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Pelletier OB, Brunori G, Wang Y, Robishaw JD. Post-transcriptional regulation and subcellular localization of G-protein γ7 subunit: implications for striatal function and behavioral responses to cocaine. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1394659. [PMID: 38764487 PMCID: PMC11100332 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1394659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The striatal D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) and A2a adenosine receptor (A2aR) signaling pathways play important roles in drug-related behaviors. These receptors activate the Golf protein comprised of a specific combination of αolfβ2γ7 subunits. During assembly, the γ7 subunit sets the cellular level of the Golf protein. In turn, the amount of Golf protein determines the collective output from both D1R and A2aR signaling pathways. This study shows the Gng7 gene encodes multiple γ7 transcripts differing only in their non-coding regions. In striatum, Transcript 1 is the predominant isoform. Preferentially expressed in the neuropil, Transcript 1 is localized in dendrites where it undergoes post-transcriptional regulation mediated by regulatory elements in its 3' untranslated region that contribute to translational suppression of the γ7 protein. Earlier studies on gene-targeted mice demonstrated loss of γ7 protein disrupts assembly of the Golf protein. In the current study, morphological analysis reveals the loss of the Golf protein is associated with altered dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons. Finally, behavioral analysis of conditional knockout mice with cell-specific deletion of the γ7 protein in distinct populations of medium spiny neurons reveals differential roles of the Golf protein in mediating behavioral responses to cocaine. Altogether, these findings provide a better understanding of the regulation of γ7 protein expression, its impact on Golf function, and point to a new potential target and mechanisms for treating addiction and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver B. Pelletier
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Gloria Brunori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Yingcai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Janet D. Robishaw
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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2
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Bao S, Romero JM, Belfort BD, Arenkiel BR. Signaling mechanisms underlying activity-dependent integration of adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb. Genesis 2024; 62:e23595. [PMID: 38553878 PMCID: PMC10987073 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has fascinated the field of neuroscience for decades given the prospects of harnessing mechanisms that facilitate the rewiring and/or replacement of adult brain tissue. The subgranular zone of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle are the two main areas in the brain that exhibit ongoing neurogenesis. Of these, adult-born neurons within the olfactory bulb have proven to be a powerful model for studying circuit plasticity, providing a broad and accessible avenue into neuron development, migration, and continued circuit integration within adult brain tissue. This review focuses on some of the recognized molecular and signaling mechanisms underlying activity-dependent adult-born neuron development. Notably, olfactory activity and behavioral states contribute to adult-born neuron plasticity through sensory and centrifugal inputs, in which calcium-dependent transcriptional programs, local translation, and neuropeptide signaling play important roles. This review also highlights areas of needed continued investigation to better understand the remarkable phenomenon of adult-born neuron integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Bao
- Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Juan M. Romero
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin D.W. Belfort
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Wang M, Fan J, Shao Z. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Subcellular Specificity. Brain Sci 2024; 14:155. [PMID: 38391729 PMCID: PMC10886843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are essential for neuronal information storage and relay. The synaptic signal received or sent from spatially distinct subcellular compartments often generates different outcomes due to the distance or physical property difference. Therefore, the final output of postsynaptic neurons is determined not only by the type and intensity of synaptic inputs but also by the synaptic subcellular location. How synaptic subcellular specificity is determined has long been the focus of study in the neurodevelopment field. Genetic studies from invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have uncovered important molecular and cellular mechanisms required for subcellular specificity. Interestingly, similar molecular mechanisms were found in the mammalian cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. This review summarizes the comprehensive advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic subcellular specificity, focusing on studies from C. elegans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiale Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Flores CC, Pasetto NA, Wang H, Dimitrov A, Davis JF, Jiang Z, Davis CJ, Gerstner JR. Identification of sleep and circadian alternative polyadenylation sites associated with APA-linked human brain disorders. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3867797. [PMID: 38313253 PMCID: PMC10836116 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867797/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are comorbid features of many pathologies and can negatively influence numerous health conditions, including degenerative diseases, metabolic illnesses, cancer, and various neurological disorders. Genetic association studies linking sleep and circadian disturbances with disease susceptibility have mainly focused on changes in gene expression due to mutations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Thus, associations between sleep and/or circadian rhythm and alternative polyadenylation (APA), particularly in the context of other health challenges, are largely undescribed. APA is a process that generates various transcript isoforms from the same gene, resulting in effects on mRNA translation, stability, localization, and subsequent function. Here, we have identified unique APAs in rat brain that exhibit time-of-day-dependent oscillations in expression as well as APAs that are altered by sleep deprivation and the subsequent recovery period. Genes affected by APA usage include Mapt/Tau, Ntrk2, Homer1A, Sin3band Sorl. Sorl1 has two APAs which cycle with a 24 h period, one additional APA cycles with a 12 h period and one more that is reduced during recovery sleep. Finally, we compared sleep- or circadian-associated APAs with recently described APA-linked brain disorder susceptibility genes and found 46 genes in common.
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Kołosowska KA, Schratt G, Winterer J. microRNA-dependent regulation of gene expression in GABAergic interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1188574. [PMID: 37213213 PMCID: PMC10196030 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1188574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Information processing within neuronal circuits relies on their proper development and a balanced interplay between principal and local inhibitory interneurons within those circuits. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory interneurons are a remarkably heterogeneous population, comprising subclasses based on their morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular features, with differential connectivity and activity patterns. microRNA (miRNA)-dependent post-transcriptional control of gene expression represents an important regulatory mechanism for neuronal development and plasticity. miRNAs are a large group of small non-coding RNAs (21-24 nucleotides) acting as negative regulators of mRNA translation and stability. However, while miRNA-dependent gene regulation in principal neurons has been described heretofore in several studies, an understanding of the role of miRNAs in inhibitory interneurons is only beginning to emerge. Recent research demonstrated that miRNAs are differentially expressed in interneuron subclasses, are vitally important for migration, maturation, and survival of interneurons during embryonic development and are crucial for cognitive function and memory formation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding miRNA-dependent regulation of gene expression in interneuron development and function. We aim to shed light onto mechanisms by which miRNAs in GABAergic interneurons contribute to sculpting neuronal circuits, and how their dysregulation may underlie the emergence of numerous neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Schratt
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Winterer
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jochen Winterer,
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6
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Li H, Gavis ER. The Drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein modulates the neuronal cytoskeleton to limit dendritic arborization. Development 2022; 149:275257. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Dendritic arbor development is a complex, highly regulated process. Post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins plays an important role in neuronal dendrite morphogenesis by delivering on-site, on-demand protein synthesis. Here, we show how the Drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a conserved RNA-binding protein, limits dendrite branching to ensure proper neuronal function during larval sensory neuron development. FMRP knockdown causes increased dendritic terminal branch growth and a resulting overelaboration defect due, in part, to altered microtubule stability and dynamics. FMRP also controls dendrite outgrowth by regulating the Drosophila profilin homolog chickadee (chic). FMRP colocalizes with chic mRNA in dendritic granules and regulates its dendritic localization and protein expression. Whereas RNA-binding domains KH1 and KH2 are both crucial for FMRP-mediated dendritic regulation, KH2 specifically is required for FMRP granule formation and chic mRNA association, suggesting a link between dendritic FMRP granules and FMRP function in dendrite elaboration. Our studies implicate FMRP-mediated modulation of both the neuronal microtubule and actin cytoskeletons in multidendritic neuronal architecture, and provide molecular insight into FMRP granule formation and its relevance to FMRP function in dendritic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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7
