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Liu X, Liu H, Gu N, Pei J, Lin X, Zhao W. Preeclampsia promotes autism in offspring via maternal inflammation and fetal NFκB signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301957. [PMID: 37290815 PMCID: PMC10250690 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the impact of PE on progeny ASD are not fully understood, which hinders the development of effective therapeutic approaches. This study shows the offspring born to a PE mouse model treated by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) exhibit ASD-like phenotypes, including neurodevelopment deficiency and behavioral abnormalities. Transcriptomic analysis of the embryonic cortex and adult offspring hippocampus suggested the expression of ASD-related genes was dramatically changed. Furthermore, the level of inflammatory cytokines TNFα in maternal serum and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling in the fetal cortex were elevated. Importantly, TNFα neutralization during pregnancy enabled to ameliorate ASD-like phenotypes and restore the NFκB activation level in the offspring exposed to PE. Furthermore, TNFα/NFκB signaling axis, but not L-NAME, caused deficits in neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and synaptic development. These experiments demonstrate that offspring exposed to PE phenocopies ASD signatures reported in humans and indicate therapeutic targeting of TNFα decreases the likelihood of bearing children with ASD phenotypes from PE mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nihao Gu
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Embryo-Feta Original Adult Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangnan Pei
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianhua Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlong Zhao
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Embryo-Feta Original Adult Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Belokopytova II, Kondaurova EM, Kulikova EA, Ilchibaeva TV, Naumenko VS, Popova NK. Effects of the Cc2d1a/Freud-1 Knockdown in the Hippocampus of BTBR Mice on the Autistic-Like Behavior, Expression of Serotonin 5-HT 1A and D2 Dopamine Receptors, and CREB and NF-kB Intracellular Signaling. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1206-1218. [PMID: 36273889 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of autism are of extreme interest due to the high prevalence of this disorder in the human population. In this regard, special attention is given to the transcription factor Freud-1 (encoded by the Cc2d1a gene), which regulates numerous intracellular signaling pathways and acts as a silencer for 5-HT1A serotonin and D2 dopamine receptors. Disruption of the Freud-1 functions leads to the development of various psychopathologies. In this study, we found an increase in the expression of the Cc2d1a/Freud-1 gene in the hippocampus of BTBR mice (model of autistic-like behavior) in comparison with C57Bl/6J mice and examined how restoration of the Cc2d1a/Freud-1 expression in the hippocampus of BTBR mice affects their behavior, expression of 5-HT1A serotonin and D2 dopamine receptors, and CREB and NF-κB intracellular signaling pathways in these animals. Five weeks after administration of the adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) carrying the pAAV_H1-2_shRNA-Freud-1_Syn_EGFP plasmid encoding a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) that suppressed expression of the Cc2d1a/Freud-1 gene, we observed an elevation in the anxiety levels, as well as the increase in the escape latency and path length to the platform in the Morris water maze test, which was probably associated with a strengthening of the active stress avoidance strategy. However, the Cc2d1a/Freud-1 knockdown did not affect the spatial memory and phosphorylation of the CREB transcription factor, although such effect was found in C57Bl/6J mice in our previous study. These results suggest the impairments in the CREB-dependent effector pathway in BTBR mice, which may play an important role in the development of the autistic-like phenotype. The knockdown of Cc2d1a/Freud-1 in the hippocampus of BTBR mice did not affect expression of the 5-HT1A serotonin and D2 dopamine receptors and key NF-κB signaling genes (Nfkb1 and Rela). Our data suggest that the transcription factor Freud-1 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of anxiety and active stress avoidance in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Belokopytova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Elena M Kondaurova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Elizabeth A Kulikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ilchibaeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Naumenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nina K Popova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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3
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Yang C, Zhou Y, Liu H, Xu P. The Role of Inflammation in Cognitive Impairment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101303. [PMID: 36291237 PMCID: PMC9599901 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has become a major worldwide public health concern, given its global prevalence. It has clear links with multiple comorbidities and mortality. Cognitive impairment is one related comorbidity causing great pressure on individuals and society. The clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment in OSAS include decline in attention/vigilance, verbal–visual memory loss, visuospatial/structural ability impairment, and executive dysfunction. It has been proven that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) may be a main cause of cognitive impairment in OSAS. Inflammation plays important roles in CIH-induced cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, the nuclear factor kappa B and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha pathways play significant roles in this inflammatory mechanism. Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective therapy for OSAS; however, its effect on cognitive impairment is suboptimal. Therefore, in this review, we address the role inflammation plays in the development of neuro-impairment in OSAS and the association between OSAS and cognitive impairment to provide an overview of its pathophysiology. We believe that furthering the understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms involved in OSAS-associated cognitive impairment could lead to the development of appropriate and effective therapy.
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4
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Anantha J, Goulding SR, Tuboly E, O'Mahony AG, Moloney GM, Lomansey G, McCarthy CM, Collins LM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. NME1 Protects Against Neurotoxin-, α-Synuclein- and LRRK2-Induced Neurite Degeneration in Cell Models of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:61-76. [PMID: 34623600 PMCID: PMC8786793 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, coupled with the intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein. Axonal degeneration is a central part of the pathology of PD. While the majority of PD cases are sporadic, some are genetic; the G2019S mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic form. The application of neurotrophic factors to protect dopaminergic neurons is a proposed experimental therapy. One such neurotrophic factor is growth differentiation factor (GDF)5. GDF5 is a dopaminergic neurotrophic factor that has been shown to upregulate the expression of a protein called nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NME1). However, whether NME1 is neuroprotective in cell models of axonal degeneration of relevance to PD is unknown. Here we show that treatment with NME1 can promote neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells, and in cultured dopaminergic neurons treated with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Similar effects of NME1 were found in SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons overexpressing human wild-type α-synuclein, and in stable SH-SY5Y cell lines carrying the G2019S LRRK2 mutation. We found that the effects of NME1 require the RORα/ROR2 receptors. Furthermore, increased NF-κB-dependent transcription was partially required for the neurite growth-promoting effects of NME1. Finally, a combined bioinformatics and biochemical analysis of the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate revealed that NME1 enhanced mitochondrial function, which is known to be impaired in PD. These data show that recombinant NME1 is worthy of further study as a potential therapeutic agent for axonal protection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Anantha
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan R Goulding
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eszter Tuboly
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Adam G O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gareth Lomansey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cathal M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise M Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Parkinson's Disease Research Cluster (PDRC), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Parkinson's Disease Research Cluster (PDRC), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Parkinson's Disease Research Cluster (PDRC), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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5
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Trombetta-Lima M, Assis-Ribas T, Cintra RC, Campeiro JD, Guerreiro JR, Winnischofer SMB, Nascimento ICC, Ulrich H, Hayashi MAF, Sogayar MC. Impact of Reck expression and promoter activity in neuronal in vitro differentiation. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1985-1994. [PMID: 33619662 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reck (REversion-inducing Cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs) tumor suppressor gene encodes a multifunctional glycoprotein which inhibits the activity of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and has the ability to modulate the Notch and canonical Wnt pathways. Reck-deficient neuro-progenitor cells undergo precocious differentiation; however, modulation of Reck expression during progression of the neuronal differentiation process is yet to be characterized. In the present study, we demonstrate that Reck expression levels are increased during in vitro neuronal differentiation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and P19 murine teratocarcinoma cells and characterize mouse Reck promoter activity during this process. Increased Reck promoter activity was found upon induction of differentiation in PC12 cells, in accordance with its increased mRNA expression levels in mouse in vitro models. Interestingly, Reck overexpression, prior to the beginning of the differentiation protocol, led to diminished efficiency of the neuronal differentiation process. Taken together, our findings suggest that increased Reck expression at early stages of differentiation diminishes the number of neuron-like cells, which are positive for the beta-3 tubulin marker. Our data highlight the importance of Reck expression evaluation to optimize in vitro neuronal differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Núcleo de Terapia Celular e Molecular (NUCEL), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Thais Assis-Ribas
