor, opioids affect NF-κB activation downstream of both TLR4 and opioid receptors and modulate TLR4 expression, leading to a range of in vivo outcomes. Here, we review the literature reporting the activity of opioids at TLR4, its proposed mechanism(s), and the complex functional consequences of this interaction.
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Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Activation of Primary Ciliary Signaling Contributes to the Development of Morphine Tolerance. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:575-585. [PMID: 34417054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine is used extensively in the clinical setting owing to its beneficial effects, such as pain relief; its therapeutic utility is limited because the prolonged use of morphine often results in tolerance and addiction. Astrocytes in the brain are a direct target of morphine action and play an essential role in the development of morphine tolerance. Primary cilia and the cilia-mediated sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways have been shown to play a role in drug resistance and morphine tolerance, respectively. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles as cargo-carrying vesicles mediating communication among cells and tissues. METHODS C57BL/6N mice were administered morphine for 8 days to develop tolerance, which was determined using the tail-flick and hot plate assays. EVs were separated from astrocyte-conditioned media using either size exclusion chromatography or ultracentrifugation approaches, followed by characterization of EVs using nanoparticle tracking analysis for EV size distribution and number, Western blotting for EV markers, and electron microscopy for EV morphology. Astrocytes were treated with EVs for 24 hours, followed by assessing primary cilia by fluorescent immunostaining for primary cilia markers (ARL13B and acetylated tubulin). RESULTS Morphine-tolerant mice exhibited an increase in primary cilia length and percentage of ciliated astrocytes. The levels of SHH protein were upregulated in morphine-stimulated astrocyte-derived EVs. SHH on morphine-stimulated astrocyte-derived EVs activated SHH signaling in astrocytes through primary cilia. Our in vivo study demonstrated that inhibition of either EV release or primary cilia prevents morphine tolerance in mice. CONCLUSIONS EV-mediated primary ciliogenesis contributes to the development of morphine tolerance.
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Dworsky-Fried Z, Chadwick CI, Kerr BJ, Taylor AMW. Multiple Sclerosis and the Endogenous Opioid System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:741503. [PMID: 34602975 PMCID: PMC8484329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.741503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, neuronal degeneration and demyelinating lesions within the central nervous system. The mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis and progression of MS are not fully known and current therapies have limited efficacy. Preclinical investigations using the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, as well as clinical observations in patients with MS, provide converging lines of evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system in the pathogenesis of this disease. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that endogenous opioid peptides, binding μ- (MOR), κ- (KOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR), function as immunomodulatory molecules within both the immune and nervous systems. The endogenous opioid system is also well known to play a role in the development of chronic pain and negative affect, both of which are common comorbidities in MS. As such, dysregulation of the opioid system may be a mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of MS and associated symptoms. Here, we review the evidence for a connection between the endogenous opioid system and MS. We further explore the mechanisms by which opioidergic signaling might contribute to the pathophysiology and symptomatology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Dworsky-Fried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caylin I. Chadwick
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J. Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anna M. W. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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33
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Morphine promotes microglial activation by upregulating the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256870. [PMID: 34520454 PMCID: PMC8439491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although they represent the cornerstone of analgesic therapy, opioids, such as morphine, are limited in efficacy by drug tolerance, hyperalgesia and other side effects. Activation of microglia and the consequent production of proinflammatory cytokines play a key pathogenic role in morphine tolerance, but the exact mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on microglial activation induced by morphine in mouse microglial BV-2 cells. In this research, BV-2 cells were stimulated with morphine or pretreated with AG1478 (an inhibitor of EGFR). Expression levels of cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b), EGFR, and phospho-EGFR were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Cell signaling was assayed by Western blot. The migration ability of BV-2 cells was tested by Transwell assay. The production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the cell supernatant was determined by ELISA. We observed that the expression of CD11b induced by morphine was increased in a dose- and time- dependent manner in BV-2 cells. Phosphorylation levels of EGFR and ERK1/2, migration of BV-2 cells, and production of IL-1β and TNFα were markedly enhanced by morphine treatment. The activation, migration, and production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells were inhibited by blocking the EGFR signaling pathway with AG1478. The present study demonstrated that the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway may represent a novel pharmacological strategy to suppress morphine tolerance through attenuation of microglial activation.