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DeChellis-Marks MR, Wei Y, Ding Y, Wolfe CM, Krivinko JM, MacDonald ML, Lopez OL, Sweet RA, Kofler J. Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease Is Associated With Increased Excitatory Neuron Vulnerability and Post-transcriptional Mechanisms Altering Synaptic Protein Levels. Front Neurol 2022; 13:778419. [PMID: 35309563 PMCID: PMC8925864 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.778419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease with psychosis (AD+P) is a heritable phenotypic variant of the disease which is associated with more rapid cognitive deterioration compared to Alzheimer's disease without psychosis (AD–P). Cognitive decline in AD correlates with synapse loss, and our previous studies suggest that those with AD+P have a differentially affected synaptic proteome relative to those with AD–P. In this study, we utilized RNA-sequencing of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in a cohort of 80 AD cases to evaluate novel transcriptomic signatures that may confer risk of psychosis in AD. We found that AD+P was associated with a 9% reduction in excitatory neuron proportion compared to AD–P [Mean (SD) AD+P 0.295 (0.061); AD–P 0.324 (0.052), p = 0.026]. mRNA levels contributed only modestly to altered synaptic proteins in AD+P relative to AD–P. Instead, network analysis identified altered expression of gene modules from protein ubiquitination, unfolded protein response, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways in AD+P. We previously found that neuropathologies account for ~18% of the variance in the occurrence of psychosis in AD. Further inclusion of cell type proportions and differentially expressed modules increased the percent of the variance in psychosis occurrence accounted for in our AD cohort to 67.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cody M. Wolfe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joshua M. Krivinko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Sweet
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Cho I, Chang JB. Simultaneous expansion microscopy imaging of proteins and mRNAs via dual-ExM. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3360. [PMID: 35233025 PMCID: PMC8888644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous nanoscale imaging of mRNAs and proteins of the same specimen can provide better information on the translational regulation, molecular trafficking, and molecular interaction of both normal and diseased biological systems. Expansion microscopy (ExM) is an attractive option to achieve such imaging; however, simultaneous ExM imaging of proteins and mRNAs has not been demonstrated. Here, a technique for simultaneous ExM imaging of proteins and mRNAs in cultured cells and tissue slices, which we termed dual-expansion microscopy (dual-ExM), is demonstrated. First, we verified a protocol for the simultaneous labeling of proteins and mRNAs. Second, we combined the simultaneous labeling protocol with ExM to enable the simultaneous ExM imaging of proteins and mRNAs in cultured cells and mouse brain slices and quantitatively study the degree of signal retention after expansion. After expansion, both proteins and mRNAs can be visualized with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit of light in three dimensions. Dual-ExM is a versatile tool to study complex biological systems, such as the brain or tumor microenvironments, at a nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Byum Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Pichon X, Moissoglu K, Coleno E, Wang T, Imbert A, Robert MC, Peter M, Chouaib R, Walter T, Mueller F, Zibara K, Bertrand E, Mili S. The kinesin KIF1C transports APC-dependent mRNAs to cell protrusions. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:1528-1544. [PMID: 34493599 PMCID: PMC8594469 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078576.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
RNA localization and local translation are important for numerous cellular functions. In mammals, a class of mRNAs localize to cytoplasmic protrusions in an APC-dependent manner, with roles during cell migration. Here, we investigated this localization mechanism. We found that the KIF1C motor interacts with APC-dependent mRNAs and is required for their localization. Live cell imaging revealed rapid, active transport of single mRNAs over long distances that requires both microtubules and KIF1C. Two-color imaging directly revealed single mRNAs transported by single KIF1C motors, with the 3'UTR being sufficient to trigger KIF1C-dependent RNA transport and localization. Moreover, KIF1C remained associated with peripheral, multimeric RNA clusters and was required for their formation. These results reveal a widespread RNA transport pathway in mammalian cells, in which the KIF1C motor has a dual role in transporting RNAs and clustering them within cytoplasmic protrusions. Interestingly, KIF1C also transports its own mRNA, suggesting a possible feedback loop acting at the level of mRNA transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pichon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Konstadinos Moissoglu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Emeline Coleno
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Arthur Imbert
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
- Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex, France
- INSERM, U900, 75248 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Robert
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Peter
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Racha Chouaib
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Walter
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
- Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex, France
- INSERM, U900, 75248 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Florian Mueller
- Unité Imagerie et Modélisation, Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3691, 75015 Paris, France
- C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS - Paris, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- ER045, PRASE, DSST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Stavroula Mili
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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10
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Begenisic T, Pavese C, Aiachini B, Nardone A, Rossi D. Dynamics of biomarkers across the stages of traumatic spinal cord injury - implications for neural plasticity and repair. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:339-366. [PMID: 34657853 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex medical condition causing significant physical disability and psychological distress. While the adult spinal cord is characterized by poor regenerative potential, some recovery of neurological function is still possible through activation of neural plasticity mechanisms. We still have limited knowledge about the activation of these mechanisms in the different stages after human SCI. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the potential role of biomarkers of SCI as indicators of the plasticity mechanisms at work during the different phases of SCI. METHODS An extensive review of literature related to SCI pathophysiology, neural plasticity and humoral biomarkers was conducted by consulting the PubMed database. Research and review articles from SCI animal models and SCI clinical trials published in English until January 2021 were reviewed. The selection of candidates for humoral biomarkers of plasticity after SCI was based on the following criteria: 1) strong evidence supporting involvement in neural plasticity (mandatory); 2) evidence supporting altered expression after SCI (optional). RESULTS Based on selected findings, we identified two main groups of potential humoral biomarkers of neural plasticity after SCI: 1) neurotrophic factors including: Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Neurotrofin-3 (NT-3), and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); 2) other factors including: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), and MicroRNAs (miRNAs). Plasticity changes associated with these biomarkers often can be both adaptive (promoting functional improvement) and maladaptive. This dual role seems to be influenced by their concentrations and time-window during SCI. CONCLUSIONS Further studies of dynamics of biomarkers across the stages of SCI are necessary to elucidate the way in which they reflect the remodeling of neural pathways. A better knowledge about the mechanisms underlying plasticity could guide the selection of more appropriate therapeutic strategies to enhance positive spinal network reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Begenisic
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavese
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Aiachini
- Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Bin Ibrahim MZ, Benoy A, Sajikumar S. Long-term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and 'tagging' between synapses. FEBS J 2021; 289:2176-2201. [PMID: 34109726 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapses between neurons are malleable biochemical structures, strengthening and diminishing over time dependent on the type of information they receive. This phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory, and its different forms, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), perform varied cognitive roles in reinforcement, relearning and associating memories. Moreover, both LTP and LTD can exist in an early transient form (early-LTP/LTD) or a late persistent form (late-LTP/LTD), which are triggered by different induction protocols, and also differ in their dependence on protein synthesis and the involvement of key molecular players. Beyond homosynaptic modifications, synapses can also interact with one another. This is encapsulated in the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis (STC), where synapses expressing early-LTP/LTD present a 'tag' that can capture the protein synthesis products generated during a temporally proximal late-LTP/LTD induction. This 'tagging' phenomenon forms the framework of synaptic interactions in various conditions and accounts for the cellular basis of the time-dependent associativity of short-lasting and long-lasting memories. All these synaptic modifications take place under controlled neuronal conditions, regulated by subcellular elements such as epigenetic regulation, proteasomal degradation and neuromodulatory signals. Here, we review current understanding of the different forms of synaptic plasticity and its regulatory mechanisms in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation. We also discuss expression of plasticity in hippocampal CA2 area, a long-overlooked narrow hippocampal subfield and the behavioural correlate of STC. Lastly, we put forth perspectives for an integrated view of memory representation in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Bin Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amrita Benoy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Li Z, Zhang P, Zhang R, Wang X, Tse YC, Zhang H. A collection of toolkit strains reveals distinct localization and dynamics of membrane-associated transcripts in epithelia. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109072. [PMID: 33951426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing mRNA in real time in vivo at high resolution is critical for a full understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gene regulation and function. Here, using a PP7/PCP-based mRNA-tagging approach, we construct a collection of tissue-specific and differentially expressed toolkit strains for visualizing mRNAs encoding apical, basolateral, and junctional proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans epithelia. We precisely delineate the spatiotemporal organization and dynamics of these transcripts across multiple subcellular compartments and tissues. Remarkably, all the transcripts exhibit an asymmetric, membrane-associated localization during epithelial polarization and maturation, which suggests that mRNA localization is a prerequisite for epithelial polarization and function. Single-particle tracking reveals striking features of the transport dynamics of the mRNAs in a gene-specific, compartment-linked, and time-resolved manner. The toolkit can be used to identify the cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors for mRNA localization. This study provides a valuable resource to investigate complex RNA dynamics in epithelial polarity and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Ruotong Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Core Research Facilities, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Chung Tse