- Núcleo de Terapia Celular e Molecular (NUCEL), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Cintra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Joana D Campeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de Maio 100, Ed INFAR, 3º andar, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Juliano R Guerreiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, 05347-020, Brazil
| | - Sheila M B Winnischofer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Isis C C Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de Maio 100, Ed INFAR, 3º andar, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Núcleo de Terapia Celular e Molecular (NUCEL), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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6
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Alvarez Cooper I, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Tumour Necrosis Factor in Neuroplasticity, Neurogenesis and Alcohol Use Disorder. Brain Plast 2020; 6:47-66. [PMID: 33680846 PMCID: PMC7903009 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive and detrimental condition that involves changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Alcohol activates the neuroimmune system and alters the inflammatory status of the brain. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterised neuroimmune signal but its involvement in alcohol use disorder is unknown. In this review, we discuss the variable findings of TNF's effect on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Acute ethanol exposure reduces TNF release while chronic alcohol intake generally increases TNF levels. Evidence suggests TNF potentiates excitatory transmission, promotes anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and is involved in drug use in rodents. An association between craving for alcohol and TNF is apparent during withdrawal in humans. While anti-inflammatory therapies show efficacy in reversing neurogenic deficit after alcohol exposure, there is no evidence for TNF's essential involvement in alcohol's effect on neurogenesis. Overall, defining TNF's role in alcohol use disorder is complicated by poor understanding of its variable effects on synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. While TNF may be of relevance during withdrawal, the neuroimmune system likely acts through a larger group of inflammatory cytokines to alter neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Understanding the individual relevance of TNF in alcohol use disorder awaits a more comprehensive understanding of TNF's effects within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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7
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The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 regulates synapse remodeling and efficacy. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146569. [PMID: 31783001 PMCID: PMC9255268 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination and its reverse process, deubiquitination, play essential roles in neural development, function, and plasticity. A20, a ubiquitin editing enzyme that can remove K63-polyubiquitin chains from substrates and attach K48-polyubiquitin chains to them, is a critical component in the NF-κB signaling pathway in the immune system. This dual ubiquitin enzyme is also present in mammalian brains, but its potential role in neurons and synapses is unknown. We show that A20 in pyramidal neurons potently regulates dendritic arborization, spine morphogenesis, and synaptic transmission through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. In cultured hippocampal neurons, overexpression of A20 reduced dendritic complexity and spine size and density, whereas A20 knockdown increased spine size and density, as well as clustering of the postsynaptic scaffold PSD-95 and glutamate receptor subunit GluA1. A20 effects in vitro were recapitulated in vivo where increasing or decreasing A20 expression in mouse brains reduced and enhanced spine density, respectively. Functionally, A20 knockdown significantly increased the amplitude, but not frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, suggesting a role in postsynaptic efficacy. A20 negatively regulated NF-κB activation in neurons and A20 mutants deficient in either the deubiquitinase or the ubiquitin ligase activity failed to suppress NF-κB activation or reduce spine morphogenesis. Finally, selective inhibition of NF-κB abolished A20 knockdown-elicited spine formation, suggesting that A20 exerts its modulation on synapses through NF-κB signaling. Together, our study reveals a previously unknown role for A20, the only known ubiquitin editing enzyme with both deubiquitinase and ubiquitin ligase activity, in dendritic arborization, spine remodeling, and synaptic plasticity.
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8
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Howard L, McWilliams TG, Wyatt S, Davies AM. CD40 forward signalling is a physiological regulator of early sensory axon growth. Development 2019; 146:dev.176495. [PMID: 31488565 PMCID: PMC6765180 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple members of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) regulate the growth and branching of neural processes late in development, when neurons are establishing and refining connections. Here, we present the first evidence that a TNFSF member acts much earlier in development, when axons are growing to their targets. CD40L transiently enhanced axon growth from embryonic mouse DRG neurons cultured at this early stage. Early spinal nerves of embryos lacking the CD40L receptor (Cd40−/− mice) were significantly shorter in vivo than those of Cd40+/+ littermates. CD40L was synthesized in early DRG targets and was co-expressed with CD40 in early DRG neurons. Whereas CD40L enhanced early axon growth independently of neurotrophins, disruption of a CD40L/CD40 autocrine loop impaired early neurotrophin-promoted axon growth. In marked contrast to the widespread regulation of axon and dendrite growth by CD40L reverse signalling later in development, CD40-Fc, which activates reverse signalling, had no effect on early sensory axon growth. These results suggest that CD40 forward signalling is a novel physiological regulator of early axon growth that acts by target-derived and autocrine mechanisms. Summary: CD40L, a novel physiological regulator of early sensory axon growth at the stage when sensory axons are growing to their targets, activates CD40 forward signalling by target-derived and autocrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Howard
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Thomas G McWilliams
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Alun M Davies
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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9
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Erice C, Calhan OY, Kisiswa L, Wyatt S, Davies AM. Regional Differences in the Contributions of TNF Reverse and Forward Signaling to the Establishment of Sympathetic Innervation. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:317-334. [PMID: 31004466 PMCID: PMC6563146 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Members of the TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies acting by both forward and reverse signaling are increasingly recognized as major physiological regulators of axon growth and tissue innervation in development. Studies of the experimentally tractable superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons and their targets have shown that only TNF reverse signaling, not forward signaling, is a physiological regulator of sympathetic innervation. Here, we compared SCG neurons and their targets with prevertebral ganglion (PVG) neurons and their targets. Whereas all SCG targets were markedly hypoinnervated in both TNF-deficient and TNFR1-deficient mice, PVG targets were not hypoinnervated in these mice and one PVG target, the spleen, was significantly hyperinnervated. These in vivo regional differences in innervation density were related to in vitro differences in the responses of SCG and PVG neurons to TNF reverse and forward signaling. Though TNF reverse signaling enhanced SCG axon growth, it did not affect PVG axon growth. Whereas activation of TNF forward signaling in PVG axons inhibited growth, TNF forward signaling could not be activated in SCG axons. These latter differences in the response of SCG and PVG axons to TNF forward signaling were related to TNFR1 expression, whereas PVG axons expressed TNFR1, SCG axons did not. These results show that both TNF reverse and forward signaling are physiological regulators of sympathetic innervation in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Erice
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
- Present address:
Sandra Rotman Centre for Global HealthUniversity Health Network: Toronto General HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - O. Yipkin Calhan
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
- Present address:
Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
| | - Alun M. Davies
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF10 3ATWales
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10
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and clozapine abrogates poly I: C-induced immune alterations in primary hippocampal neurons. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:186-196. [PMID: 30508574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is an important tool to study the consequences of viral infection to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, based on the premise of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs) as supplemental treatment to antipsychotics in schizophrenia, we investigated the involvement of NFkB pathway in the effects of n3 PUFAs or of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine in hippocampal poly I:C-challenged neurons. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures were exposed to n3 PUFAs (DHA4.35 μM/EPA7.10 μM, DHA 8.7 μM/EPA14.21 μM or DHA17.4 μM/EPA28.42 μM) or clozapine (1.5 or 3 μM) in the presence or absence of poly I:C. MTT assay revealed that poly I:C-induced reduction in cell viability was prevented by n3 PUFAs or clozapine. N3 PUFAs (DHA 8.7 μM/EPA14.21 μM) or clozapine (3 μM) significantly reduced poly I:C-induced increase in iNOS, NFkB (p50/p65), IL-6 and nitrite when compared to non-treated cells. Only n3 PUFAs prevented poly I:C-induced deficits in BDNF. On the other hand, poly I:C caused a marked reduction in DCX immunoexpression, which was prevented only by clozapine. Thus, n3 PUFAs and clozapine exert in vitro neuroprotective effects against poly I:C immune challenge in hippocampal neurons, by mechanisms possibly involving the inhibition of canonical NFkB pathway. The present study adds further evidences to the mechanisms underlying n3 PUFAs and clozapine neuroprotective effects against viral immune challenges. Since n3 PUFAs is a safe strategy for use during pregnancy, our results also add further evidence for the use of this supplement in order to prevent alterations induced by viral hits during this developmental period.