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Ram A, Edwards T, McCarty A, Afrose L, McDermott MV, Bobeck EN. GPR171 Agonist Reduces Chronic Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain in Male, But Not Female Mice. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:695396. [PMID: 35295419 PMCID: PMC8915562 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.695396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a growing public health crisis that requires exigent and efficacious therapeutics. GPR171 is a promising therapeutic target that is widely expressed through the brain, including within the descending pain modulatory regions. Here, we explore the therapeutic potential of the GPR171 agonist, MS15203, in its ability to alleviate chronic pain in male and female mice using a once-daily systemic dose (10 mg/kg, i.p.) of MS15203 over the course of 5 days. We found that in our models of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), MS15203 did not alleviate thermal hypersensitivity and allodynia, respectively, in female mice. On the other hand, MS15203 treatment decreased the duration of thermal hypersensitivity in CFA-treated male mice following 3 days of once-daily administration. MS15203 treatment also produced an improvement in allodynia in male mice, but not female mice, in neuropathic pain after 5 days of treatment. Gene expression of GPR171 and that of its endogenous ligand BigLEN, encoded by the gene PCSK1N, were unaltered within the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in both male and female mice following inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, following neuropathic pain in male mice, the protein levels of GPR171 were decreased in the PAG. Treatment with MS15203 then rescued the protein levels of GPR171 in the PAG of these mice. Taken together, our results identify GPR171 as a GPCR that displays sexual dimorphism in alleviation of chronic pain. Further, our results suggest that GPR171 and MS15203 have demonstrable therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Ram
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Taylor Edwards
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Ashley McCarty
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Leela Afrose
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Max V. McDermott
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Erin N. Bobeck
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Zhang L, Roy S. Opioid Modulation of the Gut-Brain Axis in Opioid-Associated Comorbidities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a040485. [PMID: 32816876 PMCID: PMC8415294 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from animal and human studies show that opioids have a major impact on the composition and function of gut microbiota. This leads to disruption in gut permeability and altered microbial metabolites, driving both systemic and neuroinflammation, which in turn impacts central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Tolerance and dependence are the major comorbidities associated with prolonged opioid use. Inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways have been implicated in both opioid tolerance and dependence. We provide evidence that targeting the gut microbiome during opioid use through prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation holds the greatest promise for novel treatments for opioid abuse. Basic research and clinical trials are required to examine what is more efficacious to yield new insights into the role of the gut-brain axis in opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota McGuire Translational Research Facility, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota McGuire Translational Research Facility, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33153, USA
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Woodford KB. Casomorphins and Gliadorphins Have Diverse Systemic Effects Spanning Gut, Brain and Internal Organs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157911. [PMID: 34360205 PMCID: PMC8345738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Food-derived opioid peptides include digestive products derived from cereal and dairy diets. If these opioid peptides breach the intestinal barrier, typically linked to permeability and constrained biosynthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), they can attach to opioid receptors. The widespread presence of opioid receptors spanning gut, brain, and internal organs is fundamental to the diverse and systemic effects of food-derived opioids, with effects being evidential across many health conditions. However, manifestation delays following low-intensity long-term exposure create major challenges for clinical trials. Accordingly, it has been easiest to demonstrate causal relationships in digestion-based research where some impacts occur rapidly. Within this environment, the role of the microbiome is evidential but challenging to further elucidate, with microbiome effects ranging across gut-condition indicators and modulators, and potentially as systemic causal factors. Elucidation requires a systemic framework that acknowledges that public-health effects of food-derived opioids are complex with varying genetic susceptibility and confounding factors, together with system-wide interactions and feedbacks. The specific role of the microbiome within this puzzle remains a medical frontier. The easiest albeit challenging nutritional strategy to modify risk is reduced intake of foods containing embedded opioids. In future, constituent modification within specific foods to reduce embedded opioids may become feasible.