- Core Research Facilities, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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13
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Pereiro X, Ruzafa N, Urcola JH, Sharma SC, Vecino E. Differential Distribution of RBPMS in Pig, Rat, and Human Retina after Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239330. [PMID: 33297577 PMCID: PMC7729751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) is expressed exclusively in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina and can label all RGCs in normal retinas of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and monkeys, but its function in these cells is not known. As a result of the limited knowledge regarding RBPMS, we analyzed the expression of RBPMS in the retina of different mammalian species (humans, pigs, and rats), in various stages of development (neonatal and adult) and with different levels of injury (control, hypoxia, and organotypic culture or explants). In control conditions, RBPMS was localized in the RGCs somas in the ganglion cell layer, whereas in hypoxic conditions, it was localized in the RGCs dendrites in the inner plexiform layer. Such differential distributions of RBPMS occurred in all analyzed species, and in adult and neonatal retinas. Furthermore, we demonstrate RBPMS localization in the degenerating RGCs axons in the nerve fiber layer of retinal explants. This is the first evidence regarding the possible transport of RBPMS in response to physiological damage in a mammalian retina. Therefore, RBPMS should be further investigated in relation to its role in axonal and dendritic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Pereiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Noelia Ruzafa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
| | - J. Haritz Urcola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Araba University Hospital, 01009 Vitoria, Alava, Spain
| | - Sansar C. Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain; (X.P.); (N.R.); (J.H.U.); (S.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Medina C, de la Fuente V, Tom Dieck S, Nassim-Assir B, Dalmay T, Bartnik I, Lunardi P, de Oliveira Alvares L, Schuman EM, Letzkus JJ, Romano A. LIMK, Cofilin 1 and actin dynamics involvement in fear memory processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107275. [PMID: 32659348 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term memory has been associated with morphological changes in the brain, which in turn tightly correlate with changes in synaptic efficacy. Such plasticity is proposed to rely on dendritic spines as a neuronal canvas on which these changes can occur. Given the key role of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in spine morphology, major regulating factors of this process such as Cofilin 1 (Cfl1) and LIM kinase (LIMK), an inhibitor of Cfl1 activity, are prime molecular targets that may regulate dendritic plasticity. Using a contextual fear conditioning paradigm in mice, we found that pharmacological induction of depolymerization of actin filaments through the inhibition of LIMK causes an impairment in memory reconsolidation, as well as in memory consolidation. On top of that, Cfl1 activity is inhibited and its mRNA is downregulated in CA1 neuropil after re-exposure to the training context. Moreover, by pharmacological disruption of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, the process of memory extinction can either be facilitated or impaired. Our results lead to a better understanding of the role of LIMK, Cfl1 and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the morphological and functional changes underlying the synaptic plasticity of the memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Medina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica de la Fuente
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | - Tamas Dalmay
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ina Bartnik
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paula Lunardi
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43422, Sala 216A, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43422, Sala 216A, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Arturo Romano
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Rizaner N, Uzun S, Fraser SP, Djamgoz MBA, Altun S. Riluzole: Anti-invasive effects on rat prostate cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:254-264. [PMID: 32304618 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anti-invasive effects of riluzole and ranolazine, a neuro-protectant and an anti-anginal drug, respectively, on Mat-LyLu rat prostate cancer (PCa) cells were tested in vitro (a) at non-toxic doses and (b) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, the latter common to growing tumours. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was used as a positive control. Hypoxia had no effect on cell viability but reduced growth at 48 hours. Riluzole (5 μmol/L) or ranolazine (20 μmol/L) had no effect on cell viability or growth under normoxia or hypoxia over 24 hours. Matrigel invasion was not affected by hypoxia but inhibited by TTX, ranolazine and riluzole under a range of conditions. The expression of Nav1.7 mRNA, the prevailing, pro-invasive voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit (VGSCα), was up-regulated by hypoxia. Riluzole had no effect on Nav1.7 mRNA expression in normoxia but significantly reduced it in hypoxia. VGSCα protein expression in plasma membrane was reduced in hypoxia; riluzole increased it but only under hypoxia. It was concluded (a) that riluzole and ranolazine have anti-invasive effects on rat PCa cells and (b) that Nav1.7 mRNA and protein expression can be modulated by riluzole under hypoxia. Overall, therefore, riluzole and ranolazine may ultimately be "repurposed" as anti-metastatic drugs against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahit Rizaner
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Turkey
| | - Sercan Uzun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Scott P Fraser
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Altun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Djamgoz MBA, Fraser SP, Brackenbury WJ. In Vivo Evidence for Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Expression in Carcinomas and Potentiation of Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1675. [PMID: 31661908 PMCID: PMC6895836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide body of evidence suggests that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are expressed de novo in several human carcinomas where channel activity promotes a variety of cellular behaviours integral to the metastatic cascade. These include directional motility (including galvanotaxis), pH balance, extracellular proteolysis, and invasion. Contrary to the substantial in vitro data, however, evidence for VGSC involvement in the cancer process in vivo is limited. Here, we critically assess, for the first time, the available in vivo evidence, hierarchically from mRNA level to emerging clinical aspects, including protein-level studies, electrolyte content, animal tests, and clinical imaging. The evidence strongly suggests that different VGSC subtypes (mainly Nav1.5 and Nav1.7) are expressed de novo in human carcinoma tissues and generally parallel the situation in vitro. Consistent with this, tissue electrolyte (sodium) levels, quantified by clinical imaging, are significantly higher in cancer vs. matched non-cancer tissues. These are early events in the acquisition of metastatic potential by the cancer cells. Taken together, the multi-faceted evidence suggests that the VGSC expression has clinical (diagnostic and therapeutic) potential as a prognostic marker, as well as an anti-metastatic target. The distinct advantages offered by the VGSC include especially (1) its embryonic nature, demonstrated most clearly for the predominant neonatal Nav1.5 expression in breast and colon cancer, and (2) the specifically druggable persistent current that VGSCs develop under hypoxic conditions, as in growing tumours, which promotes invasiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Scott P Fraser
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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17
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Yap EL, Greenberg ME. Activity-Regulated Transcription: Bridging the Gap between Neural Activity and Behavior. Neuron 2019; 100:330-348. [PMID: 30359600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As cells function in their respective niches, transcription further allows mature cells to interact dynamically with their external environment while reliably retaining fundamental information about past experiences. In this Review, we provide an overview of the field of activity-dependent transcription in the vertebrate brain and highlight contemporary work that ranges from studies of activity-dependent chromatin modifications to plasticity mechanisms underlying adaptive behaviors. We identify key gaps in knowledge and propose integrated approaches toward a deeper understanding of how activity-dependent transcription promotes the refinement and plasticity of neural circuits for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee-Lynn Yap
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Zhao N, Kamijo K, Fox PD, Oda H, Morisaki T, Sato Y, Kimura H, Stasevich TJ. A genetically encoded probe for imaging nascent and mature HA-tagged proteins in vivo. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2947. [PMID: 31270320 PMCID: PMC6610143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To expand the toolbox of imaging in living cells, we have engineered a single-chain variable fragment binding the linear HA epitope with high affinity and specificity in vivo. The resulting probe, called the HA frankenbody, can light up in multiple colors HA-tagged nuclear, cytoplasmic, membrane, and mitochondrial proteins in diverse cell types. The HA frankenbody also enables state-of-the-art single-molecule experiments in living cells, which we demonstrate by tracking single HA-tagged histones in U2OS cells and single mRNA translation dynamics in both U2OS cells and neurons. Together with the SunTag, we also track two mRNA species simultaneously to demonstrate comparative single-molecule studies of translation can now be done with genetically encoded tools alone. Finally, we use the HA frankenbody to precisely quantify the expression of HA-tagged proteins in developing zebrafish embryos. The versatility of the HA frankenbody makes it a powerful tool for imaging protein dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kouta Kamijo
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Philip D Fox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Haruka Oda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morisaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yuko Sato
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
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19
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Kaldun JC, Sprecher SG. Initiated by CREB: Resolving Gene Regulatory Programs in Learning and Memory. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900045. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer C. Kaldun
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Fribourg1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Simon G. Sprecher
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Fribourg1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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20