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11
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Pronovost GN, Hsiao EY. Perinatal Interactions between the Microbiome, Immunity, and Neurodevelopment. Immunity 2019; 50:18-36. [PMID: 30650376 PMCID: PMC6447295 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome modulates host immune function across the gastrointestinal tract, peripheral lymphoid organs, and central nervous system. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that microbial effects on select immune phenotypes arise developmentally, where the maternal and neonatal microbiome influence immune cell ontogeny in the offspring during gestation and early postnatal life. We further discuss roles for the perinatal microbiome and early-life immunity in regulating normal neurodevelopmental processes. In addition, we examine evidence that abnormalities in microbiota-neuroimmune interactions during early life are associated with altered risk of neurological disorders in humans. Finally, we conclude by evaluating the potential implications of microbiota-immune interventions for neurological conditions. Continued progress toward dissecting mechanistic interactions between the perinatal microbiota, immune system, and nervous system might uncover fundamental insights into how developmental interactions across physiological systems inform later-life health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Pronovost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Lian S, Wang D, Xu B, Guo W, Wang L, Li W, Ji H, Wang J, Kong F, Zhen L, Li S, Zhang L, Guo J, Yang H. Prenatal cold stress: Effect on maternal hippocampus and offspring behavior in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 346:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Cai M, Wang YW, Xu SH, Qiao S, Shu QF, Du JZ, Li YG, Liu XL. Regulatory effects of the long non‑coding RNA RP11‑543N12.1 and microRNA‑324‑3p axis on the neuronal apoptosis induced by the inflammatory reactions of microglia. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1741-1755. [PMID: 29956723 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine how the long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) RP11‑543N12.1 interacted with microRNA (miR)‑324‑3p to modify microglials (MIs)‑induced neuroblastoma cell apoptosis, which may pose benefits to the treatment of Alzhemier's disease (AD). The cell model of AD was established by treating SH‑SY5Y cells with amyloid β (Aβ)25‑35, and MI were acquired using primary cell culture technology. The lncRNAs that were differentially expressed between SH‑SY5Y and control cells were screened through a microarray assay and confirmed via polymerase chain reaction. In addition, overexpression of RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was established by transfection of SH‑SY5Y cells with pcDNA3.1(+)‑RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p mimics, respectively, while downregulation of RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was achieved by transfection with RP11‑543N12.1‑small interfering RNA (siRNA) and miR‑324‑3p inhibitor, respectively. The interaction between RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was confirmed with a dual‑luciferase reporter gene assay. The results revealed that the expression levels of total and phosphorylated tau in SH‑SY5Y cells were significantly elevated following Aβ25‑35 treatment (P<0.05), and RP11‑543N12.1 was found to be differentially expressed between the control and Aβ25‑35‑treated cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, the targeted association of RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was predicted based on miRDB4.0 and PITA databases, and then validated via the dual‑luciferase reporter gene assay. SH‑SY5Y cells transfected with siRNA or inhibitor, and treated with Aβ25‑35 displayed cellular survival and apoptosis that were similar to the normal levels (P<0.05). Finally, co‑culture of MI and SH‑SY5Y cells transfected with RP11‑543N12.1‑siRNA/miR‑324‑3p inhibitor significantly enhanced cell apoptosis (P<0.05). In conclusion, RP11‑543N12.1 targeted miR‑324‑3p to suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis in the AD cell model, suggesting that RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Wen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Hu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Song Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Fen Shu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zong Du
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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Chemopreventive Potential of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O- β-D-glucoside on the Formation of Aberrant Crypt Foci in Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3634915. [PMID: 29238715 PMCID: PMC5697369 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3634915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) has been shown to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Oxidative and inflammatory reactions are related to the development of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In the present study, we characterized the preventive activities of THSG on colon carcinogenesis using the azoxymethane- (AOM-) mediated rat colon carcinogenesis model. F344 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (untreated and AOM model rats treated with or without THSG at 30, 150, or 250 mg/kg) after which the numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were assessed in the colon tissues of all rats. The expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase proteins (MMPs), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured as effective early predictors of CRC using western blot analysis. Treatment with THSG (150 or 250 mg/kg) induced a 50% reduction in total colonic ACF formation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, our results revealed a downregulation of CEA and NF-κB protein levels in the reduced number of ACF elicited by treatment with THSG, whereas levels of COX-2 and MMPs proteins were not changed. Collectively, THSG may be a promising natural lead compound or drug candidate for treating early phases of CRC.
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Arumugam S, Mincheva-Tasheva S, Periyakaruppiah A, de la Fuente S, Soler RM, Garcera A. Regulation of Survival Motor Neuron Protein by the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Pathway in Mouse Spinal Cord Motoneurons. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5019-5030. [PMID: 28808928 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency causes the genetic neuromuscular disorder spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), characterized by spinal cord motoneuron degeneration. Since SMN protein level is critical to disease onset and severity, analysis of the mechanisms involved in SMN stability is one of the central goals of SMA research. Here, we describe the role of several members of the NF-κB pathway in regulating SMN in motoneurons. NF-κB is one of the main regulators of motoneuron survival and pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB pathway activity also induces mouse survival motor neuron (Smn) protein decrease. Using a lentiviral-based shRNA approach to reduce the expression of several members of NF-κB pathway, we observed that IKK and RelA knockdown caused Smn reduction in mouse-cultured motoneurons whereas IKK or RelB knockdown did not. Moreover, isolated motoneurons obtained from the severe SMA mouse model showed reduced protein levels of several NF-κB members and RelA phosphorylation. We describe the alteration of NF-κB pathway in SMA cells. In the context of recent studies suggesting regulation of altered intracellular pathways as a future pharmacological treatment of SMA, we propose the NF-κB pathway as a candidate in this new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Arumugam
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Dep. Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Dep. Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ambika Periyakaruppiah
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Dep. Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sandra de la Fuente
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Dep. Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosa M Soler
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Dep. Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Ana Garcera
- Unitat de Senyalització Neuronal, Dep. Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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16
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Ellman DG, Novrup HG, Jørgensen LH, Lund MC, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Madsen PM, Vienhues JH, Dursun S, Bethea JR, Lykke-Hartmann K, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Neuronal Ablation of IKK2 Decreases Lesion Size and Improves Functional Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. JSM NEUROSURGERY AND SPINE 2017; 5:1090. [PMID: 30035210 PMCID: PMC6051723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a key modulator of inflammation and secondary injury responses in neurodegenerative disease, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Inhibition of astroglial NF-κB reduces inflammation, enhances oligodendrogenesis and improves functional recovery after SCI, however the contribution of neuronal NF-κB to secondary inflammatory responses following SCI has yet to be investigated. We demonstrate that conditional ablation of IKK2 in Synapsin 1-expressing neurons in mice (Syn1creIKK2fl/fl) reduces activation of the classical NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in impaired motor function and altered memory retention under naïve conditions. Following induction of a moderate SCI phosphorylated NF-κB levels decreased in the spinal cord of Syn1creIKK2fl/fl mice compared to controls, resulting in improvement in functional recovery. Histologically, Syn1creIKK2fl/fl mice exhibited reduced lesion volume but comparable microglial/leukocyte responses after SCI. In parallel, interleukin (IL)-1β expression was significantly decreased within the lesioned spinal cord, whereas IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 were unchanged compared to control mice. We conclude that conditional ablation of IKK2 in neurons, resulting in reduced neuronal NF-B signaling, and lead to protective effects after SCI and propose the neuronal classical NF-κB pathway as a potential target for the development of new therapeutic, neuroprotective strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pernille Marie Madsen
- Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Safinaz Dursun
- Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - John R. Bethea
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, USA
| | | | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Inhibition of the kynurenine pathway protects against reactive microglial-associated reductions in the complexity of primary cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:163-173. [PMID: 28688912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain glia possess the rate limiting enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) which catalyses the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine. Microglia also express kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU) which lead to the production of the free radical producing metabolites, 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid respectively and subsequently production of the NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of IFNγ-stimulated kynurenine pathway (KP) induction in microglia on neurite outgrowth and complexity, and to determine whether alterations could be abrogated using pharmacological inhibitors of the KP. BV-2 microglia were treated with IFNγ (5ng/ml) for 24h and conditioned media (CM) was placed on primary cortical neurons 3 days in vitro (DIV) for 48h. Neurons were fixed and neurite outgrowth and complexity was assessed using fluorescent immunocytochemistry followed by Sholl analysis. Results show increased mRNA expression of IDO, KMO and KYNU, and increased concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine in the CM of IFNγ-stimulated BV-2 microglia. The IFNγ-stimulated BV-2 microglial CM reduced neurite outgrowth and complexity with reductions in various parameters of neurite outgrowth prevented when BV-2 microglia were pre-treated with either the IDO inhibitor, 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) (L) (0.5mM; 30min), the KMO inhibitor, Ro 61-8048 (1μM; 30min), the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (1μM; 2h) -which suppresses IFNγ-induced IDO - and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK801 (0.1μM; 30min). Overall this study indicates that inhibition of the KP in microglia may be targeted to protect against reactive microglial-associated neuronal atrophy.