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Zhou J, Ma R, Jin Y, Fang J, Du J, Shao X, Liang Y, Fang J. Molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance: From opioid receptors to inflammatory mediators (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1004. [PMID: 34345286 PMCID: PMC8311239 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are considered the most effective analgesics for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. However, prolonged opioid use can induce a certain level of tolerance to its analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in its effectiveness, addiction and abuse. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance may provide insights into this phenomenon and aid in the development of novel methods to combat the side effects of opioid tolerance. The present review focused on two major contributors to tolerance, opioid receptors and inflammatory mediators. The molecular mechanisms involved in the desensitization of the opioid receptors were briefly described, including their phosphorylation, internalisation and recycling. Subsequently, the effects of Toll like receptor 4/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3-mediated proinflammatory responses in opioid tolerance were discussed, aiming in supporting the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Junfan Fang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Junying Du
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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Lucerne KE, Osman A, Meckel KR, Kiraly DD. Contributions of neuroimmune and gut-brain signaling to vulnerability of developing substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108598. [PMID: 33965398 PMCID: PMC8220934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology and clinical research indicate that only a subset of people who are exposed to drugs of abuse will go on to develop a substance use disorder. Numerous factors impact individual susceptibility to developing a substance use disorder, including intrinsic biological factors, environmental factors, and interpersonal/social factors. Given the extensive morbidity and mortality that is wrought as a consequence of substance use disorders, a substantial body of research has focused on understanding the risk factors that mediate the shift from initial drug use to pathological drug use. Understanding these risk factors provides a clear path for the development of risk mitigation strategies to help reduce the burden of substance use disorders in the population. Here we will review the rapidly growing body of literature that examines the importance of interactions between the peripheral immune system, the gut microbiome, and the central nervous system (CNS) in mediating the transition to pathological drug use. While these systems had long been viewed as distinct, there is growing evidence that there is bidirectional communication between both the immune system and the gut microbiome that drive changes in neural and behavioral plasticity relevant to substance use disorders. Further, both of these systems are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations and are implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric conditions. While the field of study examining these interactions in substance use disorders is in its relative infancy, clarifying the relationship between gut-immune-brain signaling and substance use disorders has potential to improve our understanding of individual propensity to developing addiction and yield important insight into potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lucerne
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aya Osman
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine R Meckel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Drew D Kiraly
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Jiang S, Xia R, Yan L, Bai J. Successful Reversal of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Allodynia with Duloxetine. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:1010-1012. [PMID: 32594130 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Psychology Clinic), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P R China
| | - Rong Xia
- Department of Internal Medicine (Psychology Clinic), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P R China
| | - Lihui Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pain Clinic), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P R China
| | - Jinghui Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine (VIP Ward), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P R China
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40
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Pantazis CB, Gonzalez LA, Tunstall BJ, Carmack SA, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF. Cues conditioned to withdrawal and negative reinforcement: Neglected but key motivational elements driving opioid addiction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/15/eabf0364. [PMID: 33827822 PMCID: PMC8026136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating disorder that affects millions of people. Neutral cues can acquire motivational properties when paired with the positive emotional effects of drug intoxication to stimulate relapse. However, much less research has been devoted to cues that become conditioned to the aversive effects of opioid withdrawal. We argue that environmental stimuli promote motivation for opioids when cues are paired with withdrawal (conditioned withdrawal) and generate opioid consumption to terminate conditioned withdrawal (conditioned negative reinforcement). We review evidence that cues associated with pain drive opioid consumption, as patients with chronic pain may misuse opioids to escape physical and emotional pain. We highlight sex differences in withdrawal-induced stress reactivity and withdrawal cue processing and discuss neurocircuitry that may underlie withdrawal cue processing in dependent individuals. These studies highlight the importance of studying cues associated with withdrawal in dependent individuals and point to areas for exploration in OUD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Pantazis
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Luis A Gonzalez
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Carmack
- Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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41
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Kumar M, Rainville JR, Williams K, Lile JA, Hodes GE, Vassoler FM, Turner JR. Sexually dimorphic neuroimmune response to chronic opioid treatment and withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108469. [PMID: 33485944 PMCID: PMC7988821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Increasing pre-clinical and clinical evidence demonstrates sex differences in opioid use and dependence. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to these effects, including neuroinflammation, are still obscure. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of oxycodone exposure and withdrawal on sex- and region-specific neuroimmune response. Real-time PCR and multiplex cytokine array analysis demonstrated elevated neuroinflammation with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and aberrant oligodendroglial response in reward neurocircuitry, following withdrawal from chronic oxycodone treatment. Chronic oxycodone and withdrawal treated male mice had lower mRNA expression of TMEM119 along with elevated protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and growth factors (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12, IL-15, IL17, M-CSF, VEGF) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as compared to their female counterparts. In contrast, reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12, CCL11) was observed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of oxycodone and withdrawal-treated males as compared to female mice. No treatment specific effects were observed on the mRNA expression of putative microglial activation markers (Iba1, CD68), but an overall sex specific decrease in the mRNA expression of Iba1 and CD68 was found in the PFC and NAc of male mice as compared to females. Moreover, a sex and region-specific increase in the mRNA levels of oligodendrocyte lineage markers (NG2, Sox10) was also observed in oxycodone and withdrawal treated animals. These findings may open a new avenue for the development of sex-specific precision therapeutics for opioid dependence by targeting region-specific neuroimmune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer R Rainville
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, School of Neuroscience, VA, USA
| | - Kori Williams
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, KY, USA
| | - Joshua A Lile
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, KY, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, School of Neuroscience, VA, USA
| | - Fair M Vassoler
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, KY, USA.