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Lu H, Mazumder M, Jaikaran ASI, Kumar A, Leis EK, Xu X, Altmann M, Cochrane A, Woolley GA. A Yeast System for Discovering Optogenetic Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:744-757. [PMID: 30901519 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The precise spatiotemporal regulation of protein synthesis is essential for many complex biological processes such as memory formation, embryonic development, and tumor formation. Current methods used to study protein synthesis offer only a limited degree of spatiotemporal control. Optogenetic methods, in contrast, offer the prospect of controlling protein synthesis noninvasively within minutes and with a spatial scale as small as a single synapse. Here, we present a hybrid yeast system where growth depends on the activity of human eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) that is suitable for screening optogenetic designs for the down-regulation of protein synthesis. We used this system to screen a diverse initial panel of 15 constructs designed to couple a light switchable domain (PYP, RsLOV, AsLOV, Dronpa) to 4EBP2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 2), a native inhibitor of translation initiation. We identified cLIPS1 (circularly permuted LOV inhibitor of protein synthesis 1), a fusion of a segment of 4EBP2 and a circularly permuted version of the LOV2 domain from Avena sativa, as a photoactivated inhibitor of translation. Adapting the screen for higher throughput, we tested small libraries of cLIPS1 variants and found cLIPS2, a construct with an improved degree of optical control. We show that these constructs can both inhibit translation in yeast harboring a human eIF4E in vivo, and bind human eIF4E in vitro in a light-dependent manner. This hybrid yeast system thus provides a convenient way for discovering optogenetic constructs that can regulate human eIF4E-dependent translation initiation in a mechanistically defined manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mostafizur Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Anna S. I. Jaikaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric K. Leis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xiuling Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Michael Altmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Universität Bern, Bühlstr. 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - G. Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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21
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Brandwein NJ, Nguyen PV. A requirement for epigenetic modifications during noradrenergic stabilization of heterosynaptic LTP in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:72-82. [PMID: 30930287 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic receptor (b-AR) activation by noradrenaline (NA) enhances memory formation and long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity characterized by an activity-dependent increase in synaptic strength. LTP is believed to be a cellular mechanism for contextual learning and memory. In the mammalian hippocampus, LTP can be observed at multiple synaptic pathways after strong stimulation of a single synaptic pathway. This heterosynaptic LTP is believed to involve synaptic tagging of active synapses and capture of plasticity-related proteins that enable heterosynaptic transfer of persistent potentiation. These processes may permit distinct neural pathways to associate information transmitted by separate, but convergent, synaptic inputs. We had previously shown that transcription and epigenetic modifications were necessary for stabilization of homosynaptic LTP. However, it is unclear whether transfer of LTP to a second, heterosynaptic pathway involves b-ARs signalling to the nucleus. Using electrophysiologic recordings in area CA1 of murine hippocampal slices, we show here that pharmacologically inhibiting b-AR activation, transcription, DNA methyltransferase or histone acetyltransferase activation, prevents stabilization of heterosynaptic LTP. Our data suggest that noradrenergic stabilization of heterosynaptic ("tagged") LTP requires not only transcription, but specifically, DNA methylation and histone acetylation. NA promotes stable heterosynaptic plasticity through engagement of nuclear processes that may contribute to prompt consolidation of short-term memories into resilient long-term memories under conditions when the brain's noradrenergic system is recruited.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Brandwein
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta School of Medicine, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - P V Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta School of Medicine, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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22
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Chang M, Lv H, Zhang W, Ma C, He X, Zhao S, Zhang ZW, Zeng YX, Song S, Niu Y, Tong WM. Region-specific RNA m 6A methylation represents a new layer of control in the gene regulatory network in the mouse brain. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170166. [PMID: 28931651 PMCID: PMC5627058 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant epitranscriptomic mark found on mRNA and has important roles in various physiological processes. Despite the relatively high m6A levels in the brain, its potential functions in the brain remain largely unexplored. We performed a transcriptome-wide methylation analysis using the mouse brain to depict its region-specific methylation profile. RNA methylation levels in mouse cerebellum are generally higher than those in the cerebral cortex. Heterogeneity of RNA methylation exists across different brain regions and different types of neural cells including the mRNAs to be methylated, their methylation levels and methylation site selection. Common and region-specific methylation have different preferences for methylation site selection and thereby different impacts on their biological functions. In addition, high methylation levels of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) target mRNAs suggest that m6A methylation is likely to be used for selective recognition of target mRNAs by FMRP in the synapse. Overall, we provide a region-specific map of RNA m6A methylation and characterize the distinct features of specific and common methylation in mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Our results imply that RNA m6A methylation is a newly identified element in the region-specific gene regulatory network in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Chang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Lv
- BIG Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunli Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Song
- BIG Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Niu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Tong
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
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23
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Merino P, Diaz A, Manrique LG, Cheng L, Yepes M. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) promotes ezrin-mediated reorganization of the synaptic cytoskeleton in the ischemic brain. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9234-9247. [PMID: 29720403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic repair in the ischemic brain is a complex process that requires reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) are a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins that link the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton and act as scaffolds for signaling transduction. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine proteinase that upon binding to the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin on the cell surface and activates intracellular signaling pathways. Early studies indicate that uPA and uPAR expression increase during the recovery phase from an ischemic stroke and that uPA binding to uPAR promotes neurorepair in the ischemic brain. The in vitro and in vivo studies presented here show that either the release of neuronal uPA or treatment with recombinant uPA induces the local synthesis of ezrin in the synapse and the recruitment of β3-integrin to the postsynaptic density (PSD) of cerebral cortical neurons by a plasminogen-independent mechanism. We found that β3-integrin has a double effect on ezrin, inducing its recruitment to the PSD via the intercellular adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5) and its subsequent activation by phosphorylation at Thr-567. Finally, our data indicate that by triggering the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in the postsynaptic terminal, active ezrin induces the recovery of dendritic spines and synapses that have been damaged by an acute ischemic stroke. In summary, our data show that uPA-uPAR binding promotes synaptic repair in the ischemic brain via ezrin-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in the postsynaptic terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Merino
- From the Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.,the Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Ariel Diaz
- From the Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.,the Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Luis Guillermo Manrique
- From the Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.,the Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Lihong Cheng
- From the Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.,the Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Manuel Yepes
- From the Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, .,the Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and.,the Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30033
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24
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Cobley JN, Fiorello ML, Bailey DM. 13 reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2018; 15:490-503. [PMID: 29413961 PMCID: PMC5881419 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain consumes 20% of the total basal oxygen (O2) budget to support ATP intensive neuronal activity. Without sufficient O2 to support ATP demands, neuronal activity fails, such that, even transient ischemia is neurodegenerative. While the essentiality of O2 to brain function is clear, how oxidative stress causes neurodegeneration is ambiguous. Ambiguity exists because many of the reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress remain obscure. Many are erroneously understood as the deleterious result of adventitious O2 derived free radical and non-radical species generation. To understand how many reasons underpin oxidative stress, one must first re-cast free radical and non-radical species in a positive light because their deliberate generation enables the brain to achieve critical functions (e.g. synaptic plasticity) through redox signalling (i.e. positive functionality). Using free radicals and non-radical derivatives to signal sensitises the brain to oxidative stress when redox signalling goes awry (i.e. negative functionality). To advance mechanistic understanding, we rationalise 13 reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress. Key reasons include inter alia unsaturated lipid enrichment, mitochondria, calcium, glutamate, modest antioxidant defence, redox active transition metals and neurotransmitter auto-oxidation. We review RNA oxidation as an underappreciated cause of oxidative stress. The complex interplay between each reason dictates neuronal susceptibility to oxidative stress in a dynamic context and neural identity dependent manner. Our discourse sets the stage for investigators to interrogate the biochemical basis of oxidative stress in the brain in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nathan Cobley
- Free Radical Laboratory, Departments of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3HJ, UK.