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18
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Zhang X, Hu M, Zhang L, An J, Yan W, Zhang Z, Liu J, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y. MTEP impedes the neuronal polarization and the activity of the Akt-NF-κB pathway in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1730-1744. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology; Xi'an Center Hospital; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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19
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Li Z, Ni C, Xia C, Jaw J, Wang Y, Cao Y, Xu M, Guo X. Calcineurin/nuclear factor-κB signaling mediates isoflurane-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and subsequent cognitive impairment in aged rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:201-209. [PMID: 27909728 PMCID: PMC5355741 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that inhaled anesthetics induce neuroinflammation and facilitate postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged individuals; however, the mechanisms by which they mediate these effects remain elusive. Inhalation of the isoflurane anesthetic leads to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Therefore, mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which is an adaptive mechanism that facilitates the transmission of signals from dysfunctional mitochondria to the nucleus to activate target gene expression, may be activated during isoflurane inhalation. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling in isoflurane-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in aged rats. As calcineurin (CaN) serves an important role in the initiation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, and nuclear factor-κB (NF‑κB) is involved in CaN signaling, their effects on isoflurane‑induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment were investigated. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescence staining, western blotting, colorimetric analysis, ELISA, immunofluorescence and the Morris water maze test were used in the present study. The results indicate that isoflurane induced hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and activated CaN, which subsequently lead to the putative activation of NF‑κB. These resulted in the elevation of interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β) expression (a typical marker of neuroinflammation), and was associated with cognitive impairment in aged rats. In addition, CaN and NF‑κB inhibition attenuated isoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and subsequent cognitive impairment. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate the role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling and associated protein factors in inhaled anesthetic-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. These protein factors may therefore present promising therapeutic targets for the prevention of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Joey Jaw
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Mao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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20
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Roggero E, Pérez AR, Pollachini N, Villar SR, Wildmann J, Besedovsky H, Del Rey A. The sympathetic nervous system affects the susceptibility and course of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:228-236. [PMID: 27485039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is an intracellular parasite that causes Chagas' disease, a major health problem in Latin America. Using a murine model of infection with this parasite, we have previously shown that corticosterone blood levels are markedly elevated during the course of the disease in C57Bl/6 male mice and that this increase is protective for the host by restricting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Since the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis usually operates in a concerted way with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), we have now studied whether noradrenergic nerves can affect the course of T. cruzi infection and the sexual dimorphism observed in the disease. We found a decreased splenic noradrenaline concentration and content, paralleled by a reduction in noradrenergic nerve fibers in the spleen of infected mice, and increased HPA axis activity. These alterations were more marked in males than in females. When the spontaneous loss of noradrenergic nerve fibers was advanced by chemical sympathectomy prior to infection, males died earlier and mortality significantly increased in females. Chemical denervation did not significantly affect the concentration of specific IgM and IgG2a antibodies to T. cruzi, and did not worsen myocarditis, but resulted in increased parasitemia and IL-6 and IFN-γ blood levels. The results obtained in this model of parasitic disease provide further indications of the relevance of interactions between the immune system and the SNS for host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Roggero
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina; CAECIHS, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pollachini
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvina Raquel Villar
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Johannes Wildmann
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Inst. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Deutschhausstrasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hugo Besedovsky
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Inst. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Deutschhausstrasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Adriana Del Rey
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Inst. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Deutschhausstrasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Dvoriantchikova G, Pappas S, Luo X, Ribeiro M, Danek D, Pelaez D, Park KK, Ivanov D. Virally delivered, constitutively active NFκB improves survival of injured retinal ganglion cells. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2935-2943. [PMID: 27564592 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As axon damage and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss lead to blindness, therapies that increase RGC survival and axon regrowth have direct clinical relevance. Given that NFκB signaling is critical for neuronal survival and may regulate neurite growth, we investigated the therapeutic potential of NFκB signaling in RGC survival and axon regeneration. Although both NFκB subunits (p65 and p50) are present in RGCs, p65 exists in an inactive (unphosphorylated) state when RGCs are subjected to neurotoxic conditions. In this study, we used a phosphomimetic approach to generate DNA coding for an activated (phosphorylated) p65 (p65mut), then employed an adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) to deliver the DNA into RGCs. We tested whether constitutive p65mut expression prevents death and facilitates neurite outgrowth in RGCs subjected to transient retinal ischemia or optic nerve crush (ONC), two models of neurotoxicity. Our data indicate that RGCs treated with AAV2-p65mut displayed a significant increase in survival compared to controls in ONC model (77 ± 7% vs. 25 ± 3%, P-value = 0.0001). We also found protective effect of modified p65 in RGCs of ischemic retinas (55 ± 12% vs. 35 ± 6%), but not to a statistically significant degree (P-value = 0.14). We did not detect a difference in axon regeneration between experimental and control animals after ONC. These findings suggest that increased NFκB signaling in RGCs attenuates retinal damage in animal models of neurodegeneration, but insignificantly impacts axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Steve Pappas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xueting Luo
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marcio Ribeiro
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dagmara Danek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kevin K Park
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dmitry Ivanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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22
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Hegarty SV, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Protocol for evaluation of neurotrophic strategies in Parkinson's disease-related dopaminergic and sympathetic neurons in vitro. J Biol Methods 2016; 3:e50. [PMID: 31453215 PMCID: PMC6706149 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms which result from the progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neurons, as well as peripheral sympathetic neurons. PD is incurable, with current therapeutic strategies providing symptomatic relief. Neurotrophic factor (NTF) therapy has the potential to protect degenerating neurons in PD. However, there has been limited success in PD clinical trials due to neurotrophic strategies that are invasive, inefficient in delivering sustained neurotrophic support, do not protect all degenerating neurons and may have a compromised mechanism of action in the PD brain. Therefore, while neurotrophic therapy remains a promising disease-modifying approach for PD, it is important to identify novel neurotrophic strategies that can protect all neurons affected by PD. To address this need, we report an integrated approach for pre-clinical evaluation of potential neurotrophic strategies, e.g., pharmacological agents (e.g., drugs/small molecules), signaling proteins (e.g., morphogens) and/or genetic (gene/mRNA) modifications, in cellular models of the neuronal populations that are affected by PD. Herein, we describe, in detail, an in vitro protocol that allows a step-wise evaluation of the efficacy, and mechanism(s) of action, of novel neurotrophic strategies in VM DA neurons and sympathetic neurons, following an initial evaluation in a human cell line model of these cells, SH-SY5Y cells. The protocol uses the induction of neurite growth as the primary measure of neurotrophic action. Indeed, the neuro-protection/-restoration of PD-affected axons is widely thought to be an appropriate target for effective therapeutic intervention in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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23
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A Small Molecule Activator of p300/CBP Histone Acetyltransferase Promotes Survival and Neurite Growth in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:510-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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O'Neill E, Kwok B, Day JS, Connor TJ, Harkin A. Amitriptyline protects against TNF-α-induced atrophy and reduction in synaptic markers via a Trk-dependent mechanism. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00195. [PMID: 27069625 PMCID: PMC4804321 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuritic degeneration and synaptic loss are features of both neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline has neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties and acts as a novel agonist of the neurotrophin Trk receptors. Primary cortical neurons were treated with amitriptyline, nortriptyline and NGF and tested for neuronal complexity by Sholl analysis, protein expression by Western immunoblotting, and synapse number by colocalization of pre and postsynaptic makers. Amitriptyline (500 nmol/L) and its active metabolite nortriptyline (50 nmol/L) are found to induce neurite outgrowth in rat primary cortical neurons. Amitriptyline-induced neurite outgrowth is blocked by inhibition of Trk signaling using Trk antagonist K252a (200 nmol/L) but not by the neurotrophin inhibitor Y1036 (40 μmol/L), indicating that amitriptyline binds directly to the Trk receptor to initiate neurite outgrowth. MEK inhibitor PD98059 (10 μmol/L) also blocks amitriptyline-induced neurite outgrowth, implicating activation of the MAPK signaling pathway downstream of Trk receptor activation. Furthermore, pretreatment of primary cortical neurons with amitriptyline and nortriptyline prevents the effects of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α (10 ng/mL) on neurite outgrowth and colocalization of synaptic proteins. These findings suggest that amitriptyline and nortriptyline can exert neurotrophic effects in primary cortical neurons via activation of a Trk/MAPK signaling pathway. These compounds therefore have significant potential to be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions where atrophy and loss of synaptic connections contribute to progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Dublin Ireland; Neuroimmunology Research Group Department of Physiology School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Dublin Ireland