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Wang H, Huang M, Wang W, Zhang Y, Ma X, Luo L, Xu X, Xu L, Shi H, Xu Y, Wang A, Xu T. Microglial TLR4-induced TAK1 phosphorylation and NLRP3 activation mediates neuroinflammation and contributes to chronic morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105482. [PMID: 33549727 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this work was to investigate the role and signal transduction of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in microglial in the development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance. METHODS TLR4 and NLRP3 knockout mice and 5Z-7-oxozeaeno (a selective inhibitor against TAK1 activity) were used to observe their effect on the development of morphine tolerance. Intrathecal injections of morphine (0.75 mg/kg once daily for 7 days) were used to establish anti-nociceptive tolerance, which was measured by the tail-flick test. Spinal TLR4, TAK1, and NLRP3 expression levels and phosphorylation of TAK1 were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Repeated treatment with morphine increased total expression of spinal TLR4, TAK1, and NLRP3 and phosphorylation of TAK1 in wild-type mice. TLR4 knockout attenuated morphine-induced tolerance and inhibited the chronic morphine-induced increase in NLRP3 and phosphorylation of TAK1. Compared with controls, mice that received 5Z-7-oxozeaenol showed decreased development of morphine tolerance and inhibition on repeated morphine-induced increase of NLRP3 but not TLR4. NLRP3 knockout mice showed resistance to morphine-induced analgesic tolerance with no effect on chronic morphine-induced expression of TLR4 and TAK1. TLR4, TAK1, and NLRP3 were collectively co-localized together and with the microglia marker Iba1. CONCLUSIONS Microglial TLR4 regulates TAK1 expression and phosphorylation and results in NLRP3 activation contributes to the development of morphine tolerance through regulating neuroinflammation. Targeting TLR4-TAK1-NLRP3 signaling to regulate neuro-inflammation will be alternative therapeutics and strategies for chronic morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong 226300, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Limin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Heart Health Center, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongming Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong 226300, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Midavaine É, Côté J, Marchand S, Sarret P. Glial and neuroimmune cell choreography in sexually dimorphic pain signaling. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:168-192. [PMID: 33582232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major global health issue that affects all populations regardless of sex, age, ethnicity/race, or country of origin, leading to persistent physical and emotional distress and to the loss of patients' autonomy and quality of life. Despite tremendous efforts in the elucidation of the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic pain, the identification of new potential pain targets, and the development of novel analgesics, the pharmacological treatment options available for pain management remain limited, and most novel pain medications have failed to achieve advanced clinical development, leaving many patients with unbearable and undermanaged pain. Sex-specific susceptibility to chronic pain conditions as well as sex differences in pain sensitivity, pain tolerance and analgesic efficacy are increasingly recognized in the literature and have thus prompted scientists to seek mechanistic explanations. Hence, recent findings have highlighted that the signaling mechanisms underlying pain hypersensitivity are sexually dimorphic, which sheds light on the importance of conducting preclinical and clinical pain research on both sexes and of developing sex-specific pain medications. This review thus focuses on the clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the existence of sex differences in pain neurobiology. Attention is drawn to the sexually dimorphic role of glial and immune cells, which are both recognized as key players in neuroglial maladaptive plasticity at the origin of the transition from acute pain to chronic pathological pain. Growing evidence notably attributes to microglial cells a pivotal role in the sexually dimorphic pain phenotype and in the sexually dimorphic analgesic efficacy of opioids. This review also summarizes the recent advances in understanding the pathobiology underpinning the development of pain hypersensitivity in both males and females in different types of pain conditions, with particular emphasis on the mechanistic signaling pathways driving sexually dimorphic pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Marchand
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Wu R, Li JX. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling and Drug Addiction. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:603445. [PMID: 33424612 PMCID: PMC7793839 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emphasis of neuronal alterations and adaptations have long been the main focus of the studies of the mechanistic underpinnings of drug addiction. Recent studies have begun to appreciate the role of innate immune system, especially toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in drug reward-associated behaviors and physiology. Drugs like opioids, alcohol and psychostimulants activate TLR4 signaling and subsequently induce proinflammatory responses, which in turn contributes to the development of drug addiction. Inhibition of TLR4 or its downstream effectors attenuated the reinforcing effects of opioids, alcohol and psychostimulants, and this effect is also involved in the withdrawal and relapse-like behaviors of different drug classes. However, conflicting results also argue that TLR4-related immune response may play a minimal part in drug addiction. This review discussed the preclinical evidence that whether TLR4 signaling is involved in multiple drug classes action and the possible mechanisms underlying this effect. Moreover, clinical studies which examined the potential efficacy of immune-base pharmacotherapies in treating drug addiction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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45