| | - Maria Luisa Fiorello
- Free Radical Laboratory, Departments of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3HJ, UK
| | - Damian Miles Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, CF37 4AT, UK
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25
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Van Driesche SJ, Martin KC. New frontiers in RNA transport and local translation in neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:331-339. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Van Driesche
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles California
| | - Kelsey C. Martin
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles California
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26
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Price TJ, Das V, Dussor G. Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Activators For the Prevention, Treatment and Potential Reversal of Pathological Pain. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 17:908-20. [PMID: 26521775 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666151102095046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathological pain is an enormous medical problem that places a significant burden on patients and can result from an injury that has long since healed or be due to an unidentifiable cause. Although treatments exist, they often either lack efficacy or have intolerable side effects. More importantly, they do not reverse the changes in the nervous system mediating pathological pain, and thus symptoms often return when therapies are discontinued. Consequently, novel therapies are urgently needed that have both improved efficacy and disease-modifying properties. Here we highlight an emerging target for novel pain therapies, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is capable of regulating a variety of cellular processes including protein translation, activity of other kinases, and mitochondrial metabolism, many of which are thought to contribute to pathological pain. Consistent with these properties, preclinical studies show positive, and in some cases disease-modifying effects of either pharmacological activation or genetic regulation of AMPK in models of nerve injury, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), postsurgical pain, inflammatory pain, and diabetic neuropathy. Given the AMPK-activating ability of metformin, a widely prescribed and well-tolerated drug, these preclinical studies provide a strong rationale for both retrospective and prospective human pain trials with this drug. They also argue for the development of novel AMPK activators, whether orthosteric, allosteric, or modulators of events upstream of the kinase. Together, this review will present the case for AMPK as a novel therapeutic target for pain and will discuss future challenges in the path toward development of AMPK-based pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, JO 4.212 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson TX 75080, USA.
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27
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Sun W, Pei L, Liang Z. mRNA and Long Non-coding RNA Expression Profiles in Rats Reveal Inflammatory Features in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3199-3219. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Sakano H, Zorio DAR, Wang X, Ting YS, Noble WS, MacCoss MJ, Rubel EW, Wang Y. Proteomic analyses of nucleus laminaris identified candidate targets of the fragile X mental retardation protein. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3341-3359. [PMID: 28685837 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The avian nucleus laminaris (NL) is a brainstem nucleus necessary for binaural processing, analogous in structure and function to the mammalian medial superior olive. In chickens (Gallus gallus), NL is a well-studied model system for activity-dependent neural plasticity. Its neurons have bipolar extension of dendrites, which receive segregated inputs from two ears and display rapid and compartment-specific reorganization in response to unilateral changes in auditory input. More recently, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that regulates local protein translation, has been shown to be enriched in NL dendrites, suggesting its potential role in the structural dynamics of these dendrites. To explore the molecular role of FMRP in this nucleus, we performed proteomic analysis of NL, using micro laser capture and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 657 proteins, greatly represented in pathways involved in mitochondria, translation and metabolism, consistent with high levels of activity of NL neurons. Of these, 94 are potential FMRP targets, by comparative analysis with previously proposed FMRP targets in mammals. These proteins are enriched in pathways involved in cellular growth, cellular trafficking and transmembrane transport. Immunocytochemistry verified the dendritic localization of several proteins in NL. Furthermore, we confirmed the direct interaction of FMRP with one candidate, RhoC, by in vitro RNA binding assays. In summary, we provide a database of highly expressed proteins in NL and in particular a list of potential FMRP targets, with the goal of facilitating molecular characterization of FMRP signaling in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Sakano
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Diego A R Zorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Ying S Ting
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William S Noble
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edwin W Rubel
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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29
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Deans PM, Raval P, Sellers KJ, Gatford NJ, Halai S, Duarte RR, Shum C, Warre-Cornish K, Kaplun VE, Cocks G, Hill M, Bray NJ, Price J, Srivastava DP. Psychosis Risk Candidate ZNF804A Localizes to Synapses and Regulates Neurite Formation and Dendritic Spine Structure. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:49-61. [PMID: 27837918 PMCID: PMC5482321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the gene encoding zinc finger binding protein 804A (ZNF804A) is associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Evidence suggests that ZNF804A is a regulator of gene transcription and is present in nuclear and extranuclear compartments. However, a detailed examination of ZNF804A distribution and its neuronal functions has yet to be performed. METHODS The localization of ZNF804A protein was examined in neurons derived from human neural progenitor cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells, or in primary rat cortical neurons. In addition, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of ZNF804A was conducted to determine its role in neurite formation, maintenance of dendritic spine morphology, and responses to activity-dependent stimulations. RESULTS Endogenous ZNF804A protein localized to somatodendritic compartments and colocalized with the putative synaptic markers in young neurons derived from human neural progenitor cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells. In mature rat neurons, Zfp804A, the homolog of ZNF804A, was present in a subset of dendritic spines and colocalized with synaptic proteins in specific nanodomains, as determined by super-resolution microscopy. Interestingly, knockdown of ZNF804A attenuated neurite outgrowth in young neurons, an effect potentially mediated by reduced neuroligin-4 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of ZNF804A in mature neurons resulted in the loss of dendritic spine density and impaired responses to activity-dependent stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a novel subcellular distribution for ZNF804A within somatodendritic compartments and a nanoscopic organization at excitatory synapses. Moreover, our results suggest that ZNF804A plays an active role in neurite formation, maintenance of dendritic spines, and activity-dependent structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Michael Deans
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Nicholas J.F. Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Sanjay Halai
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Rodrigo R.R. Duarte
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Carole Shum
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Katherine Warre-Cornish
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Victoria E. Kaplun
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Graham Cocks
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London
| | - Matthew Hill
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Price
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom,Address correspondence to: Deepak P. Srivastava, Ph.D., Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT, United KingdomDepartment of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College LondonLondonSE5 9RTUnited Kingdom
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30
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Liu YJ, Tsai PY, Chern Y. Energy Homeostasis and Abnormal RNA Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:126. [PMID: 28522961 PMCID: PMC5415567 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease that is clinically characterized by progressive muscle weakness and impaired voluntary movement due to the loss of motor neurons in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord. To date, no effective treatment is available. Ample evidence suggests that impaired RNA homeostasis and abnormal energy status are two major pathogenesis pathways in ALS. In the present review article, we focus on recent studies that report molecular insights of both pathways, and discuss the possibility that energy dysfunction might negatively regulate RNA homeostasis via the impairment of cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling in motor neurons and subsequently contribute to the development of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Liu