| | - Billy Kwok
- Neuroimmunology Research Group Department of Physiology School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Dublin Ireland
| | - Jennifer S Day
- Neuroimmunology Research Group Department of Physiology School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Dublin Ireland
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group Department of Physiology School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Dublin Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Dublin Ireland
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25
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O'Keeffe GW, Gutierrez H, Howard L, Laurie CW, Osorio C, Gavaldà N, Wyatt SL, Davies AM. Region-specific role of growth differentiation factor-5 in the establishment of sympathetic innervation. Neural Dev 2016; 11:4. [PMID: 26878848 PMCID: PMC4755026 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the prototypical target-derived neurotrophic factor required for sympathetic neuron survival and for the growth and ramification of sympathetic axons within most but not all sympathetic targets. This implies the operation of additional target-derived factors for regulating terminal sympathetic axon growth and branching. RESULTS Here report that growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), a widely expressed member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily required for limb development, promoted axon growth from mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons independently of NGF and enhanced axon growth in combination with NGF. GDF5 had no effect on neuronal survival and influenced axon growth during a narrow window of postnatal development when sympathetic axons are ramifying extensively in their targets in vivo. SCG neurons expressed all receptors capable of participating in GDF5 signaling at this stage of development. Using compartment cultures, we demonstrated that GDF5 exerted its growth promoting effect by acting directly on axons and by initiating retrograde canonical Smad signalling to the nucleus. GDF5 is synthesized in sympathetic targets, and examination of several anatomically circumscribed tissues in Gdf5 null mice revealed regional deficits in sympathetic innervation. There was a marked, highly significant reduction in the sympathetic innervation density of the iris, a smaller though significant reduction in the trachea, but no reduction in the submandibular salivary gland. There was no reduction in the number of neurons in the SCG. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that GDF5 is a novel target-derived factor that promotes sympathetic axon growth and branching and makes a distinctive regional contribution to the establishment of sympathetic innervation, but unlike NGF, plays no role in regulating sympathetic neuron survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard W O'Keeffe
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- Dept. Anatomy/Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Humberto Gutierrez
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- Current address, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Laura Howard
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Catarina Osorio
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- Current address, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, 4th Floor, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Núria Gavaldà
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- Current address, SOM Innovation Biotech SL, c/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sean L Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Alun M Davies
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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26
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Kishi N, MacDonald JL, Ye J, Molyneaux BJ, Azim E, Macklis JD. Reduction of aberrant NF-κB signalling ameliorates Rett syndrome phenotypes in Mecp2-null mice. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10520. [PMID: 26821816 PMCID: PMC4740176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcriptional regulator Mecp2 cause the severe X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome (RTT). In this study, we investigate genes that function downstream of MeCP2 in cerebral cortex circuitry, and identify upregulation of Irak1, a central component of the NF-κB pathway. We show that overexpression of Irak1 mimics the reduced dendritic complexity of Mecp2-null cortical callosal projection neurons (CPN), and that NF-κB signalling is upregulated in the cortex with Mecp2 loss-of-function. Strikingly, we find that genetically reducing NF-κB signalling in Mecp2-null mice not only ameliorates CPN dendritic complexity but also substantially extends their normally shortened lifespan, indicating broader roles for NF-κB signalling in RTT pathogenesis. These results provide new insight into both the fundamental neurobiology of RTT, and potential therapeutic strategies via NF-κB pathway modulation. Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in Mecp2. Here the authors show that Mecp2 loss-of-function leads to upregulation of the NF-κB pathway, and that reducing NF-κB signalling ameliorates phenotypes of Mecp2-null mice, thus offering a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kishi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jessica L MacDonald
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Julia Ye
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Bradley J Molyneaux
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Eiman Azim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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27
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Liu X, Berry CT, Ruthel G, Madara JJ, MacGillivray K, Gray CM, Madge LA, McCorkell KA, Beiting DP, Hershberg U, May MJ, Freedman BD. T Cell Receptor-induced Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Signaling and Transcriptional Activation Are Regulated by STIM1- and Orai1-mediated Calcium Entry. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8440-52. [PMID: 26826124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation following antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) involves the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) to activate the key transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes (NFAT) and NF-κB. The mechanism of NFAT activation by Ca(2+) has been determined. However, the role of Ca(2+) in controlling NF-κB signaling is poorly understood, and the source of Ca(2+) required for NF-κB activation is unknown. We demonstrate that TCR- but not TNF-induced NF-κB signaling upstream of IκB kinase activation absolutely requires the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) via STIM1-dependent Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+)/Orai channels. We further show that Ca(2+) influx controls phosphorylation of the NF-κB protein p65 on Ser-536 and that this posttranslational modification controls its nuclear localization and transcriptional activation. Notably, our data reveal that this role for Ca(2+) is entirely separate from its upstream control of IκBα degradation, thereby identifying a novel Ca(2+)-dependent distal step in TCR-induced NF-κB activation. Finally, we demonstrate that this control of distal signaling occurs via Ca(2+)-dependent PKCα-mediated phosphorylation of p65. Thus, we establish the source of Ca(2+) required for TCR-induced NF-κB activation and define a new distal Ca(2+)-dependent checkpoint in TCR-induced NF-κB signaling that has broad implications for the control of immune cell development and T cell functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corbett T Berry
- From the Departments of Pathobiology and the School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn M Gray
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Lisa A Madge
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Kelly A McCorkell
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | | | - Uri Hershberg
- the School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Michael J May
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
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28
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Vacca M, Tripathi KP, Speranza L, Aiese Cigliano R, Scalabrì F, Marracino F, Madonna M, Sanseverino W, Perrone-Capano C, Guarracino MR, D'Esposito M. Effects of Mecp2 loss of function in embryonic cortical neurons: a bioinformatics strategy to sort out non-neuronal cells variability from transcriptome profiling. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17 Suppl 2:14. [PMID: 26821710 PMCID: PMC4959389 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mecp2 null mice model Rett syndrome (RTT) a human neurological disorder affecting females after apparent normal pre- and peri-natal developmental periods. Neuroanatomical studies in cerebral cortex of RTT mouse models revealed delayed maturation of neuronal morphology and autonomous as well as non-cell autonomous reduction in dendritic complexity of postnatal cortical neurons. However, both morphometric parameters and high-resolution expression profile of cortical neurons at embryonic developmental stage have not yet been studied. Here we address these topics by using embryonic neuronal primary cultures from Mecp2 loss of function mouse model. Results We show that embryonic primary cortical neurons of Mecp2 null mice display reduced neurite complexity possibly reflecting transcriptional changes. We used RNA-sequencing coupled with a bioinformatics comparative approach to identify and remove the contribution of variable and hard to quantify non-neuronal brain cells present in our in vitro cell cultures. Conclusions Our results support the need to investigate both Mecp2 morphological as well as molecular effect in neurons since prenatal developmental stage, long time before onset of Rett symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0859-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Vacca
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR)-80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Kumar Parijat Tripathi
- Laboratory for Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics (LAB-GTP), High Performance Computing and Networking Institute (ICAR), National Research Council (CNR)-80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luisa Speranza
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR)-80131, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter Sanseverino
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Calle Comte D'Urgell, 240 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR)-80131, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Rosario Guarracino
- Laboratory for Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics (LAB-GTP), High Performance Computing and Networking Institute (ICAR), National Research Council (CNR)-80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maurizio D'Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR)-80131, Naples, Italy. .,IRCCS Neuromed, via dell'Elettronica, Pozzilli (Is), Italy.