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Lucerne KE, Kiraly DD. The role of gut-immune-brain signaling in substance use disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 157:311-370. [PMID: 33648673 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions that exact enormous costs in terms of loss of life and individual suffering. While much progress has been made defining the neurocircuitry and intracellular signaling cascades that contribute to SUDs, these studies have yielded limited effective treatment options. This has prompted greater exploration of non-traditional targets in addiction. Emerging data suggest inputs from peripheral systems, such as the immune system and the gut microbiome, impact multiple neuropsychiatric diseases, including SUDs. Until recently the gut microbiome, peripheral immune system, and the CNS have been studied independently; however, current work shows the gut microbiome and immune system critically interact to modulate brain function. Additionally, the gut microbiome and immune system intimately regulate one another via extensive bidirectional communication. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for gut-immune-brain communication in the pathogenesis of substance use disorders. Thus, a better understanding of gut-immune-brain signaling could yield important insight to addiction pathology and potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lucerne
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Drew D Kiraly
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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Zhang P, Bu J, Wu X, Deng L, Chi M, Ma C, Shi X, Wang G. Upregulation of μ-Opioid Receptor in the Rat Spinal Cord Contributes to the α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Dexmedetomidine-Induced Attenuation of Chronic Morphine Tolerance in Cancer Pain. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2617-2627. [PMID: 33116804 PMCID: PMC7573317 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s274225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sustained morphine treatment for cancer pain has been limited due to analgesic tolerance. Opioid receptor internalization and desensitization mediated by downregulation of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) expression have been confirmed as one of the mechanisms of chronic morphine tolerance. In addition to the opiate system, the α2-adrenergic system is involved in the development of morphine tolerance. Several studies reported that co-administration of α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine inhibits morphine tolerance in normal or neuropathic pain animals. However, the effect of dexmedetomidine on morphine tolerance has not been studied in cancer pain. Therefore, we investigated the effect of intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine on the development of morphine tolerance in cancer pain and on the expression of MOR in the spinal cord of morphine-tolerant cancer pain rats. Methods The model was established using a rat’s right hind paw injection of Walker 256 cancer cells. Subcutaneous morphine (10mg/kg) was administrated twice daily for 7 days; meanwhile, the rats received intrathecal α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine (10μ/kg) or antagonist MK-467 (0.25mg/kg) in test groups. Rats receiving drug vehicle served as the control group. Antinociception was detected by von Frey filaments and hot-plate tests. The expression of MOR in the spinal cord was examined through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The data were analyzed via analysis of variance followed by Student t-test with Bonferroni correction. Results Seven-day chronic morphine administration elicited notable analgesic tolerance in the rats with cancer pain. Co-administration of α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine enhanced morphine analgesia and attenuated morphine tolerance, which could be blocked by α2-adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467. Furthermore, pre-treatment of dexmedetomidine significantly upregulated MOR protein expression without a notable change in MOR mRNA expression in the spinal cord. Conclusion Our findings suggest that intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine enhanced morphine analgesia and attenuated morphine tolerance in cancer pain, potentially by upregulating MOR expression in the spinal cord. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist may provide a more versatile analgesia option for morphine treatment for cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlong Bu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoding Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guonian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Małkiewicz MA, Małecki A, Toborek M, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ. Substances of abuse and the blood brain barrier: Interactions with physical exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:204-216. [PMID: 33038347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders pose a common medical, social and financial problem. Among the pathomechanisms of substance use disorders, the disruption and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier has been recently revealed. Physical exercise appears to be a relatively inexpensive and feasible way to implement behavioral therapy counteracting the blood-brain barrier impairment. Concomitantly, there are also studies supporting a potential protective role of selected substances of abuse in maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity. In this review, we aim to provide a summary on the modulatory influence of physical exercise, a non-pharmacological intervention, on the blood-brain barrier alterations caused by substances of abuse. Further studies are needed to understand the precise mechanisms that underlie various effects of physical exercise in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Toborek