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Tsai
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
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31
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Namjoshi SV, Raab-Graham KF. Screening the Molecular Framework Underlying Local Dendritic mRNA Translation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:45. [PMID: 28286470 PMCID: PMC5323403 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, bioinformatic analyses of high-throughput proteomics and transcriptomics data have enabled researchers to gain insight into the molecular networks that may underlie lasting changes in synaptic efficacy. Development and utilization of these techniques have advanced the field of learning and memory significantly. It is now possible to move from the study of activity-dependent changes of a single protein to modeling entire network changes that require local protein synthesis. This data revolution has necessitated the development of alternative computational and statistical techniques to analyze and understand the patterns contained within. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide a synopsis of the journey and evolution toward big data techniques to address still unanswered questions regarding how synapses are modified to strengthen neuronal circuits. We first review the seminal studies that demonstrated the pivotal role played by local mRNA translation as the mechanism underlying the enhancement of enduring synaptic activity. In the interest of those who are new to the field, we provide a brief overview of molecular biology and biochemical techniques utilized for sample preparation to identify locally translated proteins using RNA sequencing and proteomics, as well as the computational approaches used to analyze these data. While many mRNAs have been identified, few have been shown to be locally synthesized. To this end, we review techniques currently being utilized to visualize new protein synthesis, a task that has proven to be the most difficult aspect of the field. Finally, we provide examples of future applications to test the physiological relevance of locally synthesized proteins identified by big data approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev V Namjoshi
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA
| | - Kimberly F Raab-Graham
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-SalemNC, USA
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32
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Pocock GM, Zimdars LL, Yuan M, Eliceiri KW, Ahlquist P, Sherer NM. Diverse activities of viral cis-acting RNA regulatory elements revealed using multicolor, long-term, single-cell imaging. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:476-487. [PMID: 27903772 PMCID: PMC5341730 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cis-acting RNA structural elements govern crucial aspects of viral gene expression. How these structures and other posttranscriptional signals affect RNA trafficking and translation in the context of single cells is poorly understood. Herein we describe a multicolor, long-term (>24 h) imaging strategy for measuring integrated aspects of viral RNA regulatory control in individual cells. We apply this strategy to demonstrate differential mRNA trafficking behaviors governed by RNA elements derived from three retroviruses (HIV-1, murine leukemia virus, and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus), two hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus), and an intron-retaining transcript encoded by the cellular NXF1 gene. Striking behaviors include "burst" RNA nuclear export dynamics regulated by HIV-1's Rev response element and the viral Rev protein; transient aggregations of RNAs into discrete foci at or near the nuclear membrane triggered by multiple elements; and a novel, pulsiform RNA export activity regulated by the hepadnaviral posttranscriptional regulatory element. We incorporate single-cell tracking and a data-mining algorithm into our approach to obtain RNA element-specific, high-resolution gene expression signatures. Together these imaging assays constitute a tractable, systems-based platform for studying otherwise difficult to access spatiotemporal features of viral and cellular gene regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, rev/metabolism
- Genes, env/physiology
- HIV-1
- Mason-Pfizer monkey virus
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/physiology
- Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid/physiology
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger M Pocock
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laraine L Zimdars
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ming Yuan
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Nathan M Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Techniques for Single-Molecule mRNA Imaging in Living Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:425-441. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Visualizing Local Protein Synthesis and Its Modulation by FMRP and Visual Experience. J Neurosci 2016; 36:11834-11836. [PMID: 27881771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2803-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Gipson CD, Olive MF. Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines - root or result of behavior? GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:101-117. [PMID: 27561549 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are multifunctional integrative units of the nervous system and are highly diverse and dynamic in nature. Both internal and external stimuli influence dendritic spine density and morphology on the order of minutes. It is clear that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is related to changes in synaptic efficacy, learning and memory and other cognitive processes. However, it is currently unclear whether structural changes in dendritic spines are primary instigators of changes in specific behaviors, a consequence of behavioral changes, or both. In this review, we first examine the basic structure and function of dendritic spines in the brain, as well as laboratory methods to characterize and quantify morphological changes in dendritic spines. We then discuss the existing literature on the temporal and functional relationship between changes in dendritic spines in specific brain regions and changes in specific behaviors mediated by those regions. Although technological advancements have allowed us to better understand the functional relevance of structural changes in dendritic spines that are influenced by environmental stimuli, the role of spine dynamics as an underlying driver or consequence of behavior still remains elusive. We conclude that while it is likely that structural changes in dendritic spines are both instigators and results of behavioral changes, improved research tools and methods are needed to experimentally and directly manipulate spine dynamics in order to more empirically delineate the relationship between spine structure and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M F Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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36
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Rui Y, Zheng JQ. Amyloid β oligomers elicit mitochondrial transport defects and fragmentation in a time-dependent and pathway-specific manner. Mol Brain 2016; 9:79. [PMID: 27535553 PMCID: PMC4989350 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small oligomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) are believed to be the culprit for declined brain functions in AD in part through their impairment of neuronal trafficking and synaptic functions. However, the precise cellular actions of Aβ oligomers and underlying mechanisms in neurons remain to be fully defined. Previous studies have identified mitochondria as a major target of Aβ toxicity contributing to early cognitive decline and memory loss in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we report that Aβ oligomers acutely elicit distinct effects on the transport and integrity of mitochondria. We found that acute exposure of hippocampal neurons to Aβ oligomers from either synthetic peptides or AD brain homogenates selectively impaired fast transport of mitochondria without affecting the movement of late endosomes and lysosomes. Extended exposure of hipoocampal neurons to Aβ oligomers was found to result in mitochondrial fragmentation. While both mitochondrial effects induced by Aβ oligomers can be abolished by the inhibition of GSK3β, they appear to be independent from each other. Aβ oligomers impaired mitochondrial transport through HDAC6 activation whereas the fragmentation involved the GTPase Drp-1. These results show that Aβ oligomers can acutely disrupt mitochondrial transport and integrity in a time-dependent and pathway-specific manner. These findings thus provide new insights into Aβ-induced mitochondrial defects that may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Rui
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James Q Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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37