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29
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GANG XIAOKUN, WANG YAO, WANG YINGDI, ZHAO YU, DING LIYA, ZHAO JINGWEN, SUN LIN, WANG GUIXIA. Suppression of casein kinase 2 sensitizes tumor cells to antitumor TRAIL therapy by regulating the phosphorylation and localization of p65 in prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1599-604. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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Ning Z, McLellan AS, Ball M, Wynne F, O'Neill C, Mills W, Quinn JP, Kleinjan DA, Anney RJ, Carmody RJ, O'Keeffe G, Moore T. Regulation of SPRY3 by X chromosome and PAR2-linked promoters in an autism susceptibility region. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5126-41. [PMID: 26089202 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are regulators of cell growth and branching morphogenesis. Unlike mouse Spry3, which is X-linked, human SPRY3 maps to the pseudoautosomal region 2; however, the human Y-linked allele is not expressed due to epigenetic silencing by an unknown mechanism. SPRY3 maps adjacent to X-linked Trimethyllysine hydroxylase epsilon (TMLHE), recently identified as an autism susceptibility gene. We report that Spry3 is highly expressed in central and peripheral nervous system ganglion cells in mouse and human, including cerebellar Purkinje cells and retinal ganglion cells. Transient over-expression or knockdown of Spry3 in cultured mouse superior cervical ganglion cells inhibits and promotes, respectively, neurite growth and branching. A 0.7 kb gene fragment spanning the human SPRY3 transcriptional start site recapitulates the endogenous Spry3-expression pattern in LacZ reporter mice. In the human and mouse the SPRY3 promoter contains an AG-rich repeat and we found co-expression, and promoter binding and/or regulation of SPRY3 expression by transcription factors MAZ, EGR1, ZNF263 and PAX6. We identified eight alleles of the human SPRY3 promoter repeat in Caucasians, and similar allele frequencies in autism families. We characterized multiple SPRY3 transcripts originating at two CpG islands in the X-linked F8A3-TMLHE region, suggesting X chromosome regulation of SPRY3. These findings provide an explanation for differential regulation of X and Y-linked SPRY3 alleles. In addition, the presence of a SPRY3 transcript exon in a previously described X chromosome deletion associated with autism, and the cerebellar interlobular variation in Spry3 expression coincident with the reported pattern of Purkinje cell loss in autism, suggest SPRY3 as a candidate susceptibility locus for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ning
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew S McLellan
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Melanie Ball
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Freda Wynne
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Walter Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - John P Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dirk A Kleinjan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard J Anney
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ruaidhre J Carmody
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK and
| | - Gerard O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland,
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31
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McWilliams TG, Howard L, Wyatt S, Davies AM. Regulation of Autocrine Signaling in Subsets of Sympathetic Neurons Has Regional Effects on Tissue Innervation. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1443-1449. [PMID: 25753410 PMCID: PMC4407286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of innervation by target-derived factors
like nerve growth factor (NGF) is the cornerstone of neurotrophic theory. Whereas
autocrine signaling in neurons affecting survival and axon growth has been described,
it is difficult to reconcile autocrine signaling with the idea that targets control
their innervation. Here, we report that an autocrine signaling loop in developing
mouse sympathetic neurons involving CD40L (TNFSF5) and CD40 (TNFRSF5) selectively
enhances NGF-promoted axon growth and branching, but not survival, via CD40L reverse
signaling. Because NGF negatively regulates CD40L and CD40 expression, this signaling
loop operates only in neurons exposed to low levels of NGF. Consequently, the
sympathetic innervation density of tissues expressing low NGF is significantly
reduced in CD40-deficient mice, whereas the innervation density of tissues expressing
high levels of NGF is unaffected. Our findings reveal how differential regulation of
autocrine signaling in neurons has region-specific effects on axon growth and tissue
innervation. CD40/CD40L autocrine signaling enhances NGF-promoted
sympathetic axon growth NGF negatively regulates CD40 and CD40L levels in
developing sympathetic neurons Accordingly, CD40/CD40L signaling only enhances axon growth
at low levels of NGF Innervation of tissues expressing low NGF levels is
disrupted in CD40 knockout mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G McWilliams
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales
| | - Laura Howard
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales
| | - Sean Wyatt
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales
| | - Alun M Davies
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales.
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32
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The neurite growth inhibitory effects of soluble TNFα on developing sympathetic neurons are dependent on developmental age. Differentiation 2015; 88:124-30. [PMID: 25582843 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During development, the growth of neural processes is regulated by an array of cellular and molecular mechanisms which influence growth rate, direction and branching. Recently, many members of the TNF superfamily have been shown to be key regulators of neurite growth during development. The founder member of this family, TNFα can both promote and inhibit neurite growth depending on the cellular context. Specifically, transmembrane TNFα promotes neurite growth, while soluble TNFα inhibits it. While the growth promoting effects of TNFα are restricted to a defined developmental window of early postnatal development, whether the growth inhibitory effects of soluble TNFα occur throughout development is unknown. In this study we used the extensively studied, well characterised neurons of the superior cervical ganglion to show that the growth inhibitory effects of soluble TNFα are restricted to a specific period of late embryonic and early postnatal development. Furthermore, we show that this growth inhibitory effect of soluble TNFα requires NF-κB signalling at all developmental stages at which soluble TNFα inhibits neurite growth. These findings raise the possibility that increases in the amount of soluble TNFα in vivo, for example as a result of maternal inflammation, could negatively affect neurite growth in developing neurons at specific stages of development.
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33
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Ahmed AU, Sarvestani ST, Gantier MP, Williams BRG, Hannigan GE. Integrin-linked kinase modulates lipopolysaccharide- and Helicobacter pylori-induced nuclear factor κB-activated tumor necrosis factor-α production via regulation of p65 serine 536 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27776-93. [PMID: 25100717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates cellular responses to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. ILK is involved in cell-matrix interactions, cytoskeletal organization, and cell signaling. ILK signaling has also been implicated in oncogenesis and progression of cancers. However, its role in the innate immune system remains unknown. Here, we show that ILK mediates pro-inflammatory signaling in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ILK in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and macrophages selectively blocks LPS-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). ILK is required for LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and transcriptional induction of TNF-α. The modulation of LPS-induced TNF-α synthesis by ILK does not involve the classical NF-κB pathway, because IκB-α degradation and p65 nuclear translocation are both unaffected by ILK inhibition. Instead, ILK is involved in an alternative activation of NF-κB signaling by modulating the phosphorylation of p65 at Ser-536. Furthermore, ILK-mediated alternative NF-κB activation through p65 Ser-536 phosphorylation also occurs during Helicobacter pylori infection in macrophages and gastric cancer cells. Moreover, ILK is required for H. pylori-induced TNF-α secretion in macrophages. Although ILK-mediated phosphorylation of p65 at Ser-536 is independent of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway during LPS stimulation, upon H. pylori infection this event is dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway. Our findings implicate ILK as a critical regulatory molecule for the NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which is essential for innate immune responses against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar U Ahmed
- From the Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Soroush T Sarvestani
- From the Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- From the Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- From the Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Gregory E Hannigan
- From the Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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34
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Manzini MC, Xiong L, Shaheen R, Tambunan DE, Di Costanzo S, Mitisalis V, Tischfield DJ, Cinquino A, Ghaziuddin M, Christian M, Jiang Q, Laurent S, Nanjiani ZA, Rasheed S, Hill RS, Lizarraga SB, Gleason D, Sabbagh D, Salih MA, Alkuraya FS, Walsh CA. CC2D1A regulates human intellectual and social function as well as NF-κB signaling homeostasis. Cell Rep 2014; 8:647-55. [PMID: 25066123 PMCID: PMC4334362 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are often comorbid, but the extent to which they share common genetic causes remains controversial. Here, we present two autosomal-recessive "founder" mutations in the CC2D1A gene causing fully penetrant cognitive phenotypes, including mild-to-severe ID, ASD, as well as seizures, suggesting shared developmental mechanisms. CC2D1A regulates multiple intracellular signaling pathways, and we found its strongest effect to be on the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Cc2d1a gain and loss of function both increase activation of NF-κB, revealing a critical role of Cc2d1a in homeostatic control of intracellular signaling. Cc2d1a knockdown in neurons reduces dendritic complexity and increases NF-κB activity, and the effects of Cc2d1a depletion can be rescued by inhibiting NF-κB activity. Homeostatic regulation of neuronal signaling pathways provides a mechanism whereby common founder mutations could manifest diverse symptoms in different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiara Manzini
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lan Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Centre of Montreal Mental Health University Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2L 2W5, Canada
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimira E Tambunan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefania Di Costanzo
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa Mitisalis
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Tischfield
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella Cinquino
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohammed Ghaziuddin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mehtab Christian
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2L 2W5, Canada
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Centre of Montreal Mental Health University Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - Sandra Laurent
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC H2L 2W5, Canada
| | - Zohair A Nanjiani
- Ma Ayesha Memorial Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi 75350, Pakistan
| | | | - R Sean Hill
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sofia B Lizarraga
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle Gleason
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diya Sabbagh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Wu K, Zhang Y, Wang P, Zhang L, Wang T, Chen C. Activation of GSNOR transcription by NF-κB negatively regulates NGF-induced PC12 differentiation. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1011-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.906743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Engelmann C, Weih F, Haenold R. Role of nuclear factor kappa B in central nervous system regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:707-11. [PMID: 25206877 PMCID: PMC4146279 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a hallmark of various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. Neuron-specific inhibition of its transcriptional activator subunit RelA, also referred to as p65, promotes neuronal survival under a range of conditions, i.e., for ischemic or excitotoxic insults. In macro- and microglial cells, post-lesional activation of NF-κB triggers a growth-permissive program which contributes to neural tissue inflammation, scar formation, and the expression of axonal growth inhibitors. Intriguingly, inhibition of such inducible NF-κB in the neuro-glial compartment, i.e., by genetic ablation of RelA or overexpression of a transdominant negative mutant of its upstream regulator IκBα, significantly enhances functional recovery and promotes axonal regeneration in the mature CNS. By contrast, depletion of the NF-κB subunit p50, which lacks transcriptional activator function and acts as a transcriptional repressor on its own, causes precocious neuronal loss and exacerbates axonal degeneration in the lesioned brain. Collectively, the data imply that NF-κB orchestrates a multicellular program in which κB-dependent gene expression establishes a growth-repulsive terrain within the post-lesioned brain that limits structural regeneration of neuronal circuits. Considering these subunit-specific functions, interference with the NF-κB pathway might hold clinical potentials to improve functional restoration following traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Engelmann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Haenold
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Osório C, Chacón PJ, White M, Kisiswa L, Wyatt S, Rodríguez-Tébar A, Davies AM. Selective regulation of axonal growth from developing hippocampal neurons by tumor necrosis factor superfamily member APRIL. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 59:24-36. [PMID: 24444792 PMCID: PMC4008386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
APRIL (A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand, TNFSF13) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that regulates lymphocyte survival and activation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and autoimmune diseases. Here we report the expression and first known activity of APRIL in the nervous system. APRIL and one of its receptors, BCMA (B-Cell Maturation Antigen, TNFRSF17), are expressed by hippocampal pyramidal cells of fetal and postnatal mice. In culture, these neurons secreted APRIL, and function-blocking antibodies to either APRIL or BCMA reduced axonal elongation. Recombinant APRIL enhanced axonal elongation, but did not influence dendrite elongation. The effect of APRIL on axon elongation was inhibited by anti-BCMA and the expression of a signaling-defective BCMA mutant in these neurons, suggesting that the axon growth-promoting effect of APRIL is mediated by BCMA. APRIL promoted phosphorylation and activation of ERK1, ERK2 and Akt and serine phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β in cultured hippocampal pyramidal cells. Inhibition of MEK1/MEK2 (activators of ERK1/ERK2), PI3-kinase (activator of Akt) or Akt inhibited the axon growth-promoting action of APRIL, as did pharmacological activation of GSK-3β and the expression of a constitutively active form of GSK-3β. These findings suggest that APRIL promotes axon elongation by a mechanism that depends both on ERK signaling and PI3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Osório
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro J Chacón
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Matthew White
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Tébar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Alun M Davies
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom.