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma X, Wang W, Xu X, Huang M, Xu L, Shi H, Yuan T, Jiang W, Wang A, Xu T. Spinal TLR4/P2X7 Receptor-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Contributes to the Development of Tolerance to Morphine-Induced Antinociception. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:571-582. [PMID: 33061523 PMCID: PMC7522404 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s266995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term use of morphine induces antinociceptive tolerance and limits its clinical efficacy. Neuroinflammation in the spinal cord is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of morphine tolerance. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) are key modulators of neuroinflammation. Recent studies show that the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome play a crucial role in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Thus far, the mechanism underlying NLRP3 inflammasome activation during morphine-induced tolerance is not yet fully understood. Therefore, we sought to investigate the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its role in the development of morphine-induced tolerance. Methods Repeated morphine treatment through intrathecal injection (15 μg once daily for 7 days) was given to establish antinociceptive tolerance in mice. Tail-flick latency was used to evaluate morphine-induced antinociception. NLRP3 knockout mice were used to assess the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in morphine tolerance. TLR4 knockout mice and A438079, a P2X7R antagonist, were used to assess the role of TLR4 and P2X7R in chronic morphine-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used for quantitative comparison. Results Repeated morphine treatment increased the expression of NLRP3. Knockout of NLRP3 attenuated morphine-induced tolerance and suppressed morphine-induced activation of microglia. Knockout of TLR4 alleviated morphine tolerance and chronic morphine-induced upregulation of spinal NLRP3. Inhibition of spinal P2X7R with A438079 not only prevented the development of morphine-induced tolerance but also inhibited repeated morphine treatment-induced upregulation of spinal NLRP3. Furthermore, spinal NLRP3, TLR4 and P2X7R were collectively colocalized with the microglia marker Iba1. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia plays a crucial role in morphine tolerance and that both TLR4- and P2X7R-dependent pathways are required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation over the course of the development of morphine-induced tolerance. Our results provide a new perspective for the targeted treatment of morphine-induced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Heart Health Center, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong 226300, People's Republic of China
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Antinociception induced by artemisinin nanocapsule in a model of postoperative pain via spinal TLR4 inhibition. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1537-1551. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fundamental sex differences in morphine withdrawal-induced neuronal plasticity. Pain 2020; 161:2022-2034. [PMID: 32345917 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Withdrawal from systemic opioids can induce long-term potentiation (LTP) at spinal C-fibre synapses ("opioid-withdrawal-LTP"). This is considered to be a cellular mechanism underlying opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, which is a major symptom of the opioid withdrawal syndrome. Opioids can activate glial cells leading to the release of proinflammatory mediators. These may influence synaptic plasticity and could thus contribute to opioid-withdrawal-LTP. Here, we report a sexual dimorphism in the mechanisms of morphine-withdrawal-LTP in adult rats. We recorded C-fibre-evoked field potentials in the spinal cord dorsal horn from deeply anaesthetised male and female rats. In both sexes, we induced a robust LTP through withdrawal from systemic morphine infusion (8 mg·kg-1 bolus, followed by a 1-hour infusion at a rate of 14 mg·kg-1·h-1). This paradigm also induced mechanical hypersensitivity of similar magnitude in both sexes. In male rats, systemic but not spinal application of (-)naloxone blocked the induction of morphine-withdrawal-LTP, suggesting the involvement of descending pronociceptive pathways. Furthermore, we showed that in male rats, the induction of morphine-withdrawal-LTP required the activation of spinal astrocytes and the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1. In striking contrast, in female rats, the induction of morphine-withdrawal-LTP was independent of spinal glial cells. Instead, blocking µ-opioid receptors in the spinal cord was sufficient to prevent a facilitation of synaptic strength. Our study revealed fundamental sex differences in the mechanisms underlying morphine-withdrawal-LTP at C-fibre synapses: supraspinal and gliogenic mechanisms in males and a spinal, glial cell-independent mechanism in females.
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