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Gervasi NM, Scott SS, Aschrafi A, Gale J, Vohra SN, MacGibeny MA, Kar AN, Gioio AE, Kaplan BB. The local expression and trafficking of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the axons of sympathetic neurons. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:883-95. [PMID: 27095027 PMCID: PMC4878614 DOI: 10.1261/rna.053272.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify factors that regulate the presynaptic synthesis of catecholamines, we tested the hypothesis that the rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), is locally synthesized in axons and presynaptic nerve terminals of noradrenergic neurons. To isolate pure axonal mRNA and protein, rat superior cervical ganglion sympathetic neurons were cultured in compartmentalized Campenot chambers. qRT-PCR and RNA in situ hybridization analyses showed that TH mRNA is present in distal axons. Colocalization experiments with nerve terminal marker proteins suggested that both TH mRNA and protein localize in regions of the axon that resemble nerve terminals (i.e., synaptic boutons). Analysis of polysome-bound RNA showed that TH mRNA is present in polysomes isolated from distal axons. Metabolic labeling of axonally synthesized proteins labeled with the methionine analog, L-azidohomoalanine, showed that TH is locally synthesized in axons. Moreover, the local transfection and translation of exogenous TH mRNA into distal axons facilitated axonal dopamine synthesis. Finally, using chimeric td-Tomato-tagged constructs, we identified a sequence element within the TH 3'UTR that is required for the axonal localization of the reporter mRNA. Taken together, our results provide the first direct evidence that TH mRNA is trafficked to the axon and that the mRNA is locally translated. These findings raise the interesting possibility that the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters is locally regulated in the axon and/or presynaptic nerve terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen M Gervasi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shane S Scott
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jenna Gale
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sanah N Vohra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Margaret A MacGibeny
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anthony E Gioio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bellato HM, Hajj GNM. Translational control by eIF2α in neurons: Beyond the stress response. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:551-565. [PMID: 26994324 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The translation of mRNAs is a tightly controlled process that responds to multiple signaling pathways. In neurons, this control is also exerted locally due to the differential necessity of proteins in axons and dendrites. The phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) is one of the mechanisms of translational control. The phosphorylation of eIF2α has classically been viewed as a stress response, halting translation initiation. However, in the nervous system this type of regulation has been related to other mechanisms besides stress response, such as behavior, memory consolidation and nervous system development. Additionally, neurodegenerative diseases have a major stress component, thus eIF2α phosphorylation plays a preeminent role and its modulation is currently viewed as a new opportunity for therapeutic interventions. This review consolidates current information regarding eIF2α phosphorylation in neurons and its impact in neurodegenerative diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Sarto-Jackson I, Tomaska L. How to bake a brain: yeast as a model neuron. Curr Genet 2016; 62:347-70. [PMID: 26782173 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 30 years ago Dan Koshland published an inspirational essay presenting the bacterium as a model neuron (Koshland, Trends Neurosci 6:133-137, 1983). In the article he argued that there are several similarities between neurons and bacterial cells in "how signals are processed within a cell or how this processing machinery can be modified to produce plasticity". He then explored the bacterial chemosensory system to emphasize its attributes that are analogous to information processing in neurons. In this review, we wish to expand Koshland's original idea by adding the yeast cell to the list of useful models of a neuron. The fact that yeasts and neurons are specialized versions of the eukaryotic cell sharing all principal components sets the stage for a grand evolutionary tinkering where these components are employed in qualitatively different tasks, but following analogous molecular logic. By way of example, we argue that evolutionarily conserved key components involved in polarization processes (from budding or mating in Saccharomyces cervisiae to neurite outgrowth or spinogenesis in neurons) are shared between yeast and neurons. This orthologous conservation of modules makes S. cervisiae an excellent model organism to investigate neurobiological questions. We substantiate this claim by providing examples of yeast models used for studying neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Sarto-Jackson
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Martinstraße 12, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-1, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Proteostasis and RNA Binding Proteins in Synaptic Plasticity and in the Pathogenesis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3857934. [PMID: 26904297 PMCID: PMC4745388 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3857934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated that rapid alterations in protein abundance are required for synaptic plasticity, a cellular correlate for learning and memory. Control of protein abundance, known as proteostasis, is achieved across a complex neuronal morphology that includes a tortuous axon as well as an extensive dendritic arbor supporting thousands of individual synaptic compartments. To regulate the spatiotemporal synthesis of proteins, neurons must efficiently coordinate the transport and metabolism of mRNAs. Among multiple levels of regulation, transacting RNA binding proteins (RBPs) control proteostasis by binding to mRNAs and mediating their transport and translation in response to synaptic activity. In addition to synthesis, protein degradation must be carefully balanced for optimal proteostasis, as deviations resulting in excess or insufficient abundance of key synaptic factors produce pathologies. As such, mutations in components of the proteasomal or translational machinery, including RBPs, have been linked to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In this review, we summarize recent scientific findings, highlight ongoing questions, and link basic molecular mechanisms to the pathogenesis of common neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Anji A, Kumari M. Guardian of Genetic Messenger-RNA-Binding Proteins. Biomolecules 2016; 6:4. [PMID: 26751491 PMCID: PMC4808798 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA in cells is always associated with RNA-binding proteins that regulate all aspects of RNA metabolism including RNA splicing, export from the nucleus, RNA localization, mRNA turn-over as well as translation. Given their diverse functions, cells express a variety of RNA-binding proteins, which play important roles in the pathologies of a number of diseases. In this review we focus on the effect of alcohol on different RNA-binding proteins and their possible contribution to alcohol-related disorders, and discuss the role of these proteins in the development of neurological diseases and cancer. We further discuss the conventional methods and newer techniques that are employed to identify RNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Anji
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Stough S, Kopec AM, Carew TJ. Synaptic generation of an intracellular retrograde signal requires activation of the tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades in Aplysia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:47-54. [PMID: 26238564 PMCID: PMC4648669 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular changes underlying memory formation can be generated in an activity-dependent manner at specific synapses. Thus an important question concerns the mechanisms by which synaptic signals communicate with the cell body to mediate these cellular changes. A monosynaptic circuit that is enhanced by sensitization in Aplysia is well-suited to study this question because three different subcellular compartments: (i) the sensorimotor SN-MN synapses, (ii) the SN projections to MNs via axonal connections, (iii) the SN cell bodies, can all be manipulated and studied independently. Here, we report that activity-dependent (AD) training in either the entire SN-MN circuit or in only the synaptic compartment, activates MAPK in a temporally and spatially specific pattern. Specifically, we find (i) MAPK activation is first transiently generated at SN-MN synapses during training, (ii) immediately after training MAPK is transiently activated in SN-MN axonal connections and persistently activated in SN cell bodies, and finally, (iii) MAPK is activated in SN cell bodies and SN-MN synapses 1h after training. These data suggest that there is an intracellularly transported retrograde signal generated at the synapse which is later responsible for delayed MAPK activation at SN somata. Finally, we find that this retrograde signal requires activation of tyrosine kinase (TK) and MEK signaling cascades at the synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Stough
- Department of Psychology, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, United States
| | - Ashley M Kopec
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, United States.