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Castillo-Morales A, Monzón-Sandoval J, Urrutia AO, Gutiérrez H. Increased brain size in mammals is associated with size variations in gene families with cell signalling, chemotaxis and immune-related functions. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132428. [PMID: 24285197 PMCID: PMC3866400 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic determinants underlying increased encephalization across mammalian lineages are unknown. Whole genome comparisons have revealed large and frequent changes in the size of gene families, and it has been proposed that these variations could play a major role in shaping morphological and physiological differences among species. Using a genome-wide comparative approach, we examined changes in gene family size (GFS) and degree of encephalization in 39 fully sequenced mammalian species and found a significant over-representation of GFS variations in line with increased encephalization in mammals. We found that this relationship is not accounted for by known correlates of brain size such as maximum lifespan or body size and is not explained by phylogenetic relatedness. Genes involved in chemotaxis, immune regulation and cell signalling-related functions are significantly over-represented among those gene families most highly correlated with encephalization. Genes within these families are prominently expressed in the human brain, particularly the cortex, and organized in co-expression modules that display distinct temporal patterns of expression in the developing cortex. Our results suggest that changes in GFS associated with encephalization represent an evolutionary response to the specific functional requirements underlying increased brain size in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Araxi O. Urrutia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Humberto Gutiérrez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
- e-mail:
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Watmuff B, Hartley BJ, Hunt CP, Pouton CW, Haynes JM. Pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons as models of neurodegeneration. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Researchers utilize a number of models of Parkinson’s disease ranging in complexity from immortalized cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are used to investigate everything from the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, to drugs that may improve patient outcomes. Each model system has advantages and disadvantages, depending on their application. In this review, the authors assess the potential value of embryonic stem and induced-pluripotent stem cells as additions to the crowded Parkinson’s disease in vitro model landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Watmuff
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Brigham Jay Hartley
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron Philip Hunt
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin William Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Michael Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Cao J. Propofol's effect on the sciatic nerve: Harmful or protective? Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:2520-30. [PMID: 25206562 PMCID: PMC4145931 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol can inhibit the inflammatory response and reduce the secretion and harmful effects of astrocyte-derived proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, after propofol was injected into the injured sciatic nerve of mice, nuclear factor kappa B expression in the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord in the injured side was reduced, apoptosis was decreased, nerve myelin defects were alleviated, and the nerve conduction block was lessened. The experimental findings indicate that propofol inhibits the inflammatory and immune responses, decreases the expression of nuclear factor kappa B, and reduces apoptosis. These effects of propofol promote regeneration following sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xizhe Zhang
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong’an Wang
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yiwen Jiang
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China,
Corresponding author: Jian Cao, Associate chief physician, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, . (N20120815001)
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García-Hernández S, Potashner SJ, Morest DK. Role of fibroblast growth factor 8 in neurite outgrowth from spiral ganglion neurons in vitro. Brain Res 2013; 1529:39-45. [PMID: 23891716 PMCID: PMC5217747 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many neurons degenerate after injuries resulting from overstimulation, drugs, genetic mutations, and aging. Although several growth factors and neurotrophins delay degeneration and promote regrowth of neural processes, the role of fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) in mammalian spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) neurite outgrowth has not been examined. This study develops and uses SGN cell cultures suitable for experimental analysis, it investigates whether FGF8a and FGF8b isoforms affect the neurite outgrowth from SGN cultured in vitro. We found that both FGF8a and FGF8b promoted the outgrowth of neurites from cultured SGN. This response is mediated by FGF receptors and involves the activation of IκBα-mediated NFκB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that, besides its morphogenetic role during development, FGF8 may have trophic functions in the adult which are relevant to regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía García-Hernández
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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Therapeutic concentrations of valproate but not amitriptyline increase neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 186:123-30. [PMID: 23994577 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide found in the brain and autonomic nervous system, which is associated with anxiety, depression, epilepsy, learning and memory, sleep, obesity and circadian rhythms. NPY has recently gained much attention as an endogenous antiepileptic and antidepressant agent, as drugs with antiepileptic and/or mood-stabilizing properties may exert their action by increasing NPY concentrations, which in turn can reduce anxiety and depression levels, dampen seizures or increase seizure threshold. We have used human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to investigate the effect of valproate (VPA) and amitriptyline (AMI) on NPY expression at therapeutic plasma concentrations of 0.6mM and 630nM, respectively. In addition, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) known to differentiate SH-SY5Y cells into a neuronal phenotype and to increase NPY expression through activation of protein kinase C (PKC) was applied as a positive control (16nM). Cell viability after drug treatment was tested with a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. NPY expression was measured using immunofluorescence and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Results from immunocytochemistry have shown NPY levels to be significantly increased following a 72h but not 24h VPA treatment. A further increase in expression was observed with simultaneous VPA and TPA treatment, suggesting that the two agents may increase NPY expression through different mechanisms. The increase in NPY mRNA by VPA and TPA was confirmed with qRT-PCR after 72h. In contrast, AMI had no effect on NPY expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Together, the data point to an elevation of human NPY mRNA and peptide levels by therapeutic concentrations of VPA following chronic treatment. Thus, upregulation of NPY may have an impact in anti-cancer treatment of neuroblastomas with VPA, and antagonizing hypothalamic NPY effects may help to ameliorate VPA-induced weight gain and obesity without interfering with the desired central effects of VPA.