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Sosińska P, Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Książek K. The double-edged sword of long non-coding RNA: The role of human brain-specific BC200 RNA in translational control, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lico DTP, Lopes GS, Brusco J, Rosa JC, Gould RM, De Giorgis JA, Larson RE. A novel SDS-stable dimer of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein at presynaptic terminals of squid neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 300:381-92. [PMID: 26012490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mRNAs in synaptic terminals and their regulated translation are important factors in neuronal communication and plasticity. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes are involved in the translocation, stability, and subcellular localization of mRNA and the regulation of its translation. Defects in these processes and mutations in components of the hnRNP complexes have been related to the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite much data on mRNA localization and evidence for protein synthesis, as well as the presence of translation machinery, in axons and presynaptic terminals, the identity of RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA transport and function in presynaptic regions is lacking. We previously characterized a strongly basic RNA-binding protein (p65), member of the hnRNPA/B subfamily, in squid presynaptic terminals. Intriguingly, in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), p65 migrated as a 65-kDa protein, whereas members of the hnRNPA/B family typically have molecular masses ranging from 35 to 42kDa. In this report we present further biochemical and molecular characterization that shows endogenous p65 to be an SDS-stable dimer composed of ∼37-kDa hnRNPA/B-like subunits. We cloned and expressed a recombinant protein corresponding to squid hnRNPA/B-like protein and showed its propensity to aggregate and form SDS-stable dimers in vitro. Our data suggest that this unique hnRNPA/B-like protein co-localizes with synaptic vesicle protein 2 and RNA-binding protein ELAV and thus may serve as a link between local mRNA processing and presynaptic function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T P Lico
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - G S Lopes
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - J Brusco
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - J C Rosa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - R M Gould
- Program in Sensory Physiology and Behavior, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - J A De Giorgis
- Biology Department, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, United States; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - R E Larson
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
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Zayat V, Balcerak A, Korczynski J, Trebinska A, Wysocki J, Sarnowska E, Chmielarczyk M, Macech E, Konopiński R, Dziembowska M, Grzybowska EA. HAX-1: a novel p-body protein. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:43-54. [PMID: 25289648 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HAX-1, a multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cell migration, and calcium homeostasis, binds the 3' untranslated region motifs of specific transcripts. This suggests that HAX-1 plays a role in post-transcriptional regulation, at the level of mRNA stability/transport or translation. In this study, we analyze in detail HAX-1 colocalization with processing bodies (P-bodies) and its dependence on mRNA availability. Endogenous P-body markers DCP1 and Rck/p54 were shown to colocalize with endogenous HAX-1, but in case of the overexpressed proteins, only DCP1 displayed unperturbed colocalization with HAX-1. HAX-1 colocalization with DCP1 was observed in most of the cell lines studied, but its presence was not required for P-body formation, and its silencing caused an increase in P-body number. Preliminary mapping suggested that HAX-1 has more than one short P-body-targeting sequence. The pools of P-body-localized HAX-1 and cytosolic HAX-1 were demonstrated to dynamically exchange, suggesting steady flow of the protein. Active transcription was shown to be a factor in the localization of HAX-1 to P-bodies. Also, it was observed that HAX-1 localizes to some unidentified foci, which do not contain DCP1. In addition, it was demonstrated that HAX-1 status influences vimentin expression levels. Overall, HAX-1 was shown to colocalize with P-body markers and influence P-body number per cell in a manner dependent on mRNA availability. Presented data support the hypothesis that HAX-1 is involved in mRNA processing as an element of P-body interaction network.
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Smith R, Rathod RJ, Rajkumar S, Kennedy D. Nervous translation, do you get the message? A review of mRNPs, mRNA-protein interactions and translational control within cells of the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3917-37. [PMID: 24952431 PMCID: PMC11113408 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In neurons, translation of a message RNA can occur metres away from its transcriptional origin and in normal cells this is orchestrated with perfection. The life of an mRNA will see it pass through multiple steps of processing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm before it reaches its final destination. Processing of mRNA is determined by a myriad of RNA-binding proteins in multi-protein complexes called messenger ribonucleoproteins; however, incorrect processing and delivery of mRNA can cause several human neurological disorders. This review takes us through the life of mRNA from the nucleus to its point of translation in the cytoplasm. The review looks at the various cis and trans factors that act on the mRNA and discusses their roles in different cells of the nervous system and human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia,
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47
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Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, non-translating mRNAs can accumulate into cytoplasmic mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) granules such as P-bodies (processing bodies) and SGs (stress granules). P-bodies contain the mRNA decay and translational repression machineries and are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and lower eukaryote species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In contrast, SGs are only detected during cellular stress when translation is inhibited and form from aggregates of stalled pre-initiation complexes. SGs and P-bodies are related to NGs (neuronal granules), which are essential in the localization and control of mRNAs in neurons. Importantly, RNA granules are linked to the cytoskeleton, which plays an important role in mediating many of their dynamic properties. In the present review, we discuss how P-bodies, SGs and NGs are linked to cytoskeletal networks and the importance of these linkages in maintaining localization of their RNA cargoes.
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Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Engram formation in psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:118. [PMID: 24904262 PMCID: PMC4036307 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors substantially influence beginning and progression of mental illness, reinforcing or reducing the consequences of genetic vulnerability. Often initiated by early traumatic events, “engrams” or memories are formed that may give rise to a slow and subtle progression of psychiatric disorders. The large delay between beginning and time of onset (diagnosis) may be explained by efficient compensatory mechanisms observed in brain metabolism that use optional pathways in highly redundant molecular interactions. To this end, research has to deal with mechanisms of learning and long-term memory formation, which involves (a) epigenetic changes, (b) altered neuronal activities, and (c) changes in neuron-glia communication. On the epigenetic level, apparently DNA-methylations are more stable than histone modifications, although both closely interact. Neuronal activities basically deliver digital information, which clearly can serve as basis for memory formation (LTP). However, research in this respect has long time neglected the importance of glia. They are more actively involved in the control of neuronal activities than thought before. They can both reinforce and inhibit neuronal activities by transducing neuronal information from frequency-encoded to amplitude and frequency-modulated calcium wave patterns spreading in the glial syncytium by use of gap junctions. In this way, they serve integrative functions. In conclusion, we are dealing with two concepts of encoding information that mutually control each other and synergize: a digital (neuronal) and a wave-like (glial) computing, forming neuron-glia functional units with inbuilt feedback loops to maintain balance of excitation and inhibition. To better understand mental illness, we have to gain more insight into the dynamics of adverse environmental impact on those cellular and molecular systems. This report summarizes existing knowledge and draws some outline about further research in molecular psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Institute of Psychopharmacology, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Progrs. de Farmacología y Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
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Zhang WI, Röhse H, Rizzoli SO, Opazo F. Fluorescent in situ hybridization of synaptic proteins imaged with super-resolution STED microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:517-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Zhang
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- STED Microscopy of Synaptic Function; European Neuroscience Institute; Göttingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Heiko Röhse
- STED Microscopy of Synaptic Function; European Neuroscience Institute; Göttingen Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- STED Microscopy of Synaptic Function; European Neuroscience Institute; Göttingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- STED Microscopy of Synaptic Function; European Neuroscience Institute; Göttingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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Rachalski A, Freyburger M, Mongrain V. Contribution of transcriptional and translational mechanisms to the recovery aspect of sleep regulation. Ann Med 2014; 46:62-72. [PMID: 24428734 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.866439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep parallels brain functioning and mental health. Neuronal activity during wakefulness leads to a subsequent increase in sleep intensity as measured using electroencephalographic slow-wave activity (SWA; index of neuronal synchrony in the low-frequency range). Wakefulness, and particularly prolonged wakefulness, also drives important changes in brain gene expression and changes in protein regulation. The role of these two cellular mechanisms in sleep-wake regulation has typically been studied independently, and their exact contribution to SWA remains poorly defined. In this review, we highlight that many transcriptional pathways driven by sleep deprivation are associated to protein regulation. We first describe the relationship between cytokines, clock genes, and markers of sleep need with an emphasis on transcriptional processes. Observations regarding the role of protein metabolism in sleep-wake regulation are then depicted while presenting interconnections between transcriptional and translational responses driven by sleep loss. Lastly, a manner by which this integrated response can feed back on neuronal network activity to determine sleep intensity is proposed. Overall, the literature supports that a complex cross-talk between transcriptional and translational regulation during prolonged wakefulness drives the changes in sleep intensity as a function of the sleep/wake history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Rachalski
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
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