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Buj R, Iglesias N, Planas AM, Santalucía T. A plasmid toolkit for cloning chimeric cDNAs encoding customized fusion proteins into any Gateway destination expression vector. BMC Mol Biol 2013; 14:18. [PMID: 23957834 PMCID: PMC3765358 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-14-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Valuable clone collections encoding the complete ORFeomes for some model organisms have been constructed following the completion of their genome sequencing projects. These libraries are based on Gateway cloning technology, which facilitates the study of protein function by simplifying the subcloning of open reading frames (ORF) into any suitable destination vector. The expression of proteins of interest as fusions with functional modules is a frequent approach in their initial functional characterization. A limited number of Gateway destination expression vectors allow the construction of fusion proteins from ORFeome-derived sequences, but they are restricted to the possibilities offered by their inbuilt functional modules and their pre-defined model organism-specificity. Thus, the availability of cloning systems that overcome these limitations would be highly advantageous. Results We present a versatile cloning toolkit for constructing fully-customizable three-part fusion proteins based on the MultiSite Gateway cloning system. The fusion protein components are encoded in the three plasmids integral to the kit. These can recombine with any purposely-engineered destination vector that uses a heterologous promoter external to the Gateway cassette, leading to the in-frame cloning of an ORF of interest flanked by two functional modules. In contrast to previous systems, a third part becomes available for peptide-encoding as it no longer needs to contain a promoter, resulting in an increased number of possible fusion combinations. We have constructed the kit’s component plasmids and demonstrate its functionality by providing proof-of-principle data on the expression of prototype fluorescent fusions in transiently-transfected cells. Conclusions We have developed a toolkit for creating fusion proteins with customized N- and C-term modules from Gateway entry clones encoding ORFs of interest. Importantly, our method allows entry clones obtained from ORFeome collections to be used without prior modifications. Using this technology, any existing Gateway destination expression vector with its model-specific properties could be easily adapted for expressing fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Minić S, Trpinac D, Obradović M. Blaschko line analogies in the central nervous system: a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:671-4. [PMID: 23932762 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In X-chromosome-linked skin disorders the pattern of involvement follows Blaschko lines. Patterns of changes analogous to cutaneous Blaschko lines in different X-linked diseases existed in other organs. There is no commonly accepted analogy to Blaschko lines in the central nervous system (CNS). The objective of this study was to consider a hypothesis of the existence of Blaschko lines in the CNS in the example of incontinentia pigmenti (IP). Articles were analyzed in which brain imaging methods were used in IP patients with CNS anomalies. In IP patients with neurological signs brain lesions usually were localized and extended radially. Affected areas did not correspond to territories vascularized by any determined artery. Radially distributed brain lesions morphologically match the radial unit model of cortical development. It can be proposed that in IP in CNS Blaschko line analogies, similar to those in the skin, represent the trace of development of the clone of neurons arising from the cell marked with IKBKG mutation. The hypothesis of the existence of Blaschko line analogies in CNS is supported by radially distributed CNS image findings in IP, the radial unit model of CNS development, and the common embryonic origin of skin, CNS, and eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Minić
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Dermatovenerology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Deligradska 34, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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45
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Kisiswa L, Osório C, Erice C, Vizard T, Wyatt S, Davies AM. TNFα reverse signaling promotes sympathetic axon growth and target innervation. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:865-73. [PMID: 23749144 PMCID: PMC3785146 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reverse signaling via members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily controls multiple aspects of immune function. Here we document TNFα reverse signaling in the nervous system to our knowledge for the first time and show that it has a crucial role in establishing sympathetic innervation. During postnatal development, sympathetic axons express TNFα as they grow and branch in their target tissues, which in turn express TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). In culture, soluble forms of TNFR1 act directly on postnatal sympathetic axons to promote growth and branching by a mechanism that depends on membrane-integrated TNFα and on downstream activation of ERK. Sympathetic innervation density is substantially lower in several tissues in postnatal and adult mice lacking either TNFα or TNFR1. These findings reveal that target-derived TNFR1 acts as a reverse-signaling ligand for membrane-integrated TNFα to promote growth and branching of sympathetic axons.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins/pharmacology
- ADAM17 Protein
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Axons/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Fibers/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Neurons/cytology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Superior Cervical Ganglion/cytology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/cytology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/embryology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/growth & development
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Kisiswa
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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46
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Crampton SJ, O'Keeffe GW. NF-κB: emerging roles in hippocampal development and function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1821-4. [PMID: 23764620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa-B family of transcription factors have been extensively studied in the immune system where they function to orchestrate the molecular response to immune challenge. However in recent years, members of this family have also been shown to play physiological roles in the development and function of the nervous system. The two best studied members of the nuclear factor kappa-B family are the p65 and the p50 proteins. In this review, we outline recent developments regarding the functions of these proteins in regulating hippocampal neurogenesis, neuronal growth and learning and memory and discuss the implications of their dysregulation during the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Crampton
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 as a neuroprotective agent: promotion of the morphological development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:435-46. [PMID: 23584919 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A greater understanding of the mechanisms that promote the survival and growth of dopaminergic neurons is essential for the advancement of cell replacement therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Evidence supports a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in the demise of dopaminergic neurons, while mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), which negatively regulates p38 activity, has not yet been investigated in this context. Here, we show that MKP-1 is expressed in dopaminergic neurons cultured from E14 rat ventral mesencephalon (VM). When dopaminergic neurons were transfected to overexpress MKP-1, they displayed a more complex morphology than their control counterparts in vitro. Specifically, MKP-1-transfection induced significant increases in neurite length and branching with a maximum increase observed in primary branches. We demonstrate that inhibition of dopaminergic neurite growth induced by treatment of rat VM neurons with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in vitro is mediated by p38 and is concomitant with a significant and selective decrease in MKP-1 expression in these neurons. We further show that overexpression of MKP-1 in dopaminergic neurons contributes to neuroprotection against the effects of 6-OHDA. Collectively, we report that MKP-1 can promote the growth and elaboration of dopaminergic neuronal processes and can help protect them from the neurotoxic effects of 6-OHDA. Thus, we propose that strategies aimed at augmenting MKP-1 expression or activity may be beneficial in protecting dopaminergic neurons and may provide potential therapeutic approaches for PD.
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48
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Hsu HC, Lin WC, Chang PJ, Hong CZ, Chen CH. Propyl gallate inhibits TPA-induced inflammation via the nuclear factor-κB pathway in human THP-1 monocytes. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:964-968. [PMID: 23408313 PMCID: PMC3570264 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propyl gallate (PG) is an antioxidant that has been used as an additive in several foods to protect against oxidation. The present study examined the anti-inflammatory effect of PG on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in human THP-1 monocytes. Pretreatment with PG markedly inhibited the TPA-induced expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. The application of PG significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65, a subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of p65 (Ser536) in TPA-treated THP-1 cells. PG also inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and IκB kinase. These results indicate that PG inhibits the inflammatory response by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in TPA-induced THP-1 monocytes. Therefore, PG may be useful as a therapeutic agent in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi
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Gutierrez H, Kisiswa L, O'Keeffe GW, Smithen MJ, Wyatt S, Davies AM. Regulation of neurite growth by tumour necrosis superfamily member RANKL. Open Biol 2013; 3:120150. [PMID: 23303310 PMCID: PMC3603457 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RANKL (receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand, TNFSF11) is a member of the TNF superfamily that regulates bone remodelling and the development of the thymus, lymph nodes and mammary glands. While RANKL and its membrane bound receptor RANK (TNFRSF11A) are expressed in the adult central nervous system and have been implicated in thermoregulation, the potential function of RANK signalling in the developing nervous system remains unexplored. Here, we show that RANK is expressed by sympathetic and sensory neurons of the developing mouse peripheral nervous system and that activating RANK signalling in these neurons during perinatal development by either treating cultured neurons with soluble RANKL or overexpressing RANK in the neurons inhibited neurotrophin-promoted neurite growth without affecting neurotrophin-promoted neuronal survival. RANKL is expressed in tissues innervated by these neurons, and studies in compartment cultures demonstrated that RANKL is capable of acting directly on neurites to inhibit growth locally. Enhancing RANK signalling in cultured neurons resulted in NF-κB activation and phosphorylation of the p65 NF-κB subunit on serine 536. Transfecting neurons with a series of mutated signalling proteins showed that NF-κB activation and p65 phosphorylation occurred by an IKKβ-dependent mechanism and that blockade of this signalling pathway prevented neurite growth inhibition by RANKL. These findings reveal that RANKL is a novel negative regulator of neurite growth from developing PNS neurons and that it exerts its effects by IKKβ-dependent activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Gutierrez
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales CF10 3AX, UK
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50
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Yamamoto N, López-Bendito G. Shaping brain connections through spontaneous neural activity. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1595-604. [PMID: 22607005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An overwhelming number of observations demonstrate that neural activity and genetic programs interact to specify the composition and organization of neural circuits during all stages of development. Spontaneous neuronal activities have been documented in several developing neural regions in both invertebrates and vertebrates, and their roles are mostly conserved among species. Among these roles, Ca(2+) spikes and levels of electrical activity have been shown to regulate neurite growth, axon extension and axon branching. Here, we review selected findings concerning the role of spontaneous activity on circuit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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